Chapter 1

1 Brantingham J.W. Still and Palmer: the impact of the first osteopath and the first chiropractor. Chiropr Hist. 1986;6:20.

2 Coulter I.D. Chiropractic: a philosophy for alternative health care. Butterworth Heinemann, 1999;37-55.

5 Kinsinger S. Advancing the philosophy of chiropractic: advocating virtue. J Chiropr Humanit. 2004;11:24-28.

4 Briggance B.B. A proposal regarding the identity of chiropractic: embrace the centrality of the spine. J Chiropr Humanit. 2005;12:8-15.

5 Miller A. Transcendentalism’s inspiration to chiropractic philosophy and practice. Today’s Chiropractic. 2000;29:2.

6 Cleveland A., Phillips R., Clum G. The chiropractic paradigm. In: Redwood D., Cleveland C.S., editors. Fundamentals of chiropractic. St. Louis: Mosby, 2003.

7 Palmer D.D. The science, art and philosophy of chiropractic. Portland, OR: Portland Printing House Co, 1910.

8 Gibbons R. Go to jail for chiro? J Chiropr Humanit. 1994;1:61.

9 Wardwell W.I. Why did chiropractic survive? J Chiropr Humanit. 1998;8(1):2.

10 Beideman R.P. Seeking the rational alternative: The National College of Chiropractic from 1906 to 1982. Chiropr Hist. 1983;3:17.

11 Gibbons R.W. The evolution of chiropractic: medical and social protest in America. In: Haldeman S., editor. Modern developments in the principles and practice of chiropractic. East Norwalk, CT: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1980.

12 Donahue R.J.D.D. Palmer and innate intelligence. Development, division, and derision. Chiropr Hist. 1986;6:31.

13 Palmer D.D. The chiropractor’s adjuster, textbook of the science, art and philosophy of chiropractic for students and practitioners. Portland, OR: Portland Printing House Co, 1910.

14 Palmer B.J. History in the making. Davenport, IA: Palmer School of Chiropractic, 1957. (vol. XXXV), (as reprinted with corrections by C. Jensen, Sacramento, 1985)

15 Waagen G., Strang V. Origin and development of traditional chiropractic philosophy. In: Haldeman S., editor. Principles and practice of chiropractic. Norwalk, CT: Appleton and Lange, 1992.

16 Northrup G.W. Osteopathic medicine: an American reformation, ed 2. Chicago: American Osteopathic Association, 1970.

17 Jackson R. Vis Medicatrix Naturae: vital force to innate intelligence and concepts for 2000. J Chiropr Humanit. 2001.

18 Winterstein J.F. Is traditional “chiropractic philosophy” valid today? Philos Constructs Chiropr Prof. 1991;1:3-5.

19 Phillips R. Philosophy and chiropractic divisions and directions. J Chiropr Humanit. 1995;5:2-7.

20 Gelardi T.A. The science of identifying professions as applied to chiropractic. J Chiropr Humanit. 1996;6:11-17.

21 Wardwell W.I. Chiropractic “philosophy,”. J Chiropr Humanit. 1993;3:3-8.

22 Donahue J. Are philosophers just scientists without data? Philos Constructs Chiropr Prof. 1991;1:21-23.

23 Coulter I.D. Uses and abuses of philosophy in chiropractic. Philos Constructs Chiropr Prof. 1992;2:3-7.

24 McAulay B.J. Rigor in the philosophy of chiropractic: beyond the dismissivism/authoritarian polemic. J Chiropr Humanit. 2005;12:16-32.

25 Brooks W.H., et al. Neuroimmunomodulation: neural anatomical basis for impairment and facilitation. Ann Neurol. 1982;12:56.

26 Haldeman S. The clinical basis for discussion of mechanisms of manipulative therapy. In: Korr I.M., editor. The neurobiologic mechanisms of manipulative therapy. New York: Plenum, 1978.

27 Sato A. Physiological studies of the somatoautonomic reflexes. In: Haldeman S., editor. Modern developments in the principles and practice of chiropractic. East Norwalk, CT: Appleton Century-Crofts, 1980.

28 Coote J.H. Central organization of the somatosympathetic reflexes. In: Haldeman S., editor. Modern developments in the principles and practice of chiropractic. East Norwalk, CT: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1980.

29 Beal M.C. Viscerosomatic reflexes: a review. JAOA. 1985;85:786.

30 The central connection: Somatovisceral/viscerosomatic interaction, 1989. Proceedings of International Symposium, Cincinnati, OH, 1989

31 Wardwell W.I. Chiropractic history and evolution of a new profession. St Louis: Mosby, 1992.

32 Clusserath M.T. A treatise on fundamental principles of the philosophy of chiropractic and related topics in the life sciences. J Chiropr Humanit. 2006;13:12-20.

33 Flexner A. Medical education in the United States and Canada, Carnegie Foundation Advancement Teaching Bull No 4. Carnegie Foundation, 1910.

34 Beideman R.P. A short history of the chiropractic profession. In: Lawrence D.J., editor. Fundamentals of chiropractic diagnosis and management. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1991.

35 Standards for chiropractic programs and institutions. Scottsdale, AZ: Council on Chiropractic Education, 1996.

36 Vear H.J. Quality assurance: standards of care and ethical practice. JCCA. 1991;35(4):215.

37 Kusserow R.P. State licensure and discipline of chiropractors, DHHS Pub No OAI-01–88–00581. Washington, DC: Office of Inspector General, 1989.

38 Lamm L.C., Wegner E. Chiropractic scope of practice: what the law allows. Am J Chiropractic Med. 1989;2(4):155.

39 Analysis of VA Health Care Utilization Among U.S. Southwest Asian War Veterans. Operation Iraqi Freedom, Operation Enduring Freedom. VHA Office of Public Health and Environmental Hazards, 2006.

40 Eisenberg D.M., et al. Unconventional medicine in the United States. Prevalence, costs, and patterns of use. N Engl J Med. 1993;328(4):246-252.

41 Tindle H.A., et al. Trends in use of complementary and alternative medicine by US adults: 1997–2002. Altern Ther Health Med. 2005;11(1):42-49.

42 Kreitzer M.J., Mann D.. Complementary health practice review. 2008.

43 Haas M., Bronfort G., Evans R. Chiropractic clinical research: progress and recommendations. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2006;29:695-706.

44 Proceedings of the 1990 Consensus Conference on Validation of Chiropractic Technique, Seattle. J Chiro Tech. 1990;2(3):71.

45 Shekelle P.G., et al. The appropriateness of spinal manipulation for low-back pain. Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1991.

46 Shekelle P.G., et al. Congruence between decisions to initiate chiropractic spinal manipulation for low back pain and appropriateness criteria in North America. Ann Intern Med. 1998;129(1):9.

47 Coulter I.D., et al. The appropriateness of manipulation and mobilization of the cervical spine. Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1996.

48 Shekelle P.G., Coulter I.D. Cervical spine manipulation: summary report of a systematic review of the literature and a multidisciplinary expert panel. J Spinal Disord. 1997;10(3):223.

49 Haldeman S., Chapman-Smith D., Peterson D.M. Guidelines for chiropractic quality assurance and practice parameters. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen, 1993.

50 Bigos S., et al. Acute low back problems in adults, Clinical Practice Guideline No 14, AHCPR Pub No 95–0642. Rockville, MD: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, Public Health Service, US Department of Health and Human Services, 1994.

51 Manga P., et al. The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of chiropractic management of low-back pain. Ottowa, Ontario: Pran Manga and Associates, 1993.

52 Manga P., Angus D. Enhanced chiropractic coverage under OHIP as a means of reducing health outcomes and achieving equitable access to select health services. Toronto: Ontario Chiropractic Association, 2004.

53 Legorreta A.P., et al. Comparative analysis of individuals with and without chiropractic coverage, patient characteristics, utilization and costs. Arch Intern Med. 1985–1992;164:1004.

54 Chapman-Smith D. WFC’s world meeting on identity. Chiropractic Report. 2004;18(2):1-8.

55 Chapman-Smith D. Perspective on the future of chiropractic. Cal Chirop Assoc J. 1991;16(2):31.

56 Phillips R.B. The battle for innate: A perspective on fundamentalism in chiropractic. J Chiropr Humanit. 2004;11:2-10.

57 Meeker W.C., Haldeman S. Chiropractic: a profession at the crossroads of mainstream and alternative medicine. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136(3):216-227.

58 Chapman-Smith D. WFC’s consultation on the profession’s identity. Chiropractic Report. 2004;18(1):1-8.

59 McDonald W., et al. How chiropractors think and practice: the survey of North American chiropractors. Ada, OH: Institute for social research, OH Northern University, 2003.

Chapter 2

1 White A.A., Panjabi M.M. Clinical biomechanics of the spine, ed 2. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott, 1990.

2 Nordin M., Frankel V.H. Basic biomechanics of the musculoskeletal system, ed 2. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001.

3 Goal V.K., Weinstein J.N. Biomechanics of the spine: clinical and surgical perspective. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1990.

4 Kendall H.O., Kendall F.P., Wadsworth G.E. Muscle testing and function, ed 2. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1971.

5 Weiss C., Rosenberg L., Helfet A.J. An ultrastructural study of normal young adult human articular cartilage. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1968;50:663.

6 Woo S.L.Y., Adeson W.H., Jemmott G.F. Measurements of nonhomogeneous directional mechanical properties of articular cartilage in tension. J Biomech. 1976;9:785.

7 Newman A.P. Articular cartilage repair. Am J Sports Med. 1998;26(2):309.

8 Mankin H.J. The response of articular cartilage to mechanical injury. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1982;64(3):460.

9 Moran M.E., Kin H.K., Salter R.B. Biological resurfacing of full-thickness defects in patellar articular cartilage of the rabbit: investigation of autogenous periosteal grafts subjected to continuous passive motion. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1992;74:659.

10 Maigne R. Diagnosis and treatment of pain of vertebral origin. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1996.

11 Jay G.D., et al. The role of lubricin in the mechanical behavior of synovial fluid. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104(15):6194-6199.

12 Jay G.D., et al. Association between friction and wear in diarthrodial joints lacking lubricin. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56(11):3662-3669.

13 Gale L.R., et al. Boundary lubrication of joints: characterization of surface-active phospholipids found on retrieved implants. Acta Orthop. 2007;78(3):309-314.

14 Akeson W.H., Amiel D., LaViolette D. The connective tissue response to immobility. Clin Orthop. 1967;51:183.

15 Hertling D., Kessler R.M. Management of common musculoskeletal disorders, physical therapy principles and methods, ed 2. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott, 1990.

16 Holm S., Indahl A., Solomonow M. Sensorimotor control of the spine. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2002;12(3):219-234.

17 Wyke B.D. Articular neurology and manipulative therapy. In: Glasgow E.F., et al, editors. Aspects of manipulative therapy. Edinburgh, UK: Churchill Livingstone, 1985.

18 McLain R.F. Mechanoreceptor endings in human cervical facet joints. Spine. 1994;19(5):495.

19 Gillette R.G. A speculative argument for the coactivation of diverse somatic receptor populations by forceful chiropractic adjustments. Manual Med. 1987;3:1.

20 Malinsky J. The ontogenetic development of nerve terminations in the intervertebral discs of man. Acta Anat (Basel). 1959;38:96.

21 Carr J., Shepherd R. Movement science. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers Inc, 2000.

22 Shumway-Cook A., Woollacott M. Motor Control: Theory and practical applications. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1995;239-268.

23 Bacsi A.M., Colebatch J.G. Evidence for reflex and perceptual vestibular contributions to postural control. Exp Brain Res. 2005;160:22-28.

24 Kristinsdottir E.K., Fransson P.A., Magnusson M. Changes in postural control in healthy elderly subjects are related to vibration sensation, vision and vestibular asymmetry. Acta Otolaryngol. 2001;121:700-706.

25 Lord S.R., Clark R.D., Webster I.W. Postural stability and associated physiological factors in a population of aged persons. J Gerontol. 1991;46:M69-M76.

26 Bogduk N. The innervation of the lumbar intervertebral discs. In: Grieve G., editor. Modern manual therapy of the vertebral column. Edinburgh, UK: Churchill Livingstone, 1986.

27 Shinohara H. A study on lumbar disc lesions. J Jap Orthop Assoc. 1970;44:553.

28 Freemont A.J., et al. Nerve in growth into diseased intervertebral disc in chronic back pain. Lancet. 1997;350(9072):178.

29 Bogduk N., Windsor M., Inglis A. The innervation of the cervical intervertbral discs. Spine. 1988;13(1):2.

30 Mendel T., Wink C.S., Zimny M.L. Neural elements in human cervical intervertebral discs. Spine. 1992;17(2):132.

31 Roberts S., et al. Mechanoreceptors in intervertebral discs: morphology, distribution, and neuropeptides. Spine. 1995;20(24):2645.

32 Rabischong P., et al. The intervertebral disc. Anat Clin. 1978;1:55.

33 Roofe P.G. Innervation of the annulus fibrosus and posterior longitudinal ligament. Arch Neurol Psychiatry. 1940;44:100.

34 Bogduk N., Tynan W., Wilson A.S. The nerve supply to the human lumbar intervertebral discs. J Anat. 1981;132:39.

35 Hirsch C., Ingelmark B.E., Miller M. The anatomical basis for low back pain. Acta Orthop Scand. 1963;33:1.

36 Jackson H.C., Winkelmann R.K., Bickel W.H. Nerve endings in the human lumbar spinal column and related structures. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1966;48:1272.

37 MacConnail M.A., Basmajian J.V. Muscles and movements: a basis for human kinesiology. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1969.

38 Edmond S.L. Manipulation and mobilization extremity and spinal techniques. St Louis: Mosby, 1993.

39 Andersson G.B.J. Biomechanics of the lumbar spine. In Kirkaldy-Willis W.H., Burton C.V., editors: Managing low back pain, ed 3, New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1992.

40 Garg A. Occupational biomechanics and low back pain. Occupational Medicine: State of the Art Reviews. 1992;7(4):609.

41 Fiorini G.T., McCammond D. Forces on the lumbo-vertebral facets. J Biomed Eng. 1976;4:354.

42 Farfan H.F., et al. Effects of torsion on the intervertebral joint: the role of torsion in the production of disc degeneration. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1970;52:468.

43 Adams M.A., Hutton W.C. The relevance of torsion to the mechanical derangement of the lumbar spine. Spine. 1981;6:241.

44 Schultz A.B., et al. Mechanical properties of the human lumbar spine motion segments. I. Response in flexion, extension, lateral bending and torsion. J Biomech Eng. 1979;101:46.

45 Skipor A.F., et al. Stiffness, properties and geometry of lumbar spine posterior elements. J Biomech. 1985;18:821.

46 Bogduk N., Twomey L.T. Clinical anatomy of the lumbar spine, ed 2. Melbourne, Australia: Churchill Livingstone, 1991.

47 Threlkeld A.J. Basic structure and function of the joints. In: Neuman D.A., editor. Kinesiology of the musculoskeletal system. St. Louis: Mosby; 2002:31.

48 Zhang G: Evaluating the viscoelastic properties of biological tissues in a new way, J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 5(1):85–90.

49 Akeson W.H., Amiel D., Woo S.L.Y. Cartilage and ligament: physiology and repair processes. In: Nicholas J.A., Hershman E.B., editors. The lower extremity and spine in sports medicine. St Louis: Mosby, 1986.

50 Akeson W.H., et al. Collagen cross linking alterations in joint contractures: changes in reducible cross links in periarticular connective tissue collagen after 9 weeks of immobilization. Connect Tissue Res. 1977;5:5.

51 Burger A.A. Experimental neuromuscular models of spinal manual techniques. J Man Med. 1983;1:10.

52 Guyton A.C. Textbook of medical physiology, ed 4. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1971.

53 Astand O., Rodahl K. Textbook of work physiology. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1970.

54 Kaltenborn F.M. Mobilization of the extremity joints: examination and basic treatment principles, ed 3. Oslo: Olaf-Norlis-Bokhandel, 1980.

55 Janda V. Muscle spasm: A proposed procedure for differential diagnosis. J Man Med. 1991;6:136.

56 Liebenson C. Active muscular relaxation techniques. I. Basic principles and methods. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1989;12(6):446.

57 Jones V.T., Garrett W.E., Seaber A.V. Biomechanical changes in muscle after immobilization at different lengths. Trans Orthop Res Soc. 1985;10:6.

58 Fink B., et al. Morphologic changes in the vastus medialis muscle in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56(11):3626-3633.

59 Cramer G.D., Darby S.A. Basic and clinical anatomy of the spine, spinal cord, and ans, ed 2, St. Louis: Mosby; 2005:35.

60 Jiang H. Identification of the location, extent, and pathway of sensory neurologic feedback after mechanical stimulation of a lateral spinal ligament in chickens. Spine. 1997;22(1):17-25.

61 Cramer G.D. General characteristics of the spine. In: Cramer G.D., Darby S., editors. Basic and clinical anatomy of the spine, spinal cord, and ans. ed 2. St. Louis: Mosby Year Book; 2005:13-65.

62 Brinkley J.M., Peat M. The effects of the mobilization on the ultra-structure and mechanical properties of the medial collateral ligament of rats. Clin Orthop. 1986;203:301.

63 Evans E.B., Eggars G.W.N., Butler J.K. Experimental remobilization of rat knee joints. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1960;42:737.

64 Woo S.L.Y., Matthews J.P., Akeson W.H. Connective tissue response to immobility: correlative study of biomechanical and biochemical measurements of normal and immobilized rabbit knees. Arthritis Rheum. 1975;18:257.

65 Dahners L.E. Ligament contractions: a correlation with cellularity end actin staining. Trans Orthop Res Soc. 1986;11:56.

66 Solomonow M., et al. The ligamento-muscular stabilizing system of the spine. Spine. 1998;1(23):2552-2562.

67 Giles L.G.F., Taylor J.R. Innervation of lumbar zygapophyseal joint synovial folds. Acta Orthop Scand. 1987;58:43.

66 Little J.S., Khalsa P.S. Human lumbar spine creep during cyclic and static flexion: creep rate, biomechanics, and facet joint capsule strain. Ann Biomed Eng. 2005;33(3):391-401.

69 Bogduk N., Engel R. The menisci of the lumbar zygapophyseal joints: a review of their anatomy and clinical significance. Spine. 1984;9:454.

70 Zaccheo D., Reale E. Contributo alla conoscenza delle articolazioni tra i processi articolari delle vertebre dell’uomo. Arch Anotomica. 1956;61:1.

71 Kos J., Wolf J. Les menisques intervertebreaux et leur role possible dans les blocages vertebraux. Ann Med Phys. 1972;15:2.

72 Bogduk N., Jull G. The theoretical pathology of acute locked back: a basis for manipulative therapy. Man Med. 1985;1:78.

73 Giles L.G.F., Taylor J.R. Human zygapophyseal joint capsule and synovial fold innervation. Br J Rheumatol. 1987;26:93.

74 Taylor J.R., Twomey L.T. Age changes in the lumbar zygapophyseal joints: observations on structure and function. Spine. 1986;11:739.

75 Adams M.A., Hutton W.C. The mechanical function of the lumbar apophyseal joints. Spine. 1983;8:327.

76 Danbury R. Functional anatomy of the intervertebral disc. J Man Med. 1971;6:128.

77 Farfan H.F. Mechanical disorders of the lumbar spine. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1973.

78 Twomey L., Taylor J. Flexion creep deformation and hysteresis in the lumbar vertebral column. Spine. 1982;7:116.

79 Kurowski P., Kubo A. The relationship of degeneration of the intervertebral disc to mechanical loading conditions on lumbar vertebrae. Spine. 1986;11:726.

80 Gracovetsky S. Function of the spine. J Biomed Eng. 1986;8:217.

81 Aspden R.M. The spine as an arch: a new mathematical model. Spine. 1989;14:266.

82 Panjabi M., et al. Spinal stability and intersegmental muscle forces: a biomechanical model. Spine. 1989;14:194.

83 Louis R. Spinal stability as defined by the three-column spine concept. Anat Clin. 1985;7:33.

84 Gracovetsky S., Farfan H. The optimum spine. Spine. 1986;11:543.

85 Levin S.M. The importance of soft tissue for structural support of the body. Dorman T.A., editor, Prolotherapy in the lumbar spine and pelvis, 9. 1995, State of the art reviews, Spine, 357, (2)

86 Ingber D.E., Jamieson J.D. Cells as tensegrity structures: architectural regulation of histo differentiation by physical forces transduced over basement membrane. In: Andersson L.C., Gahmberg C.G., Ekblom P., editors. Gene expression during normal and malignant differentiation. London: Academic Press, 1985.

87 Thompson D.W., On growth and form. 1977, Cambridge University Press, New York As cited inIngber D.E., Jamieson J.D. Cells as tensegrity structures: Architectural regulation of histo differentiation by physical forces transduced over basement membrane. In: Andersson L.C., Gahmberg C.G., Ekblom P., editors. Gene expression during normal and malignant differentiation. London: Academic Press, 1985.

88 Fuller B.R. Synergetics. New York: Mcmillan, 1975.

89 Kuchera M.L. Gravitational stress, musculoligamentous strain, and postural alignment. Dorman T.A., editor, Prolotherapy in the lumbar spine and pelvis, Spine: State of the Art Reviews, 9. 1995, 243, (2)

Chapter 3

1 Palmer D.D. Textbook of the science, art and philosophy of chiropractic. Portland, OR: Portland Printing House, 1910.

2 Palmer D.D., Palmer B.J. The science of chiropractic: its principles and adjustments. Davenport, IA: Palmer School of Chiropractic, 1906.

3 Montgomery D.P., Nelson J.M. Evolution of chiropractic theories of practice and spinal adjustment: 1900–1950. Chiropr Hist. 1985;5:71.

4 Strasser A. The chiropractic model of health: a personal perspective. Dig Chiropr Econ. 1988;31(2):12.

5 Strasser A. The dynamics of human structure in the chiropractic model of health. Dig Chiropr Econ. 1990;32(4):14.

6 Jamison J.R. Chiropractic and medical models of health care: a contemporary perspective. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1985;8(1):17.

7 Sandoz R. A perspective for the chiropractic profession. J Can Chiropr Assoc. 1977;21(3):107.

8 Quigley W.H. Chiropractic’s monocausal theory of disease. J Am Chiropr Assoc. 1981;8(6):52.

9 Council on Chiropractic Education. Standards for doctor of chiropractic programs and requirements for institutional status. 2007, Appendix III—Glossary. Scottsdale AZ

10 Indexed synopsis of ACA policies on public health and related matters: 1989–1990. Des Moines, IA: American Chiropractic Association, 1991.

11 Haldeman S. Spinal manipulative therapy: a status report. Clin Orthop. 1983;179:62.

12 Triano J. Biomechanics of spinal manipulative therapy. Spine J. 2001;1(2):121.

13 Triano J. The mechanics of spinal manipulation. In: Herzog W., editor. Clinical biomechanics of spinal manipulation. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 2000:92-190.

14 Bernard T.N., Kirkaldy-Willis W.H. Recognizing specific characteristics of nonspecific low back pain. Clin Orthop. 1987;217:266.

15 Stonebrink R.D. Evaluation and manipulative management of common musculoskeletal disorders. Portland, OR: Western States Chiropractic College, 1990.

16 Grieve G.P. Aetiology in general terms. In: Grieve G.P., editor. Common vertebral joint problems. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1988.

17 Grieve G.P. Pathological changes: General. In: Common vertebral joint problems. Edinburgh, UK: Churchill Livingstone; 1988.

18 Grieve G.P. Manipulation in general terms. In: Common vertebral joint problems. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1988.

19 Kirkaldy-Willis W.H. Pathology and pathogenesis. In Kirkaldy-Willis W.H., editor: Managing low back pain, ed 3, New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1992.

20 Kirkaldy-Willis W.H. The three phases of the spectrum of degenerative disease. In Kirkaldy-Willis W.H., editor: Managing low back pain, ed 3, New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1992.

21 Cassidy J.D., Kirkaldy-Willis W.H. Manipulation. In Kirkaldy-Willis W.H., editor: Managing low back pain, ed 3, New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1992.

22 Cyriax J. Diagnosis of soft tissue lesions, ed 8. Textbook of orthopedic medicine, vol 1. 1982, Bailliere Tindall, London.

23 Sandoz R. Some critical reflections on subluxations and adjustments. Ann Swiss Chiropr Assoc. 1989;9:7.

24 Nelson C. The subluxation question. J Chiropr Humanit. 1997;7(1):46.

25 Mootz R.D. Theoretic models of subluxation. In Gatterman M.I., editor: Fundamentals of chiropractic subluxation, ed 2, St. Louis: Mosby, 2005.

26 Sandoz R. The natural history of a spinal degenerative lesion. Ann Swiss Chiropr Assoc. 1989;9:149.

27 Palmer B.J. Fight to climb. Davenport, IA: Palmer School of Chiropractic, 1950.

28 Palmer B.J. The subluxation specific—The adjustment specific: an exposition of the cause of all disease. Davenport, IA: Palmer School of Chiropractic, 1934.

29 Stephenson R.W. Chiropractic textbook. Davenport, IA: Palmer School of Chiropractic, 1948.

30 Sandoz R. Classification of luxations, subluxations and fixations of the cervical spine. Ann Swiss Chiropr Assoc. 1976;6:219.

31 Vear H.J. An introduction to the science of chiropractic. Portland, OR: Western States Chiropractic College, 1981.

32 Hildebrandt R.W. The scope of chiropractic as a clinical science and art: An introductory review of concepts. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1978;1(1):7.

33 Janse J. History of the development of chiropractic concepts, chiropractic terminology. In: The research status of spinal manipulative therapy. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; 1975. NINCDS Monograph No 15, DHEW Pub No 76–988

34 Lantz C.A. The vertebral subluxation complex. ICA Rev. 1989;45(5):37.

33 Leach R.A. The chiropractic theories: A synopsis of scientific research, ed 2. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1986.

36 Palmer B.J. Our masterpiece. Davenport, IA: Palmer College of Chiropractic, 1966.

37 Haldeman S., Hammerich K. The evolution of neurology and the concept of chiropractic. J Am Chiropr Assoc. 1973;7:57.

38 Homewood A.E. The neurodynamics of the vertebral subluxation. St Petersburg, FL: Valkyrie Press, 1979.

39 Dishman R. Review of the literature supporting a scientific basis for chiropractic subluxation complex. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1985;8(3):163.

40 ICA policy handbook and code of ethics. Arlington, VA: International Chiropractors Association, 1990.

41 Gillet H. Vertebral fixations: An introduction to movement palpation. Ann Swiss Chiropr Assoc. 1960;1:30.

42 Gillet H. The anatomy and physiology of spinal fixations. J Nat Chiropr Assoc. 1963.

43 Gillet H., Liekens M. A further study of spinal fixations. Ann Swiss Chiropr Assoc. 1969;4:41.

44 Gillet H. Spinal and related fixations. Dig Chiropr Econ. 1973;14(3):22.

45 Gillet H., Liekens M. Belgian chiropractic research notes. Huntington Beach, CA: Motion Palpation Institute, 1984.

46 Gillet H. The history of motion palpation. Eur J Chiropr. 1983;31:196.

47 Illi F.H. The vertebral column: life-life of the body. Chicago: National College of Chiropractic, 1951.

48 Mennell J. McM: Back pain diagnosis and treatment using manipulative techniques. Boston: Little, Brown, 1960.

49 Mennell J. McM: Joint pain diagnosis and treatment using manipulative techniques. Boston: Little, Brown, 1964.

50 Sandoz R. Some physical mechanisms and effects of spinal adjustments. Ann Swiss Chiropr Assoc. 1976;6:91.

51 Sandoz R. Newer trends in the pathogenesis of spinal disorders. Ann Swiss Chiropr Assoc. 1971;5:93.

52 Faye L.J. Motion palpation of the spine: MPI notes and review of literature. Huntington Beach, CA: Motion Palpation Institute, 1981.

53 Schafer R.C., Faye L.J. Motion palpation and chiropractic technique: principles of dynamic chiropractic. Huntington Beach, CA: Motion Palpation Institute, 1989.

54 Dishman R. Static and dynamic components of the chiropractic subluxation complex: a literature review. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1988;11(2):98.

55 Triano J.J. The subluxation complex: outcome measure of chiropractic diagnosis and treatment. J Chiropr Tech. 1990;2(3):114.

56 Gitelman R. The treatment of pain by spinal manipulation. In: The research status of spinal manipulative therapy. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; 1975. NINCDS Monograph No 15, DHEW Pub No 76–988

57 Howe J.W. Preliminary observations from cineroentgenological studies of the spinal column. J Am Chiropr Assoc. 1970;4:565.

58 Brantingham J.W. A survey of literature regarding the behavior, pathology, etiology, and nomenclature of the chiropractic lesion. J Am Chiropr Assoc. 1985;19(8):65.

59Taber’s cyclopedia medical dictionary, ed 15, 1985, FA Davis, Philadelphia.

60 Gatterman M.I., Hansen D.T. Development of chiropractic nomenclature through consensus. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1994;17(5):302.

61 ACA Council on Technic. Chiropractic terminology: a report. J Am Chiropr Assoc. 1988;25(10):46.

62 Hart A.C., Hopkins C.A., editors. International classification of diseases—Clinical modification (ed 9) and hospital modification (ed 6). West Valley City, UT: Ingenix, 2001.

63 Ward M. Glossary of osteopathic terminology. AOA. 1981.

64 Gatterman M.I. Foundations of chiropractic subluxation. St Louis: Mosby, 1995.

65 Faye L.J. Most people who erect theories come to believe them themselves. Dynamic Chiropr. 1984.

66 Hubka M.J. Another critical look at the subluxation hypothesis. J Chiropr Tech. 1990;2(1):27.

67 Lantz C. The vertebral subluxation complex. In: Gatterman M.I., editor. Foundations of chiropractic: subluxation. St Louis: Mosby, 1994.

68 Faye L.J. The subluxation complex. J Chiropr Humanit. 2000;9:1-4.

69 Leboeuf-Yde C. How real is the subluxation? A research perspective. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1998;21(7):492-494.

70 Nelson C.F. The subluxation question. J Chiropr Humanit. 1997;7:46-55.

71 Keating J.C.Jr, et al. Subluxation: dogma or science? Chiropr Osteo. 2005;13:17.

72 Keating J.C. To hunt the subluxation: clinical research considerations. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1996;19(9):613-619.

73 Keating J.C. Science and politics and the subluxation. Am J Chiropr Med. 1988;1(3):107-110.

74 Walker B.F., Buchbinder M.B. Most commonly used methods of detecting spinal subluxation and the preferred term for its description: a survey of chiropractors in Victoria, Australia. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1997;20(9):583.

75 Lantz C.A. Immobilization degeneration and the fixation hypothesis of chiropractic subluxation. Chiropr Research J. 1988;1(1):21.

76 Rahlmann J.F. Mechanisms of intervertebral joint fixation: a literature review. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1987;10(4):177.

77 Lewit K. Manipulative therapy in rehabilitation of the locomotor system. Boston: Butterworths, 1985.

78 Maigne R. Orthopedic medicine: a new approach to vertebral manipulations. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas, 1972.

79 Kellet J. Acute soft tissue injuries: a review of the literature. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1986;18(5):489.

80 Oakes B.W. Acute soft tissue injuries: nature and management. Aust Family Physician. 1982;10(Suppl):3.

81 Cyriax J. Treatment of pain by manipulation. In: The research status of spinal manipulative therapy. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; 1975. NINCDS Monograph No 15, DHEW Pub No 76–988

82 Stonebrink R.D. Physiotherapy guidelines for the chiropractic profession. J Am Chiropr Assoc. 1975;9:65.

83 Akeson W.H., Amiel D., Woo S.L.-Y. Immobility effects of synovial joints: the pathomechanics of joint contracture. Biorheology. 1980;17:9.

84 Akeson W.H., et al. Collagen cross-linking alterations in joint contractures: changes in the reducible cross-links in periarticular connective tissue collagen after nine weeks of immobilization. Connect Tissue Res. 1977;5:15.

85 Woo S.L.-Y., Matthews J.V., Akeson W.H. Connective tissue response to immobility: correlative study of biomechanical and biochemical measurements of normal and immobilized rabbit knees. Arthritis Rheum. 1975;18(3):257.

86 Akeson W.H. An experimental study of joint stiffness. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1961;43(7):1022.

87 Noyes F.R., et al. Biomechanics of ligament failure. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1974;56(7):1406.

88 Enneking W.F., Horowitz M. The intra-articular effects of immobilization of the human knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1972;54(5):973.

89 Binkley J.M., Peat M. The effects of immobilization on the ultrastructure and mechanical properties of the medial collateral ligament of rats. Clin Orthop. 1986;203:301.

90 Amiel D., Woo S.L.-Y., Harwood F. The effect of immobilization on collagen turnover in connective tissue: a biomechanical-biomechanical correlation. Acta Orthop Scand. 1982;53:325.

91 Baker W., De C. Changes in the cartilage of the posterior intervertebral joints after anterior fusion. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1969;51(4):736.

92 Donatelli R. Effects of immobilization on the extensibility of periarticular connective tissue. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1981;3(2):67.

93 Videman T. Experimental models of osteoarthritis: the role of immobilization. Clin Biomech. 1987;2:223.

94 Still A.T. Osteopathic research and practice. Kirksville, MO: AT Still, 1910.

95 Triano J.J. Buckling: a biomedical model of subluxation. In Gatterman M.I., editor: Foundations of chiropractic subluxation, ed 2, St Louis: Mosby, 2005.

96 Bourdillon J.F., Day E.A., Bookhout M.R. Spinal manipulation, ed 5. Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heineman, 1992.

97 Henderson C.N.R. Three neurophysiological theories on the chiropractic subluxation. In: Gatterman M.I., editor. Foundations of chiropractic: subluxation. ed 2. St Louis: Mosby; 2005:296-303.

98 Leach R.A., Pickar J.G. Segmental dysfunction hypothesis: joint and muscle pathology and facilitation. In: Leach R.A., editor. The chiropractic theories. ed 4. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005:137-206.

99 Bakkum B.W., et al. Preliminary morphological evidence that vertebral hypomobility induces synaptic plasticity in the spinal cord. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2007;30:336-342.

100 Mabit C., et al. Study of the experimental biomechanics of tendon repair with immediate active mobilization. Surg Radiol Anat. 1986;8(1):29.

101 Cornwall M.W., Leveau B. The effect of physical activity on ligamentous strength: an overview. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1984;5(5):275.

102 Fitz-Ritson D. Chiropractic management and rehabilitation of cervical trauma. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1990;13(1):17.

103 Waddell G. A new clinical model for the treatment of low-back pain. Spine. 1987;12(7):632.

104 Mealy K., et al. Early mobilization of acute whiplash injuries. BMJ. 1986;292:656.

105 Deyo R.A. How many days of bed rest for acute low back pain? N Engl J Med. 1986;315:1064.

106 Mayer T., Gatchel R. Functional restoration for spinal disorders: the sports medicine approach. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1988.

107 Salter R.B. The biologic concept of continuous passive motion of synovial joints: the first 18 years of basic research and its clinical application. Clin Orthop. 1989;242:12.

108 Salter R.B. Motion vs. rest: why immobilize joints? J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1982;64:251.

109 Van Royen B.J., et al. Comparison of the effects of immobilization and continuous passive motion on surgical wound healing in the rabbit. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1986;78:360.

110 Evans E., et al. Experimental immobilization and remobilization of rat knee joints. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1960;42(5):737.

111 Allen M.E. Arthritis and adaptive walking and running. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1990;16(4):887.

112 Frank C., et al. Physiology and therapeutic value of passive joint motion. Clin Orthop. 1984;185:113.

113 Korcok M. Motion, not immobility, advocated for healing synovial joints. JAMA. 2005;246:1981.

114 Liebenson C. Guidelines for effective management of spinal pain. In: Liebenson C., editor. Rehabilitation of the spine. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1996.

115 Bigos S., et al. Acute low back problems in adults. Rockville, MD: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, Public Health Service, US Department of Health and Human Services, 1994. Clinical Practice Guideline No 14, AHCPR Pub No 95–0642

116 Korr I.M. Proprioceptors and somatic dysfunction. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1975;74:638.

117 Kirkaldy-Willis W.H., editor. Managing low back pain, ed 3, New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1992.

118 Gatterman M.I. Chiropractic management of spine related disorders. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1990.

119 Good A.B. Spinal joint blocking. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1985;8(1):1.

120 Melzack R., Wall P.D. Pain mechanisms: a new theory. Science. 1965;150:971.

121 Fryer G., Morris T., Gibbons P. Paraspinal muscles and intervertebral dysfunction: Part one. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2004;27:267.

122 Simons D. Myofascial pain syndromes due to trigger points. I. Principles, diagnosis and perpetuating factors. Manipulative Med. 1985;1:67.

123 Travell J., Simons D. Myofascial pain and dysfunction: the trigger point manual. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1983.

124 de Seze S. Les accidents de la deterioration structurale du disque. Semin Hop Paris. 1955;1:2267.

125 de Seze S. Les attitudes antalgique dans la sciatique discoradiculaire commune. Semin Hop Paris. 1955;1:2291.

126 Cyriax J. Lumbago: Mechanism of dural pain. Lancet. 1945;1:427.

127 Cassidy J.D., Kirkaldy-Willis W.H. Manipulation. In Kirkaldy-Willis W.H., editor: Managing low back pain, ed 3, New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1992.

128 Herbst R. Gonstead chiropractic science and art: The chiropractic methodology of Clarence S. Gonstead. Mt Horeb, WI: DC SCI-CHI Publications, 1980.

129 Barge F.H. Torticollis. Davenport, IA: Bawden Bros, 1979.

130 Schmorl G., Junghans H. The human spine in health and disease, ed 2. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1971.

131 Giles L.G.F. Anatomical basis of low back pain. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1989.

132 Giles L.G.F., Taylor J.R. Intra-articular synovial protrusions in the lower lumbar apophyseal joints. Bull Hosp Joint Dis Orthop Inst. 1982;42:248.

133 Giles L.G.F., Taylor J.R., Cockson A. Human zygapophyseal joint synovial folds. Acta Anat. 1986;126:110.

134 Giles L.G.F., Taylor J.R. Innervation of lumbar zygapophyseal joint synovial folds. Acta Orthop Scand. 1987;58:43.

135 Giles L.G.F. Lumbar apophyseal joint arthrography. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1984;7(1):21.

136 Giles L.G.F. Lumbo-sacral and cervical zygapophyseal joint inclusions. Manipulative Med. 1986;2:89.

137 Kos J., Wolf J. Les menisques intervertebraux et leur role possible dans les blocages vertebraux. Ann Med Phys. 1972;15:203.

138 Kos J., Wolf J. Translation of reference 119 into English. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1972;1:8.

139 Bogduk N., Engel R. The menisci of the lumbar zygapophyseal joints: a review of their anatomy and clinical significance. Spine. 1984;9(5):454.

140 Bogduk N., Jull G. The theoretical pathology of acute locked back: a basis for manipulative therapy. J Manual Med. 1985;1:78.

141 Engel R.M., Bogduk N. The menisci of the lumbar zygapophyseal joints. J Anat. 1982;135:795.

142 Badgley C.E. The articular facets in relation to low back pain and sciatic radiation. J Bone Joint Surg. 1941;23:481.

143 Hadley L.A. Anatmico-roentgenographic studies of the spine, ed 5. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas, 1964.

144 Kraft G.L., Levinthal D.H. Facet synovial impingement. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1951;93:439.

145 Saboe L. Possible clinical significance of intra-articular synovial protrusions: a review of the literature. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1988;3:148.

146 Jones T., et al. Lumbar zygapophyseal joint meniscoids: Evidence of their role in chronic intersegmental hypomobility. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1989;12(5):374.

147 Bogduk N., Twomey L.T. Clinical anatomy of the lumbar spine, ed 2. Melbourne, Australia: Churchill Livingstone, 1991.

148 Tillmann K. Pathological aspects of osteoarthritis related to surgery. Inflammation. 1984;8(Suppl):557.

149 Howell D. Pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Am J Med. 1986;80(Suppl 4B):24.

150 Hochberg M.C. Osteoarthritis: pathophysiology, clinical features, management. Hosp Pract. 1984;19(12):41.

151 Murray R.O., Duncan C. Athletic activity in adolescence as an etiological factor in degenerative hip disease. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1971;53(3):407.

152 Kos J., Wolf J. Translation of reference 94 into English. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1972;1:8.

153 Farfan M.F. Torsion and compression. In: Farfan M.F., editor. Mechanical disorders of the low back. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1973.

154 McGill S. Functional anatomy of the lumbar spine. Low back disorders, ed 2, 2007, Human Kinetics, Ontario, Canada.

155 Cyriax J., ed 9. Textbook of orthopedic medicine, vol 2. 1974, Baillier Tindall, London.

156 Vanharanta H., et al. The relationship of pain provocation to lumbar disc deterioration as seen by CT discography. Spine. 1987;12:295.

157 Preuss R., Fung J. Can acute low back pain result from segmental spinal buckling during sub-maximal activities? A review of the current literature. Man Ther, 10. 2005, 14.

158 Kirkaldy-Willis W.H., Hill R.J. A more precise diagnosis for low-back pain. Spine. 1979;4(2):102.

159 Yong-Hing K., Kirkaldy-Willis W.H. The pathophysiology of degenerative disease of the lumbar spine. Orthop Clin North Am. 1983;14(3):491.

160 McGill S., Cholewicki J. Biomechanical basis for stability: an explanation to enhance clinical utility. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2001;31:96.

161 McGill S. Low back disorders: evidence-based practice and rehabilitation. Windsor, Ontario: Human Kinetics, 2002.

162 Pope M., Frymoyer J.W., Krag M.H. Diagnosing instability. Clin Orthop. 1992;279:60.

163 Nachemson A. Lumbar spine instability: A critical update and symposium summary. Spine. 1985;10:290.

164 Dupuis P.R., et al. Radiologic diagnosis of degenerative lumbar spinal instability. Spine. 1985;10(3):262.

165 Schneider G. The unstable lumbar segment definition and detection. J Man Manipulative Ther. 1993;1:67.

166 Paris S. Physical signs of instability. Spine. 1985;10:277.

167 Barr K.P., Griggs M., Cadby M. Lumbar stabilization: a review of core concepts and current literature, part 2. Am J Phys Med Rehab. 2007;86:72.

168 Abbott J.H., et al. Lumbar segmental instability: a criterion-related validity study of manual therapy assessment. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005;6:56.

169 Kirkaldy-Willis W.H. Pathology and pathogenesis of low back pain; the three phases of the spectrum of degenerative disease. In Kirkaldy-Willis W.H., editor: Managing low back pain, ed 3, New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1992.

170 Kirkaldy-Willis W.H., et al. Pathology and pathogenesis of lumbar spondylosis and stenosis. Spine. 1978;3(4):319.

171 Crelin E.S. A scientific test of the chiropractic theory. Am Sci. 1973;61:574.

172 Rydevik B., Brown M., Lundborg G. Pathoanatomy and pathophysiology of nerve root compression. Spine. 1984;9(1):7.

173 Young S., Sharpless S.K. Mechanisms protecting nerve against compression block C.H. Suh Proceedings of the 9th Annual Biomechanics Conference on the Spine, 1978, International Chiropractors Association, Boulder, CO.

174 Giles L.G.F. A histological investigation of human lower lumbar intervertebral canal (foramen) dimensions. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1994;17:4.

175 Golub B.S., Silverman B. Transforaminal ligaments of the lumbar spine. J Bone Joint Surg. 1969;51:947-956.

176 Howe J.F., Loeser J.D., Calvin W.H. Mechanosensitivity of dorsal root ganglia and chronically injured axons: a physiological basis for the radicular pain of nerve root compression. Pain. 1983;17:321.

177 Wall J.F., Devor M. Sensory afferent impulses originate from dorsal root ganglia as well as from the periphery in normal and nerve injured rats. Pain. 1983;17:321.

178 Drum D.C. The vertebral motor unit and intervertebral foramen. In: The research status of spinal manipulative therapy. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; 1975. NINCDS Monograph No 15, DHEW Pub No 76–988

179 Luttges M.W., Kelly P.T., Gerren R.A. Degenerative changes in mouse sciatic nerves: electrophoretic and electrophysiologic characterizations. Exp Neurol. 1976;50:706-733.

180 Luttges M.W., Stodiek L.S., Beel J.A. Post injury changes in the biomechanics of nerves and roots in mice. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1986;9(2):89.

181 Triano J.J., Luttges M.W. Nerve irritation: a possible model for sciatic neuritis. Spine. 1982;7:129-136.

182 Macgregor R.I., Sharpless S.K., Luttges M.W. A pressure vessel model for nerve compression. J Neurol Sci. 1975;24:299.

183 Devor M., Obermayer M. Membrane differentiation in rat dorsal root ganglia and possible consequences for back pain. Neurosci Letters. 1984;51:341.

184 Rydevik B.L. The effects of compression on the physiology of nerve roots. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1992;15:62.

185 Howe J.F., Loeser J.D., Calvin W.H. Mechanosensitivity of dorsal root ganglia and chronically injured axons: a physiological basis for the radicular pain of nerve root compression. Pain. 1977;3:27.

186 Pickar J.G. Neurophysiological effects of spinal manipulation. Spine J. 2002;2:357.

187 McCarron R.F., et al. The inflammatory effect of nucleus pulposus. A possible element in the pathogenesis of low-back pain. Spine. 1987;12:760.

188 Kawakami M., et al. Mechanical compression of the lumbar nerve root alters pain-related behaviors induced by the nucleus pulposus in the rat. J Orthop Res. 2000;18:257.

189 Yabuki S., Igarashi T., Kikuchi S. Application of nucleus pulposus to the nerve root simultaneously reduces blood flow in dorsal root ganglion and corresponding hindpaw in the rat. Spine. 2000;25:1471.

190 Nygaard O.P., Mellgren S.I., Osterud B. The inflammatory properties of contained and noncontained lumbar disc herniation. Spine. 1997;22:2484.

191 Ozaktay A.C., Kallakuri S., Cavanaugh J.M. Phospholipase A 2 sensitivity of the dorsal root and dorsal root ganglion. Spine. 1998;23:1297.

192 Chen C., et al. Effects of phospholipase A2 on lumbar nerve root structure and function. Spine. 1997;22:1057.

193 Korr I.M., editor. The neurobiologic mechanisms in manipulative therapy. New York: Plenum, 1978.

194 Sato A., Budgell B. Somatoautonomic reflexes. In Haldeman S., editor: Principles and practice of chiropractic, ed 3, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005.

195 Sato A. The somatosympathetic reflexes: their physiologic and clinical significance. In: Goldstein M., editor. The research status of spinal manipulative therapy. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1975.

196 Gillette R.G. A speculative argument for the coactivation of diverse somatic receptor populations by forceful chiropractic adjustments. Manipulative Med. 1987;3:1.

197 Sato A. Spinal reflex physiology. In Haldeman S., editor: Principles and practice of chiropractic, ed 2, Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange, 1992.

198 Korr I.M., Wright H.M., Thomas P.E. Effects of experimental myofascial insults on cutaneous patterns of sympathetic activity in man. J Neural Transm. 1962;23(22):330.

199 Korr I.M., Wright H.M., Chace J.A. Cutaneous patterns of sympathetic activity in clinical abnormalities of the musculoskeletal system. Acta Neuroveg. 1964;25:589.

200 Hulse M. Disequilibrium caused by a functional disturbance of the upper cervical spine. Manual Med. 1983;1:18.

201 Mooney B., Robertson J. The facet syndrome. Clin Orthop. 1976;115:149.

202 Thabe H. Electromyography as a tool to document diagnostic findings and therapeutic results associated with somatic dysfunctions in upper cervical spinal joints and sacroiliac joints. Manual Med. 1986;2:53.

203 Grainger H.G. The somatic component in visceral disease. In: Academy of Applied Osteopathy 1958 yearbook. Newark, OH: American Academy of Osteopathy; 1958.

204 Beal M.C. Viscerosomatic reflexes: a review. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1985;85(12):786.

205 Larson N.J. Summary of site and occurrence of paraspinal soft tissue changes of patients in the intensive care unit. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1976;75:840.

206 Kelso A.F. A double blind clinical study of osteopathic findings in hospital patients. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1971;70:570.

207 Beal M.C. Palpatory findings for somatic dysfunction in patients with cardiovascular disease. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1983;82:822.

208 Beal M.C., Dvorak J. Palpatory examination of the spine: a comparison of the results of two methods and their relationship to visceral disease. Manual Med. 1984;1:25.

209 Kimura A., et al. A- and C-reflexes elicited in cardiac sympathetic nerves by single shock to a somatic afferent nerve include spinal and supraspinal components in anesthetized rats. Neurosci Res. 1996;25:91.

210 Budgell B., Igarashi Y. Response to arrhythmia to spinal manipulation: monitoring by ECG with analysis of heart-rate variability. J Neuromusculoskel Syst. 2001;9:97.

211 Delaney J.P., et al. The short-term effects of myofascial trigger point massage therapy on cardiac autonomic tone in healthy subjects. J Adv Nurs. 2002;37:364.

212 Pollard H. The somatovisceral reflex: how important for the “type O” condition? Chiropr J Aust. 2004;34:93.

213 Pollard H. Reflections on the “type O” disorder. J Manipulative Ther. 2005;28:547.e1.

214 Toda H., et al. Responses of dorsal spinal cord blood flow to noxious mechanical stimulation of the skin in anesthetized rats. J Physiol Sci. 2008;58(4):263.

215 Kurosawa M., et al. Contribution of supraspinal and spinal structures to the responses of dorsal spinal cord blood flow to innocuous cutaneous brushing in rats. Auton Neurosci. 2007;136(1–2):96.

216 Cramer G., et al. Basic science research related to chiropractic spinal adjusting: the state of the art and recommendations revisited. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2006;29(9):726.

217 Budgell B., Polus B. The effects of thoracic manipulation on heart rate variability: a controlled crossover trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2006;29(8):603.

218 Budgell B., Hirano F. Innocuous mechanical stimulation of the neck and alterations in heart-rate variability in healthy young adults. Auton Neurosci. 2001;91(1–2):96.

219 Budgell B., Suzuki A. Inhibition of gastric motility by noxious chemical stimulation of interspinous tissues in the rat. J Auton Nerv Syst. 2000;80(3):162.

220 Bolton P.S., et al. Influences of neck afferents on sympathetic and respiratory nerve activity. Brain Res Bull. 1998;47:413.

221 Lantz C.A. The vertebral subluxation complex. In: Gatterman M.I., editor. foundations of chiropractic subluxation. St Louis: Mosby, 1995.

222 Wright V., Johns J.J. Physical factors concerned with the stiffness of normal and diseased joints. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp. 1960;106:216.

223 Fields H.L. Pain. San Francisco: McGraw-Hill, 1987.

224 Janda V. Muscles, central nervous motor regulation and back problems. In: Korr I.M., editor. The neurobiologic mechanisms in manipulative therapy. New York: Plenum Press, 1978.

225 Grigg P., Schaible H.G., Schmidt R.F. Mechanical sensitivity of group III and IV afferents from posterior articular nerve in normal and inflamed cat knee. J Neurophysiol. 1986;55:635.

226 Schaible H.G., Schmidt R.F. Time course of mechanosensitivity changes in articular afferents during a developing experimental arthritis. J Neurophysiol. 1988;60:2180.

227 Schaible H.G., Schmidt R.F. Effects of an experimental arthritis on the sensory properties of fine articular afferent units. J Neurophysiol. 1985;54:1109.

228 Salter R.B. Textbook of disorders and injuries of the musculoskeletal system, ed 2. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1983.

229 Ritchie A.C., ed 9. Boyd’s textbook of pathology, vol 2. 1990, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.

230 Kirkaldy-Willis W.H. Pathology and pathogenesis of low back pain. In Kirkaldy-Willis W.H., editor: Managing low back pain, ed 2, New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1988.

231 Gatterman M.I., Hansen D.T. Development of chiropractic nomenclature through consensus. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1994;17:302.

232 Gatterman M.I., editor. Foundations of chiropractic: subluxation. 1995, Mosby, St Louis, 306-469.

233 Cassidy D.J., Potter G.E. Motion examination of the lumbar spine. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1979;2:151.

234 Faucret B., et al. Determination of body subluxations by clinical, neurological and chiropractic procedures. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1980;3:165.

235 Russell R. Diagnostic palpation of the spine: a review of procedures and assessment of their reliability. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1983;6(4):181.

236 Sandoz R. The choice of appropriate clinical criteria for assessing the progress of a chiropractic case. Ann Swiss Chiropr Assoc. 1985;8:53.

237 Bryner P. A survey of indications: knee manipulation. Chiropr Tech. 1989;1(4):140.

238 Bryner P., Bruin J. Extremity joint technique: Survey of the status of technique in chiropractic colleges. Chiropr Tech. 1991;3(1):30.

239 Scaringe J.G., Faye L.J. Palpation: the art of manual assessment. In: Redwood D., Cleveland C.S.III, editors. Fundamentals of chiropractic. St Louis: Mosby, 2003.

240 Bergmann T.F. The chiropractic spinal examination. In: Ferezy J.S., editor. The chiropractic neurological examination. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen, 1992.

241 Bourdillon J.F., Day E.A. Spinal manipulation, ed 4. London: William Heinemann Medical Books, 1987.

242 Hestboek L., Leboeuf-Yde C. Are chiropractic tests for the lumbo-pelvic spine reliable and valid? A systematic critical literature review. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2000;23:258.

243 Stochkendahl M.J., et al. Manual examination of the spine: a systematic critical literature review of reproducibility. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2006;29:475.

244 Piva S.R., et al. Inter-tester reliability of passive intervertebral and active movements of the cervical spine. Man Ther. 2006;11:321.

245 Schneider M., et al. Interexaminer reliability of the prone leg length analysis procedure. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2007;30:514.

246 Herzog W., et al. Reliability of motion palpation procedures to detect sacroiliac joint fixations. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1989;12:86.

247 Haas M. Interexaminer reliability for multiple diagnostic test regimens. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1991;14:95.

248 Breen A. The reliability of palpation and other diagnostic methods. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1992;15:54.

249 Smedmark V., Wallin M., Arvidsson I. Inter-examiner reliability in assessing passive intervertebral motion of the cervical spine. Manual Ther. 2000;5:97.

250 Pool J.J., et al. The interexaminer reproducibility of physical examination of the cervical spine. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2004;27:84.

251 Medicare carriers manual, Rev. 1565, Section 2251.2, Coverage of Chiropractic Services www.hcfa.gov

252 Keating J.C., et al. Interexaminer reliability of eight evaluative dimensions of lumbar segmental abnormality. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1990;13(8):463.

253 Boline P., et al. Interexaminer reliability of a multi-dimensional index of lumbar segmental abnormality, II. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1993;16(6):363.

254 Hubka M.J., Phelan S.P. Interexaminer reliability of palpation for cervical spine tenderness. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1994;17:591.

255 Gemmell H., Miller P. Interexaminer reliability of multidimensional examination regimens used for detecting spinal manipulable lesions: a systematic review. Clin Chiropractic. 2005;8(4):199-204.

256 Jull G., Bogduk N., Marsland A. The accuracy of manual diagnosis for cervical zygapophysial joint pain syndromes. Med J Aust. 1988;148:233.

257 King W., et al. The validity of manual examination in assessing patients with neck pain. Spine J. 2007;7:22.

258 Leboeuf-Yde C., Kyvik K. Is it possible to differentiate people with low back pain on the basis of tests of lumbopelvic dysfunction? J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2000;23(3):160.

259 Childs M.J., Fritz J.M., Flynn T.W. A clinical prediction rule to identify patients with low back pain most likely to benefit from spinal manipulation. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141(12):920.

260 Fritz J.M., et al. Lumbar spine segmental mobility assessment: an examination of validity of determining intervention strategies in patients with low back pain. Arch Phys Med Rehab. 2005;86:1745.

261 De Hertogh W.J., et al. The clinical examination of neck pain patients: The validity of a group of tests. Man Ther. 2006;11:51.

262 Flynn T., Fritz J., Whitman J. A clinical prediction rule for classifying patients with low back pain who demonstrate short-term improvement with spinal manipulation. Spine. 2002;27(24):2835.

263 Fritz J., Dellito A., Erhard R. Comparison of classification-based physical therapy with therapy based on clinical practice guidelines for patients with acute low back pain: a randomized clinical trial. Spine. 2003;28(13):1363.

264 Haas M. The reliability of reliability. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1991;14(3):199.

265 Keating J. Several strategies for evaluating the objectivity of measurements in clinical research and practice. J Can Chiropr Assoc. 1988;32(3):133.

266 Keating J. Inter-examiner reliability of motion palpation of the lumbar spine: a review of quantitative literature. Am J Chiropr Med. 1989;2(3):107.

267 Boline P., et al. Interexaminer reliability of palpatory evaluations of the lumbar spine. Am J Chiropr Med. 1988;1(1):5.

268 Panzer D.M. The reliability of lumbar motion palpation. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1992;15:518.

269 Breen A. The reliability of palpation and other diagnostic methods. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1992;15:54.

270 Haas M., Panzer D.M. Palpatory diagnosis of subluxation. In: Gatterman M.I., editor. Foundation of chiropractic subluxation. St Louis: Mosby, 1995.

271 Keating J.C. Traditional barriers to standards of knowledge production in chiropractic: proceedings of the Consensus Conference on Validation of Chiropractic Methods. Chiropr Tech. 1990;2(3):78-85.

272 Panzer D.M. Lumbar motion palpation: A literature review. Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Conference on Research and Education, 1991, CORE, Monterey, CA.

273 Koran L.M. The reliability of clinical methods, data and judgments. N Engl J Med. 1975;293:642.

274 Nelson M.A., et al. Reliability and reproducibility of clinical findings in low back pain. Spine. 1979;4:97.

275 Alley R.J. The clinical value of motion palpation as a diagnostic tool. J Can Chiropr Assoc. 1983;27:91.

276 Waddell G., et al. Normality and reliability in the clinical assessment of backache. BMJ. 1982;284:1519.

277 Shekelle P.G. Current status of standards of care. J Chiropr Tech. 1990;2(3):86.

278 Walker B.F. The reliability of chiropractic methods used for the detection of spinal subluxation. Australas Chiropr Osteopathy. 1996;5:12.

279 Lewit K., Liebenson C. Palpation—problems and implications. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1993;16:586.

280 Huijbregts P. Spinal motion palpation: a review of reliability studies. J Man Manip Ther. 2002;10:24.

281 Seffinger M., et al. Spinal palpatory diagnostic procedures utilized by practitioners of spinal manipulation: Annotated bibliography of reliability studies. J Can Chiropr Assoc. 2003;47:89.

282 Najm W.I., et al. Content validity of manual spinal palpatory exams—A systematic review. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2003;3:1.

283 van Trijffela E., et al. Inter-examiner reliability of passive assessment of intervertebral motion in the cervical and lumbar spine: A systematic review. Man Ther. 2005;10:256.

284 Haas M. Interexaminer reliability for multiple diagnostic test regimens. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1991;14(2):95.

285 Hawk C., et al. Preliminary study of the reliability of assessment procedures for indications for chiropractic adjustments of the lumbar spine. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1999;22:382.

286 De Hertogh W.J., Vaesa P.H., Vijverman V., et al. The clinical examination of neck pain patients: the validity of a group of tests. Manual Ther. 2007;12:50.

287 Tuchin P.J., et al. Interexaminer reliability of chiropractic evaluation for cervical spine problems—a pilot study. Australas Chiorpr Osteopathy. 1996;5:23.

288 Boline P.D., et al. Interexaminer reliability of eight evaluative dimensions of lumbar segmental abnormality: part II. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1993;16:363.

289 Keating J.C., et al. Interexaminer reliability of eight evaluative dimensions of lumbar segmental abnormality. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1990;13:463.

290 French S.D., Green S., Forbes A. Reliability of chiropractic methods commonly used to detect manipulable lesions in patients with chronic low back pain. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2000;23:231.

291 Abbott J.H., et al. Manual physical assessment of spinal segmental motion: intent and validity. Manual Ther. 2009;14:36.

292 Haas M., et al. Short-term responsiveness of manual thoracic end-play assessment to spinal manipulation: a randomized controlled trial of construct validity. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1995;18:582.

293 Roberts A.R., Yeager K. Evidence-based practice manual: research and outcome measures in health and human services. New York: Oxford University Press USA, 2004.

294 Bergmann T.F. Introduction and opening statement, Consensus Conference on Validation of Chiropractic Methods. Chiropr Tech. 1990;2(3):71.

295 Liebenson C. Rehabilitation of the spine: a practitioner’s manual. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1996.

296 Yeomans S.G. The clinical application of outcomes assessment. Stamford, CT: Appleton & Lange, 2000.

297 Lewis T. Pain. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1987.

298 Kellgren J.H. The anatomical source of back pain. Rheumatol Rehabil. 1977;16(3):3.

299 Deyo R.A. Measuring the functional status of patients with low back pain. J Chiropr Tech. 1990;2(3):127.

300 Vernon H. The neck disability index: a study of reliability and validity. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1991;14(7):409.

301 Love A., LeBoeuf C., Crisp T. Chiropractic chronic low back pain sufferers and self-report assessment methods. I. A reliability study of the visual analogue scale, the pain drawing and the McGill Pain Questionnaire. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1989;12(2):21.

302 Price D.D., et al. The validation of visual analogue scales as ratio scale measures for chronic and experimental pain. Pain. 1983;17:45.

303 Price D.D., Harkins S.W. The combined use of visual analogue scales and experimental pain in proving standardized assessment of clinical pain. Clin J Pain. 1987;3:1.

304 Nyiendo J. A comparison of low back pain profiles of chiropractic teaching clinic patients with patients attending private clinicians. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1990;13(8):437.

305 Finch L., Melzack R. Objective pain measurement: a case for increased clinical usage. Physiother Can. 1982;34(6):1.

306 Pel J.J.M., et al. Biomechanical analysis of reducing sacroiliac joint shear load by optimization of pelvic muscle and ligament forces. Ann Biomed Eng. 2008;36(3):415.

307 Mayer T.G., et al. Use of noninvasive techniques for quantification of spinal range-of-motion in normal subjects and chronic low-back dysfunction patients. Spine. 1984;9(6):588.

308 Klausen K. The shape of the spine in young males with and without back complaints. Clin Biomech. 1986;1:81.

309 Brunarski D.J. Chiropractic biomechanical evaluations: validity in myofascial low back pain. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1982;5(4):155.

310 Wietz E.M. The lateral bending sign. Spine. 1981;6(4):119.

311 Peters R.E. The facet syndrome. J Aust Chiropr Assoc. 1983;13(3):15.

312 Giles L.G.F., Taylor J.R. Low-back pain associated with leg length inequality. Spine. 1981;6(5):510.

313 Enwemeka C.S., et al. Postural correction in persons with neck pain. I. A survey of neck positions recommended by physical therapists. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1986;8(5):235.

314 Enwemeka C.S., et al. Postural correction in persons with neck pain. II. Integrated electromyography of the upper trapezius in three simulated neck positions. J Orthop Sport Phys Ther. 1986;8(5):240.

315 Pope M.H., Bevins T., Wilder D.G. The relationship between anthropometric, postural, muscular, and mobility characteristics of males ages 18–55. Spine. 1983;10(7):644.

316 Burton A.K. Variation in lumbar sagittal mobility with low-back trouble. Spine. 1989;14(6):584.

317 Triano J.J., Schultz A. Correlation of objective measure of trunk motion and muscle function with low-back disability ratings. Spine. 1987;12(6):561.

318 Pearcy M., Portek I., Shepard J. The effect of low-back pain on lumbar spinal movement measured by three-dimensional x-ray analysis. Spine. 1985;10(2):150.

319 Fairbank J., et al. Influence of anthropometric factors and joint laxity in the incidence of adolescent back pain. Spine. 1984;9(5):461.

320 Mellin G. Correlations of spinal mobility with degree of chronic low back pain after correction for age and anthropometric factors. Spine. 1987;12(5):464.

321 Giles L.G.F., Taylor J.R. Lumbar spine structural changes associated with leg length inequality. Spine. 1982;7(2):159.

322 Giles L.G.F. Lumbosacral facetal “joint angles” associated with leg length inequality. Rheumatol Rehabil. 1981;20(4):233.

323 Sandoz R. Principles underlying the prescription of shoe lifts. Ann Swiss Chiropr Assoc. 1989;9:49.

324 Papaioannou T., Stokes I., Kenwright J. Scoliosis associated with limb-length inequality. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1982;64:59.

325 Illi C., Sandoz R. Spinal equilibrium: further developments of the concepts of Fred Illi. Ann Swiss Chiropr Assoc. 1985;8:81.

326 Dieck G., et al. An epidemiologic study of the relationship between postural asymmetry in the teen years and subsequent back and neck pain. Spine. 1985;10(10):872.

327 Hansson T., et al. The lumbar lordosis in acute and chronic low-back pain. Spine. 1985;10(2):154.

328 Phillips R., et al. Stress x-rays and the low back pain patient. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1990;13(3):127.

329 Bigos S.J., et al. A prospective study of work perceptions and psychosocial factors affecting the report of back injury. Spine. 1991;16(1):1.

330 Battie M.C., et al. The role of spinal flexibility in back pain complaints within industry: a prospective study. Spine. 1990;15(8):768.

331 Haas M., et al. Lumbar motion trends and correlation with low back pain. I. A roentgenological evaluation of coupled lumbar motion in lateral bending. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1992;15(3):145.

332 Haas M., Nyiendo J. Lumbar motion trends and correlation with low back pain. II. A roentgenological evaluation of quantitative segmental motion in lateral bending. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1992;15(4):224.

333 Nansel D., et al. Time course considerations for the effects of unilateral lower cervical adjustments with respect to the amelioration of cervical lateral-flexion passive end-range asymmetry. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1990;13(6):297.

334 Phillips R., et al. Low back pain: a radiographic enigma. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1986;9(3):183.

335 Daniels L., Worthingham C. Muscle testing techniques of manual examination, ed 3. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1972.

336 Greenman P.E. Principles of manual medicine. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1989.

337 Vernon H. An assessment of the intra- and inter-reliability of the posturometer. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1983;6(2):57.

338 Adams A.A. Intra- and inter-examiner reliability of plumb line posture analysis measurements using a three dimensional electrogoniometer. Res Forum. 1988;4(3):60.

339 D’Angelo M.D., Grieve D.W. A description of normal relaxed standing postures. Clin Biomech. 1987;2:140.

340 Dunk N.M., et al. The reliability of quantifying upright standing postures as a baseline diagnostic clinical tool. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2004;27(2):91.

341 Fedorak C., Ashworth N., Marshall J., et al. Reliability of the visual assessment of cervical and lumbar lordosis: how good are we? Spine. 2003;28:1857.

342 Arnold C.M., Beatty B., Harrison E.L. Investigation of the validity of postural evaluation skills in assessing lumbar lordosis using photographs of clothed subjects. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2000;52:286.

343 Cooperstein R. The Derefield pelvic leg check: a kinesiological interpretation. Chiropr Tech. 1991;3:60.

344 Mannello D.M. Leg length inequality. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1992;15:576.

345 Haas M., et al. Reactivity of leg alignment to articular pressure testing: evaluation of a diagnostic test using a randomized crossover clinical trial approach. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1993;16:220.

346 Nguyen H.T., et al. Interexaminer reliability of activator methods relative leg-length evaluation in the prone extended position. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1999;22:565.

347 Thompson J.C. Thompson technique reference manual. Elgin, IL: Thompson Educational Workshops SM and Williams Manufacturing, 1984.

348 Fuhr A. Activator methods chiropractic technique seminars. MN: Wilmar, 1985.

349 Lawrence D.J. Chiropractic concepts of the short leg: A critical review. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1985;8:157.

350 DeBoer K.F., et al. Inter- and intra-examiner reliability of leg length differential measurement: A preliminary study. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1983;6(2):61.

351 Fuhr A.W., Osterbauer P.J. Interexaminer reliability of relative leg-length evaluation in the prone, extended position. J Chiropr Tech. 1989;1(1):13.

352 Venn E.K., Wakefield K.A., Thompson P.R. A comparative study of leg-length checks. Eur J Chiropr. 1983;31:68.

353 Shambaugh M.S., Sclafani L., Fanselow D. Reliability of the Derefield-Thomas test for leg length inequality, and use of the test to determine cervical adjusting efficacy. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1988;11(5):396.

354 Falltrick D., Pierson S.D. Precise measurement of functional leg length inequality and changes due to cervical spine rotation in pain-free students. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1989;12(5):364.

355 Rhudy T.R., Burk J.M. Inter-examiner reliability of functional leg-length assessment. Am J Chiropr Med. 1990;3(2):63.

356 Cooperstein R., et al. Validity of compressive checking in measuring artificial leg-length inequality. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2003;26(9):557.

357 Haas M., et al. Responsiveness of leg alignment changes associated with articular pressure testing to spinal manipulation: the use of a randomized clinical trial design to evaluate a diagnostic test with a dichotomous outcome. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1993;16:306.

358 Cocchiarella L., Andersson G.B.J., editors. Guides to the evaluation of permanent impairment. Chicago: American Medical Association, 2001.

359 Marras W.S., et al. The quantification of low back disorder using motion measures. Spine. 1999;24:2091.

360 Wilson L., et al. Intertester reliability of a low back pain classification system. Spine. 1999;24:248.

361 Donelson R., Aprill C., Grant W. A prospective study of centralization of lumbar and referred pain: a predictor of symptomatic discs and anular competence. Spine. 1997;22:115.

362 Delany P.M., Hubka H.J. The diagnostic utility of McKenzie clinical assessment for lower back pain. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1999;22:628.

363 Kilby J., Stignant M., Roberts A. The reliability of back pain assessment by physiotherapists using a McKenzie algorithm. Physiotherapy. 1990;76:579.

364 Fiddle D.L., Rothstein J.M. Inter-tester reliability of McKenzie’s classifications of the type of syndrome present in patients with low back pain. Spine. 1993;18:1333.

365 Kilpikoski S., et al. Interexaminer reliability of low back pain assessment using the McKenzie method. Spine. 2002;27(8):E207.

366 Clare H.A., Adams R., Maher C.G. Reliability of detection of lumbar lateral shift. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2003;26(8):476.

367 Clare H.A., Adams R Maher C.G. Reliability of McKenzie classification of patients with cervical or lumbar pain. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2005;28(2):123.

368 Johnston W., et al. Interexaminer study of palpation in detecting location of spinal segmental dysfunction. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1983;82(11):839.

369 Gill K., et al. Repeatability of four clinical methods for assessment of lumbar spinal motion. Spine. 1988;13:50.

370 Merritt I.F., et al. Measurement of trunk flexibility in normal subjects: reproducibility of three clinical methods. Mayo Clin Proc. 1986;61:192.

371 Liebenson C., Phillips R.B. The reliability of range of motion measurements for lumbar spine flexion: a review. Chiropr Tech. 1989;1:69.

372 Nitschke J.E., et al. Reliability of the American Medical Association guides’ model for measuring spinal range of motion: Its implication for whole person impairment rating. Spine. 1999;24(3):262.

373 Kelly J., et al. Quantification of lumbar function. V. Reliability of range of motion measures in the sagittal plane and in vivo torso rotation measurement technique. Spine. 1986;11:31.

374 Newton M., Waddell G. Reliability and validity of clinical measurement of the lumbar spine in patients with chronic low back pain. Physiotherapy. 1991;77:796.

375 Petra M., et al. Lumbar range of motion: reliability and validity of the inclinometer technique in the clinical measurement of trunk flexibility. Spine. 1996;11:1332.

376 Johnston W., et al. Palpatory findings in the cervicothoracic region: variations in normotensive and hypertensive subjects—a preliminary report. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1980;79(5):300.

377 Deboer K.F., et al. Reliability study of detection of somatic dysfunctions in the cervical spine. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1985;8(1):9.

378 Viikari-Juntura E. Interexaminer reliability of observations in physical examinations of the neck. Phys Ther. 1987;67:1526.

379 Boline P.D., et al. Interexaminer reliability of eight evaluative dimensions of lumbar segmental abnormality. II. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1993;16:363.

380 Paydar D., Thiel H., Gemmell H. Intra- and inter-examiner reliability of certain pelvic palpatory procedures and the sitting flexion test for sacroiliac mobility and dysfunction. J Neuromusculoskeletal System. 1994;2:65.

381 Nilsson N. Measuring cervical muscle tenderness: a study of reliability. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1995;18:88.

382 Strender L., Lumdin M., Nell K. Interexaminer reliability in physical examination of the neck. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1997;20:526.

383 Strender L., et al. Interexaminer reliability in physical examination of patients with low back pain. Spine. 1997;22:814.

384 Huijbregts P.A. Spinal motion palpation: a review of reliability studies. J Manual Manipulative Ther. 2002;10:24-39.

385 Schneider M., Erhard R., Brach J., et al. Spinal palpation for lumbar segmental mobility and pain provocation: an interexaminer reliability study. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2008;31:465.

386 Van Trijffel E., et al. Perceptions and use of passive intervertebral motion assessment of the spine: A survey among Dutch physiotherapists specializing in manual therapy. Man Ther. 2008;14(3):243-251.

387 Jull B., Bullock M. A motion profile of the lumbar spine in an aging population assessed by manual examination. Physiotherapy. 1987;3:70.

388 Jull G., Bogduk N., Marsland A. The accuracy of manual diagnosis for cervical zygapophysial joint pain syndromes. Med J Aust. 1988;148:233.

389 Leboeuf C., et al. Chiropractic examination procedures: a reliability and consistency study. J Aust Chiropr Assoc. 1989;19(3):101.

390 Haneline M.T., et al. Spinal motion palpation: A comparison of studies that assessed intersegmental end feel vs excursion. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2008;31:616.

391 Wiles M.R. Reproducibility and interexaminer correlation of motion palpation findings of the sacroiliac joints. J Can Chiropr Assoc. 1980;24:59.

392 Gonnella C., Paris S.V., Kutner M. Reliability in evaluating passive intervertebral motion. Phys Ther. 1982;62(4):436.

393 Matyas T., Bach T. The reliability of selected techniques in clinical arthrometrics. Aust J Physiother. 1985;31:175.

394 Potter N.A., Rothstein J.M. Intertester reliability for selected clinical tests of the sacroiliac joint. Phys Ther. 1995;65:1671.

395 Mior S.A., et al. Intra- and inter-examiner reliability of motion palpation in the cervical spine. J Can Chiropr Assoc. 1985;29:195.

396 Bergstrom E., Courtis G. An inter- and intra-examiner reliability study of motion palpation of the lumbar spine in lateral flexion in the seated position. Eur J Chiropr. 1986;34:121.

397 Love R.M., Brodeur R.R. Inter- and intra-examiner reliability of motion palpation for the thoracolumbar spine. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1987;10:1.

398 Carmichael J.P. Inter- and intra-examiner reliability of palpation for sacroiliac joint dysfunction. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1987;10:164.

399 Rhudy T.R., Sandefur M.R., Burk J.M. Interexaminer/intertechnique reliability in spinal subluxation assessment: a multifactorial approach. Am J Chiropr Med. 1988;1:111.

400 Nansel D.D., et al. Interexaminer concordance in detecting joint-play asymmetries in the cervical spines of otherwise asymptomatic subjects. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1989;12(6):428.

401 Herzog W., et al. Reliability of motion palpation to detect sacroiliac joint fixations. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1989;12:86.

402 Mootz R.D., Keating J.C., Kontz H.P. Intra- and inter-examiner reliability of passive motion palpation of the lumbar spine. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1989;12(6):440.

403 Mior S.A., McGregor M., Schut A.B. The role of experience in clinical accuracy. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1990;13:68.

404 Haas M., et al. Reliability of manual end play palpation of the thoracic spine. Chiropr Tech. 1995;7:120.

405 Meijne W., et al. Intraexaminer and interexaminer reliability of the Gillet test. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1999;22:4.

406 Mior S.A., McGregor M., Schut B. The role of experiment in clinical accuracy. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1990;13:68.

407 Mior S.A., et al. Intra- and interexaminer reliability of motion palpation in the cervical spine. J Can Chiropr Assoc. 1985;29:195-198.

408 Nansel R.D., et al. Intra- and interobserver reliability of passive motion palpation of the lumbar spine. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1989;12:440.

409 Nansel D.D., Peneff A.L., Jansen R.D., et al. Interexaminer agreement in detecting cervical joint play asymmetries in the spine of otherwise asymptomatic subjects. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1989;12:428.

410 Lewit K., Liebenson C. Palpation-problems and implications. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1993;16:586.

411 Robinson R., et al. Reliability and validity of a palpation technique for identifying the spinous processes of C7 and L5. Man Ther. 2009;14(4):409-414.

412 Ross J.K., Bereznick D.E. Determining cavitation location during lumbar and thoracic spinal manipulation: is spinal manipulation accurate and specific. Spine. 2004;29(13):1451.

413 Bereznick D.E., Ross K.J., McGill S. The frictional properties at the thoracic skin–fascia interface: implications in spine manipulation. Clin Biomech. 2002;17:297.

414 Harvey D., Byfield D. Preliminary studies with a mechanical model for the evaluation of spinal motion palpation. Clin Biomech. 1991;6:79.

415 Hides J.A., et al. Evidence of lumbar multifidus muscle wasting ipsilateral to symptoms in patients with acute/subacute low back pain. Spine. 1994;19:165.

416 Schwarzer A.C., et al. The false positive rate of uncontrolled diagnostic blocks of the lumbar zygapophyseal joints. Pain. 1994;58:195.

417 Maher C., Latimer J. Pain or resistance: the manual therapists’ dilemma. Aust J Physiother. 1992;38:257.

418 Jull G., Treleaven J., Versace G. Manual examination: is pain provocation a major cue for spinal dysfunction? Aust J Physiother. 1994;40:159.

419 Humphreys B., Delahaye M., Peterson C.K. An investigation into the validity of cervical spine motion palpation using subjects with congenital block vertebrae as a “gold standard,”. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2004;5:19.

420 Leboeuf-Yde C., et al. Motion palpation findings and self-reported low back pain in a population-based study sample. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2002;25:80.

421 Fernández-de-las-Peñas C., Downey C., Miangolarra-Page J.C. Validity of the lateral gliding test as tool for the diagnosis of intervertebral joint dysfunction in the lower cervical spine. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2005;28:610.

422 Haas M., et al. Efficacy of cervical endplay assessment as an indicator for spinal manipulation. Spine. 2003;28:1091.

423 Haas M., et al. Dose response for chiropractic care of chronic cervicogenic headache and associated neck pain: a randomized pilot study. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2004;27(9):547.

424 Troyanovich S.J., Harrison D.D., Harrison D.E. Motion palpation: it’s time to accept the evidence. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1998;21:568.

425 Saal J.S. General principles of diagnostic testing as related to painful lumbar spine disorders: a critical appraisal of current diagnostic techniques. Spine. 2002;27(22):2538.

426 Lok C.E., Morgan C.D., Ranganathan N. The accuracy and interobserver agreement in detecting the gallop sounds by cardiac auscultation. Chest. 1998;114:1283.

427 Riddle D.L., Freburger J.K. North American Orthopaedic Rehabilitation Research Network: evaluation of the presence of sacroiliac joint region dysfunction using a combination of tests: a multicenter intertester reliability study. Phys Ther. 2002;82:772.

428 Dreyfuss P., et al. Positive sacroiliac screening tests in asymptomatic adults. Spine. 1994;19:1138-1143.

429 Fortin J.D., et al. Sacroiliac joint: pain referral maps upon applying a new injection/arthrography technique, part II: Clinical evaluation. Spine. 1994;19:1483.

430 Stoddard A. Manual of osteopathic technique. London: Hutchinson Medical Publishing Ltd, 1969.

431 Greenman P., Riddle D.L., Freburger J.K. North American Orthopaedic Rehabilitation Research Network: evaluation of the presence of sacroiliac joint region dysfunction using a combination of tests: a multicenter intertester reliability study. Phys Ther. 2002;82:772.

432 Greenman P.H. Principles of manual medicine. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1989.

433 Haldeman S. Modern developments in the principles and practice of chiropractic. New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1980.

434 Lee D.G. The pelvic girdle, ed 3. Edinburgh: Elsevier, 2004.

435 Laslett M., Williams M. The reliability of selected pain provocation tests for sacroiliac joint pathology. Spine. 1994;19(11):1243.

436 Van der Wurff P., Hagmeijer R.H.M., Meyne W. Clinical tests of the sacroiliac joint. A systematic methodological review. Part 1: reliability. Manual Ther. 2000;5(1):30.

437 Hungerford B.A., et al. Evaluation of the ability of physical therapists to palpate intrapelvic motion with the Stork Test on the support side. Phys Ther. 2007;87:879.

438 Broadhurst N.A., Bond M.J. Pain provocation tests for the assessment of sacroiliac joint dysfunction. J Spinal Disord. 1998;11:341.

439 Laslett M. Pain provocation sacroiliac joint tests: reliability and prevalence. In VIeeming A., et al, editors: Movement, stability and low back pain: the essential role of the pelvis, ed 1, New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1997.

440 Laslett M., et al. Diagnosis of sacroiliac joint pain: validity of individual provocation tests and composites of tests. Man Ther. 2005;10:207.

441 Arab A.M., et al. Inter- and intra-examiner reliability of single and composites of selected motion palpation and pain provocation tests for sacroiliac joint. Man Ther. 14(2), 2009.

442 Laslett M. Evidence-based diagnosis and treatment of the painful sacroiliac joint. J Manual Manipulative Ther. 2008;16(3):142.

443 Boline P.D., et al. Interexaminer reliability of eight evaluative dimensions of lumbar segmental abnormality: part 2. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1993;16:363.

444 Hubka M.J., Phelan S.P. Interexaminer reliability of palpation for cervical spine tenderness. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1994;17:591.

445 Tunks E., et al. The reliability of examination for tenderness in patients with myofascial pain, chronic fibromyalgia and controls. J Rheumatol. 1995;22:944.

446 Travell J., Rinzler S.H. The myofascial genesis of pain. Postgrad Med. 1952;11:425.

447 Kuchera M.L., et al. Musculoskeletal examination for somatic dysfunction. In: Ward R.C., editor. Foundations for osteopathic medicine. Baltimore: William & Wilkins; 1997:486-500.

448 Grieve G.P. Pathological changes: general. Common vertebral joint problems, ed 2, 1988, Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, UK.

449 Christensen H.W., et al. Palpation of the upper thoracic spine: an observer reliability study. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2002;25:285.

450 Brodeur R. The audible release associated with joint manipulation. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1995;18:155.

451 Haas M., Peterson D. A roentgenological evaluation of the relationship between segmental motion and mal-alignment in lateral bending. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1992;15(6):350.

452 Hubka M.J. Palpation for spinal tenderness: a reliable and accurate method for identifying the target of spinal manipulation. Chiropr Tech. 1994;6:5.

453 Phillips D.R., Twomey L.T. A comparison of manual diagnosis with a diagnosis established by a uni-level lumbar spinal block procedure. Man Ther. 1996;2:82.

454 Kendall H.O., Kendall F.P., Wadsworth G.E. Muscles testing and function, ed 2. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1971.

455 Walther D.S. Applied kinesiology: The advanced approach in chiropractic systems. DC: Pueblo, CO, 1976.

456 Haas M., et al. The reliability of muscle testing response to a provocative vertebral challenge. Chiropr Tech. 1993;5:95.

457 Haas M., et al. Muscle testing response to provocative vertebral challenge and spinal manipulation: a randomized controlled trial of construct validity. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1994;17:141.

458 Evans R.C. Illustrated orthopedic physical assessment, ed 3. St. Louis: Mosby, 2009.

459 Hildebrandt R. Chiropractic spinography and postural roentgenology. I. History of development. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1980;3(2):87.

460 Howe J. Some considerations in spinal x-ray interpretations. J Clin Chiropr Arch. 1971;4:75.

461 Sherman R. Chiropractic x-ray rationale. J Can Chiropr Assoc. 1986;30:33.

462 Howe J.W. Facts and fallacies, myths and misconceptions in spinography. J Clin Chiropr Arch. 1972;3:34.

463 Plaugher G., Hendricks A. The inter- and intra-examiner reliability of the Gonstead pelvic marking system. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1991;14(9):503.

464 Logan H.B. Textbook of Logan basic methods. St Louis: Logan Chiropractic College, 1950.

465 Gregory R.R. Manual for upper cervical x-ray analysis. Monroe, MI: National Upper Cervical Chiropractic Association, 1971.

466 Blair W.G. Blair Clinic of Lubbock, TX. Dig Chiropr Econ. 1971;14(1):10.

467 Weinert D.J. Influence of axial rotation on chiropractic pelvic radiographic analysis. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2007;30(1):78.

468 Haas M., Taylor J.A.M., Gillette R.G. The routine use of radiographic spinal displacement analysis: a dissent. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1999;22(4):254.

469 Sandoz R. Some reflections on subluxations and adjustments. Ann Swiss Chiropr Assoc. 1989;9:7.

470 Bussières A.E., Peterson C., Taylor J.A. Diagnostic imaging practice guidelines for musculoskeletal complaints in adults—an evidence-based approach: Introduction. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2007;30(9):617.

471 Bussières A.E., Taylor J.A., Peterson C. Diagnostic imaging practice guidelines for musculoskeletal complaints in adults—an evidence-based approach. Part 1: Lower extremity disorders. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2007;30(9):684.

472 Bussières A.E., Peterson C., Taylor J.A. Diagnostic imaging guideline for musculoskeletal complaints in adults—an evidence-based approach—Part 2: upper extremity disorders. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2008;31(1):2.

473 Bussières A.E., Taylor J.A., Peterson C. Diagnostic imaging practice guidelines for musculoskeletal complaints in adults—an evidence-based approach—Part 3: spinal disorders. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2008;31(1):33.

474 Ammendolia C., et al. Adherence to radiography guidelines for low back pain: a survey of chiropractic schools worldwide. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2008;31(6):412.

475 Plaugher G. Textbook of clinical chiropractic. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1993.

476 Deyo R.A., Diehl A.K. Lumbar spine films in primary care: Current use and effects of selective ordering criteria. J Gen Intern Med. 1986;1:20.

477 Taylor J.A.M. The role of radiograph in evaluating subluxation. In: Gatterman M.I., editor. Foundations of chiropractic subluxation. St Louis: Mosby, 1995.

478 Hildebrandt R.W. Full spine radiography: a matter of clinical justification. J Chiropr. 1986;23(8):56.

479 Sellers T. Diagnostic or non-diagnostic. J Am Chiropr Assoc. 1988;22(8):71.

480 Peterson C., Gatterman M.I., Wei T. Chiropractic radiology. In: Gatterman M.I., editor. Chiropractic management of spine related disorders. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1990.

481 Howe J.W. The chiropractic concept of subluxation and its roentgenological manifestations. J Clin Chiropr Arch. 1973:64-70. Sept/Oct:

482 Harrison D.E., Harrison D.D., Troyanovich S.J. Reliability of spinal displacement analysis on plain x-rays: a review of commonly accepted facts and fallacies with implications for chiropractic education and technique. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1998;21:252.

483 Troyanovich S.J., et al. Intra- and inter-examiner reliability of chiropractic biophysics lateral lumbar radiographic menstruation procedure. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1995;18:519.

484 Jackson B.L., et al. Chiropractic biophysics lateral cervical film analysis reliability. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1993;16:384.

485 Sigler D.C., Howe J.W. Inter- and intra-examiner reliability of the upper cervical x-ray marking system. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1985;8:75.

486 Schram S.B., Hosek R., Silverman H.L. Spinographic positioning errors in Gonstead pelvic x-ray analysis. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1981;4(4):179.

487 Schram S.B., Hosek R.S. Error limitations in x-ray kinematics of the spine. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1982;5(1):5.

488 Plaugher G., Cremata E., Phillips R.B. A retrospective consecutive case analysis of pretreatment and comparative static radiological parameters following chiropractic adjustments. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1990;13(9):498.

489 Phillips R.B. An evaluation of the graphic analysis of the pelvis on the A-P full spine radiograph. J Am Chiropr Assoc. 1975;9:S139.

490 Frymoyer J.W., et al. A comparative analysis of the interpretations of lumbar spinal radiographs by chiropractors and medical doctors. Spine. 1986;11:1020.

491 Peterson C.K., Haas M., Harger B.L. A radiographic study of sacral base, sacrovertebral, and lumbosacral disc angles in persons with and without defects in the pars interarticularis. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1990;13:491.

492 Howe J.W. The role of x-ray findings in structural diagnosis. In: The research status of spinal manipulative therapy. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; 1975. NINCDS Monograph No 15, DHEW Pub No 76–988

493 Banks S.D. The use of spinographic parameters in the differential diagnosis of lumbar facet and disc syndromes. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1983;6:113.

494 Reinert O.C. An analytical survey of structural aberrations observed in static radiographic examinations among acute low back cases. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1988;11:24.

495 Grostic J.D., DeBoer K.F. Roentgenographic measurement of atlas laterality and rotation: a retrospective pre- and post-manipulation study. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1982;5:63.

496 Anderson R.T. A radiographic test of upper cervical chiropractic theory. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1981;4:129.

497 Jackson B.L., et al. Inter- and intra-examiner reliability of the upper cervical x-ray marking system: a second look. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1987;10:157.

498 Jackson B.L., Barker W.F., Gamble A.G. Reliability of the upper cervical x-ray marking system: a replication study. Chiropractic Res J. 1988;1(1):10.

499 Keating J.C., Boline P.D. The precision and reliability of an upper cervical marking system: lessons from the literature. Chiropractic. 1988;1:43.

500 Owens E.F. Line drawing analysis of static cervical x-rays used in chiropractic. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1992;15:442.

501 Plaugher G., et al. The reliability of patient positioning for evaluating static radiographic parameters of human pelvis. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1993;16:517.

502 Burk J.M., Thomas R.R., Ratliff C.R. Intra- and inter-examiner agreement of the Gonstead line marking method. Am J Chiropr Med. 1990;3:114.

503 Yi-Kai L., Yun-Kun Z., Shi-Zhen Z. Diagnostic value on signs of subluxation of cervical vertebrae with radiological examination. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1998;21:617.

504 Hass M., Peterson D. A roentgenological evaluation of the relationship between segmental motion and segmental malalignment in lateral bending. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1992;15:350.

505 Sandoz R. Technique and interpretation of functional radiography of the lumbar spine. Ann Swiss Chiropr Assoc. 1965;3:66.

506 Cassidy J.D. Roentgenological examination of the functional mechanics of the lumbar spine in lateral flexion. J Can Chiropr Assoc. 1976;20(2):13.

507 Grice A. Radiographic, biomechanical and clinical factors in lumbar lateral flexion. I. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1979;2(1):26.

508 Vernon H. Static and dynamic roentgenography in the diagnosis of degenerative disc disease: a review and comparative assessment. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1982;5(4):163.

509 Hviid H. Functional radiography of the cervical spine. Ann Swiss Chiropr Assoc. 1963;3:37.

510 Prantl K. X-ray examination and functional analysis of the cervical spine. Manual Med. 1985;2:5.

511 Penning L. Normal movements of the cervical spine. Am J Roentgenol. 1978;130:317.

512 Pennal G.F., et al. Motion studies of the lumbar spine. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1972;54(3):442.

513 Pitkanen M., et al. Limited usefulness of traction compression films in the radiographic diagnosis of lumbar instability. Spine. 1997;22:193.

514 Van Akerveeken P.F., O’Brien J.P., Park W.M. Experimentally induced hypermobility in the lumbar spine. Spine. 1979;4:236.

515 Muggleton J.M., Allen R. Insights into the measurement of vertebral translation in the sagittal plane. Med Eng Phys. 1998;20(1):21.

516 Dvorak J., et al. Functional radiographic diagnosis of the lumbar spine: flexion-extension and lateral bending. Spine. 1991;16(5):562.

517 Dvorak J., et al. Clinical validation of functional flexion-extension roentgenograms of the lumbar spine. Spine. 1991;16(8):943.

518 Dvorak J., et al. Clinical validation of functional flexion-extension radiographs of the cervical spine. Spine. 1993;18(1):120.

519 Hasner E., Schalimtzek M., Snorrason E. Roentgenological examination of the function of the lumbar spine. Acta Radiol. 1952;37:141.

520 Fielding J.W. Cineroentgenography (CR) of the normal cervical spine. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1957;39A:1280.

521 Howe J.W. Cineradiographic evaluation of normal and abnormal cervical spinal function. J Clin Chiropr. 1976;1:42.

522 Cholewicki J., et al. Method for measuring vertebral kinematics from videofluoroscopy. Clin Biomech. 1991;6:73.

523 Breen A. Integrated spinal motion: a study of two cases. J Can Chiropr Assoc. 1991;35:25.

524 Breen A., Allen R., Morris A. An image processing method for spine kinematics: preliminary studies. Clin Biomech. 1988;3:5.

525 Humphreys K., Breen A., Saxton D. Incremental lumbar spine motion in the coronal plane: an observer variation study using digital videofluoroscopy. Eur J Chiropr. 1990;38:56.

526 Antos J.C., et al. Interrater reliability of fluoroscopic detection of fixation in the mid-cervical spine. J Chiropr Tech. 1990;2(2):53.

527 Gatterman B. Protocol for the use of spinal videofluoroscopy. ACCR Guidelines. 1990.

528 Boden S.D., et al. Abnormal magnetic-resonance scans of the lumbar spine in asymptomatic subjects. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1990;72(3):403.

529 Fischer A.A. Pressure tolerance over muscles and bones in normal subjects. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1986;67:406.

530 Fischer A.A. Pressure threshold meter: its use for quantification of tender spots. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1986;67:836.

531 Fischer A.A. Pressure algometry over normal muscles: standard values, validity and reproducibility of pressure threshold. Pain. 1987;30:115.

532 Reeves J.L., Jaeger B., Graff-Radford S.B. Reliability of the pressure algometer as a measure of myofascial trigger point sensitivity. Pain. 1986;24:313.

533 Fischer A.A. Documentation of myofascial trigger points. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1988;69:286.

534 Takala E.-P. Pressure pain threshold on upper trapezius and levator scapulae muscles. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1990;22:63.

535 Ohrback R., Gale E.N. Pressure pain thresholds, clinical assessment and differential diagnosis: reliability and validity in patients with myogenic pain. Pain. 1989;39:157.

536 Fischer A.A. Application of pressure algometry in manual medicine. Manual Med. 1990;5:145.

537 List T., Helkimo M., Falk G. Reliability and validity of a pressure threshold meter in recoding tenderness in the masseter muscle and the anterior temporalis muscle. Cranio. 1989;7:223.

538 Langemark M., et al. Pressure pain thresholds and thermal nociceptive thresholds in chronic tension-type headache. Pain. 1989;38:203.

539 Gerecz-Simon E.M., et al. Measurement of pain threshold in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and health controls. Clin Rheumatol. 1989;8:467.

540 Vernon H.T., et al. Pressure pain threshold evaluation of the effect of spinal manipulation in the treatment of chronic neck pain: a pilot study. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1990;13:13.

541 Hsieh J., Hong C. Effect of chiropractic manipulation on the pain threshold of myofascial trigger point: a pilot study. Proceedings of the 1990 International Conference on Spinal Manipulation, Washington, DC, May 11–12, 1990

542 Uemtsu S. Symmetry of skin temperature comparing one side of the body to the other. Thermology. 1985;1:4.

543 Silverstein E.B., Bahr G.J.M., Katan B. Thermographically measured normal skin temperature asymmetry in the human male. Cancer. 1975;36:1506.

544 Christiansen J. Thermographic anatomy and physiology. In: Christiansen J., Gerow G., editors. Thermography. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1990.

545 Meeker W.C., Gahlinger P.M. Neuromusculoskeletal thermography: A valuable diagnostic tool? J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1986;9:257.

546 Swenson R.S. Clinical investigations of reflex function. In Haldeman S., editor: Principles and practice of chiropractic, ed 2, Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange, 1992.

547 Chusid J.G. Correlative neuroanatomy and functional neurology, ed 17. Los Altos, CA: Lange Medical Publications, 1979.

548 Peterson AR, editor: Segmental neuropathy, Toronto, Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College.

549 Jones C.H. Physical aspects of thermography in relation to clinical techniques. Bibl Radiol. 1974;6:1.

550 Judavich B., Bates W. Pain syndromes: diagnosis and treatment, ed 4. Philadelphia: FA Davis, 1954.

551 Plaugher G. Skin temperature assessment for neuromusculoskeletal abnormalities of the spinal column. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1992;15:365.

552 Triano J.J., Skogsbergh D.R., Kowalski M.H. The use of instrumentation and laboratory examination procedures by the chiropractor. In Haldeman S., editor: Principles and practice of chiropractic, ed 2, Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange, 1992.

553 Nansel D., Jansen R. Concordance between galvanic skin response and spinal palpation findings in pain free males. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1988;11:2267.

554 Plaugher G., et al. The interexaminer reliability of a galvanic skin response instrument. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1993;16:453.

555 Riley L.H., Richter C.P. Uses of the electrical skin resistance method in the study of patients with neck and upper extremity pain. Johns Hopkins Med J. 1975;137:69.

556 Yamagata S., et al. A diagnostic reevaluation of electrical skin resistance, skin temperature and deeper tenderness in patients with abdominal pain. Tohoku J Exp Med. 1976;118:183.

557 Turker K.S. Electromyography: some methodological problems and issues. Physical Ther. 1993;73(10):698.

558 Kent C. Surface electromyography in the assessment of changes in paraspinal muscle activity associated with vertebral subluxation: a review. J Vertebral Subluxation Res. 1997;1(3):15.

559 Specter B. Surface electromyography as a model for the development of standardized procedures and reliability testing. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1979;2(4):214.

560 Komi P., Buskirk E. Reproducibility of electromyographic measurements with inserted wire electrodes and surface electrodes. Electromyography. 1970;10:357.

561 Giroux B., Lamontague M. Comparisons between the surface electrode and intramuscular wire electrodes in isometric and dynamic conditions. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1990;30:397.

562 Anderson G., Johnson B., Ortengren R. Myoelectric activity in individual lumbar erector spinae muscles in sitting: a study with surface and wire electrodes. J Rehabil Med. 1974;3:91.

563 Thompson J., Erickson R., Offord K. EMG muscle scanning: stability of hand-held electrodes. Biofeedback Self Regul. 1989;14(1):55.

564 Cram J.R., Lloyd J., Cahn T.S. The reliability of EMG muscle scanning. Int J Psychosom. 1994;41:41.

565 Sihvonen T., Partanen J., Hanninen O. Averaged (RMS) surface EMG in testing back function. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1988;28:335.

566 Cram J. Surface EMG recordings and pain related disorders: a diagnostic framework. Biofeedback Self Regul. 1988;13(2):123.

567 Ng L.K.Y. New approaches to treatment of chronic pain: Review of multidisciplinary pain centers. Rockville, MD: Department of Health and Human Services, 1983. National Institute of Drug Abuse Research Monograph Series No 36

568 Cram J., Lloyd J., Cahn T. The reliability of EMG muscle scanning. Int J Psychosom. 1990;37:68.

569 Lehman G.J. Clinical considerations in the use of surface electromyography: three experimental studies. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2002;25:293.

570 Ritvanen T., et al. Dynamic surface electromyographic responses in chronic low back pain treated by traditional bone setting and conventional physical therapy. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2007;30:31.

571 Myerowitz M. Scanning paraspinal surface EMG: A method for corroborated post treatment spinal and related neuromusculoskeletal symptom improvement. J Occup Rehabil. 1994;4(3):171.

572 Meyer J.J. The validity of thoracolumbar paraspinal scanning EMG as a diagnostic test: an examination of the current literature. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1994;17(8):539.

573 Meeker W., Matheson D., Wong A. Lack of evidence for a relationship between low back pain and asymmetrical muscle activity using scanning electromyography: analysis of pilot data. Proceedings of the International Conferences on Spinal Manipulation, Washington, DC, 1990

574 Triano J.J. Surface electrode EMG/lumbar spine—static paraspinal EMG scanning: clinical utility and validity issues. Proceedings of the Consortium for Chiropractic Research, 1993

Chapter 4

1 Lamm L.C., Wegner E., Collard D. Chiropractic scope of practice: what the law allows. II. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1995;18:16.

2 Hawk C., et al. Use of complementary healthcare practices among chiropractors in the United States: a survey. Altern Ther Health Med. 1999;5(1):56.

3 Department of Statistics. 1985 survey. J Am Chiro Assoc. 1986;23(2):68.

4 Commission of Inquiry into Chiropractic. Chiropractic in New Zealand. Davenport, IA: Palmer College of Chiropractic, 1979. reprinted by

5 Vear H.J. Standards of chiropractic practice. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1985;8(1):33.

6 Nyiendo J., Haldeman S. A prospective study of 2,000 patients attending a chiropractic college teaching clinic. Med Care. 1987;25(6):516.

7 Kelner M., Hall O., Coulter I. Chiropractors: do they help? Toronto: Fitzhenry & Whiteside, 1980.

8 Shekelle P.G., Brook R.H. A community-based study of the use of chiropractic services. Am J Public Health. 1991;81(4):439.

9 ACA Council on Technic. Chiropractic terminology: a report. J Am Chiro Assoc. 1988;25(10):46.

10 Maigne R. Personal method: The rule of no pain and free movement. In: Orthopedic medicine: a new approach to vertebral manipulations. Springfield, IL: Bannerstone House; 1972.

11 Wood K.W. Acute torticollis: chiropractic therapy and management. Chiro Tech. 1991;3:3.

12 Hammond B. Torticollis. Eur J Chiro. 1983;31(3):162.

13 Bergmann T.F. The chiropractic spinal examination. In: Ferezy J.S., editor. The chiropractic neurological examination. Rockville, MD: Aspen, 1992.

14 Vear H.J. Introduction. In: Vear H.J., editor. Chiropractic standards of practice and quality of care. Rockville, MD: Aspen, 1992.

15 Bartol K.M. A model for the categorization of chiropractic treatment procedures. J Chiro Tech. 1991;3(2):78.

16 Gatterman M.I., Hansen D.T. Development of chiropractic nomenclature through consensus. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1994;17(5):302.

17 Palmer D.D. Textbook of the science, art and philosophy of chiropractic. Portland, OR: Portland Printing House, 1910.

18 Stephenson R.W. The art of chiropractic. Davenport, IA: Palmer School of Chiropractic, 1947.

19 Gatterman M.I., Hansen D.T. Development of chiropractic nomenclature through consensus. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1994;17(5):302.

20 Levine M. The structural approach to chiropractic. New York: Comet Press, 1964.

21 Haldeman S. Spinal manipulative therapy and sports medicine. Clin Sports Med. 1986;5(2):277.

22 Haldeman S. Spinal manipulative therapy: A status report. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1993;179:62.

23 Sandoz R. Some physical mechanisms and affects of spinal adjustments. Ann Swiss Chirop Assoc. 1976;6:91.

24 Senstad O., Leboeuf-Yde C., Borchgrevink C. Frequency and characteristics of side effects of spinal manipulative therapy. Spine. 1997;15(4):435.

25 Herzog W., Kawchuk G.N., Conway P.J. Relationship between preload and peak forces during spinal manipulative treatments. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1993;1(2):52.

26 Bartol K.M. Algorithm for the categorization of chiropractic technic procedures. J Chiro Tech. 1992;4(1):8.

27 Bartol K.M. The categorization of chiropractic procedures. Proceedings of the sixth annual conference on research and education, Monterey, CA, 1991

28 Nwuga V.C. Manipulation of the spine. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1976.

29 Cyriax J., ed 8. Textbook of orthopedic medicine, vol 1. 1982, Bailliere Tindall, London.

30 Grieve G.P. Common vertebral joint problems, ed 2. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1988.

31 Nyberg R. Role of physical therapists in spinal manipulation. In Basmajian J.V., editor: Manipulation, traction and massage, ed 3, Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1985.

32 Grice A., Vernon H. Basic principles in the performance of chiropractic adjusting: historical review, classification, and objectives. In Haldeman S., editor: Principles and practice of chiropractic, ed 2, San Mateo, CA: Appleton & Lange, 1992.

33 Hass M., et al. Efficacy of cervical endplay assessment as an indicator for spinal manipulation. Spine. 2003;28:1091.

34 Bereznick D., Kim Ross K.J., McGill S. The frictional properties at the thoracic skin–fascia interface: implications in spine manipulation. Clin Biomech. 2002;17:297.

35 Lawrence D., et al. Chiropractic management of low back and low back-related complaints: a literature synthesis. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2008;31:659.

36 Bronforth G., et al. Efficacy of spinal manipulative therapy for low back and neck pain: a systematic review and best evidence synthesis. Spine J. 2004;4(3):335.

37 Bronforth G., Asendelft W.J.J., Evans R.L., et al. Efficacy of spinal manipulation for chronic headache: a systematic review. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2001;24(7):457.

38 Greenman P.E. Principles of soft tissue and articulatory (mobilization with impulse) technique. In: Principles of manual medicine. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1989.

39 Sheriff J. A flexible approach to traction. Grieve’s modern manual of therapy, ed 2, 1994, Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, UK.

40 Mennell J.M. The musculoskeletal system differential diagnosis from symptoms and physical signs. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen, 1992.

41 Kaltenborn F.M. Mobilization of the extremity joints, ed 3. Oslo, Norway: Olaf Norlis Bokhandel, 1980.

42 Manek N.J., MacGregor A. Epidemiology of back disorders: prevalence, risk factors and prognosis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2005;17(2):134.

43 Waddell G. 1987 Volvo award in clinical sciences. a new clinical model for the treatment of low-back pain. Spine. 1987;12(7):632.

44 Deyo R.A., Weinstein J.N. Low back pain. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(5):364.

45 Chou R., et al. Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain: a joint clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians and the American Pain Society. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147(7):478.

46 Van Tulder M., Becker A., Breen A. European guidelines for the management of acute nonspecific low back pain in primary care. Eur Spine J. 2006;15s:169.

47 McCarthy C.J., et al. The reliability of the clinical tests and questions recommended in international guidelines for low back pain. Spine. 2007;32(8):921.

48 Herbert J., Kippenhaver S., Fritz J. Clinical prediction for success of interventions for managing low back pain. Clin Sports Med. 2008;27:463.

49 Murphy D.R., Hurwitz E. A theoretical model for the development of a diagnosis-based clinical decision rule for the management of patients with spinal pain. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2007;8:75.

50 Childs J.D., Fritz J.M., Flyn T.W. A clinical prediction rule to identify patients with low back pain most likely to benefit from spinal manipulation: A validation study. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141(12):920.

51 Deyo R. Treatments for back pain: can we get past trivial effects. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141(12):957.

52 Herbert J., Kippenhaver S., Fritz J. Clinical prediction for success of interventions for managing low back pain. Clin Sports Med. 2008;27:463.

53 Grainger H.G. The somatic component in visceral disease. In: Academy of Applied Osteopathy 1958 Yearbook. Newark, OH: American Academy of Osteopathy; 1958.

54 Triano J.J. The subluxation complex: outcome measure of chiropractic diagnosis and treatment. J Chiro Tech. 1990;2(3):114.

55 Kirkaldy-Willis W.H. The pathology and pathogenesis of low back pain. In Kirkaldy-Willis W.H., editor: Managing low back pain, ed 3, New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1992.

56 Kirkaldy-Willis W.H. The three phases of the spectrum of degenerative disease. In Kirkaldy-Willis W.H., editor: Managing low back pain, ed 3, New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1992.

57 Murphy D.R., Hurwitz E. A diagnosis-based clinical decision rule for spinal pain part 2: review of the literature. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2008;16:7.

58 Phillips R.B., et al. Stress x-rays and the low back pain patient. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1990;13:127.

59 Haas M., et al. Lumbar motion trends and correlation with low back pain. I. A roentgenological evaluation of coupled lumbar motion in lateral bending. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1992;15:145.

60 Haas M., Nyiendo J. Lumbar motion trends and correlation with low back pain. II. A roentgenological evaluation of quantitative segmental motion in lateral bending. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1992;15:224.

61 Haas M., Peterson D. A roentgenological evaluation of the relationship between segmental mal-alignment and motion in lateral bending. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1992;15:350.

62 Peters R.E. The facet syndrome. J Aust Chiro Assoc. 1983;13(3):15.

63 Yeomans S.G., Liebenson C. Applying outcomes management to clinical practice. J Neuromusculoskelet Syst. 1997;5:1.

64 Deyo R.A., et al. Outcome measures for low back pain research: a proposal for standardized use. Spine. 2003;23:1998.

65 Liebenson C. Rehabilitation of the spine: A practitioners manual. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1996.

66 Fairbank J.C.T., et al. The Oswestry low back pain disability questionnaire. Physiotherapy. 1980;66:271.

67 Roland M., Morris R. A study of the natural history of low back pain. II. Spine. 1983;8:141.

68 Vernon H. The neck disability index: a study of reliability and validity. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1991;14(7):409.

69 Alaranta H., et al. Reliability and normative data base. Scand J Rehab Med. 1994;26:211.

70 Yeomans S., Liebenson C. Quantitative functional capacity evaluation: The missing link to outcomes assessment. Top Clin Chiro. 1996;3(1):32.

71 Gatterman M.I. Standards for contraindications to spinal manipulative therapy. In: Vear H.J., editor. Chiropractic standards of practice and quality of care. Baltimore: Aspen, 1992.

72 Gatterman M.I. Contraindications and complications of spinal manipulative therapy. J Am Chiro Assoc. 1981;15:75.

73 Shekelle P.G., Adams A.H. The appropriateness of spinal manipulation for low-back pain: Project overview and literature review. Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1991.

74 Ladermann J.P. Accidents of spinal manipulations. Ann Swiss Chiro Assoc. 1981;7:161.

75 Brewerton D.A. Conservative treatment of painful neck. Proc R Soc Med. 1964;57:16.

76 Kleynhans A.M. Complications of and contraindications to spinal manipulative therapy. In: Haldeman S., editor. Modern developments in the principles and practice of chiropractic. East Norwalk, CT: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1980.

77 Shekelle P.G., et al. Spinal manipulation for back pain. Ann Intern Med. 1992;117:590.

78 Hurwitz E.L., et al. Manipulation and mobilization of the cervical spine: a systematic review of the literature. Spine. 1996;21:1746.

79 Klougart N., Leboueuf-Yde C., Rasmussen L.R. Safety in chiropractic practice. In The occurrence of cerebrovascular accidents after manipulation to the neck in Denmark from 1978–1988. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1996;19:371.

80 Assendelft W.J., Bouter L.M., Knipschild P.G. Complications of spinal manipulation: a comprehensive review of the literature. J Fam Pract. 1996;42(5):475.

81 Terrett A.G.J., Kleynhans A.M. Complications from manipulation of the low back. Chiro J of Australia. 1992;4:129.

82 Dabbs V., Lauretti W.J. A risk of assessment of cervical manipulation vs. NSAIDs for the treatment of neck pain. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1995;18:530.

83 Dvorak J., et al. Musculoskeletal complications. In: Haldeman S., editor. Principles and practice of chiropractic. Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange, 1992.

84 Oliphant D. Safety of spinal manipulation in the treatment of lumbar disk herniations: a systematic review and risk assessment. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2004;27:197.

85 Cassidy J.D., Boyle E., Cote P. Risk of vertebrobasilar stroke and chiropractic care: results of a population-based case-control and case crossover study. Spine. 2008;33(4s):176.

86 Oppenheim J.S., Spitzer D.E., Segal D.H. Nonvascular complications following spinal manipulation. Spine J. 2005;5:660.

87 Ernst E. Adverse effects of spinal manipulation: a systematic review. J R Soc Med. 2007;100:330.

88 Rubinstein S.M., et al. The benefits outweigh the risks for patients undergoing chiropractic care for neck pain: A prospective, multicenter, cohort study. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2007;30(6):408.

89 Rubinstein S.M. Adverse events following chiropractic care for subjects with neck or low-back pain: do the benefits outweigh the risks? J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2008;31:461.

90 Chapman-Smith D.. The chiropractic report, 8, 3. 1994.

91 Henderson D.J., et al, editors. Clinical guidelines for chiropractic practice in Canada. Toronto: Canadian Chiropractic Association, 1994.

92 Terrett A.G.J. Vascular accidents from cervical spinal manipulation: a report of 107 cases. J Aust Chiro Assoc. 1987;17:15.

93 Murphy D.R., Beres J.L. Cervical myelopathy: a case report of a “near miss” complication to cervical manipulation. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2008;31(7):553.

94 Haldeman S. Nonvascular complications following spinal manipulation (letter). Spine J. 2005;5:660.

95 Chapman-Smith D. Cervical adjustment. The chiropractic report. 13(4), 1999.

96 Haldeman S., Kohlbeck F., McGregor M. Risk factors and precipitating neck movements causing vertebrobasilar artery dissection after cervical trauma and spinal manipulation. Spine. 1999;24:785.

97 Triano J., Kawchuk G. Current concepts in spinal manipulation and cervical arterial incidents. Clive, IA: NCMIC Chiropractic Solutions, 2006.

98 Haneline M.T., Croft A.C., Frishberg B.M. Association of internal carotid artery dissection and chiropractic manipulation. Neurologist. 2003;9:35.

99 Terrett A.G.J. Vascular accidents from cervical spine manipulation: The mechanisms. J Aust Chiropractor’s Assoc. 1987;17:131.

100 Bland J.H. Disorders of the cervical spine. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1987.

101 Farris A.A., et al. Radiographic visualization of neck vessels in healthy men. Neurol. 1961/1963;13:386.

102 Patten J. Neurological differential diagnosis. London: Harold Starke, 1977.

103 Haynes M.J., et al. Vertebral arteries and cervical rotation: modeling and magnetic resonance angiography studies. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2002;25(6):370.

104 Toole J.F., Tucker S.H. Influence of head position upon cerebral circulation: studies on blood flow in cadavers. Arch Neurol. 1960;2:616.

105 Hardesty W.H., et al. Studies on vertebral artery blood flow in man. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1963;116:662.

106 Licht P.B., et al. Triplex ultrasound of vertebral artery flow during cervical rotation. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1998;21:27.

107 Licht P.B., et al. Vertebral artery flow and spinal manipulation: a randomized, controlled and observer blinded study. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1998;21:141.

108 Licht P.B., Christensen H.W., Houlund-Carlsen P.F. Vertebral artery volume flow in human beings. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1999;22:363.

109 Yi-Kai L. Changes and implications of blood flow velocity of the vertebral artery during rotation and extension of the head. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1999;22:91.

110 Symons B.P., Leonard T., Herzog W. Internal forces sustained by the vertebral artery during spinal manipulative therapy. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2002;25(8):504.

111 Rubinstein S.M., Haldeman S., van Tulder M.W. An etiologic model to help explain the pathogenesis of cervical artery dissection: implications for cervical manipulation. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2006;29(4):336.

112 Terrett A.G.J. Vertebrobasilar stroke following manipulation. West Des Moines, IA: National Chiropractic Mutual Insurance Company, 1996.

113 Terrett A.G.J. It is more important to know when not to adjust. Chiro Tech. 1990;2(1):1.

114 Terrett A.G.J., Kleynhans A.M. Cerebrovascular complications of manipulation. In Haldeman S., editor: Modern developments in the principles and practice of chiropractic, ed 2, East Norwalk, CT: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1902.

115 Bassi P., Lattuada P., Gomitoni A. Cervical cerebral artery dissection: A multicenter prospective study (preliminary report). Neurol Sci. 2003;24(Suppl 1):S4.

116 Ernst E. Manipulation of the cervical spine: a systematic review of case reports of serious adverse events, 1995–2001. Med J Aust. 2002;176:376.

117 Miley M.L., et al. Does cervical manipulative therapy cause vertebral artery dissection and stroke? Neurologist. 2008;14:66.

118 Terrett A.G.J. Current concepts in vertebrobasilar complications following spinal manipulation. West Des Moines, IA: National Chiropractic Mutual Insurance Company, 2001.

119 Gutman G.G. Injuries to the vertebral artery caused by manual therapy. Manuelle Medizin. 1983;21:2. (English abstract)

120 Dvorak J., Orelli F. How dangerous is manipulation to the cervical spine? Manual Medicine. 1985;2:1.

121 Powell F.C., Hanigan W.C., Olivero W.C. A risk/benefit analysis of spinal manipulation therapy for relief of lumbar or cervical pain. Neurosurgery. 1993;33:73.

122 Haldeman S., Chapman-Smith D., Peterson D.M. Guidelines for chiropractic quality assurance and practice parameters. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen, 1993.

123 Haynes M.J. Stroke following cervical manipulation in Perth. Chiro J Aust. 1994;23:42.

124 Terrett A.G.J., Kleynhans A.M. Cerebrovascular complications of manipulation. In: Haldeman S., editor. Principles and practice of chiropractic. Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange, 1992.

125 Fries J.F. Assessing and understanding patient risk. Scand J Rheumatol. 1992;92(Suppl):21.

126 Terrett A.G.J. Misuse of the literature by medical authors in discussing spinal manipulative therapy injury. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1995;18:203.

127 Leboeuf-Yde C., Rasmussen L.R., Klougart N. The risk of over-reporting spinal manipulative therapy-induced injuries: a description of some cases that failed to burden the statistics. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1996;19:5.

128 Haldeman S., et al. Clinical perceptions of the risk of vertebral artery dissection after cervical manipulation: the effect of referral bias. Spine J. 2002;2:334.

129 Rothwell D.M., Bondy S.J., Williams J.I. Chiropractic manipulation and stroke: a population-based case-control study. Stroke. 2001;32:1054.

130 Smith W.S., et al. Spinal manipulative therapy is an independent risk factor for vertebral artery dissection. Neurology. 2003;67:1809.

131 Cote P., Cassidy J.D., Haldeman S. Spinal manipulative therapy is an independent risk factor for vertebral artery dissection. Neurology. 2003;61:1314.

132 Lauretti B. Risk factors for vertebral artery dissection and stroke. ACA News. 2008;4(7):9.

133 Rubinstein S.M., et al. A systematic review of the risk factors for cervical artery dissection. Stroke. 2005;36:1575.

134 Cote P., et al. The validity of the extension rotation test as a clinical screening procedure before neck manipulation: a secondary analysis. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1996;19:159.

135 Terrett A.G.J. Importance and interpretation of tests designed to predict susceptibility to neurocirculatory accidents from manipulation. J Am Chiro Assoc. 1983;13(2):2.

136 Hulse M. Disequilibrium, caused by a functional disturbance of the upper cervical spine. Manual Med. 1983;1:18.

137 Bracher E., et al. A combined approach for the treatment of cervical vertigo. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2000;23:96.

138 Terrett A.G.J. Importance and interpretation of tests designed to predict susceptibility to neurocirculatory accidents from manipulation. J Aust Chiro Assoc. 1983;13(2):29.

139 Ivancic J.J., Bryce D., Bolton P.S. Use of provocational tests by clinicians to predict vulnerability of patients to vertebrobasilar insufficiency. Chiropr J Aust. 1993;23(2):59.

140 Bolton P.S., Stick P.E., Lord R.S.A. Failure of clinical tests to predict ischemia before neck manipulation. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1989;12(4):403.

141 George P.E. Identification of the high risk pre-stroke patient. J Chiropr. 1981;15:S26.

142 Savoie S.S.M. The George’s test: a review and update. ICA Int Rev Chiropr. 1986;42(3):18.

143 Ziegler D.K., et al. Correlation of bruits over the carotid artery with angiographically demonstrated lesions. Neurology. 1971;21:860.

144 Nelson C., et al. The efficacy of spinal manipulation, amitriptyline and the combination of both therapies for the treatment of the prophylaxis of migraine. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1998;21:511.

145 Cassidy J.D., Lopes A.A., Yong-Hing K. The immediate effect of manipulation versus mobilization on pain and range of motion in the cervical spine: A randomized controlled trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1992;15:570.

146 Cassidy I.D., et al. The effect of manipulation on pain and range of motion in the cervical spine: a pilot study. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1992;15:495.

147 Hviid H. The influence of the chiropractic treatment on the rotary mobility of the cervical spine: a kinesiometric and statistical study. Ann Swiss Chiropractors’ Association. 1971;5:1.

148 Koes B.W., et al. Spinal manipulation and mobilization for back and neck pain: a blinded review. Br Med J. 1991;303:1298.

149 Koes B.W., et al. A randomized clinical trial of manual therapy and physiotherapy for persistent back and neck complaints: subgroup analysis and relationship between outcome measures. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1993;16:211.

150 Koes B.W., et al. A blinded randomized clinical trial of manual therapy and physiotherapy for chronic back and neck complaints: physical outcome measures. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1992;15:16.

151 Koes B.W., et al. Randomized clinical trial of manipulative therapy and physiotherapy for persistent back and neck complaints: Results of one year follow up. BMJ. 1992;304:601.

152 Koes B.W., et al. The effectiveness of manual therapy, physiotherapy, and treatment by the general practitioner for nonspecific back and neck complaints: a randomized clinical trial. Spine. 1992;17:28.

153 Vernon H. Chiropractic manipulative therapy in the treatment of headaches: a retrospective and prospective study. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1982;5:109.

154 Vernon H. Spinal manipulation and headaches of cervical origin: a review of literature and presentation of cases. J Manual Med. 1991;6:73.

155 Vernon H.T. Spinal manipulation and headaches of cervical origin. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1989;12:455.

156 Ferezy J.S. Neural ischemia and cervical spinal manipulation: the chiropractic neurological examination. Rockville, MD: Aspen, 1992.

157 Bogduk N., Lambert G., Duckworth J.W. The anatomy and physiology of the vertebral nerve in relation to cervical migraine. Cephalagia. 1981:1.

158 Senstad L., Leboeuf-Yde C., Borchgrevink C. Predictors of side effects of spinal manipulative therapy. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1996;19:441.

159 Darbert O., Freeman D.G., Weis A.J. Spinal meningeal hematoma, warfarin therapy and chiropractic adjustment. JAMA. 1970;214:2058.

160 Triano J., Schultz A.B. Loads transmitted during lumbosacral spinal manipulative therapy. Spine. 1997;22(17):1955.

161 Haldeman S., Rubenstein S.M. Cauda equina syndrome in patients undergoing manipulation of the lumbar spine. Spine. 1992;17(12):1469.

162 Richard J. Disc rupture with cauda equina syndrome after chiropractic adjustment. NY State J Med. 1967;67:249.

163 Farfan H.F., et al. Effects of torsion on the intervertebral joint: the roll of torsion in the production of disc degeneration. J Bone Joint Surg. 1970;52A:468.

164 Adams M.A., Hutton W.C. The relevance of torsion to the mechanical derangement of the lumbar spine. Spine. 1981;6(3):241.

165 Schultz A.B., et al. Mechanical properties of the human lumbar spine motion segments. I. Response in flexion, extension, lateral bending and torsion. J Biomech Eng. 1979;101:46.

166 Skipor A.F., et al. Stiffness, properties and geometry of lumbar spine posterior elements. J Biomech. 1985;18:821.

167 Bogduk N. Clinical anatomy of the lumbar spine and sacrum, ed 3. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1997.

168 Adams M.A., Hutton W.C. The role of the apophyseal joints in resisting intervertebral compressive force. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1980;62:358.

169 Adams M.A., Hutton W.C. 1981 Volvo Award in Basic Science. Prolapsed intervertebral disc: a hyperflexion injury. Spine. 1982;7(3):184.

170 Broberg K.B. On the mechanical behavior of intervertebral discs. Spine. 1983;8(2):151.

171 Perry O. Fracture of the vertebral endplate in the lumbar spine. Acta Orthop Scand (suppl). 1957:25.

172 Jagbandhansihgh M.P. Most common causes of chiropractic malpractice lawsuits. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1997;20:60.

173 Garg A. Occupational biomechanics and low back pain. Occup Med. 1992;7(4):609.

174 Fiorini G.T., McCammond D. Forces on the lumbo-vertebral facets. J Biomed Eng. 1976;4:354.

175 Christensen M., Morgan D. Job analysis of chiropractic. Greeley, CO: National Board of Chiropractic Examiners, 1993.

176 Kane R.L., et al. Manipulating the patient: A comparison of the effectiveness of physician and chiropractor care. Lancet. 1974;1:1333.

177 Cherkin D.C., MacCornack F.A. Health care delivery: patient evaluations of low back pain care from family physicians and chiropractors. West J Med. 1989;150(3):351.

178 Cherkin D.C., MacCornack F.A., Berg A.O. The management of low back pain: a comparison of the beliefs and behaviors of family physicians and chiropractors. West J Med. 1988;149:475.

179 Manga P., et al. The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of chiropractic management of low-back pain. Ottawa, Ontario: Pran Manga and Associates, 1993.

180 Carey T.S., et al. The outcomes and costs of care for acute low back pain among patients seen by primary care practitioners, chiropractors, and orthopedic surgeons. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(14):913.

181 Carey T.S., et al. Acute severe low back pain: a population-based study of prevalence and care-seeking. Spine. 1996;21:339.

182 Verhoef M.J., Page S.A., Waddell S.C. The chiropractic outcome study: pain, functional ability and satisfaction with care. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1997;20:235.

183 Stano M., Smith M. Chiropractic and medical costs of low back care. Med Care. 1996;34:191.

184 American Chiropractic Association. Comparison of chiropractic and medical treatment of nonoperative back and neck injuries, 1976–77. Des Moines, IA: American Chiropractic Association, 1978.

185 Hertzman-Miller R.P., et al. Comparing the satisfaction of low back pain patients randomized to receive medical or chiropractic care: results from the UCLA low back pain study. Am J Public Health. 2002;92(10):1628.

186 Brunarski D.J. Clinical trials of spinal manipulation: A critical appraisal and review of the literature. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1984;7(4):253.

187 Nyiendo J. Chiropractic effectiveness: Series no 1, Oregon Chiropractic Physicians Association Legislative Newsletter. OR: Portland, 1991. April

188 Anderson R., et al. A meta-analysis of clinical trials of spinal manipulation. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1992;15:181.

189 Coulter I.D., et al. The appropriateness of manipulation and mobilization of the cervical spine. Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1996.

190 Shekelle P.G., Coulter I.D. Cervical spine manipulation: summary report of a systematic review of the literature and a multidisciplinary expert panel. J Spinal Disord. 1997;10(3):223.

191 Bigos S., et al. Acute low back problems in adults. Rockville, MD: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, Public Health Service, US Department of Health and Human Services, 1994. Clinical Practice Guideline No 14, AHCPR Pub No 95–0642

192 Waagen G.N., Haldeman S., Cook G. Short term trial of chiropractic adjustments for the relief of chronic low back pain. Manipulative Med. 1986;2:63.

193 Meade T.W., Dyer S.D., Brown W. Low back pain of mechanical origin: Randomized comparison of chiropractic and hospital outpatient treatment. BMJ. 1990;300:1431.

194 Vernon H., McDermaid C.S., Hagino C. Systematic review of randomized clinical trials of complementary/alternative therapies in the treatment of tension-type and cervicogenic headache. Complement Ther Med. 1999;7:142-155.

195 Bronfort G., et al Noninvasive physical treatments for chronic headache. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 3. 2004, CD001878.

196 Nilsson N., Christensen H.W., Hartvigsen J. The effect of spinal manipulation in the treatment of cervicogenic headache. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1997;20:326-330.

197 Cherkin D.C., et al. A review of the evidence for the effectiveness, safety, and cost of acupuncture, massage therapy, and spinal manipulation for back pain. Ann Intern Med. 2003;38:898-906.

198 Waddell G., et al. Clinical guidelines for the management of acute low back pain: 1996 low back pain evidence review. London: Royal College of General Practitioners, 1996.

199 Van Tulder M., et al. European guidelines for the management of acute nonspecific low back pain in primary care. Eur Spine J. 2006;15(S2):S169.

200 Airaksinen O., Brox J.I., Cedrashi C. European guidelines for the management of chronic nonspecific low back pain. Eur Spine J. 2006;15(S2):S1192.

201 Chou R., Huffman L. Nonpharmacologic therapies for acute and chronic low back pain: a review of the evidence for an American Pain Society/American College of Physicians clinical practice guideline. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147(7):492.

202 Nyiendo J. Disabling low back Oregon workers’ compensation claims. III. Diagnosing and treatment procedures and associated costs. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1991;14(5):287.

203 Greenwood J.G. Work-related back and neck injury cases in West Virginia. Orthop Rev. 1985;14(2):51.

204 Stano M. The economic role of chiropractic: an episode analysis of relative insurance costs for low back care. J Neuromusculoskel Syst. 1993;1(2):64.

205 Stano M. A comparison of health care costs for chiropractic and medical patients. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1993;16(5):291.

206 Stano M. Further analysis of health care costs for chiropractic and medical patients. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1994;17(7):442.

207 Legorreta A.P., et al. Comparative analysis of individuals with and without chiropractic coverage: patient characteristics, utilization, and costs. Arch Intern Med 11. 2004;164(18):1985.

208 UK BEAM Trial Team. United Kingdom back pain exercise and manipulation (UK BEAM) randomized trial: effectiveness of physical treatments for back pain in primary care. BMJ. 2004;329:1377.

209 UK BEAM Trial Team. United Kingdom back pain exercise and manipulation (UK BEAM) randomized trial: Cost effectiveness of physical treatments for back pain in primary care. BMJ. 2004;329:1381.

210 Shekelle P.G., Markovich M., Louie R. Comparing the costs between provider types of episodes of back pain care. Spine. 1995;20(2):221.

211 Montgomery D.P., Nelson J.M. Evolution of chiropractic theories of practice and spinal adjustment, 1900–1950. Chiropr Hist. 1985;5:71.

212 Strasser A. The chiropractic model of health: A personal perspective. Dig Chiro Econ. 1988;13(2):12.

213 Nansel D., Szlazak M. Somatic dysfunction and the phenomenon of visceral disease simulation: A probable explanation for the apparent effectiveness of somatic therapy in patients presumed to be suffering from true visceral disease. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1995;18(6):379.

214 Balon J., et al. A comparison of active and simulated chiropractic manipulation as adjunctive treatment for childhood asthma. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(15):1013.

215 Wilson P.T. Experimental work in asthma at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1925;25:212.

216 Miller W.D. Treatment of visceral disorders by manipulative therapy. In: Goldtein M., editor. The research status of spinal manipulative therapy. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1975.

217 Hviid C. A comparison of the effect of chiropractic treatment on respiratory function in patients with respiratory distress symptoms and patients without. Bull Eur Chiropractic Union. 1978;26:17.

218 Jamison J.R. Asthma in a chiropractic clinic: A pilot study. J Aust Chiropractic Assoc. 1986;16:137.

219 Nilsson N., Christiansen B. Prognostic factors in bronchial asthma in chiropractic practice. J Aust Chiropractic Assoc. 1988;18:85.

220 Wilson P.T. Osteopathic cardiology. In: Academy of Applied Osteopathy 1956 Year Book. Newark, OH: American Academy of Osteopathy; 1956.

221 Koch R.S. A somatic component in heart disease. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1961;60:735.

222 Fischera A.P., Celander D.R. Effect of osteopathic manipulative therapy on autonomic tone as evidenced by blood pressure changes and activity of the fibrinolytic system. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1969;68:1036.

223 McKnight M.E., DeBoer K.F. Preliminary study of blood pressure changes in normotensive subjects undergoing chiropractic care. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1988;11:261.

224 Yates R.G., et al. Effects of chiropractic treatment on blood pressure and anxiety: a randomized, controlled trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1988;11:484.

225 Wagnon R.J., et al. Serum aldosterone changes after specific chiropractic manipulation. Am J Chiropr Med. 1988;1:66.

226 Morgan J.P., et al. A controlled trial of spinal manipulation in the management of hypertension. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1985;85:308.

227 Downing W.J. Osteopathic manipulative treatment of non-surgical gallbladder. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1939;39:104.

228 Denslow J.S. Acute cholecystitis and colitis: report of a case. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1933;32:285.

229 Mattern A.V. Gastro-duodenal ulcer and its non-surgical treatment. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1934;33:188.

230 Meyers T.J. Gastric ulcer: case histories. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1931;30:474.

231 Wilson P.T. Case history and discussion. III. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1934;33:348.

232 Klougart N., et al. Infantile colic treated by chiropractors: a prospective study of 316 cases. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1989;12:281.

233 LeBoeuf C., et al. Chiropractic care of children with nocturnal enuresis: a prospective outcome study. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1991;14:110.

234 Olafsdottir E., et al. Randomized controlled trial of infantile colic treated with chiropractic spinal manipulation. Arch Dis Child. 2001;84:138.

235 Herzog W. Mechanical, physiologic, and neuromuscular considerations of chiropractic treatments. Adv Chiropr. 1996;3:269.

236 Stonebrink R.D. Evaluation and manipulative management of common musculoskeletal disorders. Portland, OR: Western States Chiropractic College, 1990.

237 Grieve G.P. Aetiology in general terms. In: Common vertebral joint problems. Edinburgh, UK: Churchill Livingstone; 1988.

238 Kirkaldy-Willis W.H. The pathology and pathogenesis of low back pain. In Kirkaldy-Willis W.H., editor: Managing low back pain, ed 3, New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1992.

239 Salter R.B. The biologic concept of continuous passive motion of synovial joints: The first 18 years of basic research and its clinical application. Clin Orthop. 1989;242:12.

240 Salter R.B. Motion vs. rest: Why immobilize joints? J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1989;64:251.

241 Waddell G. A new clinical model for the treatment of low-back pain. Spine. 1987;12(7):632.

242 Gelberman R., Manske P., Akeson W. Kappa Delta award paper: flexor tendon repair. J Orthop Res. 1986;4:119.

243 Kellet J. Acute soft tissue injuries: A review of the literature. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1986;18(5):489.

244 Fitz-Ritson D. Chiropractic management and rehabilitation of cervical trauma. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1990;13(1):17.

245 Mealy K., et al. Early mobilization of acute whiplash injuries. BMJ. 1986;292:656.

246 Akeson W., Amiel D., Woo S. Immobility effects on synovial joints: The pathomechanics of joint contracture. Biorheology. 1980;17:95.

247 Van Royen B.J., O’Driscoll S.W., Wouter J.A.D. Comparison of the effects of immobilization and continuous passive motion on surgical wound healing in the rabbit. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1986;78:360.

248 Amiel D., Woo S.L.-Y., Harwood F. The effect of immobilization on collagen turnover in connective tissue: A biomechanical-biochemical correlation. Acta Orthop Scand. 1982;53:325.

249 Rubak J.M., Poussa M., Ritsila V. Effects of joint motion on the repair of articular cartilage with free periosteal grafts. Acta Orthop Scand. 1982;53:187.

250 McDonough A.L. Effects of immobilization and exercise on articular cartilage: A review of literature. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1981;3:2.

251 Akeson W.H., Amiel D., Mechanic G.L. Collagen cross-linking alterations in joint contractures: Changes in the reducible cross-links in periarticular connective tissue collagen after nine weeks of immobilization. Connect Tissue Res. 1977;5:15.

252 Woo S.L.-Y., Matthews J.V., Akeson W.H. Connective tissue response to immobility: Correlative study of biomechanical and biochemical measurements of normal and immobilized rabbit knees. Arthritis Rheum. 1975;18(3):257.

253 Enneking W.F., Horowitz M. The intra-articular effects of immobilization of the human knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1972;54:973.

254 Mayer T., Gatchel R. Functional restoration for spinal disorders: The sports medicine approach. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1988.

255 Fordyce W., Roberts A., Sternbach R. The behavioral management of chronic pain: A response to critics. Pain. 1985;22:112.

256 Herzog W. Mechanical and physiological responses to spinal manipulative treatments. J Neuromusculoskel Syst. 1995;3:1.

257 Kirstukas S.J., Backman J.A. Physician-applied contact pressure and table force response during unilateral thoracic manipulation. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1999;22:269.

258 Herzog W., Kawchuk G.N., Conway P.J. Relationship between preload and peak forces during spinal manipulative treatments. J Neuromusculoskel Syst. 1993;1:53.

259 Herzog W., Kats M., Symons B. The effective forces transmitted by high-speed, low amplitude thoracic manipulation. Spine. 2002;26(19):2105.

260 Cramer G., et al. Basic science research related to chiropractic spinal adjusting: The state of the art and recommendations revisited. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2006;29(9):726.

261 Cohen E., et al. Biomechanical performance of spinal manipulation therapy by newly trained vs. practicing providers: Does experience transfer to unfamiliar procedures. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1995;18(6):347.

262 Gal J.M., et al. Biomechanical studies of spinal manipulative therapy: Quantifying the movements of vertebral bodies during SMT. J Can Chiropr Assoc. 1994;38:11.

263 Ianuzzi A., Khalsa P.S. Comparison of human lumbar facet joint capsule strains during simulated high-velocity, low-amplitude spinal manipulation versus physiological motions. Spine. 2005;5(3):277.

264 Cramer D., Tuck N., Knudsen J.T., et al. Effects of side-posture positioning and side-posture adjusting on the lumbar zygapophyseal joints as evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging: A before and after study with randomization. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2000;23(6):380.

265 Cramer G.D., et al. The effects of side-posture positioning and spinal adjusting on the lumbar Z joints: A randomized controlled trial with sixty-four subjects. Spine. 2002;27(2):2459.

266 Reggars J.W., Pollard H.P. Analysis of zygapophyseal joint cracking during chiropractic manipulation. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1995;18:65.

267 Beffa R., Mathews R. Does the adjustment cavitate the targeted joint? An investigation into the location of cavitation sounds. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2004;27(2):118-122.

268 Ross J.K., Bereznick D., McGill S. Determining cavitation location during lumbar and thoracic spinal manipulation. Spine. 2004;29(13):1452.

269 Haas M., et al. Efficacy of cervical endplay assessment as an indicator for spinal manipulation. Spine. 2003;28:1091.

270 Haas M., et al. Dose response for chiropractic care of chronic cervicogenic headache and associated neck pain: A randomized pilot study. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2004;27(9):547.

271 Brodeur R. The audible release associated with joint manipulation. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1995;18:155.

272 Herzog W. On sounds and reflexes. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1996;19:216.

273 Harvey E.N., McElroy W.D., Whiteley A.H. On cavity formation in water. J Appl Physics. 1947;18:162.

274 Gal J.M., et al. Forces and relative vertebral movements during SMT to unembalmed post-rigor human cadavers: Peculiarities associated with joint cavitation. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1995;18(1):4.

275 Roston J.B., Wheeler Haines R. Cracking in the metacarpophalangeal joint. J Anat. 1947;81:165.

276 Sandoz R. The significance of the manipulative crack and of other articular noises. Ann Swiss Chiropr Assoc. 1969;4:47.

277 Unsworth A., Dowson D., Wright V. Cracking joints. Ann Rheum Dis. 1971;30:348.

278 Meal G.M., Scott R.A. Analysis of the joint crack by simultaneous recording of sound and tension. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1986;9(3):189.

279 Herzog W. Biomechanical studies of spinal manipulative therapy. J Can Chiropr Assoc. 1991;35(3):156.

280 Conway P.J.W., et al. Forces required to cause cavitation during spinal manipulation of the thoracic spine. Clin Biomech. 1993;8:210.

281 Herzog W., et al. Cavitation sounds during spinal manipulative treatments. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1993;16:523.

282 Chen Y.L., Israelachvili J. New mechanism of cavitation damage. Science. 1991;252:1157.

283 Mireau D., et al. Manipulation and mobilization of the third metacarpophalangeal joint: A quantitative radiographic and range of motion study. Manual Med. 1998;3:135.

284 Cramer G., et al. Basic science research related to chiropractic spinal adjusting: The state of the art and recommendations revisited. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2006;29(9):726.

285 Pritsch M., et al Adhesions of distal tibiofibular syndesmosis: A cause of chronic ankle pain after fracture. Clin Orthop, 289. 1993, 220.

286 Hagberg L., Wik O., Gerdin B. Determination of biomechanical characteristics of restrictive adhesions and of functional impairment after flexor tendon surgery: A methodological study of rabbits. J Biomech. 1991;24(10):935.

287 Schollmeier G., et al. Effects of immobilization on the capsule of the canine glenohumeral joint: A structural functional study. Clin Orthop. 1994;304:37.

288 Gillet H. The anatomy and physiology of spinal fixations. J Nat Chiro Assoc. 1963;33(12):22.

289 Schmorl G., Junghans H. The human spine in health and disease, ed 2. Orlando, FL: Grune & Stratton, 1971.

290 Maigne R. Orthopedic medicine: A new approach to vertebral manipulations. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas, 1972.

291 Giles L.G.F., Taylor J.R. Innervation of lumbar zygapophyseal joint synovial folds. Acta Orthop Scand. 1987;58:43.

292 Giles L.G.F. Lumbar apophyseal joint arthrography. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1984;7(1):21.

293 Giles L.G.F. Lumbo-sacral and cervical zygapophyseal joint inclusions. Manipulative Med. 1986;2:89.

294 Kos J., Wolf J. Les menisques intervertebraux et leur role possible dans les blocages vertebraux. Ann Med Phys. 1972;15:203.

295 Kos J., Wolf J. Intervertebral meniscoids and their possible role in vertebral blockage (English translation of Kos J, Wolf J: Les menisques intervertebraux et leur role possible dans les blocages vertebraux, Ann Med Phys 15:203, 1972). J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1972;1:8.

296 Bogduk N., Engel R. The menisci of the lumbar zygapophyseal joints: A review of their anatomy and clinical significance. Spine. 1984;9:454.

297 Bogduk N., Jull G. The theoretical pathology of acute locked back: A basis for manipulative therapy. Man Med. 1985;1:78.

298 Bogduk N., Twomey L.T. Clinical anatomy of the lumbar spine, ed 2. Melbourne, Australia: Churchill Livingstone, 1991.

299 Badgley C.E. The articular facets in relation to low back pain and sciatic radiation. J Bone Joint Surg. 1941;23:481.

300 Hadley L.A. Anatomico-roentgenographic studies of the spine, ed 5. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas, 1964.

301 Kraft G.L., Levinthal D.H. Facet synovial impingement. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1951;93:439.

302 Farfan M.F. Torsion and compression. In: Mechanical disorders of the low back. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1973.

303 Cassidy D.J., Thiel H.W., Kirkaldy-Willis W.H. Side posture manipulation for lumbar disk intervertebral herniation. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1993;16(2):96.

304 Naylor A. Intervertebral disc prolapse and degeneration: The biomechanical and biophysical approach. Spine. 1976;1(2):108.

305 De Seze S. Les accidents de la deterioration structurale du disque. Semin Hop Paris. 1955;1:2267.

306 De Seze S. Les attitudes antalgique dans la sciatique discoradiculaire commune. Semin Hop Paris. 1955;1:2291.

307 Cyriax J.H. Lumbago: Mechanism of dural pain. Lancet. 1945;1:427.

308 Bogduk N. Clinical anatomy of the lumbar spine and sacrum, ed 2. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1991.

309 Herbst R. Gonstead chiropractic science and art: The chiropractic methodology of Clarence S. Gonstead. Mt Horeb, WI: SCI-CHI, 1968.

310 Hancock M.J., et al. Systematic review of tests to identify the disc, SIJ, or facet joint as the source of low back pain. Euro Spine J. 2007. (doi:10.1007/s00586–007–0391–1)

311 Levernieux J. Les tractions vertebrales. Paris: L’Expansion, 1960.

312 Matthews J.A., Yates D.A.H. Reduction of lumbar disc prolapse by manipulation. BMJ. 1969;3:696.

313 Christman O.D., Mittnacht A., Snook G.A. A study of the results following rotatory manipulation in the lumbar intervertebral-disc syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1964;46:517.

314 Mensor M.C. Non-operative treatment of, including manipulation for, lumbar intervertebral disc syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg. 1995;37A:925.

315 Nwuga V.C.B. Relative therapeutic efficacy of vertebral manipulation and conventional treatment in back pain management. Am J Phys Med. 1982;61:273.

316 Kuo P.P.F., Loh Z.C.L. Treatment of lumbar intervertebral disc protrusions by manipulation. Clin Orthop. 1987;215:47.

317 Cox J.M. Mechanism, diagnosis and treatment of lumbar disc protrusion and prolapse. J Am Chiro Assoc. 1974;8:181.

318 Hubka M.J., et al. Lumbar intervertebral disc herniation: Chiropractic management using flexion, extension and rotational manipulative therapy. Chiropr Tech. 1991;3(1):5.

319 Beneliyahu D.J. Chiropractic management and manipulative therapy for MRI documented disc herniation. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1994;17:17785.

320 Stern P.J., Cote P., Cassidy D.J. A series of consecutive cases of low back pain with radiating leg pain treated by chiropractors. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1995;18:335.

321 Bergmann T., Jongeward B.V. Manipulative therapy in low back pain with leg pain and neurological deficit: A case report and literature review. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1998;21(4):288.

322 Burton K., et al A comparative trial of chemonucleolysis and manipulation in the treatment of symptomatic lumbar disc herniations. Paper presented at the Third International Forum for Primary Care Research on Low Back Pain, Manchester, UK, 1998

323 Lisi A.J., Holmes E.J., Ammendolia C. High-velocity low-amplitude spinal manipulative for symptomatic lumbar disc disease: a systematic review of the literature. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2005;28(6):429.

324 Cassidy J.D., Haymo W.T., Kirkaldy-Willis W.H. Manipulation. In Kirkaldy-Willis W.H., editor: Managing low back pain, ed 3, New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1992.

325 Gatterman M.I. Chiropractic management of spine related disorders. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1990.

326 McKenzie R.A. The lumbar spine: Mechanical diagnosis and therapy. Waikanae, New Zealand: Spinal Publications, 1981.

327 Donelson R., et al. A prospective study of centralization of lumbar and referred pain. Spine. 1997;22(10):1115.

328 White A.A., Panjabi M.M. Clinical biomechanics of the spine, ed 2. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott, 1990.

329 Muhlemann D: Hypermobility as a common cause for chronic back pain, Ann Swiss Chiro Assoc (in press).

330 Paris S.V. Physical signs of instability. Spine. 1985;10(3):277.

331 Gatterman M.I., editor. Chiropractic management of spine related disorders. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1990.

332 Barr K.P., Grigs MCadby T. Lumbar stabilization: A review of core concepts and current literature, part 2. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;86:72.

333 Gitelman R. Spinal manipulation in the relief of pain. In: Goldstein M., editor. The research status of spinal manipulative therapy. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1975. NINDCS Monograph No 15, DHEW Pub No 76–998

334 Kirkaldy-Willis W.H., Cassidy J.D. Spinal manipulation in the treatment of low-back pain. Can Fam Physician. 1985;31:535.

335 Bernard T.N., Kirkaldy-Willis W.H. Recognizing specific characteristics of nonspecific low back pain. Clin Orthop. 1987;217:266.

336 Vernon H.T., et al. Spinal manipulation and beta-endorphin: A controlled study of the effect of a spinal manipulation on plasma beta-endorphin levels in normal males. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1986;9(2):115.

337 Terrett A., Vernon H. Manipulation and pain tolerance: A controlled study of the effect of spinal manipulation on paraspinal cutaneous pain tolerance levels. Am J Phys Med. 1984;63(5):217.

338 Vernon H.T., et al. Pressure pain threshold evaluation of the effects of spinal manipulation in the treatment of chronic neck pain: A pilot study. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1990;13:13.

339 Vicenzino B., et al. An investigation of the interrelationship between manipulative therapy-induced hypoalgesia and sympathoexcitation. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1998;21:448.

340 Roberts W.J., Gillette R.G., Kramis R.C. Somatosensory input from lumbar paraspinal tissues: Anatomical terminations and neuronal responses to mechanical and sympathetic stimuli. Soc Neurosci Abst. 1989;15:755.

341 Gillette R.G. A speculative argument for the coactivation of diverse somatic receptor populations by forceful chiropractic adjustments. Manipulative Med. 1987;3:1.

342 Gillette R.G., Kramis R.C., Roberts W.J. Spinal neurons likely to mediate low back and referred leg pain. Soc Neurosci Abstr. 1990;16:1704.

343 Gillette R.G., Kramis R.C., Roberts W.J. Convergent input onto spinal neurons likely to mediate low back pain, 3rd. Canada: BRO World Congress of Neuroscience Abstracts Montreal, 1991.

344 Boal R.W., Gillete R.G. Central neuronal plasticity, low back pain and spinal manipulative therapy. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2004;27(5):314.

345 Korr I.M. Proprioceptors and somatic dysfunction. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1975;74:638.

346 Sandoz R.W. Some reflex phenomena associated with spinal derangements and adjustments. Ann Swiss Chiropr Assoc. 1981;6:60.

347 Grice A.S. Muscle tonus change following manipulation. J Can Chiro Assoc. 1974;18(4):29.

348 Watts D.G., et al. Analysis of muscle receptor connection by spike-triggered averaging, spindle primary, and tendon organ afferents. J Neurophysiol. 1976;39(6):1378.

349 Zhu Y., Haldeman S., Hsieh C.-Y.J., et al. Do cerebral potentials to magnetic stimulation of paraspinal muscles reflect changes in palpable muscle spasm, low back pain, and activity scores? J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2000;23:458.

350 Herzog W., et al. Reflex responses associated with manipulative treatments on the thoracic spine. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1995;18:223.

351 Suter E., et al. Reflex response associated with manipulative treatment of the thoracic spine. J Neuromusculoskel Syst. 1994;2:124.

352 Shambaugh P. Changes in electrical activity in muscles resulting from chiropractic adjustment: A pilot study. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1987;10:300.

353 Palmer B.J.. The science of chiropractic: Its principles and philosophies, vol 1. 1906/1910, Palmer School of Chiropractic, Davenport, IA.

354 Stephenson R.W. Chiropractic textbook. Davenport, IA: Palmer School of Chiropractic, 1948.

355 Haldeman S., Hammerich K. The evolution of neurology and the concept of chiropractic. ACA J Chiropr. 1973;7:S57.

356 Janse J. History of the development of chiropractic concepts: Chiropractic terminology. In: Goldstein M., editor. The research status of spinal manipulative therapy. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1975. NINCDS Monograph No 15, DHEW Pub No 76–988

357 Homewood A.E. The neurodynamics of the vertebral subluxation. St Petersburg, FL: Valkyrie Press, 1979.

358 Leach R.A., editor. The chiropractic theories: A synopsis of scientific research, ed 2, Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1986.

359 Crelin E.S. A scientific test of the chiropractic theory. Am Sci. 1973;61:574.

360 Giles L.G. A histological investigation of human lower lumbar intervertebral canal (foramen) dimensions. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1994;17(1):4.

361 Leach R.A. Nerve compression hypothesis. The chiropractic theories: A synopsis of scientific research, ed 2, 1986, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.

362 Coote J.H. Somatic sources of afferent input as factors in aberrant autonomic, sensory and motor function. In: Korr I.M., editor. The neurobiologic mechanisms in manipulative therapy. New York: Plenum, 1978.

363 Kiyomi K. Autonomic system reactions caused by excitation of somatic afferents: Study of cutaneo-intestinal reflex. In: Korr I.M., editor. The neurobiologic mechanisms in manipulative therapy. New York: Plenum, 1978.

364 Sato A. The somatosympathetic reflexes: Their physiological and clinical significance. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1975. NINCDS Monograph No 15, DHEW Pub No 76–988

365 Appenzeller O. Somatoautonomic reflexology: Normal and abnormal. In: Korr I.M., editor. The neurobiologic mechanisms in manipulative therapy. New York: Plenum, 1978.

366 Sato A., Swenson R. Sympathetic nervous system response to mechanical stress of the spinal column in rats. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1984;7(3):141.

367 Kunert W. Functional disorders of internal organs due to vertebral lesions. Ciba Symp. 1965;13:85.

368 Greenman P.E. Principles of manual medicine. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1989.

369 Kellgren J.H. The anatomical source of back pain. Rheumatol Rehabil. 1977;16:3.

370 Selye H. Stress and disease. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1956.

371 Selye H. The stress of life. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1956.

372 Selye H. Stress without distress. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott, 1974.

373 Thornton L.M., Andersen B.L. Psychoneuroimmunology examined: The role of subjective stress. J Cell Sci. 2006;2(4):66.

374 Cohen S., Herbert T.B. Health psychology: Psychological factors and physical disease from the perspective of human psychoneuroimmunology. Ann Rev Psychol. 1996;47:113.

375 Chrousos G.P., Gold P.W. The concepts of stress and stress system disorders. Overview of physical and behavioral homeostasis. J Am Med Assoc. 1992;267:1244.

376 Glaser R., Kiecolt-Glaser J.K. Handbook of human stress and immunity. San Diego: Academic Press, 1994.

377 McEwen B.S., et al. The role of adrenocorticoids as modulators of immune function in health and disease: Neural, endocrine and immune interactions. Brain Res Rev. 1997;23(1–2):79.

378 Olff M. Stress, depression and immunity: The role of defense and coping styles. Psychiatry Res. 1999;85:7.

379 Rabin B. Stress, immune function, and health: The connection. New York: Wiley-Liss, 1999.

380 Reiche E.M.V., Nunes S.O.V., Morimoto H.K. Stress, depression, the immune system, and cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2004;5(10):617.

381 Padgett D.A., Glaser R. How stress influences the immune response. Trends Immunol. 2003;24(8):444.

382 Bellinger D.L., et al. Psychoimmunology today: Mechanisms mediating the effects of psychological status on the immune function. In: Lewis C.E., O’Brien R.M., Barraclough J., editors. The psychoimmunology of cancer. New York: Oxford University Press; 2002:3-99.

383 Segerstrom S.C., Miller G.E. Psychological stress and the human immune system: A meta-analytic study of 30 years of inquiry. Psychol Bull. 2004;130(4):601.

384 Mason J.W. A re-evaluation of the concept of non-specificity in stress theory. Psychol Res. 1971;8:323.

385 Stein M., Schiavi R.C., Camerino M. Influence of brain and behavior in the immune system. Science. 1976;191:435.

386 Hess W.R. Functional organization of the diencephalon. Orlando, FL: Grune & Stratton, 1957.

387 Pert C. Molecules of emotion. New York: Scribner’s, 1997.

388 Leach R.A., editor. The chiropractic theories: A synopsis of scientific research, ed 3, Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1994.

389 Fidelibus J.C. An overview of neuroimmunomodulation and a possible correlation with musculoskeletal system manipulative function. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1989;12:289.

390 Wiberg J.M.M., Nordsteen J., Nilsson N. The short-term effect of spinal manipulation in the treatment of infantile colic: A randomized controlled clinical trial with a blinded observer. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1999;22(1):13.

391 Sanders G.E., et al. Chiropractic adjustive manipulation on subjects with acute low back pain: Visual analog pain scores and plasma B-endorphin levels. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1990;13(7):391.

392 Christian G.F., Stanton G.J., Sissons D. Immunoreactive ACTH, B-endorphin, and cortisol levels in plasma following spinal manipulative therapy. Spine. 1998;3(12):141l.

393 Whelan T.L., et al. The effect of chiropractic manipulation on salivary cortisol levels. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2002;25(3):149.

394 Teodorezyk-Injeyan J.A., Injeyan H.S., Ruegg R. Spinal manipulative therapy reduces inflammatory cytokines but not substance P production in normal subjects. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2006;29:14.

395 Brennan P.C., Kokjohn K., Kaltinger C.J., et al. Enhanced phagocytic cell respiratory burst induced by spinal manipulation: Potential role of substance P. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1991;14(7):399.

396 Brennan P.C., et al Immunologic correlates of reduced spinal mobility: Preliminary observations in a dog model. Proceedings of the International Conference on Spinal Manipulation, Apr 12–13, 1991, 1991, Foundation for Chiropractic Education and Research, Arlington, VA, 118.

397 Brennan P.C., et al. Enhanced neutrophil respiratory burst as a biological marker for manipulation forces: duration of the effect and association with substance P and tumor necrosis factor. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1992;15(2):83.

398 Brennan P.C., et al. Lymphocyte profiles in patients with chronic low back pain enrolled in a clinical trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1994;17(4):219.

399 Lohr G.E., O’Brien J.C., Nodine D.L., et al Natural killer cells as an outcome measure of chiropractic treatment efficacy. Proceedings of the International Conference on Spinal Manipulation, 1990 May 11–12, Washington, DC, 1990, Foundation for Chiropractic Education and Research, Arlington, VA, 109.

400 Graham M.A., Brennan P.C. Functional ability of natural killer cells as an outcome measure for chiropractic treatment efficacy. Proceedings of the International Conference On Spinal Manipulation, 1991 Apr 12–13, 1991, Foundation for Chiropractic Education and Research, Arlington, VA, 84.

401 Kokjohn K., et al. The effect of spinal manipulation on pain and prostaglandin levels in women with primary dysmenorrheal. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1992;15(5):279.

402 Triano J.J., et al Respiratory burst (RB) activity as a function of manipulation site. Proceedings of the International Conference on Spinal Manipulation, 1994 Jun 10–11, Palm Springs, Calif, 1994, Foundation for Chiropractic Education and Research, Arlington, Va, 117.

403 Kokjohn K., et al Plasma substance P following spinal manipulation. Proceedings of the 1990 International Conference on Spinal Manipulation, 1990, Foundation for Chiropractic Education and Research, Arlington, VA.

404 Hoag J.M., Cole W.V., Bradford S.G. Osteopathic medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1969.

405 Breeman N.E. Decrease in blood volume after prolonged hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system. Am J Physiol. 1933;103:185.

406 Greenman P.E. Principles of craniosacral (inherent force) technique. In: Principles of manual medicine. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1989.

407 Gal J., et al. Movements of vertebrae during manipulative thrusts to unembalmed human cadavers. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1997;20(1):30.

408 Kaltenborn F.M. The spine: Basic evaluation and mobilization techniques, ed 2. Minneapolis: OPTP, 1993.

409 Haas M. The physics of spinal manipulation. III. Some characteristics of adjusting that facilitate joint distractions. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1990;13(6):305.

410 Haas M. The physics of spinal manipulation. IV. A theoretical consideration of the physician impact force and energy requirements to produce synovial joint cavitation. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1990;13(7):378.

411 Maigne R. Localization of manipulations of the spine. Orthopedic medicine, ed 3, 1979, Charles C Thomas, Springfield, IL.

412 Good J. An analysis of diversified (leg artis) type adjustments based upon assisted-resisted model of intervertebral motion unit prestress. Chiropr Tech. 1992;4:117.

413 Wells D. From workbench to high tech: The evaluation of the adjustment table. Chiropr Hist. 1987;7(2):35.

414 Bergmann T.F., Davis P.T. Mechanically assisted manual techniques: Distraction procedures. St Louis: Mosby, 1998.

415 Plaugher G., Lopes M.A. The knee-chest table: Indications and contraindications. J Chiro Tech. 1990;2(4):163.

416 Holm S.M., Rose K.A. Work-related injuries of doctors of chiropractic in the United States. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2006;29:518.

417 Haas M. The physics of spinal manipulation. I. The myth of F = ma. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1990;13(4):204.

418 Haas M. The physics of spinal manipulation. II. A theoretical consideration of the adjustive force. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1990;13:253.

419 Bereznick D.E., Kim Ross K.J., McGill S.M. Where should forces be applied to produce cavitation. Proceedings of the Association of Chiropractic Colleges and the Research Agenda Conference, Phoenix, 2006, 0000

420 Schafer R.C., Faye L.J. Motion palpation and chiropractic technic: Principles of dynamic chiropractic, ed 1. Huntington Beach, CA: Motion Palpation Institute, 1989.

421 Jackson R.D. Thompson terminal point technique. Today’s Chiropr. 1987;16(3):73.

422 Bergmann T.F. Manual force, mechanically assisted articular chiropractic technique using long and/or short levers: A literature review. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1993;16:33.

423 Thompson J.C. Thompson technique reference manual. Elgin, IL: Williams Manufacturing, 1984.

424 Taylor H. The McManis table: Professional papers. ACA J Chiropr. 1978;12:87.

425 Mennell J.Mc.M. Joint pain. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1964.

Chapter 5

1 Ross J.K., Bereznick D., McGill S. Determining cavitation location during lumbar and thoracic spinal manipulation. Spine. 2004;29(13):1452-1457.

2 Ianuzzi A., Khalsa P.S. Comparison of human lumbar facet joint capsule strains during simulated high-velocity, low-amplitude spinal manipulation versus physiological motions. Spine. 2005;5(3):277.

3 Reggars J.W., Pollard H.P. Analysis of zygapophyseal joint cracking during chiropractic manipulation. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1995;18:65.

4 Beffa R., Mathews R. Does the adjustment cavitate the targeted joint? An investigation into the location of cavitation sounds. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2004;27(2):e2.

5 White A.A., Panjabi M.M. Clinical biomechanics of the spine, ed 2. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott, 1990.

6 Harrison D.D. Ideal normal upright static spine. In: Harrison D.D., editor. Spinal Biomechanics: a chiropractic perspective. Evanston, WY: Harrision CBP Seminars; 1992:33-42.

7 Panjabi M., et al. Three-dimensional movements of the upper cervical spine. Spine. 1988;13:726.

8 Harrison D.L., Harrison D.D. Chiropractic: Spinal mechanics and human biophysics. Sunnyvale, CA: Harrison Chiropractic Seminars, 1980.

9 Jackson R. The cervical syndrome. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas, 1977.

10 Pal G.P., Sherk H.H. The vertical stability of the cervical spine. Spine. 1988;13:447.

11 Pierce V.W. Results. Dravosburg, PA: Chirp, 1979.

12 Jochumsen O.H. The curve of the cervical spine. J Am Chiropr Assoc. 1970;7:549.

13 Suh C.H. Computer model of the spine. In: Haldeman S., editor. Modern developments in the principles and practice of chiropractic. East Norwalk, CT: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1980.

14 Lysell E. Motion in the cervical spine. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl. 1969;126:1.

15 Rasch P.J., Burke R.K. Kinesiology and applied anatomy, ed 5. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1974.

16 Krag M.H., et al. Internal displacement: Distribution from in vitro loading of human thoracic and lumbar spinal motion segments—Experimental results and theoretical predictions. Spine. 1987;12:1001.

17 White A.A., et al. Biomechanical analysis of clinical stability in the cervical spine. Clin Orthop. 1975;109:85.

18 MacRae J.E. Roentgenometrics in chiropractic. Toronto: Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, 1974.

19 Bernhardt M., Bridwell K.H. Segmental analysis of the sagittal plane alignment of the normal thoracic and lumbar spines and the thoracolumbar junction. Spine. 1989;14:717.

20 Bradford S. Juvenile kyphosis. In: Bradford D.S., et al, editors. Moe’s textbook of scoliosis and other spinal deformities. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1987.

21 Pratt N.E. Clinical musculoskeletal anatomy. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott, 1991.

22 Kendall H.O., Kendall F.P., Boyton D.A.. Posture and pain. 1952, Huntington, NY

23 Jahn W.T., Griffiths J.H., Hacker R.A. Conservative management of Scheuermann’s juvenile kyphosis. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1978;1:228.

24 Gatterman M.I., Panzer D.M. Disorders of the thoracic spine. In: Gatterman M.I., editor. Chiropractic management of spine related disorders. Baltimore: William’s & Wilkins, 1990.

25 Panjabi M.M., et al. Thoracic spine centers of rotation in the sagittal plane. J Orthop Res. 1984;1:387.

26 Panjabi M.M., Brand R.A., White A.A. Three dimensional flexibility and stiffness properties of the human thoracic spine. J Biomech. 1976;9:185.

27 Miles M., Sullivan W.E. Lateral bending at the lumbar and lumbosacral joints. Anat Rec. 1961;139:387.

28 Punjabi M.M., et al. How does posture affect the coupling? Spine. 1989;14:1002.

29 Hollinsted W.H., Cornelius R. Textbook of anatomy, ed 4. Philadelphia: Harper & Row, 1985.

30 Davis P.R. The thoracolumbar mortise joint. J Anat. 1955;89:370.

31 Maigne R. Low back pain from thoracolumbar origin. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1980;61:389.

32 Bereznick D., Kim Ross K.J., McGill S. The frictional properties at the thoracic skin–fascia interface: Implications in spine manipulation. Clin Biomech. 2002;17:297.

33 King A.I., Prassad P., Ewing C.L. Mechanism of spinal injury due to caudocephalad acceleration. Orthop Clin North Am. 1975;6:19.

34 Adams M.A., Hutton W.C. The effects of posture on the role of the apophyseal joints in resisting intervertebral compression forces. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1980;62:358.

35 Bernhardt M., Bridwell K.H. Segmental analysis of the sagittal plane alignment of the normal thoracic and lumbar spines and the thoracolumbar junction. Spine. 1989;14:717.

36 Moe J.H., Bradford D.S. Kyphosis-lordosis: General principles. In: Scoliosis and other spinal deformities. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1978.

37 DeSmet A.A. Radiographic evaluation. In: DeSmet A.A., editor. Radiology of spinal curvature. St Louis: Mosby, 1985.

38 Propst-Proctor S.L., Bleck E.E. Radiographic determination of lordosis and kyphosis in normal and scoliotic children. J Pediatr Orthop. 1983;3:344.

39 Pearcy M., Portek I., Shepard J. Three dimensional x-ray analysis of normal movement in the lumbar spine. Spine. 1984;9:294.

40 Pearcy M.J. Stereo radiography of normal lumbar spine motion. Acta Orthop Scand. 1985;56(Suppl):212.

41 Posner I., et al. A biomechanical analysis of the clinical stability of the lumbar and lumbosacral spine. Spine. 1982;7:374.

42 Miles M., Sullivan W.E. Lateral bending at the lumbar and lumbosacral joints. Anat Rec. 1961;139:387.

43 Grice A. Radiographic, biomechanical and clinical factors in lumbar lateral flexion. I. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1979;2:26.

44 Cassidy J.D. Roentgenological examination of the functional mechanics of the lumbar spine in lateral flexion. J Can Chiropr Assoc. 1976;20:13.

45 Bronfort G., Jochumsen O.H. The functional radiographic examination of patients with low-back pain: A study of different forms of variations. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1984;7:89.

46 Dimnet J., et al. Radiographic studies of lateral flexion in the lumbar spine. J Biomech. 1978;11:143.

47 Dupuis P.R., et al. Radiologic diagnosis of degenerative lumbar spinal instability. Spine. 1985;10:262.

48 Dvorak J., et al. Functional radiographic diagnosis of the lumbar spine. Spine. 1991;16:562.

49 Dvorak J., et al. Clinical validation of functional flexion-extension roentgenograms of the lumbar spine. Spine. 1991;16:943.

50 Frymoyer J.W., et al. The mechanical and kinematic analysis of the lumbar spine in normal living human subjects in vivo. J Biomech. 1979;12:165.

51 Hanley E.N., Matteri R.E., Frymoyer J.W. Accurate roentgenographic determination of lumbar flexion-extension. Clin Orthop Rel Res. 1976;115:145.

52 Korpi J., Poussa M., Heliovaara M. Radiographic mobility of the lumbar spine and its relation to clinical back motion. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1988;20:71.

53 Phillips R.B., et al. Stress x-rays and the low back pain patient. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1990;13:127.

54 Sandoz R.W. Technique and interpretation of functional radiography of the lumbar spine. Ann Swiss Chiro Assoc. 1965;3:66.

55 Shaffer W.O., et al. The consistency and accuracy of roentgenograms for measuring sagittal translation in the lumbar vertebral motion segment: An experimental model. Spine. 1990;15:741.

56 Soini J., et al. Disc degeneration and angular movement of the lumbar spine: Comparative study using plain and flexion-extension radiography and discography. J Spinal Disord. 1991;4:183.

57 Stokes I.A.F., et al. Assessment of patients with low-back pain by biplanar radiographic measurement of intervertebral motion. Spine. 1981;6:233.

58 Tanz S.S. Motion of the lumbar spine. Am J Roentgenol. 1953;69:399.

59 Van Akkerveeken P.F., O’Brien J.P., Park W.M. Experimentally induced hypermobility in the lumbar spine. Spine. 1979;4:236.

60 Vernon H. Static and dynamic roentgenography in the diagnosis of degenerative disc disease: A review and comparison assessment. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1982;5:163.

61 Weitz E.M. The lateral bending sign. Spine. 1981;6:388.

62 Haas M., et al. Lumbar motion trends and correlation with low back pain. I. A roentgenological evaluation of coupled lumbar motion in lateral bending. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1992;15:145.

63 Pearcy M.J., Tibrewal S.B. Axial rotation and lateral bending in the normal lumbar spine measured by three-dimensional radiography. Spine. 1984;9:582.

64 Bereznick D.E., Kim Ross K.J., McGill S.M. Where should forces be applied to produce cavitation?. Proceedings of the Association of Chiropractic Colleges and the Research Agenda Conference, Phoenix, 2006

65 Cramer D., et al. Effects of side-posture positioning and side-posture adjusting on the lumbar zygapophyseal joints as evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging: A before and after study with randomization. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2000;23(6):380.

66 Cramer G.D., et al. The effects of side-posture positioning and spinal adjusting on the lumbar Z joints: A randomized controlled trial with sixty-four subjects. Spine. 2002;27(2):2459.

67 Grieve G.P. Common vertebral joint problems, ed 2. Edinburgh, UK: Churchill Livingstone, 1988.

68 Cox H.H. Sacroiliac subluxations as a cause of backache. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1927;45:637.

69 Jessen A.R. The sacroiliac subluxation. ACA J Chiro. 1973;7(Suppl):65.

70 Cyriax E. Minor subluxations of the sacroiliac joints. Br J Phys Med. 1934;9:191.

71 Dontigney R.L. A review. Phys Ther. 1985;65:35.

72 Solonen K.A. The sacroiliac joint in the light of anatomical, roentgenological and clinical studies. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl. 1957;26:9.

73 Bowen V., Cassidy J.D. Macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the sacroiliac joint from embryonic life until the eighth decade. Spine. 1986;6:620.

74 Otter R. Review study of differing opinions expressed in the literature about the anatomy of the sacroiliac joint. Eur J Chiro. 1985;33:221.

75 McGregor M., Cassidy J.D. Post-surgical sacroiliac joint syndrome. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1983;6:1.

76 Grieve G.P. The sacroiliac joint. Physiotherapy. 1976;62:384.

77 Frigerio N.A., Stowe R.R., Howe J.W. Movement of the sacroiliac joint. Clin Orthop. 1974;100:370.

78 Grice A.S., Fligg D.B. Biomechanics of the pelvis: Denver conference monograph. Des Moines, IA: ACA Council of Technic, 1980.

79 Grice A.S. Mechanics of walking, development and clinical significance. J Can Chiropr Assoc. 1972;16:15.

80 Schafer R.C., Faye L.J. Motion palpation and chiropractic technic: Principles of dynamic chiropractic. Huntington Beach, CA: Motion Palpation Institute, 1989.

81 Hungerford B.A., et al. Evaluation of the ability of Physical therapist to palpate intrapelvic motion with the stork test on the support side. Phys Ther. 2007;87(7):879.

82 Illi F. The vertebral column: Lifeline of the body. Chicago: National College of Chiropractic, 1951.

83 Greenman P. Principles of manual medicine. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1989.

84 Sturesson B., Selvik G., Uden A. Movements of the sacroiliac joints: A roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis. Spine. 1989;14:162.

85 Gatterman M.I. Chiropractic management of spine related disorders. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1990.

86 Dupuis P.R., Kirkaldy-Willis W.H. The spine: Integrated function and pathophysiology. In: Cruess R.L., Rennie W.R.J., editors. Adult orthopaedics. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1984.

Chapter 6

1 Palmer D.D. The chiropractor’s adjuster. Davenport, IA: Palmer School of Chiropractic, 1910.

2 Broome R.T. The relevance of peripheral joints in clinical practice: An overview. In: Broome R.T., editor. Chiropractic peripheral joint technique. Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2000.

3 Hertling D., Kessler R.M. Management of common musculoskeletal disorders: Physical therapy principles and methods, ed 2. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott, 1990.

4 Pinto O.F. A new structure related to temporomandibular joint and the middle ear. J Prosthet Dent. 1962;12:95.

5 Ermshar C.B. Anatomy and neurology. In Morgan D.H., et al, editors: Diseases of the temporomandibular apparatus, ed 2, St Louis: Mosby, 1985.

6 Farrar W.B., McCarty W.L. A clinical outline of the temporomandibular joint: Diagnosis and treatment. Montgomery, AL: Walter, 1983.

7 Curl D. Acute closed lock of the temporomandibular joint: Manipulative paradigm and protocol. J Chiro Tech. 1991;3(1):13.

8 Kraus S.L., editor. TMJ disorders: Management of the craniomandibular complex. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1987.

9 Schoenholtz F. Conservative management of temporomandibular joint dysfunction. J Am Chiro Assoc. 1978;12(Suppl):57.

10 Türp J.C., Minagi S. Palpation of the lateral pterygoid region in TMD—Where is the evidence? J Dent. 2001;29(7):475.

11 Stratmann U., et al. Clinical anatomy and palpability of the inferior lateral pterygoid muscle. J Prosthet Dent. 2000;83(5):548.

12 Long J.H.Jr. Occlusal adjustment as treatment for tenderness in the muscles of mastication in category patients. J Prosthet Dent. 1992;67(4):519.

13 Thomas C.A., Okeson J.P. Evaluation of lateral pterygoid muscle symptoms using a common palpation technique and a method of functional manipulation. Cranio. 1987;5(2):125.

14 Stelzenmüller W., et al. Is the lateral pterygoid muscle palpable? A pilot study for determining the possibilities of palpating the lateral pterygoid muscle. J Dent Oral Med. 2006;8(1):325.

15 Wadsworth C.T. Manual examination and treatment of the spine and extremities. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1988.

16 Kapandji I.A., ed 2. The physiology of the joints, vol 1. 1970, Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, UK.

17 Nordin M., Frankel V.H. Basic biomechanics of the musculoskeletal system, ed 2. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1989.

18 Donnatelli R., Wooden M.J., editors. Orthopedic physical therapy. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1989.

19 Hoppenfeld S. Physical examination of the spine and extremities. Norwalk, CT: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1976.

20 Upton A.R.M., McComas A.J. The double crush hypothesis in nerve entrapment syndromes. Lancet. 1973;2:359.

21 Kapandji I.A.. The physiology of the joints, vol 2. 1970, Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, UK.

22 Ferezy J.S. Chiropractic management of meralgia paresthetica: A case report. J Chiro Tech. 1989;1(2):52.

23 Neumann D.A. Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System. St Louis: Mosby, 2002;435.

24 Kotwich J.A. Biomechanics of the foot and ankle. Clin Sports Med. 1982;1:19.

Chapter 7

1 Cassidy J.D., Lopes A.A., Yong-Hing K. The immediate effect of manipulation versus mobilization on pain and range of motion in the cervical spine: A randomized controlled trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1992;15:570.

2 Kenna C., Murtagh J. Back pain and spinal manipulation. Sydney, Australia: Butterworths, 1989.

3 Grieve G. Mobilization of the spine, ed 4. Edinburgh, UK: Churchill Livingstone, 1984.

4 Bergmann T.F. Various forms of chiropractic technique. Chiro Tech. 1993;5(2):53.

5 Haldeman S. Spinal manipulative therapy and sports medicine. Clin Sports Med. 1986;5(2):277.

6 Tuchin C., Mootz R.D. Mobilization concepts and their application to mechanical dysfunction in the lower extremity. Chiro Tech. 1995;7(3):82.

7 Maitland G.D. Vertebral manipulation, ed 3. London: Butterworths, 1973.

8 Paris S.V. Mobilization of the spine. Phys Ther. 1979;59:988.

9 Eder M., Tilscher H. Chiropractic therapy, diagnosis and treatment. Rockville, MD: Aspen, 1990.

10 Kaltenborn F.M. Mobilization of the extremity joints, ed 3. Oslo: Olaf Norlis Bokhandel, 1980.

11 Grieve G.P. Common vertebral joint problems. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1988.

12 Sheriff J. A flexible approach to traction. In Grieve G.P., editor: Modern manual therapy, ed 2, Edinburgh, UK: Churchill Livingstone, 1994.

13 Taylor H. The McManis table: Professional papers. ACA J Chiropr. 1978;12:100.

14 McManis J.V. A treating table innovation. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1910:565. July

15 Cox J.M. Low back pain: Mechanism, diagnosis, and treatment. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1985.

16 Bergmann T.F., Davis P.T. Mechanically assisted manual techniques: Distraction procedures. St Louis: Mosby, 1997.

17 Donelson R. A prospective study of centralization of lumbar and referred pain. Spine. 1997;22(10):1115.

18 Donelson R., Silva B., Murphy K. Centralization phenomenon: Its usefulness in evaluating and treating referred pain. Spine. 1990;15(3):211.

19 McKenzie R.A. A perspective on manipulative therapy. Physiotherapy. 1989;75:440.

20 Moss J.M. Cervical and lumbar pain syndromes. In Boyling J.D., Palastanga N., editors: Grieve’s modern manual therapy, ed 2, New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1994.

21 Robinson M.G. The McKenzie method of spinal pain management. In Boyling J.D., Palastanga N., editors: Grieve’s modern manual therapy, ed 2, New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1994.

22 Retzlaff E., Mitchell F. The cranium and its sutures. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1987.

23 Pritchard J.J. The structure and development of cranial and facial sutures. J Anat. 1956;90:73.

24 Frymann V.M. A study of the rhythmic motions of the living cranium. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1971;70:1.

25 Ebner J.A. An overview of cranial manipulation. In: Curl D.D., editor. Chiropractic approach to head pain. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1994.

26 Sutherland W. The cranial bowl. Mankato, MN: Free Press, 1939.

27 Upledger J., Vredevoogd J. Craniosacral therapy. Seattle: Eastland Press, 1983.

28 DeJarnette M. Cranial technique. Nebraska City, NE: Author, 1973.

29 Meeker W.C. Soft tissue and non-force techniques. In: Haldeman S., editor. Principles and practice of chiropractic. Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange, 1992.

30 Lantz C.A. Immobilization degeneration and the fixation hypothesis of chiropractic subluxation. Chiro Res J. 1988;1(1):21.

31 Rahlmann J.F. Mechanisms of intervertebral joint fixation: A literature review. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1987;10(4):177.

32 Lewit K. Manipulative therapy in rehabilitation of the locomotor system. Boston: Butterworths, 1985.

33 Janda V. Muscle spasm: A proposed procedure for differential diagnosis. J Manual Med. 1991;6:136.

34 Liebenson C. Active muscular relaxation techniques. I. Basic principles and methods. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1989;12(6):446.

35 Bogduk N., Twomey L.T. Clinical anatomy of the lumbar spine, ed 2. Melbourne, Australia: Churchill Livingstone, 1991.

36 Beal M.C. Viscerosomatic reflexes: A review. J Amer Osteopath Assoc. 1985;85(12):53.

37 Wakim K.G. The effects of massage on the circulation in normal and paralyzed extremities. Arch Phys Med. 1949;30:135.

38 Wolfson H. Studies on the effect of physical therapeutic procedures on function and structure. JAMA. 1931;96:2020.

39 Carrier E.B. Studies on physiology of capillaries: Reaction of human skin capillaries to drugs and other stimuli. Am J Physiol. 1922;61:528.

40 Martin G.M., Roth G.M. Cutaneous temperature of the extremities of normal subjects and patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arch Phys Med Rehab. 1946;27:665.

41 Ernst E., Matrai A., Magyarosy I.E. Massage causes changes in blood fluidity. Physiotherapy. 1987;73(1):43.

42 Cuthbertson D.P. Effect of massage on metabolism: A survey. Glasgow Med J. 1933;2:200.

43 Schneider E.C., Havens L.C. Changes in the contents of hemoglobin and red corpuscles in the blood of men at high altitudes. Am J Physiol. 1915;36:360.

44 Hernandez-Reif M., et al. High blood pressure and associated symptoms were reduced by massage therapy. J Body Mov Ther. 2000;4(1):31.

45 Barr J.S., Taslitz N. The influence of back massage on autonomic functions. J Phys Ther. 1970;50(12):1679.

46 Tovar M.K., Cassmere V.L. Touch: The beneficial effects for the surgical patient. AORN J. 1989;49:1356.

47 Cassar M. Handbook of massage therapy. Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1999.

48 Yu C. 55 cases of lumbar muscle strain treated by massage. Int J Clin Acupunct. 1999;10(2):189.

49 Goats G.C. Massage: The scientific basis of an ancient art. I. The techniques. Br J Sports Med. 1994;28(3):149.

50 Morelli M., Sullivan S.J., Chapman C.E. Inhibitory influence of soleus massage onto the medial gastrocnemius H-reflex. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1998;38(2):87.

51 Goldberg J., Sullivan S.J., Seaborne D.E. The effect of two intensities of massage on H-reflex amplitude. Phys Ther. 1992;72(6):449.

52 Field T.M. Massage therapy effects. Am Psychol. 1998;53(12):1270.

53 Hofkosh J.M. Classical massage. In Basmajian J.V., editor: Manipulation, traction and massage, ed 3, Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1985.

54 Beard G., Wood E.C. Massage: Principles and techniques. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1964.

55 Fritz S. Fundamentals of therapeutic massage. St Louis: Mosby, 1995.

56 Ebner M. Connective tissue massage. Physiotherapy. 1978;64(7):208.

57 Cantu R.I., Grodin A.J. Myofascial manipulation theory and clinical application. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen, 1992.

58 Bischof I., Elmiger G. Connective tissue massage. In: Licht S., editor. Massage manipulation and traction. Huntington, NY: Robert E Krieger, 1976.

59 Greenman P.E. Principles of manual medicine. Baltimore: William’s & Wilkins, 1989.

60 Jones L.H., Kusunose R., Goering E. Jones’ Strain-Counterstrain. Boise, ID: Authors, 1995.

61 D’Ambrogio K.J., Roth G.B. Positional release therapy. St Louis: Mosby, 1997.

62 Barnes J.F. Myofascial release. In Hammer W.I., editor: Functional soft tissue examination and treatment by manual methods, ed 2, Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen, 1999.

63 Barnes J.F. Why myofascial release is unique. Clin Bull Myofascial Ther. 1997;2(1):43.

64 Basmajian J.V., Nyberg R. Rational manual therapies. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1993.

65 Loving J.E. Massage therapy theory and practice. Stamford, CT: Appleton & Lange, 1999.

66 Leahy P.M. Active release techniques: Logical soft tissue treatment. In Hammer W.I., editor: Functional soft tissue examination and treatment by manual methods, ed 2, Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen, 1999.

67 Mitchell F.L. Elements of muscle energy technique. In: Basmajian J.V., Nyberg R., editors. Rational manual therapies. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1993.

68 Sherrington C.S. On plastic tonus and proprioceptive reflexes. Quart J Exp Physiol. 1909:109.

69 Chaitow L. Muscle energy techniques. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1996.

70 Evjenth O., Hamberg J. Muscle stretching in manual therapy: A clinical manual. Alfta, Sweden: Alfta Rehab, 1984.

71 Voss D.E., Ionta M.K., Meyers B.J. Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation, ed 3. Philadelphia: Harper & Row, 1984.

72 Basmajian J.V. Manipulation traction and massage, ed 3. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1985.

73 Travell J., Simons D.G. Myofascial pain and dysfunction: The trigger point manual. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1983.

74 Cohen J.C., Gibbons R.W. Raymond Nimmo and the evolution of trigger point therapy, 1929–1986. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1998;21:167.

75 Schneider M.J., Cohen J.H. Nimmo receptor tonus technique: A chiropractic approach to trigger point therapy. In: Sweere J.J., editor. Chiropractic family practice. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen, 1992.

76 Nimmo R.L. The receptor and tonus control method defined. Receptor. 1957;1:1.

77 Cohen J.H., Schneider M.J. Receptor-tonus technique: An overview. Chiro Tech. 1990;2(1):13.

78 Chaitow L. Soft-tissue manipulation. Rochester, VT: Healing Arts Press, 1988.

79 Wakim K.G. Physiologic effects of massage. In Basmajian J.V., editor: Manipulation, traction and massage, ed 3, Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1985.

80 Birch S., Jamison R.N. Controlled trial of Japanese acupuncture for chronic myofascial neck pain: Assessment of specific and nonspecific effects of treatment. Clin J Pain. 1998;14(3):248.

81 Abuaisha B.B., Costanzi J.B., Boulton A.J. Acupuncture for the treatment of chronic painful peripheral diabetic neuropathy: A long-term study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1998;39(2):115.

82 Belluomini J., et al. Acupressure for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: A randomized, blinded study. Obstet Gynecol. 1994;84(2):245.

83 Petrie J.P., Hazleman B.L. A controlled study of acupuncture in neck pain. Br J Rheumatol. 1986;25(3):271.

84 Ernst E. Acupuncture as a symptomatic treatment of osteoarthritis: A systematic review. Scand J Rheumatol. 1997;26(6):444.

85 Allison D.B., et al. The randomized placebo controlled clinical trial of an acupressure device for weight loss. Int J Obs Relat Metab Disord. 1995;19(9):653.

86 Woolham C.H., Jackson A.O. Acupuncture in the management of chronic pain. Anesthesia. 1998;53(6):593.

87 Acupuncture. NIH Consens Statement. 1997;15(5):1-34.

88 Bosey J. Acupuncture and electro-therapeutic research. Acupunct Electrother Res. 1984;9(2):79.

89 Melzack R., Stillwell D.M., Fox E.J. Trigger points and acupuncture points of pain. Pain. 1977;3:3.

90 Mannino R. The application of neurological reflexes to the treatment of hypertension. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1979;79(4):225.

91 Bennett T.J. Dynamics of correction of abnormal function. Sierra Madre, CA: Ralph J Martin, 1977.

92 Nelson W.A. Diabetes mellitus: Two case reports. Chiro Tech. 1989;1(2):37.

93 Grainger H.G. The somatic component in visceral disease. In: Academy of Applied Osteopathy 1958 Yearbook. Newark, OH: American Academy of Osteopathy; 1958.

94 Korr I. Spinal cord as organizer of disease process. In: Academy of Applied Osteopathy 1976 Yearbook. Newark, OH: American Academy of Osteopathy; 1976.

95 Nelson W.A. Rheumatoid arthritis: A case report. Chiro Tech. 1990;2(1):17.

96 Logan H.B. Textbook of Logan basic methods. St Louis: Author, 1950.

97 Lawson D.A. Logan basic technique: Short and long lever, mechanical assisted. In: Proceedings of the 6th Annual CORE. Monterey, CA: CORE; 1991.

98 Janse J.J. Principles and practice of chiropractic. Lombard, IL: National College of Chiropractic, 1947.

99 Sato A. The somatosympathetic reflexes: Their physiologic and clinical significance. In: Goldstein M., editor. The research status of spinal manipulative therapy. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1975.

100 Homewood A.E. The neurodynamics of the vertebral subluxation. St Petersburg, FL: Valkyrie Press, 1979.

101 Gitelman R. The treatment of pain by spinal manipulation. In: The research status of spinal manipulative therapy. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; 1975. NINCDS Monograph No 15, DHEW Pub No 76–988

102 Gillette R.G. A speculative argument for the coactivation of diverse somatic receptor populations by forceful chiropractic adjustments. Manipulative Med. 1987;3:1.

103 Sato A. Spinal reflex physiology. In Haldeman S., editor: Principles and practice of chiropractic, ed 2, Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange, 1992.

104 Zucker A. Chapman’s reflexes: Medicine or metaphysics? J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1993;93(3):346.