The Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposure) Regulations 2000 with the Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposure) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 and the Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposure) (Amendment) Regulations 20111
These Regulations, together with the Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999 (S.I. 1999/3232) partially implement, as respects Great Britain, Council Directive 97/43/Euratom (OJ No. L180, 9.7.97, p. 22) laying down basic measures for the health protection of individuals against dangers of ionizing radiation in relation to medical exposure. The regulations impose duties on those responsible for administering ionizing radiation to protect persons undergoing medical exposure whether as part of their own medical diagnosis or treatment or as part of occupational health surveillance, health screening, voluntary participation in research or medico-legal procedures.
They replaced The Ionising Radiation (Protection of Persons Undergoing Medical Examination or Treatment) Regulations 1988.
These regulations came into force:
1. Except for regulation 4(1) and 4(2) on 13 May 2000
2. As regards regulation 4(1) and 4(2) on 1 January 2001
3. As regards Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposure) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 on 1 November 2006
4. As regards Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposure) (Amendment) Regulations 2011 on 25th July 2011.
Adequate training means training which satisfies the requirements of Schedule 2; and the expression adequately trained shall be similarly construed.
Appropriate authority means the Commission for Healthcare, Audit and Inspection established under section 41 of the Health and social Care (Community Health and Standards) Act 2003 as regards England, the National Assembly for Wales as regards Wales, or the Scottish Ministers as regards Scotland.
Child means a person under the age of 18 in England and Wales or a person under the age of 16 in Scotland.
Clinical audit means a systematic examination or review of medical radiological procedures which seeks to improve the quality and the outcome of patient care through structured review whereby radiological practices, procedures and results are examined against agreed standards for good medical radiological procedures, intended to lead to modification of practices where indicated and the application of new standards if necessary.
Diagnostic reference levels means dose levels in medical radiodiagnostic practices or, in the case of radioactive medicinal products, levels of activity, for typical examinations for groups of standard-sized patients or standard phantoms for broadly defined types of equipment.
Dose constraint means a restriction on the prospective doses to individuals which may result from a defined source.
The Directive means Council Directive 97/43/Euratom laying down measures on health protection of individuals against the dangers of ionizing radiation in relation to medical exposure.
Employer means any natural or legal person who, in the course of a trade, business or other undertaking, carries out (other than as an employee), or engages others to carry out, medical exposures or practical aspects, at a given radiological installation.
Employer's procedures means the procedures established by an employer pursuant to regulation 4(1).
Equipment means equipment which delivers ionizing radiation to a person undergoing a medical exposure and equipment which directly controls or influences the extent of such exposure.
(a) An ethics committee established or recognized in accordance with Part 2 of the Medicines for Human Use (Clinical Trials) Regulations 2004, or
(b) The Ethics Committee constituted by regulations made by the Scottish Ministers under section 51(6) of the Adults with Incapacity (Scotland) Act 2000, or
(c) Any other committee established to advise on the ethics of research investigations in human beings, and recognized for that purpose by or on behalf of the Secretary of State, the National Assembly for Wales of Scottish Ministers.
Individual detriment means clinically observable deleterious effects that are expressed in individuals or their descendants the appearance of which is either immediate or delayed and, in the latter case, implies a probability rather than a certainty of appearance.
Ionizing radiation means the transfer of energy in the form of particles or electromagnetic waves of a wavelength of 100 nanometres or less or a frequency of 3 × 1015 hertz or more capable of producing ions directly or indirectly.
Medical exposure means any exposure to which regulation 3 applies and which involves an individual being exposed to ionizing radiation.
Medical physics expert means a person who holds a science degree or its equivalent and who is experienced in the application of physics to the diagnostic and therapeutic uses of ionizing radiation.
Medico-legal procedure means a procedure performed for insurance or legal purposes without a medical indication.
Operator means any person who is entitled, in accordance with the employer's procedures, to carry out practical aspects including those to whom practical aspects have been allocated pursuant to regulation 5(3), medical physics experts as referred to in regulation 9 and, except where they do so under the direct supervision of a person who is adequately trained, persons participating in practical aspects as part of practical training as referred to in regulation 11(3).
Patient dose means the dose concerning patients or other individuals undergoing medical exposure.
Practical aspect means the physical conduct of any of the exposures referred to in regulation 3 and any supporting aspects including handling and use of radiological equipment, and the assessment of technical and physical parameters including radiation doses, calibration and maintenance of equipment, preparation and administration of radioactive medicinal products and the development of films.
Practitioner means a registered healthcare professional who is entitled in accordance with the employer's procedures to take responsibility for an individual medical exposure.
Quality assurance means any planned and systematic action necessary to provide adequate confidence that a structure, system, component or procedure will perform satisfactorily and safely complying with agreed standards and includes quality control.
Quality control means the set of operations (programming, coordinating, implementing) intended to maintain or to improve quality and includes monitoring, evaluation and maintenance at required levels of performance.
Radioactive medicinal product has the meaning given in the Medicines (Administration of Radioactive Substances) Regulations 1978.
Referrer means a registered healthcare professional who is entitled in accordance with the employer's procedures to refer individuals for medical exposure to a practitioner.
Registered healthcare professional means a person who is a member of a profession regulated by a body mentioned in section 25(3) of the National Health Service Reform and Health Care Professions Act 2002.
1. The exposure of patients as part of their own medical diagnosis or treatment including any exposure of an asymptomatic individual
2. The exposure of individuals as part of occupational health surveillance
3. The exposure of individuals as part of health screening programmes
4. The exposure of patients or other persons voluntarily participating in medical or biomedical, diagnostic or therapeutic, research programmes
5. The exposure of individuals as part of medico-legal procedures.
1. The employer shall ensure that written procedures for medical exposures including the procedures set out in Schedule 1 are in place and:
(a) shall take steps to ensure that they are complied with by the practitioner and operator; or
(b) where the employer is concurrently practitioner or operator, he shall comply with these procedures himself.
2. The employer shall ensure that written protocols are in place for every type of standard radiological practice for each equipment.
3. The employer shall establish:
(a) recommendations concerning referral criteria for medical exposures, including radiation doses, and shall ensure that these are available to the referrer
(b) quality assurance programmes for standard operating procedures
(c) diagnostic reference levels for radiodiagnostic examinations falling within regulation 3(a), (b), (c) and (e) having regard to European diagnostic reference levels where available
(d) dose constraints for biomedical and medical research programmes falling within regulation 3(d) where no direct medical benefit for the individual is expected from the exposure.
4. The employer shall take steps to ensure that every practitioner or operator engaged by the employer to carry out medical exposures or any practical aspect of such exposures:
(a) complies with the provisions of regulation 11(1); and
(b) undertakes continuing education and training after qualification including, in the case of clinical use of new techniques, training related to these techniques and the relevant radiation protection requirements; or
(c) where the employer is concurrently practitioner or operator, he shall himself ensure that he undertakes such continuing education and training as may be appropriate.
5. Where the employer knows or has reason to believe that an incident has or may have occurred in which a person, while undergoing a medical exposure was, otherwise than as a result of a malfunction or defect in equipment, exposed to ionizing radiation to an extent much greater than intended, he shall make an immediate preliminary investigation of the incident and, unless that investigation shows beyond a reasonable doubt that no such overexposure has occurred, he shall forthwith notify the appropriate authority and make or arrange for a detailed investigation of the circumstances of the exposure and an assessment of the dose received.
6. The employer shall undertake appropriate reviews whenever diagnostic reference levels are consistently exceeded and ensure that corrective action is taken where appropriate.
1. The practitioner and the operator shall comply with the employer's procedures.
2. The practitioner shall be responsible for the justification of a medical exposure and such other aspects of a medical exposure as is provided for in these Regulations.
3. Practical aspects of a medical exposure or part of it may be allocated in accordance with the employer's procedures by the employer or the practitioner, as appropriate, to one or more individuals entitled to act in this respect in a recognized field of specialization.
4. The operator shall be responsible for each and every practical aspect which he carries out as well as for any authorization given pursuant to regulation 6(5) where such authorization is not made in accordance with the guidelines referred to in regulation 6(5).
5. The referrer shall supply the practitioner with sufficient medical data (such as previous diagnostic information or medical records) relevant to the medical exposure requested by the referrer to enable the practitioner to decide on whether there is a sufficient net benefit as required by regulation 6(1)(a).
6. The practitioner and the operator shall cooperate, regarding practical aspects, with other specialists and staff involved in a medical exposure, as appropriate.
7. For the avoidance of doubt, where a person acts as employer, referrer, practitioner and operator concurrently (or in any combination of these roles) he shall comply with all the duties placed on employers, referrers, practitioners or operators under these Regulations accordingly.
1. No person shall carry out a medical exposure unless:
(a) it has been justified by the practitioner as showing a sufficient net benefit giving appropriate weight to the matters set out in paragraph (2); and
(b) it has been authorized by the practitioner or, where paragraph (5) applies, the operator; and
(c) in the case of a medical or biomedical exposure as referred to in regulation 3(d), it has been approved by an ethics committee; and
(d) in the case of an exposure falling within regulation 3(e), it complies with the employer's procedures for such exposures; and
(e) in the case of a female of child-bearing age, he has enquired whether she is pregnant or breast feeding, if relevant.
2. The matters referred to in paragraph (1)(a) are:
(a) the specific objectives of the exposure and the characteristics of the individual involved
(b) the total potential diagnostic or therapeutic benefits, including the direct health benefits to the individual and the benefits to society, of the exposure
(c) the individual detriment that the exposure may cause and
(d) the efficacy, benefits and risk of available alternative techniques having the same objective but involving no or less exposure to ionizing radiation.
3. In considering the weight to be given to the matters referred to in paragraph (2), the practitioner justifying an exposure pursuant to paragraph (1)(a) shall pay special attention to:
(a) exposures on medico-legal grounds
(b) exposures that have no direct health benefit for the individuals undergoing the exposure and
(c) the urgency of the exposure, where appropriate, in cases involving:
(i) a female where pregnancy cannot be excluded, in particular if abdominal and pelvic regions are involved, taking into account the exposure of both the expectant mother and the unborn child and
(ii) a female who is breast feeding and who undergoes a nuclear medicine exposure, taking into account the exposure of both the female and the child.
4. In deciding whether to justify an exposure under paragraph (1)(a) the practitioner shall take account of any data supplied by the referrer pursuant to regulation 5(5) and shall consider such data in order to avoid unnecessary exposure.
5. Where it is not practicable for the practitioner to authorize an exposure as required by paragraph (1)(b), the operator shall do so in accordance with guidelines issued by the practitioner.
1. In relation to all medical exposures to which these Regulations apply except radiotherapeutic procedures, the practitioner and the operator, to the extent of their respective involvement in a medical exposure, shall ensure that doses arising from the exposure are kept as low as reasonably practicable consistent with the intended purpose.
2. In relation to all medical exposures for radiotherapeutic purposes the practitioner shall ensure that exposures of target volumes are individually planned, taking into account that doses of non-target volumes and tissues shall be as low as reasonably practicable and consistent with the intended radiotherapeutic purpose of the exposure.
3. Without prejudice to paragraphs (1) and (2), the operator shall select equipment and methods to ensure that for each medical exposure the dose of ionizing radiation to the individual undergoing the exposure is as low as reasonably practicable and consistent with the intended diagnostic or therapeutic purpose and in doing so shall pay special attention to:
(b) assessment of patient dose or administered activity and
(c) adherence to diagnostic reference levels for radiodiagnostic examinations falling within regulation 3(a), (b), (c) and (e) as set out in the employer's procedures.
4. For each medical or biomedical research programme falling within regulation 3(d), the employer's procedures shall provide that:
(a) the individuals concerned participate voluntarily in the research programme
(b) the individuals concerned are informed in advance about the risks of the exposure
(c) the dose constraint set down in the employer's procedures for individuals for whom no direct medical benefit is expected from the exposure is adhered to and
(d) individual target levels of doses are planned by the practitioner for patients who voluntarily undergo an experimental diagnostic or therapeutic practice from which the patients are expected to receive a diagnostic or therapeutic benefit.
5. In the case of patients undergoing treatment or diagnosis with radioactive medicinal products, the employer's procedures shall provide that, where appropriate, written instructions and information are provided to:
(a) the patient, where he has capacity to consent to the treatment or diagnostic procedure or
(b) where the patient is a child who lacks capacity so to consent, the person with parental responsibility for the child or
(c) where the patient is an adult who lacks capacity so to consent, the person who appears to the practitioner to be the most appropriate person.
6. The instructions and information referred to in paragraph (5) shall:
(a) specify how doses resulting from the patient's exposure can be restricted as far as reasonably possible so as to protect persons in contact with the patient
(b) set out the risks associated with ionizing radiation and
(c) be provided to the patient or other person specified in paragraph (5) as appropriate prior to the patient leaving the hospital or other place where the medical exposure was carried out.
7. In complying with the obligations under this regulation, the practitioner and the operator shall pay special attention to:
(a) the need to keep doses arising from medico-legal exposures as low as reasonably practicable
(b) medical exposures of children
(c) medical exposures as part of a health screening programme
(d) medical exposures involving high doses to the patient
(e) where appropriate, females in whom pregnancy cannot be excluded and who are undergoing a medical exposure, in particular if abdominal and pelvic regions are involved, taking into account the exposure of both the expectant mother and the unborn child and
(f) where appropriate, females who are breast feeding and who are undergoing exposures in nuclear medicine, taking into account the exposure of both the female and the child.
8. The employer shall take steps to ensure that a clinical evaluation of the outcome of each medical exposure, is recorded in accordance with the employer's procedures or, where the employer is concurrently practitioner or operator, shall so record a clinical evaluation, including, where appropriate, factors relevant to patient dose.
The employer's procedures shall include provision for the carrying out of clinical audit as appropriate.
1. The employer shall ensure that a medical physics expert shall be involved in every medical exposure to which these Regulations apply in accordance with paragraph (2).
2. A medical physics expert shall be:
(a) closely involved in every radiotherapeutic practice other than standardized therapeutic nuclear medicine practices
(b) available in standardized therapeutic nuclear medicine practices and in diagnostic nuclear medicine practices
(c) involved as appropriate for consultation on optimization, including patient dosimetry and quality assurance, and to give advice on matters relating to radiation protection concerning medical exposure, as required, in all other radiological practices.
1. The employer shall draw up, keep up-to-date and preserve at each radiological installation an inventory of equipment at that installation and, when so requested, shall furnish it to the appropriate authority.
2. The inventory referred to in paragraph (1) shall contain the following information:
3. The employer shall ensure that equipment at each radiological installation is limited to the amount necessary for the proper carrying out of medical exposures at that installation.
1. Subject to the following provisions of this regulation no practitioner or operator shall carry out a medical exposure or any practical aspect without having been adequately trained.
2. A certificate issued by an institute or person competent to award degrees or diplomas or to provide other evidence of training shall, if such certificate so attests, be sufficient proof that the person to whom it has been issued has been adequately trained.
3. Nothing in paragraph (1) above shall prevent a person from participating in practical aspects of the procedure as part of practical training if this is done under the supervision of a person who himself is adequately trained.
4. The employer shall keep and have available for inspection by the appropriate authority an up-to-date record of all training undertaken by all practitioners and operators engaged by him to carry out medical exposures or any practical aspect of such exposures or, where the employer is concurrently practitioner or operator, of his own training, showing the date or dates on which training qualifying as adequate training was completed and the nature of the training.
5. Where the employer enters into a contract with another to engage a practitioner or operator otherwise employed by that other, the latter shall be responsible for keeping the records required by paragraph (4) and shall supply such records to the employer forthwith upon request.
1. The provisions of these Regulations shall be enforced as if they were health and safety regulations made under section 15 of the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 and, except as provided in paragraph (2), the provisions of that Act, as regards enforcement and offences, shall apply for the purposes of these Regulations.
2. The enforcing authority for the purposes of these Regulations shall be the appropriate authority.
The written procedures for medical exposures shall include:
1. procedures to identify correctly the individual to be exposed to ionizing radiation
2. procedures to identify individuals entitled to act as referrer or practitioner or operator
3. procedures to be observed in the case of medico-legal exposures
4. procedures for making enquiries of females of child-bearing age to establish whether the individual is or may be pregnant or breast feeding
5. procedures to ensure that quality assurance programmes are followed
6. procedures for the assessment of patient dose and administered activity
7. procedures for the use of diagnostic reference levels established by the employer for radiodiagnostic examinations falling within regulation 3(a), (b), (c) and (e), specifying that these are expected not to be exceeded for standard procedures when good and normal practice regarding diagnostic and technical performance is applied
8. procedures for determining whether the practitioner or operator is required to effect one or more of the matters set out in regulation 7(4) including criteria on how to effect those matters and in particular procedures for the use of dose constraints established by the employer for biomedical and medical research programmes falling within regulation 3(d) where no direct medical benefit for the individual is expected from the exposure
9. procedures for the giving of information and written instructions as referred to in regulation 7(5)
10. procedures for the carrying out and recording of an evaluation for each medical exposure including, where appropriate, factors relevant to patient dose
11. procedures to ensure that the probability and magnitude of accidental or unintended doses to patients from radiological practices are reduced so far as reasonably practicable.
1. Fundamental physics of radiation
2. Management and radiation protection of the patient
Fundamentals of radiological anatomy
Fundamentals of radiological techniques
5.2. Radiobiological aspects for radiotherapy