Davol PE, Fulmer BR, Rukstalis DB. Long-term results of cryoablation for renal cancer and complex renal masses. Urology. 2006;68(Suppl. 1):2-6.

Dawes RM, Faust D, Meehl PE. Clinical versus actuarial judgment. Science. 1989;243:1668-1674.

de la Taille A, Katz A, Cao Y, et al. Blood based RT-PCR assays of MN/CA9 or PSMA: clinical application in renal cancer patients. Urology. 2000;56(3):393-398.

DeCastro GJ, McKiernan JM. Epidemiology, clinical staging and presentation of renal cell carcinoma. Urol Clin North Am. 2008;35:581-592.

Dechet CB, Bostwick DG, Blute ML, et al. Renal oncocytoma: multifocality, bilateralism, metachronous tumor development and coexistent renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 1999;162:40-42.

Dechet CB, Zincke H, Sebo TJ, et al. Prospective analysis of computerized tomography and needle biopsy with permanent sectioning to determine the nature of solid renal masses in adults. J Urol. 2003;169:71-74.

Deguchi M, Shiina H, Igawa M, et al. DNA mismatch repair genes in renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 2003;169:2365-2371.

DeKernion J. Reexamination of current staging for renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 2005;173:680.

DeKernion JB, Ramming KP, Smith RB. Natural history of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a computer analysis. J Urol. 1978;120:148.

Delahunt B. Histopathologic prognostic indicators for renal cell carcinoma. Semin Diagn Pathol. 1998;15:68-76.

Delahunt B. Sarcomatoid renal carcinoma: the final common dedifferentiation pathway of renal epithelial malignancies. Pathology. 1999;31:185-190.

Delahunt B, Bethwaite PB, Thornton A. Prognostic significance of the microscopic vascularity for clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Br J Urol. 1997;80:401-404.

Delahunt B, Bethwaite PB, Thornton A, Ribas JL. Proliferation of renal cell carcinoma assessed by fixation-resistant polyclonal Ki-67 antibody labeling: correlation with clinical outcome. Cancer. 1995;47:2714-2719.

Delahunt B, Eble JN, McCredie MR, et al. Morphologic typing of papillary renal cell carcinoma: comparison of growth kinetics and patient survival in 66 cases. Hum Pathol. 2001;32(6):590-595.

Delakas D, Karyotis I, Daskalopoulos G, et al. Nephron sparing surgery for localized renal cell carcinoma with a normal contralateral kidney: a European three-center experience. Urology. 2002;60(6):998-1002.

De la Taille A, Katz A, Cao Y, et al. Blood-based RT-PCR assays of MN/CA9 or PSMA: clinical application in renal cancer patients. Urology. 2000;56:393-398.

DeLong W, Grignon DJ, Eberwein P, et al. Sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma: an immunohistochemical study of 18 cases. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1993;117:636-640.

DeLuca S, Terrone C, Crivellaro S, et al. Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome as a paraneoplastic manifestation of renal cell carcinoma. Urol Int. 2002;68:206-208.

DeLuca S, Terrone C, Rossetti SR. Management of renal angiomyolipoma: a report of 53 cases. BJU Int. 1999;83:215-218.

Delworth MG, Pisters LL, Fornage BD, et al. Cryotherapy for renal cell carcinoma and angiomyolipoma. J Urol. 1996;155:252-255.

Deming CL, Harvard BM. Tumors of the kidney, 3rd ed. Campbell MF, Harrison JH, editors. Urology, vol 2. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 1970.

Denton MD, Magee CC, Ovuworie C, et al. Prevalence of renal cell carcinoma in patients with ESRD pre-transplantation: a pathologic analysis. Kidney Int. 2002;61(6):2201-2209.

dePeralta-Venturina M, Moch H, Amin M, et al. Sarcomatoid differentiation in renal cell carcinoma: a study of 101 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2001;25(3):275-284.

DeRiese WT, Crabtree WN, Allhoff EP, et al. Prognostic significance of Ki-67 immunostaining in nonmetastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 1993;11:1804-1808.

Derweesh IH, Goel MC, Gill IS, et al. Predictive value of 3- dimensional volume rendering CT for collecting system entry and tumor size prior to nephron sparing surgery. J Urol. 171, 2004. 4S–1655

Derweesh IH, Novick AC. Small renal tumors: natural history, observation strategies and emerging modalities of energy based tumor ablation. Can J Urol. 2003;10(3):1871-1879.

Desai MM, Gill IS, Kaouk JH, et al. Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy with suture repair of the pelvicaliceal system. Urology. 2003;61(1):99-104.

Desai MM, Gill IS, Ramani AP, et al. Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for cancer with level I renal vein involvement. J Urol. 2003;169:487-491.

Desai MM, Strzempkowski B, Matin SF, et al. Prospective randomized comparison of transperitoneal versus retroperitoneal laparoscopic radical nephrectomy. J Urol. 2005;173:38-41.

Deyrup AT, Montogomery E, Fisher C. Leiomyosarcoma of the kidney: a clinicopathologic study. Am J Surg Pathol. 2004;28:178-182.

Dhanabal M, Ramchandran R, Volk R, et al. Endostatin: yeast production, mutants, and antitumor effect in renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Res. 1999;9:189-197.

Dhote R, Thiounn N, Debre B, et al. Risk factors for adult renal cell carcinoma. Urol Clin North Am. 2004;31:237-247.

DiBlasio CJ, Snyder ME, Russo P. Mini-flank supra-11th rib incision for open partial or radical nephrectomy. BJU Int. 2006;97:149-156.

Dickinson M, Ruckle H, Beaghler M, Hadley HR. Renal angiomyolipoma: optimal treatment based on size and symptoms. Clin Nephrol. 1998;49:281-286.

DiMarco DS, Lohse CM, Zincke H, et al. Long-term survival of patients with unilateral sporadic multifocal renal cell carcinoma according to histologic subtype compared with patients with solitary tumors alter radical nephrectomy. Urology. 2004;64(3):462-467.

Dimopoulos MA, Moulopoulos LA, Costantinides C, et al. Primary renal lymphoma: a clinical and radiological study. J Urol. 1996;155:1865-1867.

DiSilverio F, Casale P, Colella D, et al. Independent value of tumor size and DNA ploidy for the prediction of disease progression in patients with organ-confined renal cell carcinoma. Cancer. 2000;88:835-843.

Divgi CR, Pandit-Taskar N, Jungbluth AA, et al. Preoperative characterization of clear-cell renal carcinoma using iodine-124-labelled antibody chimeric G250 (¹²⁴I-cG250) and PET in patients with renal masses: a phase 1 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2007;8:304-310.

Doerfler O, Reittner P, Groell R, et al. Peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the kidney: CT findings. Pediatr Radiol. 2001;31:117-119.

Dorr RT. Interferon-alpha in malignant and viral diseases: a review. Drugs. 1993;45:177-211.

Drachenberg D, Childs R. Allogeneic hematopoetic stem cell transplantation for cytokine refractory renal cell carcinoma. Kidney Cancer. 2003:213-226.

Drachenberg DE, Mena OJ, Choyke PL, et al. Parenchymal sparing surgery for central renal tumors in patients with hereditary renal cancers. J Urol. 2004;172:49-53.

Drevs J, Hofmann I, Hugenschmidt H, et al. Effects of PTK787/ZK 222584, a specific inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases, on primary tumor, metastasis, vessel density, and blood flow in a murine renal cell carcinoma model. Cancer Res. 2000;60:4819-4824.

Drucker B, Bacik J, Ginsberg M, et al. Phase II trial of ZD1839 (IRESSA) in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. Invest New Drugs. 2003;21(3):341-345.

Duan X, Bruneval P, Hammadeh R, et al. Metastatic juxtaglomerular cell tumor in a 52-year-old man. Am J Surg Pathol. 2004;28(8):1098-1102.

Duffy BG, Choyke PL, Glenn G, et al. The relationship between renal tumor size and metastases in patients with von Hippel-Lindau disease. J Urol. 2004;172:63-65.

Duffy K, Al-Saleem T, Karbowniczek M, et al. Mutational analysis of the von Hippel-Lindau gene in clear cell renal carcinomas from tuberous sclerosis complex patients. Mod Pathol. 2002;15(3):205-210.

Dunn MD, Portis AJ, Shalhav AL, et al. Laparoscopic versus open radical nephrectomy: a 9-year experience. J Urol. 2000;164:1153-1159.

Dunnick SR, Hartman DS, Ford KK, et al. The radiology of juxtaglomerular tumors. Radiology. 1983;147:321-326.

Dyer R, DiSantis DJ, McClennan BL. Simplified imaging approach for evaluation of the solid renal mass in adults. Radiology. 2008;247(2):331-343.

Eble JN. Angiomyolipoma of kidney. Semin Diagn Pathol. 1998;15:21-40.

Eble JN, Sauter G, Epstein JI, et al. Pathology and genetics of tumours of the urinary system and male genital organs. Lyon (France): IARC Press; 2004.

Economou JS, Lindner A, deKernion JB. Sarcomas of the genitourinary tract. In: Eilber FR, et al, editors. The soft tissue sarcomas. Orlando (FL): Grune & Stratton; 1987:219.

Edge SB, Byrd DR, Compton CC, et al, editors. AJCC cancer staging manual, 7th ed. Springer, New York, 2010, 479-489.

Eggener S, Reiher FK, Campbell SC. Surveillance for renal cell carcinoma after surgical management. Am Urol. 2001;20:202-207.

Eggener SE, Rubenstein JR, Smith ND, et al. Renal tumors in young adults. J Urol. 2004;171:106-110.

Eggener SE, Yossepowitch O, Kundu S, et al. Risk score and metastasectomy independently impact prognosis of patients with recurrent renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 2008;180:873-878. discussion 878

Eisenberg PJ, Papanicolaou N, Lee MJ, Yoder IC. Diagnostic imaging in the evaluation of renal lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma. 1994;16:37-50.

Eisenberger CF, Schoenberg M, Enger C, et al. Diagnosis of renal cancer by molecular urinalysis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999;91:2028-2203.

Elhilali MM, Gleave M, Fradet Y, et al. Placebo-associated remissions in a multicentre randomized, double-blind trial of interferon gamma 1b for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. BJU Int. 2000;86(6):613-618.

Elias AN. New-onset insulinopenic diabetes mellitus in a patient with an incidentally discovered renal cell carcinoma. Am J Med. 2005;118:1047-1052.

Elias D, Baton O, Sideris L, et al. Necrotizing pancreatitis after radiofrequency destruction of pancreatic tumours. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2004;30(1):85-87.

Ellinger J, Bastian PJ, Hauser S, et al. Primitive neuroectodermal tumor: rare, highly aggressive differential diagnosis in urologic malignancies. Urology. 2006;68(2):257-262.

Elmore JM, Kadesky KT, Koeneman KS, et al. Reassessment of the 1997 TNM classification system for renal cell carcinoma. Cancer. 2003;98(11):2329-2334.

Elsasser-Beile U, Russenmeyer T, Gierschner D, et al. Semiquantitative analysis of th1 and th2 cytokine expression in CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ renal cell carcinoma infiltrating lymphocytes. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 1999;48:204-208.

Ergen FB, Hussain HK, Caoili EM, et al. MRI for preoperative staging of renal cell carcinoma using the 1997 TNM classification: comparison with surgical and pathologic staging. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;182(1):217-225.

Escudier B, Droz JP, Rolland F, et al. Doxorubicin and ifosfamide in patients with metastatic sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma: a phase II study of the genitourinary group of the French federation of cancer centers. J Urol. 2002;168:959-961.

Escudier B, Eisen T, Stadler W, et al. Sorafenib in advanced clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(2):125-134.

Escudier B, Lassau N, Couanet D, et al. Phase II trial of thalidomide in renal-cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol. 2002;13:1029-1035.

Escudier B, Szczylik C, Eisen T, et al. Randomized phase III trial of the Raf kinase VEGFR inhibitor sorafenib (BAY 43-9006) in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2005;23:1093s.

Esrig D, Ahlering TE, Lieskovsky G, et al. Experience with fossa recurrence of renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 1992;147:1491-1494.

Estrada CR, Suthar AM, Eaton SH, et al. Renal cell carcinoma: Children’s Hospital Boston experience. Urology. 2005;66(6):1296-1300.

Fanelli M, Sarmiento R, Gattuso D, et al. Thalidomide: a new anticancer drug? Expert Opin Invest. Drugs. 2003;12(7):1211-1225.

Farivar-Mohseni H, Perlmutter AE, Wilson S, et al. Renal cell carcinoma and end stage renal disease. J Urol. 2006;175(6):2018-2020. discussion 2021

Farrell MA, Charboneau WJ, DiMarco DS, et al. Imaging-guided radiofrequency ablation of solid renal tumors. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2003;180:1509-1513.

Farrow GM, Harrison EG, Utz DC, ReMine WH. Sarcomas and sarcomatoid and mixed malignant tumors of the kidney in adults—part I. Cancer. 1968;22:545-550.

Farrow GM. Diseases of the kidney. In: Murphy WM, editor. Urological Pathology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1997:464-470.

Fazeli-Matin S, Novick AC. Nephron-sparing surgery for renal angiomyolipoma. Urology. 1998;52:577-583.

Fazeli-Matin S, Gill IS, Hsu TH, et al. Laparoscopic renal and adrenal surgery in obese patients: comparison to open surgery. J Urol. 1999;162:665-669.

Feder MT, Patel MB, Melman A, et al. Comparison of open and laparoscopic nephrectomy in obese and nonobese patients: outcomes stratified by body mass index. J Urol. 2008;180(1):79-83.

Fenn NJ, Gill IS. The expanding indications for laparoscopic radical nephrectomy. BJU Int. 2004;94(6):761-765.

Fenton JJ, Weiss NS. Screening computed tomography: will it result in over-diagnosis of renal carcinoma? Cancer. 2004;100:986-990.

Fergany AF, Hafez KS, Novick AC. Long-term results of nephron sparing surgery for localized renal cell carcinoma: 10-year follow-up. J Urol. 2000;163:442.

Fergany AF, Saad IR, Woo L, et al. Open partial nephrectomy for tumor in a solitary kidney: experience with 400 cases. J Urol. 2006;175:1630-1633.

Ferlicot S, Allory Y, Comperat E, et al. Mucinous tubular and spindle cell carcinoma: a report of 15 cases and a review of the literature. Virchows Arch. 2005;447:978-983.

Ferrara N, Gerber HP, LeCoulter J. The biology of VEGF and its receptors. Nat Med. 2003;9:669-676.

Ferrozzi F, Bova D, Campodonico F. Computed tomography of renal metastases. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 1997;18:115-121.

Ferry JA, Malt RA, Young RH. Renal angiomyolipoma with sarcomatous transformation and pulmonary metastases. Am J Surg Pathol. 1991;15:1083-1088.

Ficarra V, Artibani W. Staging system of renal cell carcinoma: current issues. Eur Urol. 2006;49:223-225.

Ficarra V, Galfano A, Guille F, et al. A new staging system for locally advanced (pT3-4) renal cell carcinoma: a multicenter European study including 2,000 patients. J Urol. 2007;178(2):418-424. discussion 423–4

Ficarra V, Martignoni G, Lohse C, et al. External validation of the Mayo Clinic stage, size, grade and necrosis (SSIGN) score to predict cancer-specific survival using a European series of conventional renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 2006;175:1235-1239.

Ficarra V, Novara G, Galfano A, et al. The “stage, size, grade and necrosis” score is more accurate than the University of California Los Angeles Integrated Staging System for predicting cancer-specific survival in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. BJU Int. 2009;103:165-170.

Ficarra V, Novara G, Iafrate M, et al. Proposal for reclassification of the TNM staging system in patients with locally advanced (pT3-4) renal cell carcinoma according to the cancer-related outcome. Eur Urol. 2007;51(3):722-729. discussion 729–31

Ficarra V, Prayer-Galetti T, Novara G, et al. Tumor-size breakpoint for prognostic stratification of localized renal cell carcinoma. Urology. 2004;63(2):235-239.

Ficarra V, Righetti R, Martignoni G, et al. Prognostic value of renal call carcinoma nuclear grading: multivariate analysis of 333 cases. Urol Int. 2001;67(2):130-134.

Ficarra V, Schips L, Guille F, et al. Multi-institutional European validation of the 2002 TNM staging system in conventional and papillary localized renal cell carcinoma. Cancer. 2005;104(5):968-974.

Figenshau RS, Basler JW, Ritter JH, et al. Renal medullary carcinoma. J Urol. 1998;159:711-713.

Figlin RA, Thompson JA, Bukowski RM, et al. A multicenter randomized phase II/III trial of CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in combination with recombinant interleukin-2 in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:2521-2528.

Filipas D, Fichtner J, Spix C, et al. Nephron sparing surgery of renal cell carcinoma with a normal opposite kidney. Urology. 2000;56(3):387-392.

Filipas D, Spix C, Schulz-Lampel D, et al. Screening for renal cell carcinoma using ultrasonography: a feasibility study. BJU Int. 2003;91(7):595-599.

Fine SW, Afgani P, DeMarzo AM, et al. Expanding the histologic spectrum of mucinous tubular and spindle cell carcinoma of the kidney. Am J Surg Pathol. 2006;30:1554-1560.

Finelli A, Desai MM, Ramani AP, et al. Laparoscopic heminephrectomy for renal tumors. J Urol. 171, 2004. 4S–1748

Finelli A, Kaouk JH, Fergany AF, et al. Laparoscopic cytoreductive nephrectomy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. BJU Int. 2004;94(3):291-294.

Finelli A, Rubinstein M, Moinzadeh A, et al. Expanding the indications for laparoscopic radical nephrectomy: intermediate oncologic outcomes. J Urol. 2005;173:260.

Finke JH, Connelly B, Montie J, et al. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1988;532:387-394.

Finke JH, Rayman P, Edinger M, et al. Characterization of a human renal cell carcinoma specific cytotoxic CD8+ T cell line. J Immunother. 1992;11:1-11.

Finke JH, Rayman P, George R, et al. Tumor-induced sensitivity to apoptosis in T cells from patients with renal cell carcinoma: role of nuclear factor-kappaB suppression. Clin Cancer Res. 2001;7(3S):940s-946s.

Finke JH, Rayman P, Hart L, et al. Characterization of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte subsets from human renal cell carcinoma: specific reactivity defined by cytotoxicity, interferon-gamma secretion and proliferation. J Immunother Emphasis Tumor Immunol. 1994;15(2):91-104.

Finley DS, Beck S, Box G, et al. Percutaneous and laparoscopic cryoablation of small renal masses. J Urol. 2008;180:492-498. discussion 498

Finley DS, Lee DI, Eichel L, et al. Fibrin glue-oxidized cellulose sandwich for laparoscopic wedge resection of small renal lesions. J Urol. 2005;173:1477-1481.

Firoozi F, Kogan BA. Follow-up and management of recurrent Wilms’ tumor. Urol Clin North Am. 2003;30:869-879.

Flanigan RC. Debulking nephrectomy in metastatic renal cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10:6335s-6341s.

Flanigan RC, Salmon SE, Blumenstein BA, et al. Nephrectomy followed by interferon alfa-2b compared with interferon alfa-2b alone for metastatic renal cell cancer. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(23):1655-1659.

Flanigan RC, Mickisch G, Sylvester R, et al. Cytoreductive nephrectomy in patients with metastatic renal caner: a combined analysis. J Urol. 2004;171(3):1071-1076.

Fleischmann JD, Kim B. Interleukin-2 immunotherapy followed by resection of residual renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 1991;145:938-941.

Fojo AT, Shen DW, Mickley LA, et al. Intrinsic drug resistance in human kidney cancer is associated with expression of a human multidrug-resistance gene. J Clin Oncol. 1987;5:1922-1927.

Fossa SD, Mickisch GHJ, DeMulder PHM, et al. Interferon-α with or without 13-cis-retinoic acid in patients with progressive, measurable metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer. 2004;101:533-540.

Foulkes WD, Hodgson SV. Inherited susceptibility to cancer: clinical, predictive and ethical perspectives. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1998.

Frank I, Blute ML, Cheville JC, et al. An outcome prediction model for patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma treated with radical nephrectomy based on tumor stage, size, grade and necrosis: The sign score. J Urol. 2002;168:2395-2400.

Frank I, Blute ML, Cheville JC, et al. A multifactorial postoperative surveillance model for patients with surgically treated clear cell renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 2003;170:2225-2232.

Frank I, Blute ML, Cheville JC, et al. Solid renal tumors: an analysis of pathological features related to tumor size. J Urol. 2003;170:2217-2220.

Frank I, Blute ML, Leibovich BC, et al. Independent validation of the 2003 AJCC tumor staging system using a large single-institution cohort of patients treated with radical nephrectomy. J Urol. 2004;171:1652.

Frank I, Blute ML, Leibovich BC, et al. Independent validation of the 2002 American Joint Committee on cancer primary tumor classification for renal cell carcinoma using a large, single institution cohort. J Urol. 2005;173:1889-1892.

Frank I, Blute ML, Leibovich BC, et al. Independent validation of the 2002 American Joint Committee on cancer primary tumor classification for renal cell carcinoma using a large single institution cohort. J Urol. 2005;173(6):1889-1892.

Frank I, Blute M, Leibovich B, et al. pT2 classification for renal cell carcinoma: can its accuracy be improved? J Urol. 2005;173:380-384.

Frank I, Colombo JR, Rubinstein M, et al. Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for centrally located rneal tumors. J Urol. 2006;175(3 pt. 1):845-852.

Frank I, Colombo JR, Rubenstein M, et al. Laparoscopic nephron-sparing surgery for centrally located solid renal tumors. J Urol. 2005;173:294.

Frank I, Leibovich BC, Cheville JC, et al. Preoperative prediction of pathologic features and outcome in patients with clinically confined solid renal tumors. J Urol. 273, 2004. 4S–960

Frank I, Leibovich BC, Cheville JC, et al. Subtype-specific multifactorial postoperative surveillance protocol for patients with surgically treated renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 2005;173:260.

Frank I, Takahashi S, Tsukamoto T, Lieber MM. Genitourinary sarcomas and carcinosarcomas in adults. In: Vogelzang NJ, editor. Comprehensive Textbook of Genitourinary Oncology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000:1102-1119.

Frank I, Zincke H, Wehle M, et al. The natural history of small solid renal tumors: revisiting the concept of non-surgical management. J Urol. 165, 2001. 5S–663

Fraser L, Watts S, Cargill A, et al. Study comparing two types of screening provision for people with von Hippel-Lindau disease. Familial Cancer. 2007;6:103-111.

Freedman AL, Vats TS, Stewart T, et al. Renal cell carcinoma in children: the Detroit experience. J Urol. 1996;155:1708-1710.

Friedel G, Hurtgen M, Penzenstadler M, et al. Resection of pulmonary metastases from renal cell carcinoma. Anticancer Res. 1999;19:1593-1596.

Friedrich CA. von Hippel-Lindau syndrome: a pleomorphic condition. Cancer. 1999;86(Suppl.):1658-1662.

Friedrich CA. Genotype-phenotype correlation in von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Hum Mol Genet. 2001;10(7):763-767.

Fugita OE, Chan DY, Roberts WW, et al. Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy in obese patients: outcomes and technical considerations. Urology. 2004;63(2):247-252.

Fuhrman SA, Lasky LC, Limas C. Prognostic significance of morphologic parameters in renal cell carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 1982;6:655-663.

Fujii Y, Saito K, Iimura Y, et al. External validation of the Mayo Clinic cancer specific survival score in a Japanese series of clear cell renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 2008;180:1290-1295. discussion 1295–6

Fujioka T, Hasegawa M, Ogiu K, et al. Antitumor effects of angiogenesis inhibitor 0-(chloroacetyl-carbamoyl)-fumagillol (TNP-470) against murine renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 1996;155:1747-1778.

Fujita T, Iwamura M, Yanagisawa N, et al. Prognostic impact of perirenal fat or adrenal gland involvement in patients with pT3b renal cell carcinoma. Urology. 2007;69(5):839-842.

Fujiwara Y, Kiura K, Tabata M, et al. Remarkable shrinkage of sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma with single-agent gemcitabine. Anticancer Drugs. 2008;19:431-433.

Furge KA, Lucas KA, Takahashi M, et al. Robust classification of renal cell carcinoma based on gene expression data and predicted cytogenetic profiles. Cancer Res. 2004;64:4117-4121.

Furge KA, Teh BT. Genetics of sporadic renal cell carcinoma. In: Rini BI, Campbell SC, editors. Renal cell carcinoma. Shelton (CT): People’s Medical Publishing House; 2009:41-50.

Fuzesi L, Cober LM, Mittermayer CH. Collecting duct carcinoma: cytogenetic characterization. Histopathology. 1992;21:155-160.

Gabr AH, Elsasyed ER, Gdor Y, et al. Obesity and morbid obesity are associated with a greater conversion rate to open surgery for standard but not hand-assisted laparoscopic radical nephrectomy. J Urol. 2008;180:2357-2362.

Gabrilovich D, Ishida T, Oyama T, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor inhibits the development of dendritic cells and dramatically affects the differentiation of multiple hematopoietic lineages in vivo. Blood. 1998;92:4150-4166.

Gago-Dominguez M, Castelao JE, Yuan JM, et al. Family history and risk of renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2001;10(9):1001-1004.

Gago-Dominguez M, Castelao JE, Yuan JM, et al. Lipid peroxidation: a novel and unifying concept of the etiology of renal cell carcinoma (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 2002;13(3):287-293.

Galligioni E, Quaia M, Merlo A, et al. Adjuvant immunotherapy treatment of renal carcinoma patients with autologous tumor cells and bacillus Calmette-Guérin: five year results of a prospective randomized study. Cancer. 1996;77(12):2560-2566.

Garcia M, Konoplev S, Morosan C, et al. MALT lymphoma involving the kidney: a report of 10 cases and review of the literature. Am J Clin Pathol. 2007;128:464-473.

Gattuso P, Ramzy I, Truong LD, et al. Utilization of fine-needle aspiration in the diagnosis of metastatic tumors to the kidney. Diagn Cytopathol. 1999;21:35-38.

Geller JI, Argani P, Adeniran A, et al. Translocation renal cell carcinoma: lack of negative impact due to lymph node spread. Cancer. 2008;112:1607-1616.

Geller JI, Dome JS. Local lymph node involvement does not predict poor outcome in pediatric renal cell carcinoma. Cancer. 2004;101(7):1575-1583.

Gallucci M, Borzomati D, Flammia G, et al. Liver harvesting surgical technique for the treatment of retro-hepatic caval thrombosis concomitant to renal cell carcinoma: perioperative and long-term results in 15 patients without mortality. Eur Urol. 2004;45(2):194-202.

Gamelin E, Mertins SD, Regis JT, et al. Intrinsic drug resistance in primary and metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 1999;162:217-224.

Gaudin C, Dietrich PV, Robache S, et al. In vivo local expansion of clonal T cell subpopulations in renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Res. 1995;55:685-690.

Gelb AB. Renal cell carcinoma: current prognostic factors. Union Internationale Contre le Cancer and the American Joint Committee on Cancer. Cancer. 1997;80:981-986.

Gelb AB, Sudilovsky D, Wu CD, et al. Appraisal of intratumoral microvessel density, MIB-1 score, DNA content, and p53 protein expression as prognostic indicators in patients with locally confined renal cell carcinoma. Cancer. 1997;80:1768-1775.

Geller JI, Argani P, Adeniran A, et al. Translocation renal cell carcinoma: lack of negative impact due to lymph node spread. Cancer. 2008;112(7):1607-1616.

George DJ, Kaelin JrWG. The von Hippel-Lindau protein, vascular endothelial growth factor, and kidney cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:419-421.

George S, Bukowski RM. Biomarkers in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2007;7(12):1737-1747.

Georgiades CS, Hong K, Bizzell C, et al. Safety and efficacy of CT-guided percutaneous cryoablation for renal cell carcinoma. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2008;19:1302-1310.

Gervais DA, McGovern FJ, Arellano RS, et al. Renal cell carcinomas: clinical experience and technical success with radio-frequency ablation of 42 tumors. Radiology. 2003;226(2):417-424.

Gervais DA, McGovern FJ, Arellano RS, et al. Radiofrequency ablation of renal cell carcinoma. I. Indications, results and role in patient management over a 6-year period and ablation of 100 tumors. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005;185(1):64-71.

Gettman MT, Bishoff JT, Su LM, et al. Hemostatic laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: initial experience with the radiofrequency coagulation-assisted technique. Urology. 2001;58(1):8-11.

Gettman MT, Blute ML. Update on pathologic staging of renal cell carcinoma. Urology. 2002;60:209-217.

Gettman MT, Blute ML, Spotts B, et al. Pathologic staging of renal cell carcinoma: significance of tumor classification with the 1997 TNM staging system. Cancer. 2001;91:354-360.

Gettman MT, Blute ML, Zincke H. 10-year survival after radical nephrectomy and tumor thrombectomy for renal cell carcinoma with renal vein or vena cava tumor thrombus. J Urol. 1999;161:195.

Gettman MT, Boelter CW, Cheville JC, et al. Charlson co-morbidity index as a predictor of outcome after surgery for renal cell carcinoma with renal vein, vena cava or right atrium extension. J Urol. 2003;169:1282-1286.

Gettman MT, Segura JW. An unusual case of multilocular cystic nephroma with prominent renal pelvis involvement treated with nephron sparing techniques. J Urol. 1999;162:482.

Ghavamian R, Cheville JC, Lohse CM, et al. Renal cell carcinoma in the solitary kidney: an analysis of complications and outcome after nephron sparing surgery. J Urol. 2002;168:454-459.

Ghavamian R, Zincke H. Open surgical partial nephrectomy. Semin Urol Oncol. 2001;19:103-113.

Giannakos G, Papanicolaou X, Trafalis D, et al. Stauffer’s syndrome variant associated with renal cell carcinoma. Int J Urol. 2005;12:757-759.

Gilbert SM, Russo P, Benson MC, et al. The evolving role of partial nephrectomy in the management of renal cell carcinoma. Urology. 2003:241-244.

Gill IS, Abreu SC, Desai MM, et al. Laparoscopic ice slush renal hypothermia for partial nephrectomy: the initial experience. J Urol. 2003;170:52-56.

Gill IS, Colombo JR, Moinzadeh A, et al. Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy in solitary kidney. J Urol. 2006;175(2):454-458.

Gill IS, Desai MM, Kaouk JH, et al. Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for renal tumor: duplicating open surgical techniques. J Urol. 2002;167:469-476.

Gill IS, Kavoussi LR, Lane BR, et al. Comparison of 1,800 laparoscopic and open partial nephrectomies for single renal tumors. J Urol. 2007;178:41-46.

Gill IS, Matin SF, Desai MM, et al. Comparative analysis of laparoscopic versus open partial nephrectomy for renal tumors in 200 patients. J Urol. 2003;170:64-68.

Gill IS, McClennan BL, Kerbl K, et al. Adrenal involvement from renal cell carcinoma: predictive value of computerized tomography. J Urol. 1994;152:1082-1085.

Gill IS, Meraney AM, Schweizer DK, et al. Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy in 100 patients: a single center experience from the United States. Cancer. 2001;92(7):1843-1855.

Gill IS, Novick AC. Renal cryosurgery. Urology. 1999;54:215.

Gill IS, Novick AC, Meraney AM, et al. Laparoscopic renal cryoablation in 332 patients. Urology. 2000;56(5):748-753.

Gill IS, Novick AC, Schweizer D, et al. Laparoscopic renal cryoablation in 32 patients. Urology. 56, 2000. 748–473

Gill IS, Novick AC, Soble JJ, et al. Laparoscopic renal cryoablation: initial clinical series. Urology. 1998;52:543.

Gill IS, Remer EM, Hasan WA, et al. Renal cryoablation: outcome at 3 years. J Urol. 2005;173:1903-1907.

Gill IS, Schweizer D, Hobart MG, et al. Retroperitoneal laparoscopic radical nephrectomy: the Cleveland Clinic experience. J Urol. 2000;163:1665-1670.

Ginsberg JP, Woo SY, Johnson ME, et al. Ewing’s sarcoma family of tumors: Ewing’s sarcoma of bone and soft tissue and the peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors. In: Pizzo PA, Poplack DG, editors. Principles and practice of pediatric oncology. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002:973-1008.

Gitlitz BJ, Belldegrun AS, Zisman A, et al. A pilot trial of tumor lysates-loaded dendritic cells for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Immunol. 2003;26(5):412-419.

Gittes RF, Blute RD. Repeat bench surgery on a solitary kidney. J Urol. 1982;127:530-532.

Glazer AA, Novick AC. Long-term follow-up after surgical treatment for renal cell carcinoma extending into the right atrium. J Urol. 1996;155:448-450.

Glazer AA, Novick AC. Preoperative transesophageal echocardiography for assessment of resonance imaging. Urology. 1997;49:32-34.

Gleave M, Elhilali M, Fradet Y, et al. Interferon gamma-1b compared with placebo in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:1265.

Glenn GM, Linehan WM, Hosoe S, et al. Screening for von Hippel-Lindau disease by DNA polymorphism analysis. JAMA. 1992;267:1226-1231.

Glenn JF. Renal tumors. In: Harrison JH, Gittes RF, Perlmutter AD, et al, editors. Campbell’s Urology. 4th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1980:967-1009.

Gnarra JR, Tory K, Weng Y, et al. Mutations of the VHL tumour suppressor gene in renal carcinoma. Nat Genet. 1994;7:85-90.

Gnarra JR, Zhou S, Merrill MJ, et al. Post-transcriptional regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA by the product of the VHL tumor suppressor gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1996;93:10589-10594.

Go AS, Chertow GM, Fan D, et al. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1296.

Go RC, Lamiell JM, Hsia YE, et al. Segregation and linkage analysis of von Hippel-Lindau disease among 220 descendants from one kindred. Hum Genet. 1984;36:131-142.

Gobe G, Rubin M, Williams G, et al. Apoptosis and expression of Bel-2, Bel-XL, and Bax in renal cell carcinomas. Cancer Invest. 2002;20(3):324-332.

Gofrit O, Ofer N, Shapiro A, et al. Does stage T3a renal cell carcinoma embrace a homogeneous group of patients? J Urol. 2007;177(5):1682-1686.

Gofrit ON, Shapiro A, Pizov G, et al. Does stage T3a renal cell carcinoma embrace a homogenous group of patients? J Urol. 2007;177(5):1682-1686.

Gofrit ON, Zorn KC, Steinberg GD, et al. The Will Rogers phenomenon in urological oncology. J Urol. 2008;179:28-33.

Gogus C, Baltaci S, Beduk Y, et al. Isolated local recurrence of renal cell carcinoma after radical nephrectomy; experience with 10 cases. Urology. 2003;61:926-929.

Gogus C, Safak M, Erekul S, et al. Angiomyolipoma of the kidney with lymph node involvement in a 17-year-old female mimicking renal cell carcinoma: a cell report. Int Urol Neph. 2001;33(4):617-618.

Gohji K, Kamidon OS, Yamanaka N. Renal cell carcinoma in a solitary kidney. Br J Urol. 1990;66:248.

Gold PJ, Fefer A, Thompson JA. Paraneoplastic manifestations of renal cell carcinoma. Semin Urol Oncol. 1996;14:216-222.

Goldberg MF, Tahjian AH, Order SE, Dammin GJ. Renal adenocarcinoma containing a parathyroid hormone-like substance and associated with marked hypercalcemia. Am J Med. 1964;36:805-814.

Goldberg RS, Pilcher DB, Yates JW. The aggressive surgical management of hypercalcemia due to ectopic parathormone production. Cancer. 1980;45:2652-2654.

Goldberg SN, Grassi CJ, Cardella JF, et al. Image-guided tumor ablation: standardization of terminology and reporting criteria. Radiology. 2005;235:728.

Goldfarb DA. Preservation of renal function and the risk of hyperfiltration nephropathy. Semin Urol Oncol. 1995;13:292.

Goldfarb DA, Neumann HP, Penn I, Novick AC. Results of renal transplantation in patients with renal cell carcinoma and von Hippel-Lindau disease. Transplantation. 1997;64:1726.

Goldfarb DA, Novick AC, Lorig R, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging for assessment of vena caval tumor thrombi: a comparative study with venacavography and computerized tomography scanning. J Urol. 1990;144:1100-1104.

Goldstein L, Galski H, Fojo A, et al. Expression of a multi-drug resistance gene in human tumors (abstract). Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res. 1988;29:298.

Goldstein NS. The current state of the renal cell carcinoma grading. Union International Contre le Cancer and the American Joint Committee on Cancer. Cancer. 1997;80:977-980.

Golimbu M, Tessler A, Al-Askari S, et al. Renal cell carcinoma: survival and prognostic factors. Urology. 1986;27:291-301.

Gomella LG, Sargent ER, Wade TP, et al. Expression of transforming growth factor in a normal human adult kidney and enhanced expression of transforming growth factors and a β-1 in renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Res. 49, 1989. 6972–6947

Gonlusen G, Ergin M, Paydas S, et al. Primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the kidney: a rare entity. Int Urol Nephrol. 2001;33:449-451.

Gontero P, Ceratti G, Guglielmetti S, et al. Prognostic factors in a prospective series of papillary renal cell carcinoma. BJU Int. 2008;102:697-702.

Gonzalez-Lois C, Madero S, Redondo P, et al. Small cell carcinoma of the kidney: a case report and review of the literature. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2001;125:796-798.

Goodman MT, Morgenstern H, Wynder EL. A case-control study of factors affecting the development of renal cell cancer. Am J Epidemiol. 1986;124:926-941.

Gormley TS, Van Every MJ, Moreno AJ. Renal oncocytoma: preoperative diagnosis using technetium-99m sestamibi imaging. Urology. 1996;48:33-39.

Gorospe M, Egan JM, Zbar B, et al. Protective function of von Hippel-Lindau protein against impaired protein processing in renal carcinoma cells. Mol Cell Biol. 1999;19:1289-1300.

Grabe S, Beissert S, Schwarz T, et al. Dendritic cells as initiators of tumor immune responses: a possible strategy for tumor immunotherapy. Immunol Today. 1995;16:117-120.

Grabmaier K, A de Weijert MC, Verhaegh GW, et al. Strict regulation of CAIX (G250/MN) by HIF-1 alpha in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Oncogene. 2004;23(33):5624-5631.

Graham S, Babayan RK, Lamm DL, et al. The use of ex vivo-activated memory T cells (autolymphocyte therapy) in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: final results from a randomized, controlled, multisite study. Semin Urol. 1993;11(1):27-34.

Granberg CF, Boorjian SA, Schaff HV, et al. Surgical management, complications and outcome of radical nephrectomy with inferior vena cava tumor thrombectomy facilitated by vascular bypass. Urology. 2008;72:148-152.

Grantham JJ, Levine E. Acquired cystic disease: Replacing one kidney disease with another. Kidney Int. 1985;28:99-105.

Grawitz P. Die sogenannten Lipome der Niere. Virchows Arch. 1883;93:39.

Green DM. Pediatric oncology update: Wilms’ tumor. Eur J Cancer. 1997;33:409-418.

Green JS. von Hippel-Lindau disease in a Newfoundland kindred. Can Med Assoc J. 1986;134:133-138.

Gregoire JR, Torres VE, Holley KE, Farrow GM. Renal epithelial hyperplastic and neoplastic proliferation in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 1987;9:27-28.

Griffin N, Gore ME, Sohaib SA. Imaging in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;189(2):360-370.

Grignon DJ, El-Naggar A, Green LK, et al. DNA flow cytometry as a predictor of outcome of stage I renal cell carcinoma. Cancer. 1989;63:1161-1165.

Gross AJ, Wolff M, Fandrey J, et al. Prevalence of paraneoplastic erythropoietin production by renal cell carcinoma. Clin Invest. 1994;72:337-340.

Grossman E, Messerli FH, Goldbourt U. Antihypertensive therapy and the risk of malignancies. Eur Heart J. 2001;22(15):1343-1352.

Grubb RL, Choyke PL, Pinto PA, et al. Management of von Hippel-Lindau–associated kidney cancer. Nat Clin Pract Urol. 2005;2:248-255.

Grubb RL, Corbin NS, Choyke P, et al. Analysis of 3-cm tumor size threshold for intervention in patients with Birt-Hoff-Dubé and hereditary papillary renal cancer. J Urol. 2005;173:265.

Grubb RL, Franks ME, Toro JR, et al. Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC): a syndrome associated with an aggressive form of inherited renal cancer. J Urol. 2007;177(6):2074-2079.

Giuliani L, Giberti C, Martorana G, Rovida S. Radical extensive surgery for renal cell carcinoma: long-term results and prognostic factors. J Urol. 1990;143:468-474.

Guillonneau B, Bermudez H, Gholami S, et al. Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for renal tumor: single center experience comparing clamping and no clamping techniques of the renal vasculature. J Urol. 2003;169:483-486.

Guimaraes JL, Ghosn M, Ostronoff M, et al. Phase II trial of methyl-gag and melphalan in metastatic adult renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Invest. 1990;8:623-624.

Guinan P, Saffrin R, Stuhldreher D, et al. Renal cell carcinoma: comparison of the TNM and Robson stage groupings. J Surg Oncol. 1995;59:186-189.

Guinan P, Sobin LH, Algaba F, et al. TNM staging of renal cell carcinoma: Workgroup no. 3. Union International Contre le Cancer and the American Joint Committee on Cancer. Cancer. 1997;80:992-993.

Guinan PD, Vogelzang NJ, Fremgen AM, et al. Renal cell carcinoma: tumor size, stage and survival. J Urol. 1995;153:901-903.

Gunawan B, von Heydebreck A, Fritsch T, et al. Cytogenetic and morphologic typing of 58 papillary renal cell carcinomas: evidence for a cytogenetic evolution of type 2 from type 1 tumors. Cancer Res. 2003;63(19):6200-6205.

Gunningham SP, Currie MJ, Han C, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor-B and vascular endothelial growth factor-C expression in renal cell carcinomas: regulation by the von Hippel-Lindau gene and hypoxia. Cancer Res. 2001;61(7):3206-3211.

Gupta S, Seith A, Sud K, et al. CT in the evaluation of complicated autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Acta Radiol. 2000;41(3):280-284.

Gurova KV, Hill JE, Razorenova OV, et al. p53 pathway in renal cell carcinoma is repressed by a dominant mechanism. Cancer Res. 2004;64:1951-1958.

Haas GP, Hillman GG, Redman BG, Pontes JE. Immunotherapy of renal cell carcinoma. CA Cancer J Clin. 1993;43:177-187.

Habboub HK, Abu-Yousef MM, Williams RD, et al. Accuracy of color Doppler sonography in assessing venous thrombus extension in renal cell carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1997;168:267-271.

Habermalz B, Sauerland S, Decker G, et al. Laparoscopic splenectomy: the clinical practice guidelines of the European Association for Endoscopic Surgery (EAES). Surg Endosc. 2008;22:821-848.

Haferkamp A, Bastian PJ, Jakobi H, et al. Renal cell carcinoma with tumor thrombus extension into the vena cava: prospective long-term follow-up. J Urol. 2007;177:1703-1708.

Hafez KS, Fergany AF, Novick AC. Nephron sparing surgery for localized renal call carcinoma: impact of tumor size on patient survival, tumor recurrence and TNM staging. J Urol. 1999;162:1930.

Hafez KS, Krishnamurthi V, Campbell SC, et al. Contemporary management of renal cell carcinoma with coexistent renal artery disease. Urology. 2000;56(3):382-386.

Hafez KS, Novick AC, Campbell SC. Patterns of tumor recurrence and guidelines for follow-up after nephron sparing surgery for sporadic renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 1997;157:2067.

Hagel C, Stavrou D, Hansen HC. Paraneoplastic frontal lobe disorder and ataxia in renal cell carcinoma. Neuropathol Appl Neurol. 2005;31:97-99.

Hager M, Haufe H, Kemmerling R, et al. PTEN expression in renal cell carcinoma and oncocytoma and prognosis. Pathology. 2007;39(5):482-485.

Haitel A, Weiner HG, Blaschitz U, et al. Biologic behavior of and p53 over expression in multifocal renal cell carcinoma of clear cell type: an immunohistochemical study correlating grading, staging, and proliferation. Cancer. 1999;85:1593-1598.

Hakimi AA, Koi PT, Milhoua PM, et al. Renal medullary carcinoma: the Bronx experience. Urology. 2007;70:878-882.

Hallscheidt PJ, Fink C, Haferkamp A, et al. Preoperative staging of renal cell carcinoma with inferior vena cava thrombus using multidetector CT and MRI: prospective study with histopathological correlation. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2005;29:64-68.

Halperin EC, Harisiadis L. The role of radiation therapy in the management of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer. 1983;5:614-617.

Hallscheidt PJ, Bock M, Riedasch G, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of staging renal cell carcinomas using multidetector-row computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging: a prospective study with histopathologic correlation. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2004;28(3):333-339.

Halperin EC, Harisiadis L. The role of radiation therapy in the management of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer. 1983;5:614-617.

Hamano K, Esumi M, Igarashi H, et al. Biallelic inactivation of the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor gene in sporadic renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 2002;167:713-717.

Hamlin JA, Smith DC, Taylor FC, et al. Renal angiomyolipomas: long-term of embolization of acute hemorrhage. Can Assoc Radiol J. 1997;48:191-198.

Han KR, Pantuck AJ, Belldegrun AS. Basic biology and clinical behavior of renal cell carcinoma. Kidney Cancer. 2003:67-89.

Han YM, Kim JK, Roh BS, et al. Renal angiomyolipoma: selective arterial embolization—effectiveness and changes in angiomyogenic components in long-term follow-up. Radiology. 1997;204:65-70.

Hanash KA. The nonmetastatic hepatic dysfunction syndrome associated with renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma): Stauffer’s syndrome. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1982;100:310-316.

Handa K, Kreiger N. Diet patterns and the risk of renal cell carcinoma. Public Health Nutr. 2002;5(6):757-767.

Hanna RM, Dahniya MH. Aspiration and sclerotherapy of symptomatic simple renal cysts: value of two injections of sclerosing agent. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1996;167:781-783.

Hansel DE, Epstein JI, Berbescu E, et al. Renal carcinoid tumor: a clinicopathologic study of 21 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2007;31:1539-1544.

Hansel DE, Rini BI. Molecular genetics of hereditary renal cancer: new genes and diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2008;8(6):895-905.

Hara I, Miyake H, Hara S, et al. Role of percutaneous image-guided biopsy in the evaluation of renal masses. Urol Int. 2001;67(3):191-202.

Hara S, Oya M, Mizuno R, et al. AKT activation in renal cell carcinoma: contribution of a decreased PTEN expression and the induction of apoptosis by an AKT inhibitor. J Urol. 2004;171:200-201.

Harabayashi T, Shinohara N, Katano H, et al. Management of renal angiomyolipomas associated with tuberous sclerosis complex. J Urol. 2004;171:102-105.

Harada H, Furuya M, Ishikura H, et al. Expression of matrix metalloproteinase in the fluids of renal cystic lesions. J Urol. 2002;168:19-22.

Harmon WJ, King BF, Lieber MM. Renal oncocytoma: magnetic resonance imaging characteristics. J Urol. 1996;155:863-867.

Harris DT. Hormonal therapy and chemotherapy of renal cell carcinoma. Semin Oncol. 1983;10:422-430.

Harris RP. An analytical examination of 100 cases of extirpations of the kidney. Am J Med Sci. 1882;84:109.

Hartman CS, Choyke PA, Hartman MS. A practical approach to the cystic renal mass. RadioGraphics. 2004;24:S101-S115.

Hartman DS, Davis CJ, Goldman SM, et al. Renal lymphoma: radiologic pathologic correlation of 21 cases. Radiology. 1982;144:479-766.

Hasan W, Gill IS, Spaliviero M, et al. Renal cryoablation: 4-year follow-up. J Urol. 2004;171(4S):438.

Hasan W, Spaliviero M, Moinzaden A, et al. Hydrojet-assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: feasibility study. J Urol. 171, 2004. 4S–1288

Hatcher PA, Anderson EE, Paulson DF, et al. Surgical management and prognosis or renal cell carcinoma invading the vena cava. J Urol. 1991;145:20-24.

Hegarty NJ, Gill IS, Desai MM, et al. Probe-ablative nephron-sparing surgery: cryoablation versus radiofrequency ablation. Urology. 2006;68(Suppl. 1):7-13.

Heiken JP, Gold RP, Schnur MJ. Computed tomography of renal lymphoma with ultrasound correlation. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1991;7:245-250.

Heilbrun ME, Zagoria RJ, Garvin AJ, et al. CT-guided biopsy for the diagnosis of renal tumors before treatment with percutaneous ablation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(6):1500-1505.

Heimann P, Housni HE, Ogur G, et al. Fusion of a novel gene, RCC17, to the TFE3 gene in t(X;17)(p11.2;q25.3)-bearing papillary renal cell carcinomas. Cancer Res. 2001;61:4130-4135.

Hemal AK. Laparoscopic management of renal cystic disease. Urol Clin North Am. 2001;28(1):115-126.

Hemal AK, Kumar A, Gupta NP, et al. Oncologic outcome of 132 cases of laparoscopic radical nephrectomy with intact specimen removal for T1-2N0M0 renal cell carcinoma. World J Urol. 2007;25:619.

Hemal AK, Kumar A, Kumar R, et al. Laparoscopic versus open radical nephrectomy for large renal tumors: a long-term prospective comparison. J Urol. 2007;177(3):862-866.

Henderson RJ, Germany R, Peavy PW, et al. Fat density in renal cell carcinoma: demonstration with computerized tomography. J Urol. 1997;157:1347-1348.

Hergovich A, Lisztwan J, Barry R, et al. Regulation of microtubule stability by the von Hippel-Lindau tumour suppressor protein pVHL. Nat Cell Biol. 2003;5(1):64-70.

Hermanek P, Schrott KM. Evaluation of the new tumor, nodes and metastases classification of renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 1990;144:238-242.

Hernandez, Bui M, Han K, et al. Generation of a renal cell carcinoma tumor vaccine based on the fusion protein GMCSF-G250. J Urol. 2002;167:499.

Herr HW. Partial nephrectomy for unilateral renal carcinoma and a normal contralateral kidney: 10-year follow-up. J Urol. 1999;161(1):33-35.

Herr HW. A history of partial nephrectomy for renal tumors. J Urol. 2005;173:705-708.

Herr HW. Surgical management of renal tumors: a historical perspective. Urol Clin North Am. 2008;35:543-549.

Herrel SD, Sprunger JK, Balwin DD, et al. Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy using a radiofrequency dissection device. J Urol. 2004;171(58):339.

Herring JC, Enquist EG, Chernoff A, et al. Parenchymal sparing surgery in patients with hereditary renal cell carcinoma: 10 year experience. J Urol. 2001;165:777-781.

Herring JC, Schmetz MA, Digan AB, et al. Renal medullary carcinoma: a recently described highly aggressive renal tumor in young black patients. J Urol. 1997;157:2246-2247.

Herrlinger A, Schrott KM, Schott G, Sigel A. What are the benefits of extended dissection of the regional renal lymph nodes in the therapy of renal cell carcinoma? J Urol. 1991;146:1224-1227.

Herts BR. Imaging techniques in renal cell carcinoma. In: Rini BI, Campbell SC, editors. Renal cell carcinoma. Shelton (CT): People’s Medical Publishing House; 2009:51-69.

Herts BR. Screening computerized tomography and the incidental renal mass: urological implications of whole body scanning. AUA Update Series. 2005:24. [lesson 14]

Herts BR, Baker ME. The current role of percutaneous biopsy in the evaluation of renal masses. Semin Urol Oncol. 1995;13:254-261.

Herts BR, Coll DM, Novick AC, et al. Enhancement characteristics of papillary renal neoplasms revealed on triphasic helical CT of the kidneys. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2002;178:367-372.

Herts BC, Remer EM. The role of percutaneous biopsy in the evaluation of renal and adrenal mass. AUA Update Series. 2000;19(36):282-287.

Hes O, Hora M, Perez-Montiel DM, et al. Spindle and cuboidal renal cell carcinoma, a tumor having frequent association with nephrolithiasis: report of 11 cases including a case with hybrid conventional renal cell carcinoma/spindle and cuboidal renal cell carcinoma components. Histopathology. 2002;41:549-555.

Hes F, Zewald R, Peeters T, et al. Genotype-phenotype correlations in families with deletions in the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene. Hum Genet. 2000;106(4):425-431.

Hiatt RA, Tolan K, Quesenberry CPJr. Renal cell carcinoma and thiazide use: a historical, case-controlled study (California, USA). Cancer Causes Control. 1994;5:319-325.

Hino O, Fukuda T, Satake N, et al. TSC2 gene mutant (Eker) rat model of a Mendelian dominantly inherited cancer. Prog Exp Tumor Res. 1999;35:95-108.

Hinshaw JL, Lee FT. Image-guided ablation of renal cell carcinoma. Magn Reson Imag Clin North Am. 2004;12:429-447.

Hinshaw JL, Shadid AM, Nakada SY, et al. Comparison of percutaneous and laparoscopic cryoablation ofr the treatment of solid renal masses. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;191:1159-1168.

Hock LM, Lynch J, Balaji KC. Increasing incidence of all stages of kidney cancer in the last 2 decades in the United States: an analysis of Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results program data. J Urol. 2002;167:57-60.

Hoh CK, Seltzer MA, Fraklin J, et al. Positron emission tomography in urological oncology. J Urol. 1998;159:347-356.

Hollenbeck BK, Taub DA, Miller DC, et al. National utilization trends of partial nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma: a case of underutilization? Urology. 2006;67(2):254-259.

Hollingsworth JM, Miller DC, Daignault S, et al. Five-year survival after surgical treatment for kidney cancer: a population-based competing risk analysis. Cancer. 2007;109(9):1763-1768.

Hollingsworth JM, Miller DC, Dunn RL, et al. Cost trends for oncological renal surgery; support for a laparoscopic standard of care. J Urol. 2006;176(3):1097-1101.

Honma I, Takagi Y, Shigyo M, et al. Lymphangioma of the kidney. Int J Urol. 2002;9(3):178-182.

Hoos A, Levey DL. Vaccination with heat shock protein-peptide complexes: from basic science to clinical applications. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2003;2(3):369-379.

Hopper KD, Yakes WF. The posterior intercostal approach for percutaneous renal procedures: risk of puncturing the lung, spleen, and liver as determined by CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1990;154:115-117.

Hoque MO, Begum S, Topaloglu O, et al. Urological oncology: renal, ureteral and retroperitoneal tumors. Cancer Res. 2004;64:5511-5517.

Horie S, Aruga S, Kawamata H, et al. Biological role of HGF/MET pathway in renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 1999;161:990-997.

Horiguchi A, Oya M, Uchida A, et al. Elevated Akt activation and its impact on clinicopathological features of renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 2003;169(2):710-713.

Horstmann M, Merseburger AX, Kuczyk MA, et al. Serum levels of angiogenin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) predict metastatic disease in renal cell cancer patients. J Urol. 2005;173:99.

Horton WA, Wong V, Eldridge R. von Hippel-Lindau disease: clinical and pathological manifestations in nine families with 50 affected members. Arch Intern Med. 1976;136:769-777.

Hosoe S, Brauch H, Glenn G, et al. Localization of the von Hippel-Lindau disease gene to a small region of chromosome 3. Genomics. 1990;8:634-640.

Hu J, Mao Y, White K. Renal cell carcinoma and occupational exposure to chemicals in Canada. Occup Med. 2002;52(3):157-164.

Huang A, Fone PD, Gandour-Edwards R, et al. Immunohistochemical analysis of BCL-2 protein expression in renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 1999;162:610-613.

Huang WC, Elkin EB, Levey AS, et al. Partial nephrectomy vs. radical nephrectomy in patients with small renal tumors—is there a difference in mortality and cardiovascular outcomes? J Urol. 2009;181:55-62.

Huang WC, Levey AS, Serio AM, et al. Chronic kidney disease after nephrectomy in patients with renal cortical tumors: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Oncol. 2006;7:735.

Huang Z, Willett WC, Manson JE, et al. Body weight, weight change, and risk for hypertension in women. Ann Intern Med. 1998;128(2):81-88.

Hudes G. Clinical results of mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition in renal cell carcinoma. In: Rini BI, Campbell SC, editors. Renal cell carcinoma. Shelton (CT): People’s Medical Publishing House; 2009:235-245.

Hudes G. Targeting mTOR in renal cell carcinoma. Cancer. 2009;115:2313-2320.

Hudes G, Carducci M, Tomczak P, et al. Temsirolimus, interferon alfa, or both for advanced renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(22):2271-2281.

Hung SF, Chung SD, Lai MK, et al. Renal schwannoma: case report and literature review. Urology. 2008;72(3):716.

Hunter S, Samir A, Eisner B, et al. Diagnosis of renal lymphoma by percutaneous image guided biopsy: experience with 11 cases. J Urol. 2006;176(5):1952-1956. discussion 1956

Huo L, Sugimura J, Tretiakova MS, et al. C-kit expression in renal oncocytomas and chromophobe renal cell carcinomas. Hum Pathol. 2005;36:262-268.

Hwang JJ, Walther MM, Pautler SE, et al. Radiofrequency ablation of small renal tumors: intermediate results. J Urol. 2004;171:1814-1818.

Ianhez LE, Lucon M, Nahas WC, et al. Renal cell carcinoma in renal transplant patients. Urology. 2007;69(3):462-464.

Igarashi H, Esumi M, Ishida H, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor overexpression is correlated with von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor gene inactivation in patients with sporadic renal call carcinoma. Cancer. 2002;95(1):47-53.

Igarashi T, Tobe T, Nakatsu HO, et al. The impact of a 4 cm cutoff point for stratification of T1N0M0 renal cell carcinoma after radical nephrectomy. J Urol. 2001;165:1103-1106.

Iliopoulos O, Levy AP, Jiang C, et al. Negative regulation of hypoxia-inducible genes by the von Hippel Lindau protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996;93:10595-10599.

Ilyas M, Turner GD, Cranston D. Human chorionic gonadotropin-secreting clear cell renal cell carcinoma with paraneoplastic gynaecomastia. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 2006;42(6):555-557.

Imura J, Ichikawa K, Takeda J, et al. Multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma: a clinicopathological, immuno- and lectin histochemical study of nine cases. APMIS. 2004;112(3):183-191.

Indudhara R, Bueschen A, Urban D, et al. Nephron sparing surgery compared with radical nephrectomy for renal tumors: current indications and results. South Med J. 1997;90:982.

Inoue K, Tsukuda S, Kayano H, et al. A case of hypervascular renal capsule leiomyoma. Radiat Med. 2000;18(5):323-326.

Iqbal MA, Akhtar M, Ulmer C, et al. FISH analysis in chromophobe renal cell carcinoma. Diagn Cytopathol. 2000;22(1):3-6.

Isaacs JS, Jung YJ, Mole DR, et al. HIF overexpression correlates with biallelic loss of fumarate hydratase in renal cancer: novel role of fumarate in regulation of HIF stability. Cancer Cell. 2005;8:143-153.

Isbarn H, Karakiewicz PI. Predicting cancer-control outcomes in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Curr Opin Urol. 2009;19:247-257.

Ishikawa I. Uremic acquired renal cystic disease. Nephron. 1991;58:257-261.

Ishikawa I. Present status of renal cell carcinoma in dialysis patients in Japan: questionnaire study in 2002. Nephron Clin Pract. 2004;97:c11-c16.

Ishikawa I, Kovacs G. Incidence of papillary renal cell tumours in patients with chronic haemodialysis. Histopathology. 1993;22:135-139.

Ishikawa I, Saito Y, Onouchi Z, et al. Development of acquired cystic disease and adenocarcinoma of the kidney in glomerulonephritic chronic dialysis patients. Clin Nephrol. 1980;14:1-6.

Ishikawa I, Saito Y, Onouchi Z, et al. A ten-year prospective study on the development of renal cell carcinoma in dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 1990;16:452-458.

Ishizuka T, Hayashi T, Nakazawa H, et al. Serum vascular endothelial growth factor is a candidate biomarker of renal cell carcinoma in hemodialysis patients. Nephron. 2000;84:83-84.

Israel GM, Bosniak MA. An update of the Bosniak renal cyst classification system. Urology. 2005;66:484-488.

Israel GM, Bosniak MA. Renal imaging for diagnosis and staging of renal cell carcinoma. Urol Clin North Am. 2003;30:499-514.

Israel GM, Bosniak MA. Follow-up CT of moderately complex cystic lesions of the kidney (Bosniak category IIF). AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2003;181:627-633.

Israel GM, Bosniak MA. Calcification in cystic renal masses: is it important in diagnosis? Radiology. 2003;226:47-52.

Itano NB, Blue ML, Spotts B, et al. Outcome of isolated renal cell carcinoma fossa recurrence after nephrectomy. J Urol. 2000;164:322-325.

Ito K, Nakashima J, Hanawa Y, et al. The prediction of renal function 6 years after unilateral nephrectomy using preoperative risk factors. J Urol. 2004;171:120-125.

Ivanov SV, Kuzmin I, Wei MH, et al. Down-regulation of transmembrane carbonic anhydrases in renal cell carcinoma cell lines by wild-type von Hippel-Lindau transgenes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998;95:12596-12601.

Jacobs SC, Berg SI, Lawson RK. Synchronous bilateral renal cell carcinoma: total surgical excision. Cancer. 1980;46:2341.

Jacobsen J, Rasmuson T, Grankvist K, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor as prognostic factor in renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 2000;163:343-347.

Jadvar H, Kherbache HM, Pinski JK, et al. Diagnostic role of [F-18]-FDG positron emission tomography in restaging renal cell carcinoma. Clin Nephrol. 2003;60(6):395-400.

Jafri SZH, Bree RL, Amendola MA, et al. CT of renal and perirenal non-Hodgkin lymphoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1982;138:1101-1105.

Janetschek G, Abdelmaksoud A, Bagheri F, et al. Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy in cold ischemia: renal artery perfusion. J Urol. 2004;171:68-71.

Janzen NK, Kim HL, Figlin RA, et al. Surveillance after radical or partial nephrectomy for localized renal cell carcinoma and management of recurrent disease. Urol Clin North Am. 2003;30:843-852.

Jayson M, Sanders H. Increased incidence of serendipitously discovered renal cell carcinoma. Urology. 1994;51:203-205.

Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, et al. Cancer statistics, 2009. CA Cancer J Clin. 2009;59:225-249.

Jennings AM, Smith C, Cole R, et al. von Hippel-Lindau disease in a large British family: clinicopathological features and recommendations for screening and follow-up. Q J Med. 1988;66:233-249.

Jennings SB, Gnarra JR, Walther MM, et al. Renal cell carcinoma: molecular genetics and clinical implications. Surg Oncol Clin North Am. 1995;4:219-229.

Jensen RT, Doherty GM. Carcinoid tumors and the carcinoid syndrome. In: DeVita ET, editor. Cancer: principles and practice of oncology. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001:1813-1833.

Jewett MAS, Zuniga A. Renal tumor natural history: the rationale and role for active surveillance. Urol Clin North Am. 2008;35:627-634.

Jibiki M, Iwai T, Inoue Y, et al. Surgical strategy for treating renal cell carcinoma with thrombus extending into the inferior vena cava. J Vasc Surg. 2004;39(4):829-835.

Jimenez RE, Folpe AL, Lapham RL, et al. Primary Ewing’s sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the kidney: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of 11 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2002;26:320-327.

Jinkazi M, Tanimoto A, Narimatsu Y, et al. Angiomyolipoma: imaging findings in lesions with minimal fat. Radiology. 1997;205:497-502.

Jocham D, Richter A, Hoffmann L, et al. Adjuvant autologous renal tumor cell vaccine and risk of tumour progression in patients with renal-cell carcinoma after radical nephrectomy: phase III randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;363:594-599.

Johannes JR, Glassman D, Kallingal G, et al. Mass size predicts probability of renal mass malignancy. J Urol. 2005;173:265.

Johnson A, Sudarshan S, Liu J, et al. Feasibility and outcomes of repeat partial nephrectomy. J Urol. 2008;180:89-93.

Johnson DB, Solomon SB, Su LM, et al. Defining the complications of cryoablation and radiofrequency ablation of small renal tumors: a multi-institutional review. J Urol. 2004;172:874-877.

Johnston WK, Montgomery JS, Wolf JS. Retroperitoneoscopic radical and partial nephrectomy in the patient with cirrhosis. J Urol. 2005;173:1094-1097.

Jonasch E, Tannir NM. Adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapy in renal cell carcinoma. Cancer J. 2008;14(5):315-319.

Jones EC, Pins M, Dickersin GR, Young RH. Metanephric adenoma of the kidney: a clinicopathological, immunohistochemical, flow cytometric, cytogenetic, and electron microscopic study of seven cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 1995;19:615-626.

Joost J, Schafer R, Altwein JE. Renal lymphangioma. J Urol. 1977;188:22-24.

Joudi FN, Allareddyh V, Kane CJ, et al. Analysis of complications following partial and total nephrectomy for renal cancer in a population based sample. J Urol. 2007;177(5):1709-1714.

Junker K, Thrum K, Schlichter A, et al. Clonal origin of multifocal renal cell carcinoma as determined by microsatellite analysis. J Urol. 2002;168:2632-2636.

Kaelin WG. The von Hippel-Landau tumor suppressor gene and kidney cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10(18):6290s-6295s.

Kaelin WG. The von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein and clear cell renal carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13(2 Pt. 2):680s-684s.

Kajani N, Rosenberg BF, Bernstein J. Multilocular cystic nephroma. J Urol Pathol. 1993;1:33.

Kakehi Y, Kanamaru H, Yoshida O, et al. Measurement of multidrug resistance messenger RNA in urogenital cancers: elevated expression in renal cell carcinoma is associated with intrinsic drug resistance. J Urol. 1988;139:862-865.

Kallfelz M, Jung D, Hilmes C, et al. Induction of immunogenicity of a human renal cell carcinoma cell line by TAPI-gene transfer. Int J Cancer. 1999;81:125-133.

Kallman DA, King BF, Hattery RR, et al. Renal vein and inferior vena cava tumor thrombus in renal cell carcinoma: CT, US, MRI, and venacavography. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1992;16:240-247.

Kamada M, Suzuki K, Kato Y, et al. von Hippel-Lindau protein promotes the assembly of actin and vinculin and inhibits cell motility. Cancer Res. 2001;61:4184-4189.

Kamel IR, Hochman MG, Keogan MT, et al. Accuracy of breath-hold magnetic resonance imaging in preoperative staging of organ-confined renal cell carcinoma. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2004;28(3):327-332.

Kamra D, Boselli J, Sloane BB, et al. Renal cell carcinoma induced Coombs negative autoimmune hemolytic anemia and severe thrombocytopenia responsive to nephrectomy. J Urol. 2002;167:1395.

Kanao K, Mizuno R, Kikuchi E, et al. Preoperative prognostic nomogram (probability table) for renal cell carcinoma based on TNM classification. J Urol. 2009;181:480-485.

Kandel LB, McCullough DL, Harrison LH, et al. Primary renal lymphoma: does it exist? Cancer. 1987;60:386-391.

Kane CJ, Mallin K, Ritchey J, et al. Renal cell cancer stage migration: analysis of the National Cancer Data Base. Cancer. 2008;113(1):78-83.

Kane CJ, Mitchell JA, Meng MV, et al. Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy with temporary arterial occlusion: description of technique and renal functional outcomes. Urology. 2004;63(2):241-246.

Kang DE, White RL, Zuger JH, et al. Clinical use of fluorodeoxyglucose F18 positron emission tomography for detection of renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 2004;171:1806-1809.

Kantor AF. Current concepts in the epidemiology and etiology of primary renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 1977;117:415-417.

Kao GD, Malkowicz SB, Whittington R, et al. Locally advanced renal cell carcinoma: low complication rate and efficacy of postnephrectomy radiation therapy planned with CT. Radiology. 1994;193:725-730.

Kaouk J, Desai MM, Spalivero M, et al. Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: single institution experience with 275 patients. J Urol. 2004;171:129.

Karakousis CP, Gerstenbluth R, Kontzoglou K, Driscoll D. Retroperitoneal sarcomas and their management. Arch Surg. 1995;130:1104-1109.

Karakiewicz PI, Briganti A, Chun FK, et al. Multi-institutional validation of a new renal cancer-specific survival nomogram. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:1316-1322.

Karellas ME, Jang TL, Kagiwada MA, et al. Advanced-stage renal cell carcinoma treated by radical nephrectomy and adjacent organ or structure resection. BJU Int. 2009;103:160-164.

Karnes RJ, Gettman MT, Anderson PM, et al. Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (extraskeletal Ewing’s sarcoma) of the kidney with vena cava tumor thrombus. J Urol. 2000;164:772.

Kasiske B, O’Donnell M, Keane W. The Zucker rat model of obesity, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia and renal injury. Hypertension. 1992;19(1 Suppl.):110-115.

Kassouf W, Aprikian AG, Laplante M, et al. Natural history of renal masses followed expectantly. J Urol. 2004;171:111-113.

Kato M, Suzuki T, Suzuki Y, et al. Natural history of small renal call carcinoma: evaluation of growth rate, histological grade, cell proliferation and apoptosis. J Urol. 2004;172:863-866.

Kattan MW, Reuter V, Motzer RJ, et al. A postoperative prognostic nomogram for renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 2001;166:63-67.

Kausik S, Segura J, King BF. Classification and management of simple and complex renal cysts. AUA Update Series. 2002;21(11):82-87.

Kavolius JP, Mastorakos DP, Pavlovich C, et al. Resection of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16:2261-2266.

Kavoussi LR, Levine SR, Kadmon D, Fair WR. Regression of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a case report and literature review. J Urol. 1986;135:1005-1007.

Kawajiri H, Onoda N, Ohira M, et al. Carcinoid tumor of the kidney presenting as a large abdominal mass: report of a case. Surg Today. 2004;34:86-89.

Kawauchi A, Yoneda K, Fujito A, et al. Oncologic outcome of hand-assisted laparoscopic radical nephrectomy. Urology. 2007;69:53.

Keith DS, Torres VE, King BF, et al. Renal cell carcinoma in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1994;4:1661-1669.

Kenck C, Wilhelm M, Bugert P, et al. Mutation of the VHL gene is associated exclusively with the development of non-papillary renal cell carcinomas. J Pathol. 1996;179:157-161.

Kennedy SM, Merino MJ, Linehan WM, et al. Collecting duct carcinoma of the kidney. Hum Pathol. 1990;21:449-456.

Kennelly MJ, Grossman HB, Cho KJ. Outcome analysis of 42 cases or renal angiomyolipoma. J Urol. 1994;152:1988-1991.

Kessler O, Mukamel E, Hadar H, et al. Effect of improved diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma on the course of the disease. J Surg Oncol. 1994;57:210.

Khan MS, Iran S, O’Brien TS, et al. Renal “perivascular epitheloid cell-omas. BJU Int. 2006;98(6):1146-1147.

Khoo SK, Bradley M, Wong FK, et al. Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome: mapping of a novel hereditary neoplasia gene to chromosome 17p12-q11.2. Oncogene. 2001;20(37):5239-5242.

Kim B, Louie AC. Surgical resection following interleukin 2 therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma prolongs remission. Arch Surg. 1992;127:1343-1349.

Kim FJ, Hsu TH, Su LM, et al. Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. J Urol. 167, 2002. 4S–13

Kim FJ, Rha KH, Hernandez F, et al. Laparoscopic radical versus partial nephrectomy: assessment of complications. J Urol. 2003;170:408.

Kim HL, Belldegrun AS, Freitas DG, et al. Paraneoplastic signs and symptoms of renal cell carcinoma: implications for prognosis. J Urol. 2003;170:1742-1746.

Kim HL, Seligson DB, Janzen N, et al. Molecular prognostic modeling using protein expression profile in clear cell renal carcinoma. J Urol. 2004;171:1651.

Kim HL, Seligson D, Liu X, et al. Using protein expressions to predict survival in clear cell renal carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10:5464-5471.

Kim HL, Seligson D, Liu X, et al. Using tumor markers to predict the survival of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 2005;173:1496-1501.

Kim HL, Sun X, Subjeck JR, et al. Evaluationtt of renal cell carcinoma vaccines targeting carbonic anhydrase IX using heat shock protein 110. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2007;56(7):1097-1105.

Kim HL, Zisman A, Han KR, et al. Prognostic significance of venous thrombus in renal cell carcinoma: are renal vein and inferior vena cava involvement different? J Urol. 2004;171(2):588-591.

Kim JK, Kim TK, Ahn HJ, et al. Differentiation of subtypes of renal cell carcinoma on helical CT scans. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2002;178:1499-1506.

Kim JK, Park SY, Shon JH, et al. Angiomyolipoma with minimal fat: differentiation from renal cell carcinoma at biphasic helical CT. Radiology. 2004;230(3):677-684.

Kim MK, Kim S. Immunohistochemical profile of common epithelial neoplasms arising in the kidney. Applied Immunohistochem Mol Morphol. 2002;10(4):332-338.

Kim WY, Armstrong AJ, George DJ. mTOR pathway biology in renal cell carcinoma. In: Rini BI, Campbell SC, editors. Renal cell carcinoma. Shelton (CT): People’s Medical Publishing House; 2009:225-234.

Kirchner H, Buer J, Probst-Kepper M, et al. Risk and long term outcome in metastatic renal cell carcinoma in patients receiving SC interleukin-2, SC interferon-alpha 2A and IV fluorouracil [abstract]. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 1998;17:310a.

Kirkali Z, Algaba F, Scarpelli M, et al. What does the urologist expect from the pathologist (and what can the pathologists give) in reporting on adult kidney tumour specimens? Eur Urol. 2007;51:1194-1201.

Kissane JM. The morphology of renal cystic disease. In: Gardner KD, editor. Cystic diseases of the kidney. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1976:31.

Kito H, Suzuki H, Igarashi T, et al. Distinct patterns of chromosomal losses in clinically synchronous and asynchronous bilateral renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 2002;168:2637-2640.

Kiuru M, Launonen V. Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC). Curr Mol Med. 2004;4(8):869-875.

Kjaer M. The role of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) in the treatment of renal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Treat Rev. 1988;15:195-209.

Kjaer M, Frederiksen PL, Engelholm SA. Postoperative radiotherapy in stage II and III renal adenocarcinoma: a randomized trial by the Copenhagen renal cancer study group. Int J Radiation Oncol Biol Phys. 1987;13:665-672.

Klapper JA, Downey SG, Smith FO, et al. High-dose interleukin-2 for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a retrospective analysis of response and survival in patients treated in the surgery branch at the National Cancer Institute between 1986 and 2006. Cancer. 2008;113:293-301.

Klatte T, Chung J, Leppert JT, et al. Prognostic relevance of capsular involvement and collecting system invasion in stage I and II renal cell carcinoma. BJU Int. 2007;99:821-824.

Klatte T, Han KR, Said JW, et al. Pathobiology and prognosis of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma. Urol Oncol. 2008;26:604-609.

Klatte T, Lam JS, Shuch B, et al. Surveillance for renal cell carcinoma: why and how? When and how often? Urol Oncol. 2008;26:550-554.

Klatte T, Pantuck AJ. Molecular biology of renal cortical tumors. Urol Clin North Am. 2008;35:573-580.

Klatte T, Pantuck AJ, Riggs SB, et al. Prognostic factors for renal cell carcinoma with tumor thrombus extension. J Urol. 2007;178(4 Pt. 1):1189-1195. discussion 1195

Klatte T, Patard JJ, Goel RH, et al. Prognostic impact of tumor size on pT2 renal cell carcinoma: an international multicenter experience. J Urol. 2007;178(1):35-40. discussion 40

Klatte T, Said JW, Belldegrun AS, et al. Differential diagnosis of hypercalcemia in renal malignancy. Urology. 70(1), 2007. 179–178

Klatte T, Selligson DB, LaRochelle J, et al. Molecular signatures of localized clear cell renal cell carcinoma to predict disease-free survival after nephrectomy. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009;18:894-900.

Klein MJ, Valensi QJ. Proximal tubular adenomas of kidney with so called oncocytic features: a clinicopathological study of 13 cases of a rarely reported neoplasm. Cancer. 1976;38:906-914.

Klinger ME. Secondary tumors of the genitourinary tract. J Urol. 1951;65:144-153.

Kletscher BA, Qian J, Bostwick DG, et al. Prospective analysis of the incidence of ipsilateral adrenal metastasis in localized renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 1996;155:1844-1846.

Knudson AG. Mutation and cancer: statistical study of retinoblastoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1971;68:820-823.

Knudson AG, Strong LC. Mutation and cancer: a model for Wilm’s tumor of the kidney. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1972;48:313-324.

Ko JS, Zea AH, Rini BI, et al. Sunitinib mediates reversal of myeloid-derived suppressor cell accumulation in renal cell carcinoma patients. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15(6):2148-2157.

Kobayashi N, Matsuzaki O, Shirai S, et al. Collecting duct carcinoma of the kidney: an immunohistochemical evaluation of the use of antibodies for differential diagnosis. Hum Pathol. 2008;39:1350-1359.

Kobayashi T, Mitani H, Takahashi R, et al. Transgenic rescue from embryonic lethality and renal carcinogenesis in the Eker rat model by introduction of a wild-type TSC2 gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997;94:3390-3993.

Kobayashi T, Minowa O, Kuno J, et al. Renal carcinogenesis, hepatic hemangiomatosis, and embryonic lethality caused by a germ-line Tsc2 mutation in mice. Cancer Res. 1999;59:1206-1211.

Kobayashi T, Nakamura E, Yamamoto S, et al. Low incidence of ipsilateral adrenal involvement and recurrences in patients with renal cell carcinoma undergoing radical nephrectomy: a retrospective analysis of 393 patients. Urology. 2003;62(1):40-45.

Koga S, Nishikido M, Hayashi T, et al. Outcome of surgery in cystic renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 2000;56(1):67-70.

Koga S, Tsuda S, Nishikido M, et al. The diagnostic value of bone scan in patients with renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 2001;166:2126-2128.

Kohrmann KU, Michel MS, Gaa J, et al. High intensity focused ultrasound as noninvasive therapy for multilocal renal cell carcinoma: case study and review of the literature. J Urol. 2002;167:2397-2403.

Kolenko V, Uzzo RG, Bukowski R, et al. Dead or dying: necrosis versus apoptosis in caspase-deficient human renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Res. 1999;59:2838-2842.

Kolenko V, Wang Q, Riedy MC, et al. Tumor-induced suppression of T lymphocyte proliferation coincides with inhibition of Jak3 expression and IL-2 receptor signaling: role of soluble products from human renal cell carcinomas. J Immunol. 1997;159(6):3057-3067.

Kolonel LN. Association of cadmium with renal cancer. Cancer. 1976;37:1782-1787.

Kondo K, Yao M, Kobayashi K, et al. PTEN/MMACI/TEPI mutations in human primary renal-cell carcinomas and renal carcinoma cell lines. Int J Cancer. 91, 2001. 219–214

Konnak JW, Grossman HB. Renal cell carcinoma as an incidental finding. J Urol. 1985;134:1094-1096.

Kontak JA, Campbell SC. Prognostic factors in renal cell carcinoma. Urol Clin North Am. 2003;30:467-480.

Kouba E, Smith A, McRackan D, et al. Watchful waiting for solid renal masses: insight into the natural history and results of delayed intervention. J Urol. 2007;177:466-470. discussion 470, 2007 Feb

Kovacs G. Molecular differential potential pathology of renal cell tumours. Histopathology. 1993;22:1-8.

Kovacs G, Akhtar M, Beckwith BJ, et al. The Heidelberg classification of renal cell tumours. J Pathol. 1997;183:131-133.

Kovacs G, Brusa P, De Riese W. Tissue specific expression of a constitutional 3;6 translocation: development of multiple bilateral renal cell carcinomas. Int J Cancer. 1989;43:422-427.

Kowalczyk KJ, Hooper HB, Linehan WM, et al. Outcomes of partial nephrectomy after previous radiofrequency ablation: the NCI experience. J Urol. 2008:179-214.

Koyama S, Morimitsu Y, Morokuma F. Primary synovial sarcoma of the kidney: report of a case confirmed by molecular detection of the syt-ssx fusion transcripts. Pathol Int. 2001;51:385-391.

Kozak W, Holtl W, Pummer K, et al. Adrenalectomy—still a must in radical renal surgery? Br J Urol. 1996;77:27-31.

Krambeck A, Dong H, Thompson RH, et al. Survivin and b7-h1 are collaborative predictors of survival and represent potential therapeutic targets for patients with renal cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13:1749-1756.

Krambeck A, Iwaszko M, Leibovich B, et al. Long-term outcome of multiple ipsilateral renal tumors found at the time of planned nephron-sparing surgery. BJU Int. 2008;101:1375-1379.

Krejci KG, Blute ML, Cheville JC, et al. Nephron-sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma: clinicopathologic features predictive of patient outcome. Urology. 2003;62(4):641-646.

Krishnamurthi V, Novick AC, Bukowski R. Nephron sparing surgery in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 1996;156:36-39.

Krishnamurthi V, Novick AC, Bukowski RM. Efficacy of multimodality therapy in advanced renal cell carcinoma. Urology. 1998;51:933-937.

Krishnan B, Truong LD. Renal epithelial neoplasms: the diagnostic implications of electron microscopic study in 55 cases. Hum Pathol. 2002;33(1):68-79.

Krishnan B, Truong LD, Saleh G, et al. Horseshoe kidney is associated with an increased relative risk of primary renal carcinoid tumor. J Urol. 1997;157:2059-2066.

Kroog GS, Motzer RJ. Systemic therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Urol Clin North Am. 2008;35:687-701.

Krown SE. Therapeutic options in renal cell carcinoma. Semin Oncol. 1985;12:13-17.

Kugler A, Hemmerlein B, Thelen P, et al. Expression of metalloproteinase 2 and 9 and their inhibitors in renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 1998;160:1914-1918.

Kulke MH, Mayer RJ. Carcinoid tumors. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:858-868.

Kummerlin IP, ten Kate FJ, Smedts F, et al. Core biopsies of renal tumors: a study on diagnostic accuracy, interobserver and intraobserver variability. Eur Urol. 2008;53:1219-1227.

Kummerlin IP, ten Kate FJ, Wijkstra H, et al. Changes in the stage and surgical management of renal tumors during 1995–2005: an analysis of the Dutch national histopathology registry. BJU Int. 2008;102(8):946-951.

Kunkle DA, Crispen PL, Chen DY, et al. Enhancing renal masses with zero net growth during active surveillance. J Urol. 2007;177:849-853. discussion 853

Kunkle DA, Crispen PL, Li, et al. Tumor size predicts synchronous metastatic renal cell carcinoma: implications for surveillance of small renal masses. J Urol. 2007;177:1692.

Kunkle DA, Egleston BL, Uzzo RG. Excise, ablate or observe: the small renal mass dilemma—a meta-analysis and review. J Urol. 2008;179:1227-1233. discussion 1233–4

Kunkle DA, Uzzo RG. Cryoablation or radiofrequency ablation of the small renal mass: a meta-analysis. Cancer. 2008;113:2671-2680.

Kuroda N, Toi M, Hiroi M, et al. Review of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma with focus on clinical and pathobiological aspects. Histol Histopathol. 2003;18:165-171.

Kuroda N, Toi M, Hiroi M, et al. Review of sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma with focus on clinical and pathobiological aspects. Histol Histopathol. 2003;18:551-555.

Kutikov A, Fossett LK, Ramchandani P, et al. Incidence of benign pathologic findings at partial nephrectomy for solitary renal mass presumed to be renal cell carcinoma on preoperative imaging. BJU Int. 2008;68:737.

Kutikov A, Vanarsdalen KN, Gershman B, et al. Enucleation of renal cell carcinoma with ablation of the tumor base. BJU Int. 2008;102:688-691.

Kwon EO, Carver BS, Snyder ME, et al. Impact of positive surgical margins in patients undergoing partial nephrectomy for renal cortical tumors. BJU Int. 2007;99:286-289.

La Vecchia C, Negri E, D’Avanzo B, Franceschi S. Smoking and renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Res. 1990;50:5231-5233.

Lager DJ, Huston BJ, Timmerman TG, Bonsib SM. Papillary renal tumors: morphologic, cytochemical, and genotypic features. Cancer. 1995;76:669-673.

Lager DL, Slagel DD, Palechek PL. The expression of epidermal growth factor receptor and transforming growth factor-α in renal cell carcinoma. Mod Pathol. 1994;7:544-548.

Lahn M, Fisch P, Kohler G, et al. Pro-inflammatory and T cell inhibitory cytokines are secreted at high levels in tumor cell cultures of human renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol. 1999;45:70-80.

Lam JS, Klatte T, Kim HL, et al. Prognostic factors and selection for clinical studies of patients with kidney cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2008;65:235-262.

Lam JS, Klatte T, Patard JJ, et al. Prognostic relevance of tumor size in T3a renal cell carcinoma: a multicentre experience. Eur Urol. 2007;52:155-162.

Lam JS, Patard JJ, Leppert JT, et al. Prognostic significance of T3a renal cell carcinoma with adrenal gland involvement: an international multicenter experience. J Urol. 2005;173:269.

Lam JS, Shvarts O, Alemozaffarder M, et al. Nephron-sparing surgery as the new gold standard for T1 (≤7 cm) renal cell carcinoma: results of a contemporary UCLA series. J Urol. 2004;171(4S):1774.

Lam JS, Shvarts O, Pantuck AJ. Changing concepts in the surgical management of renal call carcinoma. Eur Urol. 2004;45:692-705.

Lam JS, Shvarts O, Leppert JT. Postoperative surveillance protocol for patients with localized and locally advanced renal cell carcinoma based on a validated prognostic nomogram and risk group stratification system. J Urol. 2005;174:466-472.

Lamb GW, Bromwich EJ, Vasey P, et al. Management of renal masses in patients medically unsuitable for nephrectomy—natural history, complications, and outcome. Urology. 2004;64:909.

Lamers C, Sleijfer S, Vulto AG, et al. Treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma with autologous T-lymphocytes genetically retargeted against carbonic anhydrase IX: first clinical experience. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(13):e20-322.

Lamiell JM, Salazar FG, Hsia E. von Hippel-Lindau disease: affecting 43 members of a single kindred. Medicine. 1989;68:1-29.

Landis SH, Murray T, Bolden S, Wingo PA. Cancer statistics: 1999. CA Cancer J Clin. 1999;49:8-31.

Landman J, Sundaram CP, Rehman J. Renal hypothermia achieved by retrograde intrarenal saline perfusion. J Urol. 167, 2002. 4S–1

Lane BR, Babineau D, Kattan MW, et al. A preoperative prognostic nomogram for solid enhancing renal tumors 7 cm or less amenable to partial nephrectomy. J Urol. 2007;178(2):429-434.

Lane BR, Babineau DC, Poggio ED, et al. Factors predicting renal functional outcome after partial nephrectomy. J Urol. 2008;180:2363-2369.

Lane BR, Chery F, Jour G, et al. Renal neuroendocrine tumors: a clinicopathological study. BJU Int. 2007;100:1030-1035.

Lane BR, Gill IS. 5-Year outcomes of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. J Urol. 2007;177:70-74.

Lane BR, Kattan MW. Prognostic models and algorithms in renal cell carcinoma. Urol Clin North Am. 2008;35:613-625.

Lane BR, Moinzadeh A, Kaouk JH. Acute obstructive renal failure after laparoscopic cryoablation of multiple renal tumors in a solitary kidney. Urology. 2005;65(3):593.

Lane BR, Poggio ED, Herts BR, et al. Renal function assessment in the era of chronic kidney disease: renewed emphasis on renal function centered patient care. J Urol. 2009;182:435-443. discussion 443–4

Lane BR, Rini BI, Campbell SC, Novick AC. Molecularly targeted therapy for renal cancer. AUA Update Series. 2007;26:98-103. [lesson 10]

Lane BR, Rini BI, Novick AC, et al. Targeted molecular therapy for renal cell carcinoma. Urology. 2007;69:3-10.

Lane BR, Samplaski MK, Herts B, et al. Renal mass biopsy—a renaissance? J Urol. 2008;179:20-27.

Lang H, Lindner V, de Fromont M, et al. Multicenter determination of optimal interobserver agreement using the Fuhrman grading system for renal cell carcinoma: assessment of 241 patients with > 15-year follow-up. Cancer. 2005;103:625-629.

Lara PN, Quinn DI, Margolin K, et al. SU5416 plus interferon in advanced renal cell carcinoma: a phase II California cancer consortium study with biological and imaging correlates of angiogenesis inhibition. Clin Cancer Res. 2003;9:4772-4781.

LaRocca RV, Stein CA, Danesi R, et al. A pilot study of suramin in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer. 1991;67:1509-1513.

Latif F, Tory K, Gnarra J, et al. Identification of the von Hippel-Lindau disease tumor suppressor gene. Science. 1993;260:1317-1320.

Latham B, Dickersin R, Oliva E. Subtypes of chromophobe cell renal carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 1999;23(5):530-535.

Lau WK, Blute ML, Weaver AL, et al. Matched comparison of radical nephrectomy vs. nephron-sparing surgery in patients with unilateral renal cell carcinoma and a normal contralateral kidney. Mayo Clin Proc. 2000;75:1236-1242.

Lau WK, Cheville JC, Blute ML, et al. Prognostic features of pathologic stage T1 renal cell carcinoma after radical nephrectomy. Urology. 2002;59(4):532-537.

Launonen V, Vierimaa O, Kiuru M, et al. Inherited susceptibility to uterine leiomyomas and renal cell cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001;98(6):3387-3392.

Laven BA, Orvieto MA, Chuang MS, et al. Renal tolerance to prolonged warm ischemia time in a laparoscopic versus open surgery porcine model. J Urol. 2004;172:2171-2174.

Lawrentschuk N, Davis ID, Bolton DM, et al. Positron emission tomography (PET), immuno-PET and radioimmunotherapy in renal cell carcinoma: a developing diagnostic and therapeutic relationship. BJU Int. 2006;97:916-922.

Lawrentschuk N, Gani J, Riodan R, et al. Multidetector computed tomography vs. magnetic resonance imaging for defining the upper limit of tumor thrombus in renal cell carcinoma: a study and review. BJU Int. 2005;96:291-295.

Lebret T, Poulain JE, Molinie V, et al. Percutaneous core biopsy for renal masses: indications, accuracy and results. J Urol. 2007;178(4 Pt. 1):1184-1188. discussion 1188

Lechevallier E, André M, Barriol D, et al. Fine-needle percutaneous biopsy of renal masses with helical CT guidance. Radiology. 2000;216:506-510.

Lee CT, Katz J, Shi W, et al. Surgical management of renal tumors 4 cm or less in a contemporary cohort. J Urol. 2000;163:730.

Lee CT, Katz J, Fearn PA, et al. Mode of presentation of renal cell carcinoma provides prognostic information. Urol Oncol. 2002;7(4):135-140.

Lee DI, McGinnis DE, Feld R, et al. Retroperitoneal laparoscopic cryoablation of small renal tumors: intermediate results. Urology. 2003;61(1):83-88.

Leggio L, Addolorato G, Abenavoli L, et al. Primary renal angiosarcoma: a rare malignancy. A case report and review of the literature. Urol Oncol. 2006;24:307-312.

Leibovich BC, Blute ML. Lymph node dissection in the management of renal cell carcinoma. Urol Clin North Am. 2008;35:673-678.

Leibovich BC, Blute ML, Cheville JC, et al. Nephron sparing surgery for appropriately selected renal cell carcinoma between 4 and 7 cm results in outcome similar to radical nephrectomy. J Urol. 2004;171:1066-1070.

Leibovich BC, Blute ML, Cheville JC, et al. Prediction of progression after radical nephrectomy for patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma: a stratification tool for prospective clinical trials. Cancer. 2003;97:1663-1671.

Leibovich BC, Cheville JC, Lohse CM, et al. A scoring algorithm to predict survival for patients with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma: a stratification tool for prospective clinical trials. J Urol. 2005;174:1759-1763. discussion 1763

Leibovich BC, Cheville JC, Lohse CM, et al. Cancer specific survival for patients with pT3 renal cell carcinoma—can the 2002 primary tumor classification be improved? J Urol. 2005;173(3):716-719.

Leibovich BC, Han K, Bui MHT, et al. Scoring algorithm to predict survival after nephrectomy and immunotherapy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer. 2003;98:2566-2575.

Leibovich BC, Pantuck AJ, Bui MHT, et al. Current staging of renal cell carcinoma. Urol Clin North Am. 2003;30:481-497.

Leibovich BC, Sheinin Y, Lohse CM, et al. Carbonic anhydrase IX is not an independent predictor of outcome for patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(30):4757-4764.

Leibovich I, Raviv G, Mor Y, et al. Reconsidering the necessity of ipsilateral adrenalectomy during radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. Urology. 1995;46:316-320.

Leibovici D, Sella A, Siegel IY, et al. New algorithms for the staging of kidney cancer. Kidney Cancer. 2003;3:53-68.

Lemaitre L, Claudon M, Dubrulle F, Mazeman E. Imaging of angiomyolipoma. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 1997;18:100-114.

Lemaitre L, Robert Y, Dubrulle F, et al. Renal angiomyolipoma: growth followed up with CR and/or US. Radiology. 1995;197:598-602.

Lemon S, Meadows B, Fojo A, et al. A phase I study of infusional vinblastine with the P-glycoprotein antagonist PSC 833 in patients with metastatic cancer [abstract]. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 1995;14:479.

Lendvay TS, Marshall FF. The tuberous sclerosis complex and its highly variable manifestations. J Urol. 2003;169:1635-1642.

Lerman MI, Latif F, Glenn GM, et al. Isolation and regional localization of a large collection (2000) of a single copy DNA fragments on human chromosome 3 for mapping and cloning tumor suppressor genes. Hum Genet. 1991;86:567-577.

Lerner SE, Hawkins CA, Blute ML, et al. Disease outcome in patients with low stage renal cell carcinoma treated with nephron sparing or radical surgery. J Urol. 1996;155:1868-1873.

Leroy X, Moukassa D, Copin MC. Utility of cytokeratin 7 for distinguishing chromophobe renal cell carcinoma from renal oncocytoma. Eur Urol. 2000;37:484-487.

Leroy X, Zini L, Leteurtre E, et al. Morphologic subtyping of papillary renal cell carcinoma: correlation with prognosis and differential expression of MUCI between the two subtypes. Mod Pathol. 2002;15(11):1126-1130.

Leslie JA, Prihoda T, Thompson IM. Serendipitous renal cell carcinoma in the post CT era: continued evidence in improved outcomes. Urol Oncol. 2003;21(1):39-44.

Leung AC, Ghavamian R. Advances in the staging of renal cell carcinoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2002;2(6):673-680.

Leung RS, Biswas SV, Duncan M, et al. Imaging features of von Hippel-Lindau disease. RadioGraphics. 2008;28(1):65-79.

Leventis AK, Stathopoulos GP, Boussiotou AC, et al. Primary osteogenic sarcoma of the kidney—a case report and review of the literature. Acta Oncologica. 1997;36:747-777.

Levine E. Renal cell carcinoma in uremic acquired renal cystic disease: incidence, detection, and management. Urol Radiol. 1992;13:203-210.

Levine E, Hartman DS, Meilstrup JW, et al. Current concepts and controversies in imaging of renal cystic diseases. Urol Clin North Am. 1997;24:523-543.

Levine E, Huntrakoon M. Computed tomography of renal oncocytoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1983;141:741-746.

Levine E, Slusher SL, Grantham JJ, Wetzel LH. Natural history of acquired renal cystic disease in dialysis patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1991;156:501-506.

Levinson AW, Su LM, Agarwal D, et al. Long-term oncological and overall outcomes of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation in high risk surgical patients with a solitary small renal mass. J Urol. 2008;180(2):499-504. discussion 504

Levy DA, Slaton JW, Swanson DA, Dinney CPN. Stage specific guidelines for surveillance after radical nephrectomy for local renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 1998;159:1163-1167.

Li G, Cuilleron M, Cottier M, et al. Combination of MN/CA9 gene expression and cytological examination in fine needle aspiration biopsy for differential diagnosis of the imaging-indeterminate renal tumors. J Urol. 2004;171(Suppl. 4):464.

Li QL, Cheng L, Guan HW, et al. Safety and efficacy of mini-margin nephron-sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma 4 cm or less. Urology. 2008;71(5):924-927.

Liang P, Wang Y, Zhang D, et al. Ultrasound guided percutaneous microwave ablation for small renal cancer: initial experience. J Urol. 2008;180(3):844-848. discussion 848

Liao S, Aurelio ON, Jan K, et al. Identification of the MN/CA9 protein as a reliable diagnostic biomarker of clear cell carcinoma of the kidney. Cancer Res. 1997;57:2827-2831.

Libertino JA, Zinman L, Watkins E. Long term results of resection of renal cell cancer with extension into inferior vena cava. J Urol. 1987;137:21-24.

Licht MR. Renal adenoma and oncocytoma. Semin Urol Oncol. 1995;13:262-266.

Licht MR, Novick AC, Goormastic M. Nephron sparing surgery in incidental versus suspected renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 1994;152:39-42.

Licht MR, Novick AC, Tubbs RR, et al. Renal oncocytoma: clinical and biological correlates. J Urol. 1993;150:1380-1383.

Lieber MM, Hosaka Y, Tsukamoto T. Renal oncocytoma. World J Urol. 1987;5:71-79.

Lieber MM. Renal oncocytoma. Urol Clin North Am. 1993;20:355-359.

Lieubeau-Teillet B, Rak J, Jothy S, et al. von Hippel-Lindau gene-mediated growth suppression and induction of differentiation in renal cell carcinoma cells grown as multicellular tumor spheroids. Cancer Res. 1998;58:4957-4962.

Lim DJ, Carter MF. Computerized tomography in the preoperative staging for pulmonary metastases in patients with renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 1993;150:1112-1114.

Lindblad P. Epidemiology of renal cell carcinoma. Scand J Surg. 2004;93:88-96.

Lindblad P, Wolk A, Bergstrom R, Adami HO. Diet and risk of renal cell cancer: a population-based case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1997;6:215-223.

Lindgren V, Paner GP, Omeroglu A, et al. Cytogenic analysis of a series of 13 renal oncocytomas. J Urol. 2004;171:602-604.

Linehan WM. Editorial: kidney cancer—a unique opportunity for the development of disease specific therapy. J Urol. 2002;168:2411-2412.

Linehan WM. Molecular targeting of the VHL gene pathway in clear cell kidney cancer. J Urol. 2003;170:593-594.

Linehan WM, Lerman MI, Zbar B. Identification of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene: its role in renal cancer. JAMA. 1995;273:564-570.

Linehan WM, Pinto PA, Bratslavsky G, et al. Hereditary kidney cancer: unique opportunity for disease-based therapy. Cancer. 2009;115:2252-2261.

Linehan WM, Walther MM, Zbar B. The genetic basis of cancer of the kidney. J Urol. 2003;170:2163-2172.

Ling W, Rayman P, Uzzo R, et al. Impaired activation of NFkB in T cells from a subset of renal cell carcinoma patients is mediated by inhibition of phosphorylation and degradation of the inhibitor, IkBa. Blood. 1998;92:1334-1341.

Lipton A, Colombo-Berra A, Bukowski RM, et al. Skeletal complications in patients with bone metastases from renal cell carcinoma and therapeutic benefits of zoledronic acid. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10(18 pt 2):6397S-6403S.

Lipton A, Zheng M, Seaman J, et al. Zoledronic acid delays the onset of skeletal-related events and progression of skeletal disease in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. Cancer. 2003;98(5):962-969.

Lipworth L, Tarone RE, McLaughlin JK. The epidemiology of renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 2006;176:2353-2358.

Lisztwan J, Imbert G, Wirbelauer C, et al. The von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein is a component of an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity. Genes Dev. 1999;13:1822-1833.

Liu J, Fanning CV. Can renal oncocytomas be distinguished from renal cell carcinoma on fine-needle aspiration specimens? A study of conventional smears in conjunction with ancillary studies. Cancer. 2001;93(6):390-397.

Liu MY, Poellinger L, Walker CL. Up-regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 2 alpha in renal cell carcinoma associated with loss of TSC-2 tumor suppressor gene. Cancer Res. 2003;63(10):2675-2680.

Liu X, Minin V, Huant Y, et al. Statistical methods for analyzing tissue microarray data. J Biopharm Stat. 2004;14:671-685.

Ljungberg B, Alamdari FI, Rasmuson T, et al. Follow-up guidelines for nonmetastatic renal cell carcinoma based on the occurrence of metastases after radical nephrectomy. BJU Int. 1999;84:405-411.

Lock EA, Reed CJ. Trichloroethylene: mechanisms of renal toxicity and renal cancer and relevance to risk assessment. Toxicol Sci. 2006;91(2):313-331.

Lohse CM, Cheville JC. A review of prognostic pathologic features and algorithms for patients treated surgically for renal cell carcinoma. Clin Lab Med. 2005;25:433-464.

Lohse CM, Blute ML, Zincke H, et al. Comparison of standardized and nonstandardized nuclear grade of renal cell carcinoma to predict outcome among 2,042 patients. Am J Clin Pathol. 2002;118:877-886.

Lott ST, Lovell M, Naylor SL, Killary A. Physical and functional mapping of a tumor suppressor locus for renal cell carcinoma within chromosome 3p12. Cancer Res. 1998;58:3533-3537.

Lovell M, Lott ST, Wong P, et al. The genetic locus NRC-1 within chromosome 3p12 mediates tumor suppression in renal cell carcinoma independently of histological type, tumor microenvironment, and VHL mutation. Cancer Res. 1999;59:2182-2189.

Lowrance WT, Chang SS, Herrell SD. Primary renal carcinoid tumor managed with laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. Urology. 2006;67(3):622.

Lowry PS, Nakada SY. Renal cryotherapy: 2003 clinical status. Curr Opin Urol. 2003;13:193-197.

Mabjeesh NJ, Avidor Y, Haim M. Emerging nephron sparing treatments for kidney tumors: a continuum of modalities from energy ablation to laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. J Urol. 2004;171:553-560.

Mackey JR, Au HJ, Hugh J, et al. Genitourinary small cell carcinoma: determination of clinical and therapeutic factors associated with survival. J Urol. 1998;159:1624-1629.

Madewell JE, Goldman SM, Davis CJ, et al. Multilocular cystic nephroma: a radiographic-pathologic correlation of 58 patients. Radiology. 1983;143:309-321.

Magera JSJr, Frank I, Lohse CM, et al. Analysis of repeat nephron-sparing surgery as a treatment option in patients with a solid mass in a renal remnant. J Urol. 2008;179:853-856.

Magera JS, Leibovich BC, Chjeville JC, et al. Association of paraneoplastic syndromes with outcome following radical nephrectomy for clear cell renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 2004;171(4):471.

Magro G, Cavallaro V, Torrisi A, et al. Intrarenal solitary fibrous tumor of the kidney: report of a case with emphasis on the differential diagnosis in the wide spectrum of monomorphous spindle cell tumors of the kidney. Pathol Res Pract. 2002;198(1):37-43.

Maher ER, Kaelin WGJr. von Hippel-Lindau disease. Medicine. 1997;76:381.

Maher ER, Yates JR, Harries R, et al. Clinical features and natural history of von Hippel-Lindau disease. Q J Med. 1990;77(283):1099-1100.

Mahoney CP, Cassady C, Weinberger W, et al. Humoral hypercalcemia due to an occult renal adenoma. Pediatr Nephrol. 1997;11:339-342.

Majhail NS, Elson P, Bukowski RM. Therapy and outcome of small cell carcinoma of the kidney: report of two cases and a systematic review of the literature. Cancer. 2003;97:1436-1441.

Makhoul B, DeLa Tallie A, Vordos D, et al. Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for T1 renal cancer: the gold standard? A comparison of laparoscopic vs. open nephrectomy. BJU Int. 2004;93:67.

Malaeb BS, Martin DJ, Littooy FN, et al. The utility of screening renal ultrasonography: identifying renal cell carcinoma in an elderly asymptomatic population. BJU Int. 2005;95:977-981.

Maldazys JD, deKernion JB. Prognostic factors in metastatic renal carcinoma. J Urol. 1986;136:376-379.

Maly B, Maly A, Reinhartz T, et al. Primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the kidney: report of a case initially diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology. Acta Cytol. 2004;48:264-268.

Mancilla-Jimenez R, Stanley RJ, Blath RA. Papillary renal cell carcinoma: a clinical, radiologic, and pathologic study of 34 cases. Cancer. 1976;38:2469-2480.

Mandel JS. Renal cell cancer correlated with occupational exposure to trichloroethylene. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2001;127:265-266.

Mangin M, Webb AC, Dreyer BE, et al. Identification of a cDNA encoding a parathyroid hormone–like peptide from a human tumor associated with humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1988;85:597-601.

Maor MH, Frias AE, Oswald MJ. Palliative radiotherapy for brain metastases in renal carcinoma. Cancer. 1988;62:1912.

Maranchie JK, Linehan WM. Genetic disorders and renal cell carcinoma. Urol Clin North Am. 2003;30:133-141.

Marberger M. Ablation of renal tumors with extracorporeal high-intensity focused ultrasound. BJU Int. 2007;99:1273-1276.

Marberger M, Pugh RCG, Auvert J, et al. Conservative surgery for renal cell carcinoma: the EIRSS experience. Br J Urol. 1981;53:528.

Margulis V, McDonald M, Tamboli P, et al. Predictors of oncological outcome after resection of locally recurrent renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 2009;181:2044-2051.

Margulis V, Sanchez-Ortiz RF, Tamboli P, et al. Renal cell carcinoma clinically involving adjacent organs: experience with aggressive surgical management. Cancer. 2007;109:2025-2030.

Margulis V, Tamboli P, Matin SF, et al. Analysis of clinicopathologic predictors of oncologic outcome provides insight into the natural history of surgically managed papillary renal cell carcinoma. Cancer. 2008;112:1480-1488.

Margulis V, Tamboli P, Matin SF, et al. Location of extrarenal tumor extension does not impact survival of patients with pT3a renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 2007;178:1878-1882.

Margulis V, Tamboli P, Matin SF, et al. Redefining pT3 renal cell carcinoma in the modern era: a proposal for a revision of the current TNM primary tumor classification system. Cancer. 2007;109(12):2439-2444.

Mariani AJ, Mariani MC, Macchioni C, et al. The significance of adult hematuria: 1000 hematuria evaluations including a risk-benefit and cost-effectiveness analysis. J Urol. 1989;141:350-355.

Marley EF, Liapis H, Humphrey PA, et al. Primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the kidney—another enigma: a pathologic, immunohistochemical and molecular diagnostic study. Am J Surg Pathol. 1997;21:354-359.

Marshall FF. Cryotherapy for small renal cell tumors: pro. Urology. 1999;53:1077-1078.

Marshall FF, Walsh PC. In situ management of renal tumors: renal cell carcinoma and transitional cell carcinoma. J Urol. 1984;131:1045.

Martignoni G, Pea M, Rocca PC, et al. Renal pathology in the tuberous sclerosis complex. Pathology. 2003;35:505-512.

Martin SA, Mynderse LA, Lager DJ, et al. A clinicopathologic study of four cases and review of the literature. Am J Clin Pathol. 2001;116:854-863.

Massfelder T, Lang H, Schordan E, et al. Parathyroid hormone–related protein is an essential growth factor for human clear cell renal cell carcinoma and a target for the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor gene. Cancer Res. 2004;64(1):180-188.

Master VA, Gottschalk AR, Kane C, et al. Management of isolated renal fossa recurrence following radical nephrectomy. J Urol. 2005;174:473-477. discussion 477

Matin SF, Abreu S, Ramani A, et al. Evaluation of age and comorbidity as risk factors after laparoscopic urological surgery. J Urol. 2003;170:1115-1120.

Matin SF, Ahrar K. Management of small renal masses: energy-ablative therapy for small renal masses. In: Rini BI, Campbell SC, editors. Renal cell carcinoma. Shelton (CT): People’s Medical Publishing House; 2009:81-94.

Matin SF, Ahrar K, Cadeddu JA, et al. Residual and recurrent disease following renal energy ablative therapy: a multi-institutional study. J Urol. 2006;176:1973-1977.

Matin SF, Ahrar K, Wood CG, et al. Patterns of intervention for renal lesions in von Hippel-Lindau disease. BJU Int. 2008;102(8):940-945.

Matin SF, Gill IS, Worley S, et al. Outcome of laparoscopic radical and open partial nephrectomy for the sporadic 4 cm or less renal tumor with a normal contralateral kidney. J Urol. 2002;168:1356-1360.

Martino L, Martino F, Coluccio A, et al. Renal metastasis from pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Arch Ital Urol Androl. 2004;76(1):37-39.

Matlaga BR, Zagoria RJ, Woodruff RD, et al. Phase II trial of radiofrequency ablation of renal cancer: evaluation of the kill zone. J Urol. 2002;168:2401-2405.

Matson MA, Cohen EP. Acquired cystic kidney disease: occurrence, prevalence, and renal cancers. Medicine. 1990;69:217-226.

Matthews SJ, McCoy C. Thalidomide: a review of approved and investigational uses. Clin Ther. 2003;25(2):342-395.

Maturen KE, Nghiem HV, Caoli EM, et al. Renal mass core biopsy: accuracy and impact on clinical management. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188:563-570.

Maxwell PH, Wiesener MS, Chang GW, et al. The tumour suppressor protein VHL targets hypoxia-inducible factors for oxygen-dependent proteolysis. Nature. 1999;399:271-275.

Mayo-Smith WW, Dupuy DE, Parikh PM, et al. Imaging-guided percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of solid renal masses: techniques and outcomes of 38 treatment sessions in 32 consecutive patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2003;180:1503-1508.

McDermott DF, Regan MM, Clark JI, et al. Randomized phase III trial of high-dose interleukin-2 versus subcutaneous interleukin-2 and interferon in patients with metastatic renal call carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:133-141.

McDorman KS, Wolf DC. Use of the spontaneous Tsc2 knockout (Eker) rat model of hereditary renal cell carcinoma for the study of renal carcinogens. Tox Pathol. 2002;30(6):675-680.

McDougal WS, Gervais DA, McGovern FJ, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with renal cell carcinoma treated with radiofrequency ablation with curative intent. J Urol. 2005;174:61-63.

McKiernan JM, Buttyan R, Bander NH, et al. Expression of the tumor-associated gene MN: A potential biomarker for human renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Res. 1997;57:2362-2365.

McKiernan JM, Buttyan R, Bander NH, et al. The detection of renal carcinoma cells in the peripheral blood with an enhanced reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay for MN/CA9. Cancer. 1999;86:492-497.

McKiernan JM, Teschendorf B, Katz J, et al. A comparison of hospital-based charges following partial and radical nephrectomy. Urol Oncol. 2002;7(1):3-6.

McKiernan JM, Simmons R, Katz J, et al. Natural history of chronic renal insufficiency after partial and radical nephrectomy. Urology. 2002;59:816-820.

McLaughlin JK, Chow WH, Mandel JS, et al. International renal cell cancer study: VIII. Role of diuretics, other antihypertensive medications and hypertension. Int J Cancer. 1997;63:216-221.

McLaughlin JK, Lindblad P, Mellemgaard A, et al. International renal cell cancer study: I. Tobacco use. Int J Cancer. 1995;60:94-198.

McLaughlin JK, Lipworth L. Epidemiologic aspects of renal cell cancer. Semin Oncol. 2000;27:115-123.

McVary KT. Lymphoproliferative disease and the genitourinary tract. AUA Update Series. 10, 1991. 170–147

Medeiros LJ, Jones EC, Aizawa S, et al. Grading of renal cell carcinoma: Workgroup no. 2 Union International Contre le Cancer and the American Joint Committee on Cancer. Cancer. 1997;80:990-991.

Mehle C, Piatyszek MA, Ljungber B, et al. Telomerase activity in human renal cell carcinoma. Oncogene. 1996;13:161-166.

Mejean A, Roupret M, Larousserie F, et al. Is there a place for radical nephrectomy in the presence of metastatic collecting duct (Bellini) carcinoma? J Urol. 2003;169(4):1287-1290.

Mekhail TM, Abou-Jawde RM, BouMerhi G, et al. Validation and extension of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering prognostic factors model for survival in patients with previously untreated metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:832-841.

Mellemgaard A, Moller H, Olsen JH. Diuretics may increase risk of renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Causes Control. 1992;3:309-312.

Mendelsohn J, Baselga J. Status of epidermal growth factor receptor antagonists in the biology and treatment of cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:2787-2799.

Meraney AM, Gill IS. Financial analysis of open versus laparoscopic radical nephrectomy and nephroureterectomy. J Urol. 2002;167:1757-1762.

Meraney AM, Gill IS, Desai MM, et al. Laparoscopic inferior vena cava and right atrial thrombectomy utilizing deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. J Endourol. 2003;17(5):275-282.

Meraney AM, Gill IS, Savage SJ, et al. Oncologic adequacy of laparoscopic radical nephrectomy. J Urol. 163, 2000. 4S–787

Merchant SH, Mittal BV, Desai MS. Haemangiopericytoma of kidney: a report of 2 cases. J Postgrad Med. 1998;44:78-80.

Merino MJ, Torres-Cabala C, Pinto P, et al. The morphologic spectrum of kidney tumors in hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma (HLRCC) syndrome. Am J Surg Pathol. 2007;31(10):1578-1585.

Messing EM, Manola J, Wilding G, et al. Phase III study of interferon alfa-NL as adjuvant treatment for resectable renal cell carcinoma: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology/Intergroup trial. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:1214-1222.

Meyer TW, Anderson S, Rennke GH, Brenner BM. Converting enzyme inhibitor therapy limits progressive glomerular injury in rats with renal insufficiency. Am J Med. 1985;79:31.

Mian BM, Bhadkamkar N, Slaton JW, et al. Prognostic factors and survival of patients with sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 2002;167:65-70.

Michaels MJ, Rhee HK, Mourtzinos AP, et al. Incomplete renal tumor destruction using radiofrequency interstitial ablation. J Urol. 2002;168:2406-2410.

Mickisch GH, Garin A, van Poppel H, et al. European organisation for research and treatment of cancer (EORTC) genitourinary group. Radical nephrectomy plus interferon-alfa-based immunotherapy compared with interferon alfa alone in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2001;358:966-970.

Mickisch GH. Chemoresistance of renal cell carcinoma: 1986–1994. World J Urol. 1994;12:214-233.

Mickisch GH, Merlino GT, Aiken PM, et al. New potent verapamil derivatives that reverse multidrug resistance in human renal carcinoma cells and in transgenic mice expressing the human MDR1 gene. J Urol. 1991;146:447-453.

Micolonghi TS, Liang D, Schwartz S. Primary osteogenic sarcoma of the kidney. J Urol. 1984;133:1164-1166.

Middleton RG. Surgery for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 1967;97:973.

Miller DC, Hollingsworth JM, Hafez KS, et al. Partial nephrectomy for small renal masses: an emerging quality of care concern? J Urol. 175(853), 2006.

Miller DC, Schonlau M, Litwin MS, et al. Renal and cardiovascular morbidity after partial or radical nephrectomy. Cancer. 2008;112(3):511-520.

Milner J, McNeil B, Proud K, et al. Fat poor renal angiomyolipoma: patient and imaging characteristics. J Urol. 2005;173:266.

Milowsky MI, Rosmarin A, Tickoo SK, et al. Active chemotherapy for collecting duct carcinoma of the kidney: a case report and review of the literature. Cancer. 2002;94(1):111-116.

Milowsky MI, Nanus DM. Chemotherapeutic strategies for renal cell carcinoma. Urol Clin North Am. 2003;30:601-609.

Mindell HJ. Imaging studies for screening native kidney in long-term dialysis patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1989;153:768-769.

Ming X, Ningshu L, Hanzhong L, et al. Value of frozen section analysis of enlarged lymph nodes during radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. Urology. 2009;74(2):364-368.

Minor LD, Picken MM, Campbell SC, et al. Benign renal tumors. AUA Update Series. 2003;22:170-175.

Mirza IA, Shahab N. Small cell cancer of the pleura, kidney and thymus. Semin Oncol. 2007;34(1):67-69.

Mirza M, Zamilpa I, Bunning J, et al. Primary renal synovial sarcoma. Urology. 2008;72(3):716.

Mitchell RE, Gilbert SM, Murphy AM, et al. Partial nephrectomy and radical nephrectomy offer similar cancer outcomes in renal cortical tumors 4 cm or larger. Urology. 2006;67(2):260-264.

Miyake H, Hara S, Arakawa S, et al. Overexpression of clusterin is an independent prognostic factor for nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 2002;167:703-706.

Miyake H, Hara I, Nakano Y, et al. Hand-assisted laparoscopic radical nephrectomy: comparison with conventional open radical nephrectomy. J Endourol. 2007;21:429.

Miyata Y, Kanetake H, Kanda S. Presence of phosphorylated hepatocyte growth factor receptor/c-Met is associated with tumor progression and survival in patients with conventional renal cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12(16):4876-4881.

Mizutani Y, Wada H, Yoshida O, et al. Significance of thymidylate synthase activity in renal cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Reser. 2003;9(4):1453-1460.

Moch H, Gasser T, Amin MB, et al. Prognostic utility of the recently recommended histologic classification and revised TNM staging system of renal cell carcinoma. Cancer. 2000;89:604-614.

Moch H, Sauter G, Buchholz N, et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor expression is associated with rapid tumor cell proliferation in renal cell carcinoma. Hum Pathol. 1997;28:1255-1259.

Modlin CS, Novick AC. Hyperfiltration renal injury: urologic implications. Am Urol Assoc. 2001;20:42-47.

Moein MR, Dehghani VO. Hypertension: a rare presentation of renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 2000;164:2019.

Mohammed AY, Matthew L, Harmse JL, et al. Multiple leiomyoma of the renal capsule. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1999;33:138-139.

Mohammed I, Turner GD, Cranston D, et al. Human chorionic gonadotropin-secreting clear cell renal cell carcinoma with paraneoplastic gynacomastia. Scand J Urol Neph. 2006;42(6):555-557.

Mohr DN, Offord KP, Owen RA, Melton LJ. Asymptomatic microhematuria and urologic disease. JAMA. 1986;256:224-229.

Moinzadeh A, Libertino JA. Prognostic significance of tumor thrombus level in patients with renal cell carcinoma and venous tumor thrombus extension: is all T3b the same? J Urol. 2004;171:598-601.

Moll V, Becht E, Ziegler M. Kidney preserving surgery in renal cell tumors: indications, techniques and results in 162 patients. J Urol. 1993;150:319.

Monge JM, Val-Bernal JF, Buelta L, et al. Selective nuclear morphometry as a prognostic factor of survival in renal cell carcinoma. Histol Histopathol. 1999;14:119-123.

Montie JE, El Ammar R, Pontes JE, et al. Renal cell carcinoma with inferior vena cava tumor thrombi. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1991;173:107-115.

Mordkin RM, Dahut WL. Renal angiosarcoma: a rare primary genitourinary malignancy. S Med J. 1997;90:1159-1160.

Morgan DA, Ruscetti FW, Gallo RC. Selective in vitro growth of T-lymphocytes from normal bone marrows. Science. 1976;193:1007-1008.

Morgan WR, Zincke H. Progression and survival after renal-conserving surgery for renal cell carcinoma: experience in 104 patients and extended follow-up. J Urol. 1990;144:852.

Moria D, Alazemi S, Lichtstein D. Stauffer’s syndrome variant with cholestatic jaundice: a case report. J Gen Intern Med. 2006;21:C11-C13.

Morton RA, Ewing CM, Watkins JJ, Isaacs WB. The e-cadherin cell-cell adhesion pathway in urologic malignancies. World J Urol. 1995;13:364-368.

Mosetti MA, Leonardou P, Motohara T, et al. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: MR imaging evaluation using current techniques. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2003;18(2):210-215.

Motzer RJ, Amato R, Todd M, et al. Phase II trial of antiepidermal growth factor receptor antibody C225 in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. Invest New Drugs. 2003;21(1):99-101.

Motzer RJ, Bacik J, Mariani T, et al. Treatment outcome and survival associated with metastatic renal cell carcinoma of non-clear-cell histology. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20(9):2376-2381.

Motzer RJ, Bacik J, Murphy BA, et al. Interferon-alfa as a comparative treatment for clinical trials of new therapies against advanced renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2001;20:289-296.

Motzer RJ, Bacik J, Schwartz LH, et al. Prognostic factors for survival in previously treated patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:454-463.

Motzer RJ, Bukowski RM, Figlin RA, et al. Prognostic nomogram for sunitinib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer. 2008;113:1552-1558.

Motzer RJ, Hutson TE, Tomczak P, et al. Sunitinib vs. interferon alfa in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(2):115-124.

Motzer RJ, Mazumdar M, Bacik J, et al. Survival and prognostic stratification of 670 patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:2530-2540.

Motzer RJ, Michaelson MD, Redman BG, et al. Activity of SU11248, a multitargeted inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and platelet-derived growth factor receptor, in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(1):16-24.

Motzer RJ, Murphy B, Bacik J, et al. Phase III trial of interferon alfa-2a with or without 13-cis-retinoic acid for patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18(16):2972-2980.

Motzer RJ, Russo P. Systemic therapy for renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 2000;163:408-417.

Moudouni SM, En-Nia I, Rioux-Leclerq N, et al. Leiomyosarcoma of the renal pelvis. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 2001;35:425-427.

Moyad MA. Review of potential risk factors for kidney (renal cell) cancer. Semin Urol Oncol. 2001;19:280-293.

Mufarrij P, Varkarakis IM, Studeman KD, et al. Primary renal carcinoid tumor with liver metastases detected with somatostatin receptor imaging. Urology. 2005;65(5):1002.

Muir TE, Cheville JC, Lager DJ. Metanephric adenoma, nephrogenic rests, and Wilms’ tumor: a histologic and immunophenotypic comparison. Am J Surg Pathol. 2001;25(10):1290-1296.

Mukamel E, Konichezky M, Engelstein D, Servadio C. Incidental small renal tumors accompanying clinically overt renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 1988;140:22-24.

Mukouyama H, Yao M, Seligson DB, et al. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) expression and VHL gene alteration as predictors of survival in renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 2004;171:780.

Mulders P, Bleumer I, Oosterwijk E. Tumor antigens and markers in renal cell carcinoma. Urol Clin North Am. 2003;30:455-465.

Murai M, Oya M. Renal cell carcinoma: etiology, incidence and epidemiology. Curr Opin Urol. 2004;14(4):229-233.

Murakami S, Igarashi T, Hara S, Shimazaki J. Strategies for asymptomatic microscopic hematuria: a prospective study for 1034 patients. J Urol. 1990;144:99-101.

Murphy BR, Rynard SM, Einhorn LH, Loehrer PJ. A phase II trial of interferon alpha-2A plus fluorouracil in advanced renal cell carcinoma. A Hoosier Oncology Group study. Invest New Drugs. 1992;10:225-230.

Murphy DP, Gill IS. Energy-based renal tumor ablation: a review. Semin Urol Oncol. 2001;19:133-140.

Murphy WM, Beckwith JB, Farrow GM. Tumors of the kidney, bladder and related urinary structures: atlas of tumor pathology, Fascicle 11, 3rd series. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, 1994.

Murthy SC, Kim K, Rice TW, et al. Can we predict long-term survival after pulmonary metastasectomy for renal cell carcinoma? Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;79:996-1003.

Muscat JE, Hoffmann D, Wynder EL. The epidemiology of renal cell carcinoma: a second look. Cancer. 1995;47:2552-2557.

Mydlo JH, Bard RH. Analysis of papillary renal adenocarcinoma. Urology. 1987;30:529-534.

Mydlo JH, Michaeli J, Cordon-Cardo C, et al. Expression of transforming growth factor alpha and epidermal growth factor receptor messenger RNA in neoplastic and nonneoplastic human kidney tissue. Cancer Res. 1989;49:3407-3411.

Mydlo JH, Shore N, Reuter V, Herr HW. Perirenal lipoma versus renal cell carcinoma. Urology. 1991;43:67-69.

Na X, Wu G, Ryan CK, et al. Overproduction of vascular endothelial growth factor related to von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor gene mutations and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α expression in renal cell carcinomas. J Urol. 2003;170:588-592.

Nadler RB, Kim SC, Rubenstein JN, et al. Laparoscopic renal cryosurgery: the Northwestern experience. J Urol. 2003;170:1121-1125.

Nadler RB, Loeb S, Clemens JQ, et al. A prospective study of laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for T1 tumors—is transperitoneal, retroperitoneal or hand-assisted the best approach? J Urol. 2006;175:1230.

Nadu A, Kleinmann N, Laufer M, et al. Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for central tumors: analysis of perioperative outcomes and complications. J Urol. 2009;181:42-47.

Nagashima Y. Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma: clinical, pathological and molecular biological aspects. Pathol Int. 2000;50:872-878.

Naitoh J, Kaplan A, Dorey F, et al. Metastatic renal cell carcinoma with concurrent inferior vena caval invasion: long-term survival after combination therapy with radical nephrectomy, vena caval thrombectomy and postoperative immunotherapy. J Urol. 1999;162:46-50.

Nakada SY. Surgical removal of small renal tumors—going, going, gone? J Urol. 2005;174:9.

Nakai Y, Namba Y, Sugao H. Renal lymphangioma. J Urol. 1999;162:484-485.

Nanus DM, Garino A, Milowsky MI, et al. Active chemotherapy for sarcomatoid and rapidly progressing renal cell carcinoma. Cancer. 2004;101(7):1545-1551.

Narayanan V. Tuberous sclerosis complex: genetics to pathogenesis. Pediatr Neurol. 2003;29(5):404-409.

Nassir A, Jollimore J, Gupta R, et al. Multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma: a series of 12 cases and review of the literature. Adult Urol. 2002;60:421-427.

Natali PG, Prat M, Nicotra MR, et al. Overexpression of the met/HGF receptor in renal cell carcinomas. Int J Cancer. 1996;69:212-217.

Nathan PD, Gore ME, Eisen TG. Unexpected toxicity of combination thalidomide and interferon alfa-2a treatment in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20(5):1429-1430.

Nathanson KL, Stephenson AJ. Diagnosis and management of inherited renal cancer. In: Rini BI, Campbell SC, editors. Renal cell carcinoma. Shelton (CT): People’s Medical Publishing House; 2009:25-40.

Nativ O, Sabo E, Reiss A, et al. Clinical significance of tumor angiogenesis in patients with localized renal cell carcinoma. Urology. 1998;51:693-696.

Négrier S, Caty A, Lesimple T, et al. Treatment of patients with metastatic renal carcinoma with a combination of subcutaneous interleukin-2 and interferon alpha with or without fluorouracil. Groupe Français d’Immunothérapie, Fédération Nationale des Centres de Lutte Contre le Cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18(24):4009-4015.

Négrier S, Escudier B, Dovillard JY, et al. Randomized study of interleukin-2 (IL2) and interferon (IFN) with or without 5-FU (FUCY study) in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (MRCC) [abstract]. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 1997;6:32a.

Négrier S, Escudier B, Gomez F, et al. Prognostic factors of survival and rapid progression in 782 patients with metastatic renal carcinomas treated by cytokines: a report from the Groupe Français d’Immunothérapie. Ann Oncol. 2002;13:1460-1468.

Négrier S, Escudier B, Lasset C, et al. T. Recombinant human interleukin-2, recombinant human interferon alfa-2a or both in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 1998;338(18):1272-1278.

Négrier S, Perol D, Ravaud A, et al. The French Immunotherapy Group. Proc ASCO. 2005;23:1093s. [abstract]

Nelson CP, Sanda MG. Contemporary diagnosis and management of renal angiomyolipoma. J Urol. 2002;168:1315-1325.

Nelson CP, Wolf JS. Comparison of hand assisted versus standard laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for suspected renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 2002;167:1989-1994.

Neumann E, Engelsberg A, Decker J, et al. Heterogeneous expression of the tumour-associated antigens RAGE-1, PRAME, and glycoprotein 47 in human renal cell carcinoma: candidates for T-cell based immunotherapies. Cancer Res. 1998;58:4090-4095.

Neumann HP, Schwarzkopf G, Hensk EP. Renal angiomyolipomas, cysts, and cancer in tuberous sclerosis complex. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 5, 1998. 269–247

Neumann HP, Zbar B. Renal cysts, renal cancer, and von Hippel-Lindau disease. Kidney Int. 1997;51:16-26.

Neuzillet Y, Lay F, Luccioni A, et al. De novo renal cell carcinoma of native kidney in renal transplant recipients. Cancer. 2005;103(2):251-257.

Neuzillet Y, Lechevallier E, Andre M, et al. Accuracy and clinical role of fine needle percutaneous biopsy with computerized tomography guidance of small (less than 4.0 cm) renal masses. J Urol. 2004;171:1802-1805.

Neville HL, Ritchey ML. Wilms’ tumor: overview of national Wilms’ tumor study group results. Urol Clin North Am. 2000;27:443-454.

Ng CS, Novick AC, Tannenbaum CS, et al. Mechanisms of immune evasion by renal cell carcinoma: tumor-induced T-lymphocyte apoptosis and NFκB suppression. Urology. 2002;59:9-14.

Ng CS, Wood CG, Silverman PM, et al. Renal cell carcinoma: diagnosis, staging and surveillance. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;191:1220-1232.

Nguyen C, Campbell SC. Staging of renal cell carcinoma. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2006;5(3):190-197.

Nguyen CT, Campbell SC, Novick AC. Choice of operation for clinically localized renal tumor. Urol Clin North Am. 2008;35:645-655.

Nguyen CT, Lane BR, Kaouk JH, et al. Surgical salvage of renal cell carcinoma recurrence after thermal ablative therapy. J Urol. 2008;180:104-109.

Nguyen MM, Gill IS. Effect of renal cancer size on the prevalence of metastasis at diagnosis and mortality. J Urol. 2009;181:1020-1027. discussion 1027

Nguyen MM, Gill IS. Halving ischemia time during laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. J Urol. 2008;179:627-632.

Nguyen MM, Gill IS, Ellison LM. The evolving presentation of renal carcinoma in the United States: trends from the surveillance, epidemiology and end results program. J Urol. 2006;176(6 Pt. 1):2397-2400. discussion 2400

Niceta P, Lavengood RW, Tozzo PJ. Leiomyosarcoma of the kidney: review of the literature. Urology. 1974;3:270-277.

Nickerson ML, Jaeger E, Shi Y, et al. Improved identification of von Hippel-Lindau gene alterations in clear cell renal tumors. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14:4726-4734.

Nieh PT. PET scans in urology. AUA Update Series. 2009;28:121-127. [lesson 14]

Nimeh T, Albani J, Urbain J, et al. Role of FDG-PET scan in metastatic renal carcinoma. J Urol. 167, 2002. 4S–786

Novick AC. Kidney cancer: past, present and future. Urol Oncol. 2007;25:188-195.

Novick AC. Management of small renal masses: partial nephrectomy. In: Rini BI, Campbell SC, editors. Renal cell carcinoma. Shelton (CT): People’s Medical Publishing House; 2009:95-101.

Novick AC, Kaye MC, Cosgrove DM, et al. Experience with cardiopulmonary bypass and deep hypothermic circulatory arrest in the management of retroperitoneal tumors with a large vena caval thrombi. Ann Surg. 1990;212:472-477.

Novick AC, Schreiber MJJr. Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on nephropathy in patients with a remnant kidney. Urology. 1995;46:785.

Novick AC, Streem SB. Long-term follow-up after nephron sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma in von Hippel-Lindau disease. J Urol. 1992;147:1488.

O’Brien A, Sinnott B, McLean P, Doyle GD. Leiomyoma of the renal pelvis. Br J Urol. 1992;70:331-332.

O’Dea MJ, Zincke H, Utz DC. The treatment of renal cell carcinoma with solitary metastasis. J Urol. 1978;120:540-542.

Oesterling JE, Fishman EK, Goldman SM, Marshall FF. The management of renal angiomyolipoma. J Urol. 1986;135:1121-1124.

Ogan K, Cadeddu JA, Sagalowsky AI, et al. Radiofrequency ablation induced acute renal failure. J Urol. 2002;168:186.

Ohh M, Yauch RL, Lonergan KM, et al. The von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein is required for proper assembly of an extracellular fibronectin matrix. Mol Cell. 1998;1:959-968.

Ohlmann CH, Ozgur E, Schrader AJ, et al. Detection of circulating tumor cells in patients with renal cell carcinoma by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for G250/MNCA-9: results of a prospective trial. Urol Oncol. 2006;24:287-293.

Ohkawa M, Nonomura A, Shoda R. Renal medullary fibroma: a case report and review. Int Urol Nephrol. 1993;25:45-49.

Oka H, Chatani Y, Hoshino R, et al. Constitutive activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases in human renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Res. 1995;55:4182-4187.

O’Keefe SC, Marshall FF, Issa MM, et al. Thrombocytosis is associated with a significant increase in the cancer specific death rate after radical nephrectomy. J Urol. 2002;168:1378-1380.

Okuno SH, Hoyer JD, Ristow K, et al. Primary renal non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: an unusual extranodal site. Cancer. 1995;75:2258-2261.

Oliver RTD, Nethersell ABW, Bottomley JM. Unexplained spontaneous regression and alpha-interferon as treatment for metastatic renal carcinoma. Br J Urol. 1989;63:128-131.

Olsson CA, Moyer JD, Laferte RO. Pulmonary cancer metastatic to the kidney: a common renal neoplasm. J Urol. 1971;104:492-496.

O’Malley RL, Godoy G, Kanofsky JA, et al. The necessity of adrenalectomy at the time of radical nephrectomy: a systematic review. J Urol. 2009;181:2009-2017.

O’Malley RL, Godoy G, Taneja SS. Radical nephrectomy for localized renal cell carcinoma. In: Rini BI, Campbell SC, editors. Renal cell carcinoma. Shelton (CT): People’s Medical Publishing House; 2009:115-129.

Onik GM, Reyes G, Cohen JK, et al. Ultrasound characteristics of renal cryosurgery. Urology. 1993;42:212-215.

Onishi T, Oishi Y, Goto H, et al. Cyst-associated renal cell carcinoma: clinicopathologic characteristics and evaluation of prognosis in 27 cases. Int J Urol. 2001;8:268-274.

Orditura M, DeVita F, Catalano G. Adult Wilms’ tumor: a case report. Cancer. 1997;15:1961-1965.

Orlando C, Gelmini S, Selli C, et al. Telomerase in urological malignancy. J Urol. 2001;166:666-673.

O’Riordan E, Reeve R, Houghton JB, et al. Primary bilateral T-cell renal lymphoma presenting with sudden loss of renal function. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2001;16:1487-1489.

Ornstein DK, Lubensky IA, Venzon D, et al. Prevalence of microscopic tumors in normal appearing renal parenchyma of patients with hereditary papillary renal cancer. J Urol. 2000;163:431-433.

Ost MC, Kavoussi LR. Image guided percutaneous treatment of renal masses: cryoablation and radiofrequency ablation. AUA Update Series. 2007;26:126-135. [lesson 13]

Oto A, Herts BR, Remer EM, et al. Inferior vena cava tumor thrombus in renal cell carcinoma: staging by MR imaging and impact on surgical treatment. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1998;171:1619-1624.

Oyama T, Ran S, Ishida T, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor affects dendritic cell maturation through the inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB activation in hemopoietic progenitor cells. J Immunol. 1998;160:1224-1232.

Oyasu R. Renal cancer: histologic classification update. Int J Clin Oncol. 1998;3:125-133.

Paganini-Hill A, Ross RK, Henderson BE. Diagnosis and management of genitourinary cancer. In: Skinner DG, Lieskovsky G, editors. Epidemiology of renal cancer. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1988:32-39.

Pahernik S, Roos F, Rohrig B, et al. Elective nephron sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma larger than 4 cm. J Urol. 2008;179:71-74.

Pahernik S, Ziegler S, Roos F, et al. Small renal tumors: correlation of clinical and pathological features with tumor size. J Urol. 2007;178:414-417.

Pan CC, Chen PC, Chiang H. Overexpression of KIT (CD 117) in chromophobe renal cell carcinoma and renal oncocytoma. Am J Clin Pathol. 2004;121(6):878-883.

Pantuck AJ, Seligson DB, Klatte T, et al. Prognostic relevance of the mTOR pathway in renal cell carcinoma. Cancer. 2007;109(11):2257-2267.

Pantuck AJ, Zisman A, Belldegrun A. Biology of renal cell carcinoma: changing concepts in classification and staging. Semin Urol Oncol. 2001;19:72-79.

Pantuck AJ, Zisman A, Belldegrun AS. The changing natural history of renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 2001;166:1611-1623.

Pantuck AJ, Zisman A, Rauch MK, et al. Incidental renal tumors. Urology. 2000;56:190-196.

Papac RJ. Spontaneous regression of cancer: possible mechanisms. In Vivo. 1998;12:571-578.

Parham DM, Roloson GJ, Feely M, et al. Primary malignant neuroepithelial tumors of the kidney. Am J Surg Pathol. 2001;28:133-146.

Parker AS, Cheville JC, Lohse C, et al. Expression of insulin-like growth factor I receptor and survival in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 2003;170:420-424.

Parker AS, Cerhan JR, Janney CA, et al. Smoking cessation and renal cell carcinoma. Ann Epidemiol. 2003;13(4):245-251.

Parker AS, Kosari F, Lohse CM, et al. High expression levels of surviving protein independently predict a poor outcome for patients who undergo surgery for clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Cancer. 2006;107:37-45.

Parker AS, Leibovich BC, Lohse CM, et al. Development and evaluation of BioScore: a biomarker panel to enhance prognostic algorithms for clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Cancer. 2009;115(10):2092-2103.

Parker AS, Lohse CM, Leibovich BC, et al. Comparison of digital image analysis versus visual assessment to assess surviving expression as an independent predictor of survival for patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Hum Pathol. 2008;39:1176-1184.

Parsons JK, Schoenberg MS, Carter HB. Incidental renal tumors: casting doubt on the efficacy of early intervention. Urology. 2001;57(6):1013-1015.

Parsons JK, Jarrett TJ, Chow GK, et al. The effect of previous abdominal surgery on urological laparoscopy. J Urol. 2002;168:2387-2390.

Paspulati RM, Bhatt S. Sonography in benign and malignant renal masses. Radiol Clin North Am. 2006;44(6):787-803.

Patard JJ. Prognostic and biological significance of lymph node spreading in renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol. 2006;49:220-222.

Patard JJ, Dorey FJ, Cindolo L, et al. Symptoms as well as tumor size provide prognostic information on patients with localized renal tumors. J Urol. 2004;172:2167-2171.

Patard JJ, Leray E, Rioux-Leclercq N, et al. Prognostic value of histologic subtypes in renal cell carcinoma: a multicenter experience. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:2763-2771.

Patard JJ, Pantuck AJ, Crepel M, et al. Morbidity and clinical outcome of nephron-sparing surgery in relation to tumor size and indication. Eur Urol. 2007;52(1):148-154.

Patard JJ, Shvarts O, Lam JS, et al. Safety and efficacy of partial nephrectomy for all T1 tumors based on an international multicenter experience. J Urol. 2004;171:2181-2185.

Patard JJ, Kim HL, Lam JS, et al. Use of the University of California Los Angeles integrated staging system to predict survival in renal call carcinoma: an international multicenter study. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:3316-3322.

Paul R, Ewing CM, Robinson JC, et al. Cadherin-6, a cell adhesion molecule specifically expressed in the proximal renal tubule and renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Res. 1997;57:2741-2748.

Paul R, Mordhorst J, Busch R, et al. Adrenal sparing surgery during radical nephrectomy in patients with renal cell cancer: a new algorithm. J Urol. 2001;166:59-62.

Paul R, Mordhorst J, Leyh H, et al. Incidence and outcome of patients with adrenal metastases of renal cell cancer. Urology. 2001;57(5):878-882.

Paul R, Necking U, Busch R, et al. Cadherin-6: a new prognostic marker for renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 2004;171:97-101.

Pavlovich CP, Grubb RL, Hurley K, et al. Evaluation and management of renal tumors in the Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome. J Urol. 2005;173:1482-1486.

Pavlovich CP, McClellan MW, Eyler RA, et al. Renal tumors in the Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome. Am J Surg Pathol. 2002;26(12):1542-1552.

Pavlovich CP, Schmidt LS. Searching for the hereditary causes of renal cell carcinoma. Nature Reviews. 2004;4:381-393.

Pavlovich CP, Schmidt LS, Phillips JL. The genetic basis of renal cell carcinoma. Urol Clin North Am. 2003;30:437-454.

Pepper K, Jaowattana U, Starsiak MD, et al. Renal cell carcinoma presenting with paraneoplastic hypercalcemic coma: a case report and review of the literature. J Gen Intern Med. 2007;22:1042-1046.

Perez-Ordonez B, Hamed G, Campbell S, et al. Renal oncocytoma: a clinicopathological study of 70 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 1997;21:871-883.

Permpongkosol S, Chan DY, Link RE, et al. Long-term survival analysis after laparoscopic radical nephrectomy. J Urol. 2005;174(4 pt 1):1222-1225.

Permpongkosol S, Colombo JRJr, Gill IS, et al. Positive surgical parenchymal margin after laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma: oncological outcomes. J Urol. 2006;176:2401-2404.

Permpongkosol S, Sroka M, Chan DY, et al. Cancer control of laparoscopic radical nephrectomy with 10-year survival analysis. J Urol. 2005;173:229.

Perot C, Boccon-Gibbod L, Bouvier R, et al. Five new cases of juvenile renal cell carcinoma with translocations involving Xp11.2: a cytogenetic and morphologic study. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 2003;143:93-99.

Pesch B, Haerting J, Ranft U, et al. Occupational risk factors for renal cell carcinoma: agent-specific results from a case-control study in Germany. Int J Epidemiol. 2000;29(6):1014-1024.

Pesti T, Sükösd F, Jones EC, et al. Mapping a tumor suppressor gene to chromosome 2p13 in metanephric adenoma by microsatellite allelotyping. Hum Pathol. 2001;32(1):101-104.

Petit A, Castillo M, Santos M, et al. KIT expression in chromophobe renal cell carcinoma: comparative immunohistochemical analysis of KIT expression in different renal cell neoplasms. Am J Surg Pathol. 2004;28(5):676-678.

Petri E, Feil G, Wechsel HW, Bichler KH. Induction of angiogenesis in renal cell carcinoma investigation of regulatory cytokines and control mechanism in vivo and in vitro. J Urol. 1997;157:377.

Peycelon M, Hupertan V, Comperat E, et al. Long-term outcomes after nephron-sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma larger than 4 cm. J Urol. 2009;181:35-41.

Peyromaure M, Misrai V, Thiounn N, et al. Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma: an analysis of 61 cases. Cancer. 2004;100:1406-1410.

Peyromaure M, Thiounn N, Scotte F, et al. Collecting duct carcinoma of the kidney: a clinicopathological study of 9 cases. J Urol. 2003;170:1138-1140.

Pfaffenroth EC, Linehan WM. Genetic basis for kidney cancer: opportunity for disease-specific approaches to therapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2008;8(6):779-790.

2005 Phase 2 trials of SU11248 show antitumor activity in second-line therapy for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Proc Am Assoc Clin Oncol. 2005;23:380s.

Phillips CK, Taneja SS. The role of lymphadenectomy in the surgical management of renal cell carcinoma. Urol Oncol. 2004;22:214-224.

Phillips E, Messing EM. Role of lymphadenectomy in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma. Urology. 1993;41:9.

Phyoc NB, Ehara H, Gotoh T, et al. Prognostic value of the co-expression of carbonic anhydrase IX and vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Oncol Rep. 2008;20:525-530.

Picken MM, Curry JL, Lindgren V, et al. Metanephric adenosarcoma in a young adult: morphologic, immunophenotypic, ultrastructural, and fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses. Am J Surg Pathol. 2001;25(11):1451-1457.

Pickhardt PJ, Siegel CL, McLarney JK. Collecting duct carcinoma of the kidney: are imaging findings suggestive of the diagnosis? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2001;176(3):627-633.

Pierson CR, Schober MS, Wallis T, et al. Mixed epithelial and stromal tumor of the kidney lacks the genetic alterations of cellular congenital mesoblastic nephroma. Hum Pathol. 2001;32:513-520.

Pignot G, Elie C, Conquy S, et al. Survival analysis of 130 patients with papillary renal cell carcinoma: prognostic utility of type 1 and type 2 subclassification. Urology. 2007;69:230-235.

Piltz S, Meimarakis G, Wichmann MW, et al. Long-term results after pulmonary resection of renal cell carcinoma metastases. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;73:1082-1087.

Pisters LL, El-Naggar AK, Luo W, et al. C-met proto-oncogene expression in benign and malignant human renal tissues. J Urol. 1997;158:724-728.

Pizzocaro G, Piva L, Colvita M, et al. Interferon adjuvant to radical nephrectomy in Robson stages II and III renal cell carcinoma: a multicenter randomized study. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19(2):425-431.

Pizzocaro G, Piva L, DiFonzo G, et al. Adjuvant medroxyprogesterone acetate to radical nephrectomy in renal cancer: 5-year results of a prospective randomized study. J Urol. 1987;138:1379-1381.

Ploussard G, Droupy S, Ferlicot S, et al. Local recurrence after nephron-sparing surgery in von Hippel-Lindau disease. Urology. 2007;70(3):435-439.

Polascik TJ, Bostwick DG, Cairns P. Molecular genetics and histopathologic features of adult distal nephron tumors. Urology. 2002;60:941-946.

Pollack HM, Banner MP, Amendola MA. Other malignant neoplasms of the renal parenchyma. Semin Roentgenol. 1987;22:260-274.

Pollard PJ, Wortham NC, Tomilson IP. The TCA cycle and tumorigenesis: the examples of fumarate hydratase and succinate dehydrogenase. Ann Med. 2003;35:632-639.

Pomara G, Capello F, Cuttano MG, et al. Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) of the kidney: a case report. BMC Cancer. 2004;4:3.

Ponsky LE, Crownover RL, Rosen MJ, et al. Initial evaluation of cyberknife technology for extracorporeal renal tissue ablation. Urology. 2003;61(3):498-501.

Ponsky LE, Mahadevan A, Gill IS, et al. Renal radiosurgery: initial clinical experience with histological evaluation. Surg Innov. 2007;14:265.

Porpiglia F, Fiori C, Terrone C, et al. Assessment of surgical margins in renal cell carcinoma after nephron sparing: a comparative study: laparoscopy vs. open surgery. J Urol. 2005;173:1098-1101.

Porpiglia F, Volpe A, Billia M, et al. Laparoscopic versus open partial nephrectomy: analysis of the current literature. Eur Urol. 2008;53:732-743.

Porter MP, Lin DW. Trends in renal cancer surgery and patient provider characteristics associated with partial nephrectomy in the United States. Urol Oncol. 2007;25(4):298-302.

Portis AJ, Yan Y, Landman J, et al. Long-term follow-up after laparoscopic radical nephrectomy. J Urol. 2002;167:1257-1262.

1992 Porzolt F, on behalf of the Delta-P Study Group. Adjuvant therapy of renal cell cancer (RCC) with interferon alfa. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 1992;11:202. [abstract]

Poulakis V, Witzsch U, de Vries R, et al. Quality of life after surgery for localized renal cell carcinoma: comparison between radical nephrectomy and nephron-sparing surgery. Urology. 2003;62(5):814-820.

Powles T, Murray I, Brock C, et al. Molecular positron emission tomography and PET/CT imaging in urological malignancies. Eur Urol. 2007;51(6):1511-1520. discussion 1520–1

Prasad SR, Dalrymple NC, Surabhi VR. Cross-sectional imaging evaluation of renal masses. Radiol Clin North Am. 2008;46:95-111.

Pretorius ES, Wickstrom ML, Siegelman ES. MR imaging of renal neoplasms. MRI Clin North Am. 2000;8:813-836.

Prewett M, Rothman M, Waksal H, et al. Mouse-human chimeric anti-epidermal growth factor receptor antibody C225 inhibits the growth of human renal cell carcinoma xenografts in nude mice. Clin Cancer Res. 1998;4:2957-2966.

Prineas RJ, Folsom AR, Zhang ZM, et al. Nutrition and other risk factors for renal cell carcinoma in postmenopausal women. Epidemiology. 1997;8(1):31-36.

Provet J, Tessler A, Brown J, et al. Partial nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma: indications, results and implications. J Urol. 1991;145:472.

Pyrhonen S, Salminen E, Lehtonem T, et al. Recombinant interferon alpha-2a with vinblastine vs. vinblastine alone in advanced renal cell carcinoma: a phase II study [abstract]. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 1996;15:244.

Pyrhonen S, Salminen E, Ruutu M, et al. Prospective randomized trial of interferon alfa-2a plus vinblastine versus vinblastine alone in patients with advanced renal cell cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17(9):2859-2867.

Quek ML, Stein J, Skinner DG. Surgical approaches to venous tumor thrombus. Semin Urol Oncol. 2001;19:88-97.

Quezado M, Benjamin DR, Tsokos M. EWS/FLI-1 fusion transcripts in three peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the kidney. Hum Pathol. 1997;28:767-770.

Rabbani F, Hakimian P, Reuter V, et al. Renal vein or inferior vena caval extension in patients with renal cortical tumors: impact of tumor histology. J Urol. 2004;171(3):1057-1061.

Rabinovitch RA, Zelefsky MJ, Fuks Z. Patterns of failure following surgical resection of renal cell carcinoma: implications for adjuvant local and systemic therapy. J Clin Oncol. 1994;11:206-212.

Rabets JC, Novick AC. Evidence-based comparison of nephron-sparing treatment options for renal cell carcinoma. AUA Update Series. 2006;25:254-259. [lesson 28]

Rackley RR, Novick AC, Klein EA, et al. The impact of adjuvant nephrectomy on multimodality treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 1994;152:1399-1403.