268 Calisher CH, Mahmud MI, el-Kafrawi AO, et al. Rapid and specific serodiagnosis of western equine encephalitis virus infection in horses. Am J Vet Res. 1986;47:1296.

269 Calisher CH, Fremount HN, Vesely WL, et al. Relevance of detection of immunoglobulin M antibody response in birds used for arbovirus surveillance. J Clin Microbiol. 1986;24:770.

270 Dalrymple JM, Vogel SN, Teramoto AY, Russell PK. Antigenic components of group A arbovirus virions. J Virol. 1973;12:1034.

271 Sekla LH, Stackiw W. Laboratory diagnosis of western encephalomyelitis. Can J Public Health. 1976;67(suppl 1):33.

272 Calisher CH, Emerson JK, Muth DJ, et al. Serodiagnosis of western equine encephalitis virus infections: relationships of antibody titer and test to observed onset of clinical illness. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1983;183:438.

273 Scott TW, Olson JG, All BPIII, Gibbs EP. Detection of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus antigen in equine brain tissue by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Am J Vet Res. 1988;49:1716.

274 Monath TP, McLean RG, Cropp CB, et al. Diagnosis of eastern equine encephalomyelitis by immunofluorescent staining of brain tissue. Am J Vet Res. 1981;42:1418.

275 Weaver SC, Scott TW, Rico-Hesse R. Molecular evolution of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in North America. Virology. 1991;182:774.

276 Weaver SC, et al. A comparison of the nucleotide sequences of eastern and western equine encephalomyelitis viruses with those of other alphaviruses and related RNA viruses. Virology. 1993;197:375.

277 Brault AC, et al. Genetic and antigenic diversity among eastern equine encephalitis viruses from North, Central, and South America. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1999;61:579.

278 Hoff GL, Bigler WJ, Buff EE, Beck E. Occurrence and distribution of western equine encephalomyelitis in Florida. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1978;172:351.

279 Karabatsos N, Lewis AL, Calisher CH, et al. Identification of Highlands J virus from a Florida horse. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1988;39:603.

280 Iversen JO. Western equine encephalitis. In: Beran GW, editor. Handbook of zoonoses. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC; 1994:25.

281 Weaver SC, Kang W, Shirako Y, et al. Recombinational history and molecular evolution of western equine encephalomyelitis complex alphaviruses. J Virol. 1997;71:613.

282 See reference 279

283 Cilnis MJ, Kang W, Weaver SC. Genetic conservation of Highlands J viruses. Virology. 1996;218:343.

284 Shope RE, Causey OR, de Andrade AH. The Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis complex of group a arthropod-borne viruses, including Mucambo and Pixuna from the Amazon region of Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1964;13:723.

285 Franck PT, Johnson KM. An outbreak of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis in Central America: evidence for exogenous source of a virulent virus subtype. Am J Epidemiol. 1971;94:487.

286 Henderson BE, Chappell WA, Johnston JGJr, Sudia WD. Experimental infection of horses with three strains of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. I. Clinical and virological studies. Am J Epidemiol. 1971;93:194.

287 Sudia WD, Newhouse VF, Henderson BE. Experimental infection of horses with three strains of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. II. Experimental vector studies. Am J Epidemiol. 1971;93:206.

288 Walton TE, Johnson KM. Epizootiology of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis in the Americas. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1972;161:1509.

289 Weaver SC, et al. Genetic determinants of Venezuelan equine encephalitis emergence. Arch Virol Suppl. 2004:43.

290 Weaver SC, Ferro C, Barrera R, et al. Venezuelan equine encephalitis. Annu Rev Entomol. 2004;49:141.

291 Kinney RM, Tsuchiya KR, Sneider JM, Trent DW. Genetic evidence that epizootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) viruses may have evolved from enzootic VEE subtype I-D virus. Virology. 1992;191:569.

292 Weaver SC, et al. Re-emergence of epidemic Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis in South America. VEE Study Group. Lancet. 1996;348:436.

293 Tully TNJr, et al. Eastern equine encephalitis in a flock of emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae). Avian Dis. 1992;36:808.

294 Bell JR, et al. Structural proteins of western equine encephalitis virus: amino acid compositions and N-terminal sequences. J Virol. 1983;45:708.

295 Hahn CS, Lustig S, Strauss EG, Strauss JH. Western equine encephalitis virus is a recombinant virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1988;85:5997.

296 Weaver SC, Rico-Hesse R, Scott TW. Genetic diversity and slow rates of evolution in New World alphaviruses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 1992;176:99.

297 Sabattini MS, et al. Arbovirus investigations in Argentina, 1977–1980. I. Historical aspects and description of study sites. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1985;34:937.

298 Monath TP, et al. Arbovirus investigations in Argentina, 1977–1980. IV. Serologic surveys and sentinel equine program. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1985;34:966.

299 Mitchell CJ, et al. Arbovirus investigations in Argentina, 1977–1980. II. Arthropod collections and virus isolations from Argentine mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1985;34:945.

300 Gibbs EPJ, Tsai TF. Eastern equine encephalitis. In: Beran GW, editor. Handbook of zoonoses. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC; 1994:11.

301 Wilson JH, Rubin HL, Lane TJ, Gibbs EPJ. A survey of eastern equine encephalomyelitis in Florida horses: prevalence, economic impact, and management practices, 1982–1983. Prev Vet Med. 1986;4:261.

302 Morris CD, Srihongse S. An evaluation of the hypothesis of transovarial transmission of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus by Culiseta melanura. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1978;27:1246.

303 Cupp EW, Klingler K, Hassan HK, et al. Transmission of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in central Alabama. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003;68:495.

304 McLean RG, et al. Investigations of the vertebrate hosts of eastern equine encephalitis during an epizootic in Michigan, 1980. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1985;34:1190.

305 Unnasch RS, Sprenger T, Katholi CR, et al. A dynamic transmission model of eastern equine encephalitis virus. Ecol Modell. 2006;192:425.

306 Ortiz DI, Wozniak A, Tolson MW, et al. Isolation of EEE virus from Ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus and Culiseta melanura in coastal South Carolina. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2003;19:33.

307 Meyer KF, Haring CM, Howitt B. The etiology of epizootic encephalomyelitis of horses in the San Joaquin Valley, 1930. Science. 1931;74:227.

308 Wagstaff KH, Dickson SL, Bailey A. Western equine encephalitis surveillance in Utah. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1986;2:201.

309 Janousek TE, Kramer WL. Surveillance for arthropod-borne viral activity in Nebraska, 1994–1995. J Med Entomol. 1998;35:758.

310 Reisen WK, et al. Landscape ecology of arboviruses in southern California: temporal and spatial patterns of vector and virus activity in Coachella Valley, 1990–1992. J Med Entomol. 1995;32:255.

311 Walton WE, Tietze NS, Mulla MS. Ecology of Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae): factors influencing larval abundance in mesocosms in southern California. J Med Entomol. 1990;27:57.

312 Hardy JL. The ecology of western equine encephalomyelitis virus in the Central Valley of California, 1945–1985. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1987;37:18S.

313 Hildreth SW, Beaty BJ. Detection of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus and Highlands J virus antigens within mosquito pools by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). I. A laboratory study. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1984;33:965.

314 Andreadis TG, Anderson JF, Tirrell-Peck SJ. Multiple isolations of eastern equine encephalitis and highlands J viruses from mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) during a 1996 epizootic in southeastern Connecticut. J Med Entomol. 1998;35:296.

315 Lord RD. History and geographic distribution of Venezuelan equine encephalitis. Bull Pan Am Health Org. 1974;8:100.

316 Zehmer RB, Dean PB, Sudia WD, et al. Venezuelan equine encephalitis epidemic in Texas, 1971. Health Serv Rep. 1974;89:278.

317 Weaver SC, Pfeffer M, Marriott K, et al. Genetic evidence for the origins of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus subtype IAB outbreaks. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1999;60:441.

318 Oberste MS, et al. Association of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus subtype IE with two equine epizootics in Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1998;59:100.

319 Rico-Hesse R. Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 2000;16:553.

320 Estrada-Franco JG, et al. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, southern Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:2113.

321 Young NA. Origin of epidemics of Venezuelan equine encephalitis. J Infect Dis. 1972;125:565.

322 Carrara AS, et al. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection of spiny rats. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11:663.

323 Scherer WF, Dickerman RW. Ecologic studies of Venezuelan encephalitis virus in southeastern Mexico. 8. Correlations and conclusions. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1972;21:86.

324 Weaver SC, Scherer WF, Taylor CA, et al. Laboratory vector competence of Culex (Melanoconion) cedecei for sympatric and allopatric Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis viruses. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1986;35:619.

325 Johnson KM, Martin DH. Venezuelan equine encephalitis. Adv Vet Sci Comp Med. 1974;18:79.

326 Sudia WD, Newhouse VF. Epidemic Venezuelan equine encephalitis in North America: a summary of virus-vector-host relationships. Am J Epidemiol. 1975;101:1.

327 Sudia WD, et al. Epidemic Venezuelan equine encephalitis in North America in 1971: vertebrate field studies. Am J Epidemiol. 1975;101:36.

328 Miller LD, Pearson JE, Muhm RL. A comparison of clinical manifestations and pathology of the equine encephalidites: VEE, WEE, EEE. Proc Annu Meet US Anim Health Assoc. 1973:629.

329 Turell MJ, Barth J, Coleman RE. Potential for Central American mosquitoes to transmit epizootic and enzootic strains of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1999;15:295.

330 Moulthrop JI, Moore RMJr, Parker RL. Surveillance of Venezuelan equine encephalitis in the United States—1972. J Infect Dis. 1973;128:572.

331 Barrera R, et al. Characterization of enzootic foci of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in western Venezuela. Vector Borne Zoonot Dis. 2001;1:219.

332 Brault AC, Powers AM, Ortiz D, et al. Venezuelan equine encephalitis emergence: enhanced vector infection from a single amino acid substitution in the envelope glycoprotein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004;101:11344.

333 Balasuriya UB, et al. Alphavirus replicon particles expressing the two major envelope proteins of equine arteritis virus induce high level protection against challenge with virulent virus in vaccinated horses. Vaccine. 2002;20:1609.

334 Morier L, Cantelar N, Soler M. Infection of a poikilothermic cell line (XL-2) with eastern equine encephalitis and western equine encephalitis viruses. J Med Virol. 1987;21:277.

335 Spotts DR, Reich RM, Kalkhan MA, et al. Resistance to alpha/beta interferons correlates with the epizootic and virulence potential of Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses and is determined by the 5′ noncoding region and glycoproteins. J Virol. 1998;72:10286.

336 Schoneboom BA, Lee JS, Grieder FB. Early expression of IFN-alpha/beta and iNOS in the brains of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus—infected mice. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2000;20:205.

337 Walton TE, Alvarez OJr, Buckwalter RM, Johnson KM. Experimental infection of horses with enzootic and epizootic strains of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. J Infect Dis. 1973;128:271.

338 Vogel P, Kell WM, Fritz DL, et al. Early events in the pathogenesis of eastern equine encephalitis virus in mice. Am J Pathol. 2005;166:159.

339 MacKenzie RM, Parra D. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus: comparison of infectivity and virulence of strains V-38 and P676 in donkeys. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1976;25:494.

340 Letson GW, Bailey RE, Pearson J, Tsai TF. Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE): a description of the 1989 outbreak, recent epidemiologic trends, and the association of rainfall with EEE occurrence. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1993;49:677.

341 Gibbs EP. Equine viral encephalitis. Equine Vet J. 1976;8:66.

342 Linssen B, et al. Development of reverse transcription—PCR assays specific for detection of equine encephalitis viruses. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38:1527.

343 Franklin RP, et al. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus infection in a horse from California. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002;8:283.

344 Sahu SP, Alstad AD, Pedersen DD, Pearson JE. Diagnosis of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus infection in horses by immunoglobulin M and G capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Vet Diagn Invest. 1994;6:34.

345 Del PF, Wilkins PA, Dubovi EJ, et al. Clinical, pathologic, immunohistochemical, and virologic findings of eastern equine encephalomyelitis in two horses. Vet Pathol. 2001;38:451.

346 Saulmon EE. Use of multiagency coordination in dealing with epizootics of zoonoses. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1972;161:1520.

347 Kono Y, Sentsui H, Ito Y. An epidemic of Getah virus infection among racehorses: properties of the virus. Res Vet Sci. 1980;29:162.

348 Walton TE, Johnson KM. Persistence of neutralizing antibody in Equidae vaccinated with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis vaccine strain TC-83. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1972;161:916.

349 Walton TE, Alvarez OJr, Buckwalter RM, Johnson KM. Experimental infection of horses with an attenuated Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis vaccine (strain TC-83). Infect Immun. 1972;5:750.

350 Wilson JH, Rubin HL, Lane TJ, Gibbs EPJ. Eastern equine encephalitis in Florida horses: prevalence, economic impact, and management practices, 1982–1983. Prev Vet Med. 2006;4:261.

351 Azuolas JK. Ross River virus disease of horses. Aust Equine Vet. 1998;16:56.

352 Calisher CH, Walton TE. Getah virus infections. In: Studdert MJ, editor. Virus infections of horses. New York: Elsevier; 1998:157.

353 Barker-Hudson P, Kay BH, Jones RE, et al. Surveillance of mosquitoes and arbovirus infection at the Ross River Dam (stage 1), Australia. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1993;9:389.

354 Bertram DS. Mosquitoes of British Honduras, with some comments on malaria, and on arbovirus antibodies in man and equines. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1971;65:742.

355 Hearnden MN, Kay BH. Importance of Hydrilla verticillata (hydrocharitaceae) as habitat for immature mosquitoes at the Ross River reservoir, Australia. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1997;13:164.

356 Hearnden MN, Kay BH. Changes in mosquito populations with expansion of the Ross River reservoir, Australia, from stage 1 to stage 2A. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1995;11:211.

357 Kay BH, Hearnden MN, Oliveira NM, et al. Alphavirus infection in mosquitoes at the Ross River reservoir, north Queensland, 1990–1993. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1996;12:421.

358 Kumanomido T, et al. Getah virus isolations from mosquitoes in an enzootic area in Japan. Nippon Juigaku Zasshi. 1986;48:1135.

359 Laird M. New Zealand’s northern mosquito survey, 1988–89. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1990;6:287.

360 Li XD, Qiu FX, Yang H, et al. Isolation of Getah virus from mosquitos collected on Hainan Island, China, and results of a serosurvey. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1992;23:730.

361 Kolman JM. Serologic examination of some domestic animals from South Moravia on the presence of antibodies to selected arboviruses of the A, B, California and Bunyamwera groups. Folia Parasitol (Praha). 1973;20:353.

362 Marchette NJ, Rudnick A, Garcia R, MacVean DW. Alphaviruses in Peninsular Malaysia. I. Virus isolations and animal serology. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1978;9:317.

363 Simpson DI, et al. Arbovirus infections in Sarawak: the role of the domestic pig. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1976;70:66.

364 Boyd AM, Hall RA, Gemmell RT, Kay BH. Experimental infection of Australian brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula (Phalangeridae: Marsupialia), with Ross River and Barmah Forest viruses by use of a natural mosquito vector system. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001;65:777.

365 Kamada M, Kumanomido T, Wada R, et al. Intranasal infection of Getah virus in experimental horses. J Vet Med Sci. 1991;53:855.

366 Kamada M, Wada R, Kumanomido T, et al. Effect of viral inoculum size on appearance of clinical signs in equine Getah virus infection. J Vet Med Sci. 1991;53:803.

367 Kay BH, Pollitt CC, Fanning ID, Hall RA. The experimental infection of horses with Murray Valley encephalitis and Ross River viruses. Aust Vet J. 1987;64:52.

368 Brown CM, Timoney PJ. Getah virus infection of Indian horses. Trop Anim Health Prod. 1998;30:241.

369 Fukunaga Y, Kumanomido T, Kamada M. Getah virus as an equine pathogen. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 2000;16:605.

370 Imagawa H, et al. Sero-epizootiological survey on Getah virus infection in light horses in Japan. Nippon Juigaku Zasshi. 1981;43:797.

371 Azuolas JK, Wishart E, Bibby S, Ainsworth C. Isolation of Ross River virus from mosquitoes and from horses with signs of musculo-skeletal disease. Aust Vet J. 2003;81:3447.

372 Cloonan MJ, O’Neill BJ, Vale TG, et al. Ross River virus activity along the south coast of New South Wales. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci. 1982;60:701.

373 Gard GP, Marshall ID, Walker KH, et al. Association of Australian arboviruses with nervous disease in horses. Aust Vet J. 1977;53:61.

374 Careless DJ. The changing epidemiology of Ross River virus disease in South Australia. Med J Aust. 1997;166:334.

375 Kamada M, et al. Equine Getah virus infection: isolation of the virus from racehorses during an enzootic in Japan. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1980;29:984.

376 Oliveira NM, et al. Epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies to Ross River virus in vertebrate sera. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2006;13:814.

377 Richt JA, Grabner A, Herzog S. Borna disease in horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 2000;16:579.

378 Hagiwara K, et al. Seroprevalence of Borna disease virus in domestic animals in Xinjiang, China. Vet Microbiol. 2001;80:383.

379 Yilmaz H, Helps CR, Turan N, et al. Detection of antibodies to Borna disease virus (BDV) in Turkish horse sera using recombinant p40: brief report. Arch Virol. 2002;147:429.

380 Bahmani MK, et al. Varied prevalence of Borna disease virus infection in Arabic, thoroughbred and their cross-bred horses in Iran. Virus Res. 1996;45:1.

381 Staeheli P, Sauder C, Hausmann J, et al. Epidemiology of Borna disease virus. J Gen Virol. 2000;81:2123.

382 Kao M, et al. Detection of antibodies against Borna disease virus in sera and cerebrospinal fluid of horses in the USA. Vet Rec. 1993;132:241.

383 Richt JA, Pfeuffer I, Christ M, et al. Borna disease virus infection in animals and humans. Emerg Infect Dis. 1997;3:343.

384 Mayr A, Danner K. Production of Borna virus in tissue culture. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1972;140:511.

385 Ludwig H, Bode L. Borna disease virus: new aspects on infection, disease, diagnosis and epidemiology. Rev Sci Tech. 2000;19:259.

386 Schneider PA, Briese T, Zimmermann W, et al. Sequence conservation in field and experimental isolates of Borna disease virus. J Virol. 1994;68:63.

387 Kolodziejek J, Durrwald R, Herzog S, et al. Genetic clustering of Borna disease virus natural animal isolates, laboratory and vaccine strains strongly reflects their regional geographical origin. J Gen Virol. 2005;86:385.

388 Pleschka S, Staeheli P, Kolodziejek J, et al. Conservation of coding potential and terminal sequences in four different isolates of Borna disease virus. J Gen Virol. 2001;82:2681.

389 Hagiwara K, et al. Detection of Borna disease virus in a pregnant mare and her fetus. Vet Microbiol. 2000;72:207.

390 Sauder C, Staeheli P. Rat model of Borna disease virus transmission: epidemiological implications. J Virol. 2003;77:12886.

391 Vahlenkamp TW, Enbergs HK, Muller H. Experimental and natural Borna disease virus infections: presence of viral RNA in cells of the peripheral blood. Vet Microbiol. 2000;76:229.

392 Schindler AR, et al. Reverse transcription real-time PCR assays for detection and quantification of Borna disease virus in diseased hosts. Mol Cell Probes. 2006.

393 Taniyama H, et al. Equine Borna disease in Japan. Vet Rec. 2001;148:480.

394 Katz JB, Alstad D, Jenny AL, et al. Clinical, serologic, and histopathologic characterization of experimental Borna disease in ponies. J Vet Diagn Invest. 1998;10:338.

395 Hagiwara K, et al. Demonstration of Borna disease virus (BDV) in specific regions of the brain from horses positive for serum antibodies to BDV but negative for BDV RNA in the blood and internal organs. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl). 1997;186:19.

396 Dietrich DE, et al. Amantadine in depressive patients with Borna disease virus (BDV) infection: an open trial. Bipolar Disord. 2000;2:65.

397 Schwemmle M. Progress and controversy in Bornavirus research: a meeting report. Arch Virol. 1999;144:835.

398 Hallensleben W, Zocher M, Staeheli P. Borna disease virus is not sensitive to amantadine. Arch Virol. 1997;142:2043.

399 Yamaguchi K, et al. Detection of Borna disease virus—reactive antibodies from patients with psychiatric disorders and from horses by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 1999;6:696.

400 Chen CH, Chiu YL, Shaw CK, et al. Detection of Borna disease virus RNA from peripheral blood cells in schizophrenic patients and mental health workers. Mol Psychiatry. 1999;4:566.

401 Iwahashi K, et al. Clinical investigation of the relationship between Borna disease virus (BDV) infection and schizophrenia in 67 patients in Japan. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1997;96:412.

402 Selvey LA, et al. Infection of humans and horses by a newly described morbillivirus. Med J Aust. 1995;162:642.

403 Wang LF, et al. A novel P/V/C gene in a new member of the Paramyxoviridae family, which causes lethal infection in humans, horses, and other animals. J Virol. 1998;72:1482.

404 Hooper PT, Williamson MM. Hendra and Nipah virus infections. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 2000;16:597.

405 Westbury HA. Hendra virus disease in horses. Rev Sci Tech. 2000;19:151.

406 Uppal PK. Emergence of Nipah virus in Malaysia. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000;916:354.

407 Halpin K, Young PL, Field HE, Mackenzie JS. Isolation of Hendra virus from pteropid bats: a natural reservoir of Hendra virus. J Gen Virol. 2000;81:1927.

408 Williamson MM, et al. Transmission studies of Hendra virus (equine morbillivirus) in fruit bats, horses and cats. Aust Vet J. 1998;76:813.

409 Halpin K, Young PL, Field H, Mackenzie JS. Newly discovered viruses of flying foxes. Vet Microbiol. 1999;68:83.

410 Barclay AJ, Paton DJ. Hendra (equine morbillivirus). Vet J. 2000;160:169.

411 Thornley M. Hendra virus under the microscope. Aust Vet J. 2005;83:2.

412 Hanna JN, et al. Hendra virus infection in a veterinarian. Med J Aust. 2006;185:562.

413 Lundstrom JO. Mosquito-borne viruses in western Europe: a review. J Vector Ecol. 1999;24:1.

414 Scherer WF, Madalengoitia J, Flores W, Acosta M. The first isolations of eastern encephalitis, group C, and Guama group arboviruses from the Peruvian Amazon region of western South America. Bull Pan Am Health Organ. 1975;9:19.

415 Nelson DM, et al. Prevalence of antibodies against Saint Louis encephalitis and Jamestown Canyon viruses in California horses. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2004;27:209.

416 Sahu SP, Landgraf J, Wineland N, et al. Isolation of Jamestown Canyon virus (California virus group) from vesicular lesions of a horse. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2000;12:80.

417 Fulhorst CF, Hardy JL, Eldridge BF, et al. Ecology of Jamestown Canyon virus (Bunyaviridae: California serogroup) in coastal California. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1996;55:185.

418 Campbell GL, Reeves WC, Hardy JL, Eldridge BF. Distribution of neutralizing antibodies to California and Bunyamwera serogroup viruses in horses and rodents in California. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1990;42:282.

419 Godsey MSJr, Amoo F, Yuill TM, Defoliart GR. California serogroup virus infections in Wisconsin domestic animals. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1988;39:409.

420 McLean RG, Calisher CH, Parham GL. Isolation of Cache Valley virus and detection of antibody for selected arboviruses in Michigan horses in 1980. Am J Vet Res. 1987;48:1039.

421 See reference 420

422 Lynch JA, Binnington BD, Artsob H. California serogroup virus infection in a horse with encephalitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1985;186:389.

423 Watts DM, LeDuc JW, Bailey CL, et al. Serologic evidence of Jamestown Canyon and Keystone virus infection in vertebrates of the DelMarVa Peninsula. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1982;31:1245.

424 McFarlane BL, Embree JE, Embil JA, et al. Antibodies to the California group of arboviruses in animal populations of New Brunswick. Can J Microbiol. 1982;28:200.

425 McFarlane BL, Embree JE, Embil JA, et al. Antibodies to snowshoe hare virus of the California group in the snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) and domestic animal populations of Prince Edward Island. Can J Microbiol. 1981;27:1224.

426 McFarlane BL, et al. Antibodies to snowshoe hare virus of the California group in the horse population in Nova Scotia. Can J Microbiol. 1980;26:654.

427 Artsob H, Wright R, Shipp L, et al. California encephalitis virus activity in mosquitoes and horses in southern Ontario, 1975. Can J Microbiol. 1978;24:1544.

428 Howell PG, Groenewald D, Visage CW, et al. The classification of seven serotypes of equine encephalosis virus and the prevalence of homologous antibody in horses in South Africa. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 2002;69:79.

429 Lord CC, Venter GJ, Mellor PS, et al. Transmission patterns of African horse sickness and equine encephalosis viruses in South African donkeys. Epidemiol Infect. 2002;128:265.

430 Paweska JT, Venter GJ. Vector competence of Culicoides species and the seroprevalence of homologous neutralizing antibody in horses for six serotypes of equine encephalosis virus (EEV) in South Africa. Med Vet Entomol. 2004;18:398.

431 Venter GJ, Groenewald D, Venter E, et al. A comparison of the vector competence of the biting midges, Culicoides (Avaritia) bolitinos and C. (A.) imicola, for the Bryanston serotype of equine encephalosis virus. Med Vet Entomol. 2002;16:3727.

432 Venter GJ, Groenewald DM, Paweska JT, et al. Vector competence of selected South African Culicoides species for the Bryanston serotype of equine encephalosis virus. Med Vet Entomol. 1999;13:393.

433 Lecatsas G, Erasmus BJ, Els HJ. Electron microscopic studies on equine encephalosis virus. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 1973;40:53.

434 Crafford JE, et al. A group-specific, indirect sandwich ELISA for the detection of equine encephalosis virus antigen. J Virol Methods. 2003;112:129.

435 Van NM, et al. Variation in the NS3 gene and protein in South African isolates of bluetongue and equine encephalosis viruses. J Gen Virol. 2003;84:581.

436 Williams R, Du Plessis DH, Van WW. Group-reactive ELISAs for detecting antibodies to African horsesickness and equine encephalosis viruses in horse, donkey, and zebra sera. J Vet Diagn Invest. 1993;5:3.

437 Viljoen GJ, Huismans H. The characterization of equine encephalosis virus and the development of genomic probes. J Gen Virol. 1989;70(pt 8):2007.

438 Hayes C. West Nile Fever. In: Monath TP, editor. The arboviruses: epidemiology and ecology. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC; 1989:59.

439 Williamson F. Man against insect: Walter Reed v yellow fever. Nurs Times. 1974;70:1202.

440 Rice CM, Lenches EM, Eddy SM, et al. Nucleotide sequence of yellow fever virus: implications for flavivirus gene expression and evolution. Science. 1985;229:726.

441 Lanciotti RS, et al. Origin of the West Nile virus responsible for an outbreak of encephalitis in the northeastern United States. Science. 1999;286:2333.

442 Wengler G, Wengler G. Cell-associated West Nile flavivirus is covered with E + pre-M protein heterodimers which are destroyed and reorganized by proteolytic cleavage during virus release. J Virol. 1989;63:2521.

443 Grun JB, Brinton MA. Separation of functional West Nile virus replication complexes from intracellular membrane fragments. J Gen Virol. 1988;69(pt 12):3121.

444 Wengler G, Wengler G, Nowak T, et al. Analysis of the influence of proteolytic cleavage on the structural organization of the surface of the West Nile flavivirus leads to the isolation of a protease-resistant E protein oligomer from the viral surface. Virology. 1987;160:210.

445 Beasley DW, Barrett AD. Identification of neutralizing epitopes within structural domain III of the West Nile virus envelope protein. J Virol. 2002;76:13097.

446 Beasley DW, et al. Envelope protein glycosylation status influences mouse neuroinvasion phenotype of genetic lineage. 1. West Nile virus strains. J Virol. 2005;79:8339.

447 Roehrig JT. Immunogens of encephalitis viruses. Vet Microbiol. 1993;37:273.

448 Castle E, Leidner U, Nowak T, et al. Primary structure of the West Nile flavivirus genome region coding for all nonstructural proteins. Virology. 1986;149:10.

449 Richer MJ, Juliano L, Hashimoto C, Jean F. Serpin mechanism of hepatitis C virus nonstructural 3 (NS3) protease inhibition: induced fit as a mechanism for narrow specificity. J Biol Chem. 2004;279:10222.

450 Chappell KJ, et al. Site-directed mutagenesis and kinetic studies of the West Nile Virus NS3 protease identify key enzyme-substrate interactions. J Biol Chem. 2005;280:2896.

451 Wengler G, Czaya G, Farber PM, Hegemann JH. In vitro synthesis of West Nile virus proteins indicates that the amino-terminal segment of the NS3 protein contains the active centre of the protease which cleaves the viral polyprotein after multiple basic amino acids. J Gen Virol. 1991;72(pt 4):851.

452 Munoz-Jordan JL, et al. Inhibition of alpha/beta interferon signaling by the NS4B protein of flaviviruses. J Virol. 2005;79:8004.

453 Grun JB, Brinton MA. Dissociation of NS5 from cell fractions containing West Nile virus—specific polymerase activity. J Virol. 1987;61:3641.

454 Grun JB, Brinton MA. Characterization of West Nile virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and cellular terminal adenylyl and uridylyl transferases in cell-free extracts. J Virol. 1986;60:1113.

455 Hayes CG. West Nile virus: Uganda, 1937, to New York City, 1999. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2001;951:25.

456 Turell MJ, O’Guinn M, Oliver J. Potential for New York mosquitoes to transmit West Nile virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2000;62:413.

457 McLean RG, Ubico SR, Bourne D, Komar N. West Nile virus in livestock and wildlife. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2002;267:271.

458 Komar N, Panella NA, Boyce E. Exposure of domestic mammals to West Nile virus during an outbreak of human encephalitis, New York City, 1999. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7:736.

459 Komar N, Lanciotti R, Bowen R, et al. Detection of West Nile virus in oral and cloacal swabs collected from bird carcasses. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002;8:741.

460 Komar N, et al. Experimental infection of North American birds with the New York 1999 strain of West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9:311.

461 Hayes EB, Komar N, Nasci RS, et al. Epidemiology and transmission dynamics of West Nile virus disease. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11:1167.

462 Hindiyeh M, Shulman LM, Mendelson E, et al. Isolation and characterization of West Nile virus from the blood of viremic patients during the 2000 outbreak in Israel. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7:748.

463 Investigations of West Nile virus infections in recipients of blood transfusions. MMWR. 2002;51:973.

464 Possible West Nile virus transmission to an infant through breast-feeding—Michigan, 2002. MMWR. 2002;51:877.

465 Update. investigations of West Nile virus infections in recipients of organ transplantation and blood transfusion. MMWR. 2002;51:833.

466 Investigation of blood transfusion recipients with West Nile virus infections. MMWR. 2002;51:823.

467 Mayer V, Rajcani J. Study of the virulence of tick-borne encephalitis virus. VI. Intracerebral infection of monkeys with clones experimentally attenuated virus. Acta Virol. 1967;11:321.

468 Intrauterine West Nile virus infection—New York, 2002. MMWR. 2002;51:1135.

469 Guthrie AJ, et al. West Nile virus infection of thoroughbred horses in South Africa (2000–2001). Equine Vet J. 2003;35:601.

470 Dauphin G, Zientara S, Zeller H, Murgue B. West Nile: worldwide current situation in animals and humans. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2004;27:343.

471 Tsai TF, Popovici F, Cernescu C, et al. West Nile encephalitis epidemic in southeastern Romania. Lancet. 1998;352:767.

472 Petersen LR, Marfin AA. West Nile virus: a primer for the clinician. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137:173.

473 Ostlund EN, Crom RL, Pedersen DD, et al. Equine West Nile encephalitis, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7:665.

474 Ostlund EN, Crom RL, Thomsen BV. West Nile virus: epidemiology, pathogenesis, immunologic response. Proceedings of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Twentieth Annual Forum. 2002.

475 Davidson AH, et al. Immunologic responses to West Nile virus in vaccinated and clinically affected horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2005;226:240.

476 Crom RL. Update on current status of West Nile virus: equine cases of West Nile virus infection in 2001. US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, 2001. 1. January through 20 November

477 Crom RL. Update on current status of West Nile virus. US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, 2002.

478 Update. West Nile virus activity—United States, 2005. MMWR. 2005;54:964.

479 Drebot MA, Artsob H. West Nile virus: update for family physicians. Can Fam Physician. 2005;51:1094.

480 Cruz L, et al. Short report: serological evidence of West Nile virus activity in El Salvador. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005;72:612.

481 Dupuis AP, Marra PP, Kramer LD. Serologic evidence of West Nile virus transmission, Jamaica, West Indies. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9:860.

482 Granwehr BP, et al. West Nile virus: where are we now? Lancet Infect Dis. 2004;4:547.

483 Rappole JH, Derrickson SR, Hubalek Z. Migratory birds and spread of West Nile virus in the Western Hemisphere. Emerg Infect Dis. 2000;6:319.

484 Hayes EB, Gubler DJ. West Nile virus: epidemiology and clinical features of an emerging epidemic in the United States. Annu Rev Med. 2005.

485 Beasley DW, et al. Genome sequence and attenuating mutations in West Nile virus isolate from Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:2221.

486 Hayes CG, Basit A, Bagar S, Akhter RL. Vector competence of Culex tritaeniorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae) for West Nile virus. J Med Entomol. 1980;17:172.

487 Baqar S, Hayes CG, Murphy JR, Watts DM. Vertical transmission of West Nile virus by Culex and Aedes species mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1993;48:757.

488 Ahmed T, Hayes CG, Baqar S. Comparison of vector competence for West Nile virus of colonized populations of Culex tritaeniorhynchus from southern Asia and the Far East. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1979;10:498.

489 Cornel AJ, Jupp PG. Comparison of three methods for determining transmission rates in vector competence studies with Culex univittatus and West Nile and Sindbis viruses. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1989;5:70.

490 Kulasekera VL, et al. West Nile virus infection in mosquitoes, birds, horses, and humans, Staten Island, New York, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7:722.

491 Update. surveillance for West Nile virus in overwintering mosquitoes—New York, 2000. MMWR. 2000;49:178.

492 Komar N. West Nile virus: epidemiology and ecology in North America. Adv Virus Res. 2003;61:185.

493 Sardelis MR, Turell MJ, Dohm DJ, O’Guinn ML. Vector competence of selected North American Culex and Coquillettidia mosquitoes for West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7:1018.

494 Turell MJ, O’Guinn ML, Dohm DJ, et al. Vector competence of Culex tarsalis from Orange County, California, for West Nile virus. Vector Borne Zoonot Dis. 2002;2:193.

495 Reisen WK, Fang Y, Martinez VM. Avian host and mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) vector competence determine the efficiency of West Nile and St. Louis encephalitis virus transmission. J Med Entomol. 2005;42:367.

496 Mans NZ, et al. West Nile virus in mosquitoes of Northern Ohio, 2001–2002. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2004;70:562.

497 Blackmore CG, et al. Surveillance results from the first West Nile virus transmission season in Florida, 2001. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003;69:141.

498 Godsey MSJr, et al. West Nile virus epizootiology in the southeastern United States, 2001. Vector Borne Zoonot Dis. 2005;5:82.

499 Hribar LJ, et al. Mosquitoes infected with West Nile virus in the Florida Keys, Monroe County, Florida, USA. J Med Entomol. 2003;40:361.

500 Rutledge CR, Day JF, Lord CC, et al. West Nile virus infection rates in Culex nigripalpus (Diptera: Culicidae) do not reflect transmission rates in Florida. J Med Entomol. 2003;40:253.

501 Zyzak M, Loyless T, Cope S, et al. Seasonal abundance of Culex nigripalpus Theobald and Culex salinarius Coquillett in north Florida, USA. J Vector Ecol. 2002;27:155.

502 Turell MJ, O’Guinn ML, Dohm DJ, Jones JW. Vector competence of North American mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) for West Nile virus. J Med Entomol. 2001;38:130.

503 Turell MJ, Dohm DJ, Sardelis MR, et al. An update on the potential of North American mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to transmit West Nile Virus. J Med Entomol. 2005;42:57.

504 Gingrich JB, Williams GM. Host-feeding patterns of suspected West Nile virus mosquito vectors in Delaware, 2001–2002. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2005;21:194.

505 Komar N. West Nile virus: epidemiology and ecology in North America. Adv Viral Res. 2003;61:185.

506 Southam CH, Moore AE. Induced virus infections in man by the Egypt isolate of West Nile virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1954;3:19.

507 Bunning ML, et al. Experimental infection of horses with West Nile virus and their potential to infect mosquitoes and serve as amplifying hosts. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2001;951:338.

508 Anderson JF, Main AJ, Andreadis TG, et al. Transstadial transfer of West Nile virus by three species of ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol. 2003;40:528.

509 Lawrie CH, Uzcategui NY, Gould EA, Nuttall PA. Ixodid and argasid tick species and West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:653.

510 Hutcheson HJ, et al. Experimental transmission of West Nile virus (Flaviviridae: Flavivirus) by Carios capensis ticks from North America. Vector Borne Zoonot Dis. 2005;5:293.

511 Smith TL, et al. West Nile Virus activity—United States, January 1-December 1, 2005. MMWR. 2005;54:1253.

512 Komar N. West Nile viral encephalitis. Rev Sci Tech. 2000;19:166.

513 Work TH, Hurlbut HS, Taylor RM. Isolation of West Nile virus from hooded crow and rock pigeon in the Nile Delta. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1953;84:719.

514 Work TH, Hurlbut HS, Taylor RM. Indigenous wild birds of the Nile Delta as potential West Nile virus circulating reservoirs. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1955;4:872.

515 Romi R, et al. Potential vectors of West Nile virus following an equine disease outbreak in Italy. Med Vet Entomol. 2004;18:14.

516 Gingrich JB, Casillas L. Selected mosquito vectors of West Nile virus: comparison of their ecological dynamics in four woodland and marsh habitats in Delaware. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2004;20:138.

517 Cruz-Pacheco G, Esteva L, Montano-Hirose JA, Vargas C. Modeling the dynamics of West Nile virus. Bull Math Biol. 2005;67:1157.

518 Ward MP. Epidemic West Nile virus encephalomyelitis: a temperature-dependent, spatial model of disease dynamics. Prev Vet Med. 2005;71:253.

519 Monath TP. Prospects for development of a vaccine against the West Nile virus. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2001;951:1.

520 Durand B, et al. West Nile virus outbreak in horses, southern France, 2000: results of a serosurvey. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002;8:777.

521 Kramer LD, Bernard KA. West Nile virus infection in birds and mammals. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2001;951:84.

522 Weiss D, et al. Clinical findings of West Nile virus infection in hospitalized patients, New York and New Jersey, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7:654.

523 Guarner J, Shieh WJ, Hunter S, et al. Clinicopathologic study and laboratory diagnosis of 23 cases with West Nile virus encephalomyelitis. Hum Pathol. 2004;35:983.

524 Davidson AH, Traub-Dargatz JL, Rodeheaver R, et al. Immunologic responses to West Nile virus in vaccinated and clinically affected horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2005;226:240.

525 Schuler LA, Khaitsa ML, Dyer NW, et al. Evaluation of an outbreak of West Nile virus infection in horses: 569 cases (2002). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2004;225:1084.

526 Jacobson ER, et al. West Nile virus infection in farmed American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) in Florida. J Wildl Dis. 2005;41:96.

527 Heinz-Taheny KM, et al. West Nile virus infection in free-ranging squirrels in Illinois. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2004;16:186.

528 Kiupel M, et al. West Nile virus infection in Eastern fox squirrels (Sciurus niger). Vet Pathol. 2003;40:703.

529 Kutzler MA, Bildfell RJ, Gardner-Graff KK, et al. West Nile virus infection in two alpacas. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2004;225:921.

530 Yaeger M, Yoon KJ, Schwartz K, Berkland L. West Nile virus meningoencephalitis in a Suri alpaca and Suffolk ewe. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2004;16:64.

531 Porter MB, Long MT, Gosche D, et al. West Nile virus encephalomyelitis in horses: 46 cases (2001). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2003;222:1241.

532 Cantile C, Del Piero F, Di Guardo G, Arispici M. Pathologic and immunohistochemical findings in naturally occurring West Nile virus infection in horses. Vet Pathol. 2001;38:414.

533 Snook CS, et al. West Nile virus encephalomyelitis in eight horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2001;218:1576.

534 Cantile C, Di Guardo G, Eleni C, Arispici M. Clinical and neuropathological features of West Nile virus equine encephalomyelitis in Italy. Equine Vet J. 2000;32:31.

535 Desai A, Shankar SK, Ravi V, et al. Japanese encephalitis virus antigen in the human brain and its topographic distribution. Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 1995;89:368.

536 Rosemberg S. Neuropathology of S. Paulo south coast epidemic encephalitis (Rocio flavivirus). J Neurol Sci. 1980;45:1.

537 Joubert L, Oudar J, Hannoun C, Chippaux M. [Experimental reproduction of meningo-encephalomyelitis of horses with West Nile arbovirus. 3. Relations between virology, serology, and anatomo-clinical evolution: epidemiological and prophylactic consequences]. Bull Acad Vet Fr. 1971;44:159.

538 Oudar J, Joubert L, Lapras M, Guillon JC. [Experimental reproduction of meningo-encephalomyelitis of horses with West Nile arbovirus. II. Anatomo-clinical study]. Bull Acad Vet Fr. 1971;44:147.

539 Tamalet J, Toga M, Chippaux-Hyppolite C, et al. [Experimental encephalitis caused by West-Nile virus in mice: ultrastructural aspects of the central nervous system]. C R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D. 1969;269:668.

540 Gilroy J. Basic neurology. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1992.

541 Snook CS, et al. West Nile virus encephalomyelitis in eight horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2001;218:1576.

542 Guillon JC, Oudar J, Joubert L, Hannoun C. [Histological lesions of the nervous system in West Nile virus infection in horses]. Ann Inst Pasteur (Paris). 1968;114:539.

543 Tiroumourougane SV, Raghava P, Srinivasan S. Japanese viral encephalitis. Postgrad Med J. 2002;78:205.

544 Ostlund EN, Crom RL, Pedersen DD, et al. Equine West Nile encephalitis, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7:665.

545 Joubert L, et al. [Epidemiology of the West Nile virus: study of a focus in Camargue. IV. Meningo-encephalomyelitis of the horse]. Ann Inst Pasteur (Paris). 1970;118:239.

546 Ogata A, Tashiro K, Nukuzuma S, et al. A rat model of Parkinson’s disease induced by Japanese encephalitis virus. J Neurovirol. 1997;3:141.

547 Asher DM. Movement disorders in rhesus monkeys after infection with tick-borne encephalitis virus. Adv Neurol. 1975;10:277.

548 Mayhew IG. Large animal neurology. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1989.

549 Shrestha B, Gottlieb D, Diamond MS. Infection and injury of neurons by West Nile encephalitis virus. J Virol. 2003;77:13203.

550 Lucas M, et al. Infection of mouse neurons by West Nile virus is modulated by the interferon-inducible 2′-5′ oligoadenylate synthetase 1b protein. Immunol Cell Biol. 2003;81:230.

551 Chu JJ, Ng ML. The mechanism of cell death during West Nile virus infection is dependent on initial infectious dose. J Gen Virol. 2003;84:3305.

552 Berninger ML, Ward G, Szkudlarek L. West Nile virus infection in horses: a preliminary report. In Proceedings of the West Nile Virus Action Workshop. New York: Wildlife Conservation Society; 2000.

553 Ostlund EN, Andresen JE, Andresen M. West Nile encephalitis. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 2000;16:427.

554 Wilson JH, Davis A, Bender JB, Minicucci LA. Residual effects of West Nile viral encephalomyelitis in horses. Am Assoc Equine Pract. 2003;49:399.

555 Wamsley HL, Alleman AR, Porter MB, Long MT. Cerebrospinal fluid findings in Florida horses with confirmed West Nile virus infection: 30 cases (2001). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002;221:1303.

556 Long MT, Jeter W, Hernandez J, et al. Diagnostic performance of the equine IgM capture ELISA for serodiagnosis of West Nile virus infection. J Vet Intern Med. 2006;20:608.

557 Desai A, Shankar SK, Ravi V, et al. Japanese encephalitis virus antigen in the human brain and its topographic distribution. Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 1995;89:368.

558 Shi PY. Strategies for the identification of inhibitors of West Nile virus and other flaviviruses. Curr Opin Invest Drugs. 2002;3:1567.

559 Puig-Basagoiti F, Deas TS, Ren P, et al. High-throughput assays using a luciferase-expressing replicon, virus-like particles, and full-length virus for West Nile virus drug discovery. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49:4980.

560 Ajariyakhajorn C, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of nonpegylated and pegylated forms of recombinant human alpha interferon 2a for suppression of dengue virus viremia in rhesus monkeys. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49:4508.

561 Ojwang JO, Ali S, Smee DF, et al. Broad-spectrum inhibitor of viruses in the Flaviviridae family. Antiviral Res. 2005;68:49.

562 King NJ, Shrestha B, Kesson AM. Immune modulation by flaviviruses. Adv Virus Res. 2003;60:121.

563 Morrey JD, Smee DF, Sidwell RW, Tseng C. Identification of active antiviral compounds against a New York isolate of West Nile virus. Antiviral Res. 2002;55:107.

564 Samuel MA, Diamond MS. Alpha/beta interferon protects against lethal West Nile virus infection by restricting cellular tropism and enhancing neuronal survival. J Virol. 2005;79:13350.

565 Anderson JF, Rahal JJ. Efficacy of interferon alpha-2b and ribavirin against West Nile virus in vitro. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002;8:107.

566 Cherng JM, Lin HJ, Hung MS, et al. Inhibition of nuclear factor kappa β is associated with neuroprotective effects of glycyrrhizin acid on glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in primary neurons. Eur J Pharmacol. 2006;547:10.

567 Tanaka K. Antibiotics rescue neurons from glutamate attack. Trends Mol Med. 2005;11:259.

568 Secko D. Antibiotics that protect the brain. CMAJ. 2005;172:467.

569 Ng T, Hathaway D, Jennings N, et al. Equine vaccine for West Nile virus. Dev Biol (Basel). 2003;114:221.

570 Timoney PJ. Susceptibility of the horse to experimental inoculation with louping ill virus. J Comp Pathol. 1980;90:73.

571 Doherty PC, Smith W, Reid HW. Louping ill encephalomyelitis in the sheep. V. Histopathogenesis of the fatal disease. J Comp Pathol. 1972;82:337.

572 Svedmyr A, et al. Infections with tick-borne encephalitis virus in the Swedish population of the elk (Alces a. alces). Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand. 1965;65:613.

573 Pavlov P. Studies on tick-borne encephalitis of sheep and their natural foci in Bulgaria. Zentralbl Bakteriol Parasitendk. 1968;206:360.

574 Hartley WJ, et al. Aviral encephalitis of sheep in Turkey. Pendik Inst J. 1969;2:89.

575 Gao GF. Sequencing and antigenic studies of a Norwegian virus isolated from encephalomyelitic sheep confirm the existence of louping ill virus outside Great Britain and Ireland. J Gen Virol. 1993;74:109.

576 Callan RJ, Van Metre DC. Viral diseases of the ruminant nervous system. Vet Clin Food Anim. 2004;20:327.

577 Gao GF, Zanotto PM, Holmes EC, et al. Molecular variation, evolution and geographical distribution of louping ill virus. Acta Virol. 1997;41:259.

578 Marin MS, McKenzie J, Gao GF, et al. The virus causing encephalomyelitis in sheep in Spain: a new member of the tick-borne encephalitis group. Res Vet Sci. 1995;58:11.

579 Timoney PJ, et al. Encephalitis caused by louping ill virus in a group of horses in Ireland. Equine Vet J. 1976;8:113.

580 Reid HW, Doherty PC. Experimental louping ill in sheep and lambs. I. Viraemia and the antibody response. J Comp Pathol. 1971;81:291.

581 Reid HW, Doherty PC. Louping ill encephalomyelitis in the sheep. I. The relationship of viraemia and the antibody response to susceptibility. J Comp Pathol. 1971;81:521.

582 Reid HW, et al. Response of sheep to experimental concurrent infection with tick-borne fever (Cytoecetes phagocytophila) and louping ill virus. Res Vet Sci. 1986;41:56.

583 Reid HW, Boyce JB. The effect of colostrum-derived antibody on louping ill virus infection in lambs. J Hyg (Cambridge). 1976;77:349.

584 Reid H. Louping ill. Practice. 1991;13:157.

585 Reid HW, et al. The response of three grouse species (Tetrao urogallus, Lagopus mutus, Lagopus lagopus) to louping ill virus. J Comp Pathol. 1980;90:257.

586 Timoney PJ. Recovery of louping ill virus from the red grouse in Ireland. Br Vet J. 1972;128:19.

587 Hudson P, Gould E, Laurenson K, et al. The epidemiology of louping-ill, a tick borne infection of red grouse (Lagopus lagopus scoticus). Parassitologia. 1997;39:319.

588 Jones LD, Gaunt M, Hails RS, et al. Transmission of louping ill virus between infected and uninfected ticks co-feeding on mountain hares. Med Vet Entomol. 1997;11:172.

589 Gilbert L, Jones LD, Hudson PJ, et al. Role of small mammals in the persistence of louping-ill virus: field survey and tick co-feeding studies. Med Vet Entomol. 2000;14:277.

590 Gilbert L, Jones LD, Laurenson MK, et al. Ticks need not bite their red grouse hosts to infect them with louping ill virus. Proc Biol Sci. 2004;271(suppl 4):S202.

591 Reid HW, et al. Transmission of louping ill virus in goat’s milk. Vet Rec. 1984;114:163.

592 Doherty PC, Vantsis JT, Hart R. Louping ill encephalomyelitis in the sheep. VI. Infection of the 120-day foetus. J Comp Pathol. 1972;82:385.

593 Doherty PC, Reid HW. Louping ill encephalomyelitis in the sheep. II. Distribution of virus and lesions in the nervous tissue. J Comp Pathol. 1971;81:531.

594 Doherty PC, Reid HW. Experimental louping ill in sheep and lambs. II. Neuropathology. J Comp Pathol. 1971;81:331.

595 Krueger N, Reid HW. Detection of louping ill virus in formalin-fixed, paraffin wax—embedded tissues of mice, sheep and a pig by the avidin-biotin-complex immunoperoxidase technique. Vet Rec. 1994;135:224.

596 Marriott L, Willoughby K, Chianini F, et al. Detection of louping ill virus in clinical specimens from mammals and birds using TaqMan RT-PCR. J Virol Methods. 2006;137:21.

597 Brotherson JG, et al. Field trials of an inactivated oil-adjuvant vaccine against louping ill (arbovirus group B). J Hyg (Cambridge). 1971;69:479.

598 Rabies. Diseases Fact Sheets, Center for Food Security and Public Health: Iowa State University, 2005. May Available at: http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/rabies.pdf

599 WHO Expert Consultation on Rabies: First report.WHO Technical Report Series 931World Health Organization. Available at: http://www.who.int/rabies/trs931_%2006_05.pdf, 2005.

600 Hanlon CA, Niezgoda M, Rupprecht CE. Rabies in terrestrial animals. In: Jackson AC, Wunner WH, editors. Rabies. ed 2. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2007:201.

601 Blanton JD, Hanlon CA, Rupprecht CE. Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2006. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2007;231:540.

602 Vite CH. Inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system. Vite CH, editor. Braund’s clinical neurology in small animals: localization, diagnosis and treatment. Ithaca, NY: International Veterinary Information Service, February; 2005. http://www.ivis.org/advances/Vite/braund27/chapter_frm.asp?LA=1#Rabies

603 Rupprecht CE, Hanlon CA, Hemachudha T. Rabies re-examined. Lancet Infect Dis. 2002;2:327.

604 Marler RJ, et al. Rabies in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1979;175:293.

605 Ferris DH, et al. A note on experimental rabies in the donkey. Cornell Vet. 1968;58:270.

606 Owen RR. Rabies in the horse. Vet Rec. 1978;191:69.

607 Glaes AM. Rabies in the equine. Southwest Vet. 1974:283.

608 Green SL. Equine rabies. Vet Clin North Am. 1993;9:337.

609 Perrin P, Rollin PE, Sureau P. A rapid rabies enzyme immunodiagnosis (RREID): a useful and simple technique for the routine diagnosis of rabies. J Biol Stand. 1986;14:217.

610 Trimarch CV, Nadin-Davis SA. Post mortem diagnosis of rabies in animals. In: Jackson AC, Wunner WH, editors. Rabies. ed 2. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2007:413.

611 O’Toole D, et al. Poliomyelomalacia and ganglioneuritis in a horse with paralytic rabies. J Vet Diagn Invest. 1993;5:95.

612 Lentz T. Structure-function relationships of curaremimetic neurotoxin loop 2 and of a structurally similar segment of rabies virus glycoprotein in their interaction with the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Biochemistry. 1991;30:10949.

613 Fischman HR, Ward FE. Oral transmission of rabies virus in experimental animals. Am J Epidemiol. 1968;88:132.

614 Pablo Correa-Giron E, Allen R, Sulkin SE. The infectivity and pathogenesis of rabies virus administered orally. Am J Epidemiol. 1970;91:203.

615 Baer GM, Adams DB. Rabies in insectivorous bats in the United States, 1953–1965. Public Health Rep. 1970;85:637.

616 Constantine DG. Transmission experiments with bat rabies isolates: bite transmission of rabies to foxes and coyote by free-tailed bats. Am J Vet Res. 1966;27:20.

617 Childs JE, Real LA. Epidemiology. In: Jackson AC, Wunner WH, editors. Rabies. ed 2. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2007:123.

618 Steck F, Wandeler A. The epidemiology of fox rabies in Europe. Epidemiol Rev. 1980;2:71.

619 Centers for Disease Control. Compendium of animal rabies prevention and control, National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians (NASPHV). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2007;56:1. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/MMWR/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5603a1.htm. , or at: http://www.vet.orst.edu/SOPs/5.3RabiesPreventionand%20Control2007.pdf

620 Schroeder WG. Suggestions for handling horses exposed to rabies. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1969;155:1842.

621 Blancou J, et al. Inefficacité de la vaccination antirabique du chien, du chat ou du mouton déjà contamine par le virus de la rage. Bull d’Information Laboratoires Services Vétérinaires. 1987;25:9.

622 Baltazar RS, Blancou J, Artois M. Résultats de la vaccination antirabique chez des moutons déjà infectés par le virus de la rage vulpino. Recueil Médicine Vétérinaire. 1987;163:573.

623 Rosatte RC, Tinline RR, Johnston DH. Rabies control in wild carnivores. In: Jackson AC, Wunner WH, editors. Rabies. ed 2. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2007:595.

624 Brochier BM, et al. Use of recombinant vaccinia-rabies virus for oral vaccination of fox cubs (Vulpes vulpes) against rabies. Vet Microbiol. 1988;18:103.

625 Fukushi H, Hirai K. Proposal of Chlamydia pecorum sp. nov. for chlamydia strains derived from ruminants. Int J Sys Bacteriol. 1992;42:306.

626 Stearns TW, McNutt SH. Sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis: filtration of the causal agent. Am J Vet Res. 1942;3:253.

627 Egan AN. The occurrence of sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis in Australia. Aust Vet J. 1960;36:444.

628 French EL, Snowden W. The occurrence of sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis in Australia. Aust Vet J. 1960;36:444.

629 Harding WB. Transmissible serositis and its relationship to sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis. Aust Vet J. 1963;39:333.

630 Littlejohns IR, Harris ANA, Harding WB. Sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis. Aust Vet J. 1971;37:53.

631 Omori T, et al. Studies on the disease of cattle caused by a psittacosis-lymphogranuloma group virus. IV. Identification of virus (Shizouka strain) as a causative agent of bovine encephalomyelitis. Jpn J Exp Med. 1974;24:257.

632 Omori T, et al. Studies on the disease of cattle caused by a psittacosis-lymphogranuloma group virus. V. Experimental infection of laboratory animals with the Shizouka strain isolated from bovine encephalomyelitis. Jpn J Exp Med. 1974;24:313.

633 Kourad J, Bohac J. Encephalomyelitis in cattle. Vet Casopsis. 1959;8:228.

634 Csontos L, Szecky A. Bovine sporadic encephalomyelitis (myagawanellosis) in Hungary. Magy Allatory Lap. 1964;19:4.

635 Theil D, Fatzer R, Schiller I, et al. Neuropathological and aetiological studies of sporadic non-suppurative meningoencephalomyelitis of cattle. Vet Rec. 1998;143:244.

636 Harshfield GS. Sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1970;156:466.

637 Bachmann PA, et al. Sporadic bovine meningoencephalitis: isolation of a paramyxovirus. Arch Virol. 1975;48:107.

638 Philbey AW, Martel KS. A multifocal symmetrical necrotizing encephalomyelopathy in Angus calves. Aust Vet J. 2003;81:226.

639 Fjeldborg J, Andresen PH, Svalastoga E. Osteomyelitis secondary to basilar skull fracture in a thoroughbred foal. Equine Pract. 1997;19:29.

640 Thompson KG, Bateman RS, Morris PJ. Cerebral infarction and meningoencephalitis following hot-iron disbudding of goat kids. N Z Vet J. 2005;53:368.

641 Smith JJ, Provost PJ, Paradis MR. Bacterial meningitis and brain abscesses secondary to infectious disease processes involving the head in horses: seven cases (1980–2001). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2004;224:739.

642 Steckel RR, et al. Antemortem diagnosis and treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1982;180:1085.

643 Bildfell RJ, Long P, Sonn R. Cryptococcosis in a llama (Lama glama). J Vet Diagn Invest. 2002;14:337.

644 Gibbs HC, McLaughlin RW, Cameron HJ. Meningoencephalitis caused by Streptococcus zooepidemicus in a goat. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1981;178:735.

645 Finno C, Pusterla N, Aleman M, et al. Streptococcus equi meningoencephalomyelitis in a foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2006;229:721.

646 Devriese LA, et al. Streptococcus suis meningitis in a horse. Vet Rec. 1990;127:68.

647 Fecteau G, George LW. Bacterial meningitis and encephalitis in ruminants. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2004;20:363.

648 Vela AI, Fernández E, las Heras A, et al. Meningoencephalitis associated with Globicatella sanguinis infection in lambs. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38:4254.

649 Catry B, Opsomer G, Decostere A, et al. Fatal meningitis in a calf caused by Mannheimia varigena. Res Vet Sci. 2004;77:187.

650 Wilson RP, Griffith JW. Endocarditis and meningitis caused by Streptococcus suis after cardiac surgery in a sheep. Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci. 2000;39:43.

651 Daft DM, Visvesvara GS, Read DH, et al. Seasonal meningoencephalitis in Holstein cattle caused by Naegleria fowleri. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2005;17:605.

652 Mosher AH, Helmboldt CF, Hayes KC. Coliform meningoencephalitis in young calves. Am J Vet Res. 1968;29:1483.

653 Pellegrini-Masini A, Bentz AI, Johns IC, et al. Common variable immunodeficiency in three horses with presumptive bacterial meningitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2005;227:114.

654 Jamison JM, Prescott JF. Bacterial meningitis in large animals. I. Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet). 1987;9:3996.

655 Green SL, Smith LL. Meningitis in neonatal calves: 32 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1992;201:125.

656 McCracken GH. The rate of bacteriologic response to antimicrobial therapy in neonatal meningitis. Am J Dis Child. 1972;123:547.

657 Jamison JM, Prescott JF. Bacterial meningitis in large animals. II. Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet). 1988;10:225.

658 Rahal JJ, Simberkoff MS. Host defense and antimicrobial therapy in adult gram negative bacillary meningitis. Ann Intern Med. 1982;96:468.

659 Strausbaugh LJ, Sande MA. Factors influencing the therapy of experimental Proteus mirabilis meningitis in rabbits. J Infect Dis. 1978;137:251.

660 Wright PF, et al. The pharmacokinetics and efficacy of an aminoglycoside administered into the cerebral ventricles in neonates: implications for further evaluation of this route of therapy in meningitis. J Infect Dis. 1981;143:141.

661 Lorber J, Kalhan SC, Mahgrefte B. Treatment of ventriculitis with gentamicin and cloxacillin in infants born with spina bifida. Arch Dis Child. 1970;45:178.

662 Schaad UB, et al. Clinical evaluation of a new broad-spectrum oxabeta-lactam antibiotic, moxalactam, in neonates and infants. J Pediatr. 1981;98:129.

663 Sande MA. Antibiotic therapy of bacterial meningitis: lessons we’ve learned. Am J Med. 1981;71:507.

664 Tauber MG, Zak O, Scheld WM. The postantibiotic effect in the treatment of experimental meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in rabbits. J Infect Dis. 1984;149:575.

665 Heiber JP, Nelson JD. A pharmacologic evaluation of penicillin in children with purulent meningitis. N Engl J Med. 1977;297:410.

666 Beam TR, Allen JC. Blood, brain, and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of several antibiotics in rabbits with intact and inflamed meninges. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1977;12:710.

667 Norrby R. A review of the penetration of antibiotics into CSF and its clinical significance. Scand J Infect Dis. 1978;14(suppl):296.

668 Fishman RA. Blood-brain and CSF barriers to penicillin and related organic acids. Arch Neurol. 1966;15:113.

669 Scheld WM. Rationale for optimal dosing of beta-lactam antibiotics in therapy for bacterial meningitis. Eur J Clin Microbiol. 1984;3:579.

670 Sande MA, et al. Factors influencing the penetration of antimicrobial agents into the cerebrospinal fluid of experimental animals. Scand J Infect Dis. 1978;14(suppl):160.

671 Morris DD. Bacterial infections of the newborn foal. II. Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet). 1984;6(suppl):436.

672 McCracken GH, Mize SG. A controlled study of intrathecal antibiotic therapy in gram negative enteric meningitis of infancy. J Pediatr. 1976;89:66.

673 Hodges GR, et al. Central nervous system toxicity of intraventricularly administered gentamicin in adult rabbits. J Infect Dis. 1981;143:148.

674 Landesman S, Cherubin CE, Corrado ML. Gram negative bacillary meningitis. Arch Intern Med. 1982;142:939.

675 Rahal JJ, et al. Prospective evaluation of moxalactam therapy for gram negative bacillary meningitis. J Infect Dis. 1984;149:562.

676 Tauber MG, Hackbarth CJ, Kenyon G. New cephalosporins cefotaxime, cefpimizole, BMY 28142, and HR 810 in experimental pneumococcal meningitis in rabbits. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1985;27:340.

677 Scheld WM. Quinoline therapy for infections of the central nervous system. Rev Infect Dis. 1989;11(suppl 5):S1194.

678 Svedhem A, Iwarson S. Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of trimethoprim during oral and parenteral treatment. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1979;5:717.

679 Davitiyananda D, Rasmussen F. Half-lives of sulphadoxine and trimethoprim after a single intravenous infusion in cows. Acta Vet Scand. 1974;15:356.

680 Ardati KO, Thirumootthi MB, Dajani AS. Intravenous trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of serious infections in children. J Pediatr. 1979;95:801.

681 Kim KS, Bascomb AF. Efficacy of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in experimental Escherichia coli bacteremia and meningitis. Chemotherapy. 1983;29:428.

682 Mylotte JM, et al. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole therapy of experimental Escherichia coli meningitis in rabbits. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1981;20:81.

683 Spehar AM, et al. Preliminary study on the pharmacokinetics of phenobarbital in the neonatal foal. Equine Vet J. 1984;16:368.

684 Guard CL, et al. Age-related alterations in trimethoprim-sulfadiazine disposition following oral or parenteral administration in calves. Can J Vet Res. 1986;50:342.

685 Ravis WR, et al. A pharmacokinetic study of phenobarbital in mature horses after oral dosing. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 1987;10:283.

686 Duran SH, et al. Pharmacokinetics of phenobarbital in the horse. Am J Vet Res. 1987;48:807.

687 Kowalczyk DF, Beech J. Pharmacokinetics of phenytoin (diphenyl-hydantoin) in horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 1983;6:133.

688 Perdrizet JA, Dinsmore P. Pituitary abscess syndrome. Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet). 1986;8(suppl):311.

689 Perl SH, Niska A, Tromp A. Abscess in the hypophysis of a cow. Refuah Vet. 1978;35:175.

690 Moriwaki M, et al. Exophthalmos due to rete mirabile abscesses caused by infection with Corynebacterium pyogenes in cattle. Natl Inst Anim Health Q. 1973;13:14.

691 Espersen G. Hypofyseabsces-syndrom hos dvaeg I, Kliniske undersogelseer. Nord Vet Med. 1975;27:465.

692 Taylor PA, Meads EB. Pituitary abscessation and a “farcy like” condition in cattle due to Corynebacterium pyogenes. Can Vet J. 1963;4:208.

693 Raphel CF. Brain abscess in three horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1982;180:874.

694 McCormack JE. Papilledema related to left cerebral hemisphere abscess in a heifer. Vet Med Small Anim Clin. 1973;68:1249.

695 Allen JR, Barbec DD, Boulton CR. Brain abscess in a horse: diagnosis by computerized axial tomography and successful surgical treatment. Equine Vet J. 1987;19:552.

696 Tsuka T, Taura Y. Abscess of bovine brainstem diagnosed by contrast MRI examinations. J Vet Med Sci. 1999;61:425.

697 Scott PR. Diagnostic techniques and clinicopathologic findings in ruminant neurologic disease. Vet Clin Food Anim. 2004;20:215.

698 Austin JA. Disseminated phycomycosis in a horse. Can Vet J. 1976;17:86.

699 Juck F, Smith LL. Phycomycete meningoencephalitis in a neonatal calf. Can Vet J. 1978;19:75.

700 Little CB, Hilbert BJ, McGill CA. A retrospective study of head fractures in 21 horses. Aust Vet J. 1985;62:89.

701 Hahn CN, Mayhew IG, Mackay RJ. The nervous system. In Colahan PT, et al, editors: Equine medicine and surgery, ed 5, St Louis: Mosby, 2000.

702 Fjeldborg J, Andresen PH, Svalastoga E. Osteomyelitis secondary to basilar skull fracture in a thoroughbred foal. Equine Pract. 1997;19:29.

703 Feary DJ, Magdesian KG, Aleman MA, et al. Traumatic brain injury in horses: 34 cases (1994–2004). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2007;231:259.

704 Stick JA, Wilson T, Kunze D. Basilar skull fractures in three horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1980;176:228.

705 Nation PN, Calder WA. Necrosis of the brain in calves following dehorning. Can Vet J. 1985;26:378.

706 MacKay RJ. Brain injury after head trauma: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Vet Clin Equine. 2004;20:199.

707 Finnie JW, Blumbergs PC. Traumatic brain injury. Vet Pathol. 2002;39:679.

708 Finnie JW. Animal models of traumatic brain injury: a review. Aust Vet J. 2001;79:628.

709 Dewey CW. Emergency management of the head trauma patient. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2000;30:207.

710 Kornegay JN, Oliver JE, Gorgacz EJ. Clinicopathologic features of brain herniation in animals. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1983;182:1111.

711 Vogelzang M, Nijboer JM, van der Horst IC, et al. Hyperglycemia has a stronger relation with outcome in trauma patients than in other critically ill patients. J Trauma. 2006;60:873.

712 Toutain PL, Brandon R, De Pomyers H. Dexamethasone and prednisolone in the horse: pharmacokinetics and action on the adrenal gland. Am J Vet Res. 1984;45:1750.

713 McHarg MA, et al. Effects of multiple intramuscular injections and doses of dexamethasone on plasma cortisol concentrations and adrenal responses to ACTH in horses. Am J Vet Res. 1985;46:2285.

714 Goodnough J, et al. The effect of dimethyl sulfoxide on gray matter injury in experimental spinal cord trauma. Surg Neurol. 1980;13:273.

715 Poungvarin N, et al. Effects of dexamethasone in primary supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med. 1987;316:1229.

716 Beech J. Medical management and treatment of the horse with disease of the central nervous system. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract. 1995;31:33.

717 Brown SA, Hall ED. Role of oxygen-derived free radicals in the pathogenesis of shock and trauma, with focus on central nervous system injuries. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1992;200:84959.

718 Brewer B. Therapeutic strategies involving antimicrobial treatment of the central nervous system in large animals. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1984;185:1217.

719 Blythe LL, et al. Pharmacokinetic disposition of dimethyl sulfoxide administered intravenously to horses. Am J Vet Res. 1986;47:1739.

720 De la Torre JC, et al. Dimethyl sulfoxide in the treatment of experimental brain compression. J Neurosurg. 1973;38:345.

721 Rubin LF. Toxicity of dimethyl sulfoxide, alone and in combination. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1967;141:98.

722 Ferm VH. Teratogenic effect of dimethyl sulfoxide. Lancet. 1966;1:208.

723 Caujolle FME, et al. Limits of toxic and teratogenic tolerance of dimethyl sulfoxide. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1967;141:110.

724 Tiews J, et al. Metabolism and excretion of dimethyl sulfoxide in cows and calves after topical and parenteral application. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1967;141:139.

725 Rayner SG. Traumatic partial cerebral lobotomy in a thoroughbred stallion. Aust Vet J. 2005;83:674.

726 Martin CL, Kaswan R, Chapman W. Four cases of traumatic optic nerve blindness in the horse. Equine Vet J. 1986;18:133.

727 Eness P, Owen W. Bovine coccidiosis survey results. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Newsletter, 1984.

728 Isler CM, Bellamy JEC, Wobeser GA. Labile neurotoxin in serum of calves with nervous coccidiosis. Can J Vet Res. 1987;51:253.

729 Nillo L. Bovine coccidiosis in Canada. Can Vet J. 1970;11:91.

730 Julian RJ, Harrison KB, Richardson JA. Nervous signs in bovine coccidiosis. Mod Vet Pract. 1976;57:711.

731 Fanelli HH. Observations on nervous coccidiosis in calves. Bovine Pract. 1983;18:50.

732 Clayburg J. Neurological signs seen in coccidial infections. Iowa State Vet. 1970;2:85.

733 Tubb TF. Nervous disease associated with coccidiosis in young cattle. Aust Vet J. 1988;65:353.

734 Isler CM, Bellamy JEC, Wobeser GA. Characteristics of the labile neurotoxin associated with nervous coccidiosis. Can J Vet Res. 1987;51:271.

735 Radostits OM, Stockdale PHG. A brief review of coccidiosis in western Canada. Can Vet J. 1980;21:227.

736 Fayer R, Dubey JP. Bovine sarcocystosis. Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet). 1986;8:F130.

737 Dubey JP, Fayer R. Sarcocystosis. Br Vet J. 1983;139:371.

738 Dubey JP. Lesions in sheep inoculated with Sarcocystis tenella sporocysts from canine feces. Vet Pathol. 1988;26:237.

739 Jolley WR, et al. Encephalitic sarcocystosis in a newborn calf. Am J Vet Res. 1983;44:1908.

740 Dubey JP, Perry A, Kennedy MJ. Encephalitis caused by a Sarcocystis-like organism in a steer. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1987;191:231.

741 Johnson AJ, Hildebrandt PC, Fayer R. Experimentally induced Sarcocystis infection in calves: pathology. Am J Vet Res. 1975;36:995.

742 Dubey JP, Spier CA, Epling GP. Sarcocystosis in newborn calves fed Sarcocystis cruzi sporocysts from coyotes. Am J Vet Res. 1982;43:2147.

743 Fayer R, Johnson AJ, Lunde M. Abortion and other signs of disease in cows experimentally infected with Sarcocystis fusiformis from dogs. J Infect Dis. 1976;134:624.

744 Corner AH, et al. Dalmeny disease: an infection of cattle presumed to be caused by an unidentified protozoan. Can Vet J. 1963;4:252.

745 Meads EB. Dalmeny disease: another outbreak, probably sarcocystosis. Can Vet J. 1976;17:271.

746 Ferguson HW. Toxoplasmosis in a calf. Vet Rec. 1979;104:392.

747 Landsverk T. An outbreak of sarcocystosis in a cattle herd. Acta Vet Scand. 1979;20:238.

748 Giles RC, et al. Sarcocystosis in cattle in Kentucky. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1980;176:543.

749 Frelier P, et al. Sarcocystis: a clinical outbreak in dairy calves. Science. 1977;195:1341.

750 Fayer R, Johnson AJ, Hildebrandt PK. Oral infection of mammals with Sarcocystis fusiformis bradyzoites from cattle and sporocysts from dogs and coyotes. J Parasitol. 1976;62:10.

751 Leek R, Fayer R. Sheep experimentally infected with Sarcocystis from dogs. II. Abortion and disease in ewes. Cornell Vet. 1978;68:108.

752 Hartley WJ, Blakemore WF. An unidentified sporozoan encephalomyelitis in sheep. Vet Pathol. 1974;11:1.

753 Mahrt JL, Fayer R. Hematologic and serologic changes in calves experimentally infected with Sarcocystis fusiformis. J Parasitol. 1975;61:967.

754 Prasse KW, Fayer R. Hematology of experimental acute Sarcocystis bovicanis infection in calves. II. Serum biochemistry and hemostasis studies. Vet Pathol. 1981;18:358.

755 Collery P. The pathogenesis of acute bovine sarcocystosis. IV. The effects of corticosteroid therapy on the course of anaemia. Irish Vet J. 1989;42:85.

756 Fayer R, Prasse KW. Hematology of experimental acute Sarcocystis bovicanis infection in calves. I. Cellular and serologic changes. Vet Pathol. 1981;18:351.

757 Lunde MN, Fayer R. Serologic tests for antibody to Sarcocystis in cattle. J Parasitol. 1977;63:222.

758 Fayer R, Lunde MN. Changes in serum and plasma proteins and in IgG and IgM antibodies in calves experimentally infected with Sarcocystis from dogs. J Parasitol. 1977;63:438.

759 Gasbarre LC, Fayer R. Humoral and cellular immune responses in cattle and sheep inoculated with Sarcocystis. Am J Vet Res. 1984;45:1592.

760 Elasser TH, et al. Hormonal perturbations in steers during infection with Sarcocystis cruzi. Fed Proc. 1985;44:760.

761 Dubey JP, Fayer R. Sarcocystosis: present and future. J Vet Parasitol. 1987;1:1.

762 Dubey JP, Speer CA, Douglass TG. Development and ultrastructure of first-generation meronts of Sarcocystis cruzi in calves fed sporocysts from dogs. J Parasitol. 1973;59:1135.

763 Pacheco ND, Sheffield HG, Fayer R. Fine structure of immature cysts of Sarcocystis cruzi. J Parasitol. 1978;64:320.

764 Leek RG, Fayer R. Experimental Sarcocystis ovicanus infection in lambs, salinomycin chemoprophylaxis, and protective immunity. J Parasitol. 1983;69:271.

765 Fayer R, Johnson AJ. Effect of amprolium on acute sarcocystosis in experimentally infected calves. J Parasitol. 1975;61:932.

766 Anderson M, et al. Bovine protozoal abortions in California. Bovine Pract. 1991;26:102.

767 Anderson ML, et al. Neospora-like protozoan infection as a major cause of abortion in California dairy cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1991;198:241.

768 Barr BC, et al. Bovine fetal encephalitis and myocarditis associated with protozoal infections. Vet Pathol. 1990;27:354.

769 Barr BC. Neospora-like encephalomyelitis in a calf: pathology, ultrastructure, and immunoreactivity. J Vet Diagn Invest. 1991;3:39.

770 O’Toole D, Jeffrey M. Congenital sporozoan encephalomyelitis in a calf. Vet Rec. 1987;121:563.

771 Conrad PA, et al. In vitro isolation and characterization of a Neospora species from aborted bovine foetuses. Parasitology. 1993;106:239.

772 Parish SM, et al. Myelitis associated with protozoal infection in newborn calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1987;191:1599.

773 Hartley WJ, Bridge PS. A case of suspected congenital Toxoplasma encephalomyelitis in a lamb associated with a spinal cord anomaly. Br Vet J. 1975;131:380.

774 Dubey JP, et al. Fatal congenital Neospora caninum infection in a lamb. J Parasitol. 1990;76:127.

775 Dubey JP, Acland H, Hamiir AN. Neospora caninum (Apicomplexa) in a stillborn goat. J Parasitol. 1992;78:532.

776 Corbellini LG, Colodel EM, Driemeier D. Granulomatous encephalitis in a neurologically impaired goat kid associated with degeneration of Neospora caninum tissue cysts. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2001;13:416.

777 Dubey JP, Davis SW, Speer CA, et al. Sarcocystis neurona n. sp. (Protozoa: Apicomplexa), the etiologic agent of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. J Parasitol. 1991;77:212.

778 Hamir A, Tornquist S, Gerros T, et al. Neospora caninum—associated equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. Vet Parasitol. 1998;79:269.

779 Marsh AE, Barr BC, Madigan JE, et al. Neosporosis as a cause of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1996;209:1907.

780 Lindsay D, Steinberg H, Dubielzig R, et al. Central nervous system neosporosis in a foal. J Vet Diagn Invest. 1996;8:507.

781 Gray M, Harmon B, Sales L, et al. Visceral neosporosis in a 10-year old horse. J Vet Diagn Invest. 1996;8:130.

782 Daft B, Barr B, Collins N, et al. Neospora encephalomyelitis and polyradiculoneuritis in an aged mare with Cushing’s disease. Equine Vet J. 1996;28:240.

783 Dubey J, Porterfield M. Neosporum caninum (Apicomplexa) in an aborted equine fetus. J Parasitol. 1990;76:732.

784 Dubey J, Venturini M, Venturini L, et al. Prevalence of antibodies to Sarcocystis neurona, Toxoplasma gondii, and Neospora caninum in horses from Argentina. Vet Parasitol. 1999;86:59.

785 Dubey J, Kerber C, Granstrom D. Serologic prevalence of Sarcocystis neurona, Toxoplasma gondii, and Neospora caninum in horses in Brazil. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1999;215:970.

786 Masri MD, Lopez de Alda J, Dubey JP. Sarcocystis neurona—associated ataxia in horses in Brazil. Vet Parasitol. 1992;44:311.

787 Granstrom DE, Alvarez JO, Dubey JP, et al. Equine protozoal myelitis in Panamanian horses and isolation of Sarcocystis neurona. J Parasitol. 1992;78:909.

788 Fayer R, Mayhew IG, Baird JD, et al. Epidemiology of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis in North America based on histologically confirmed cases. J Vet Intern Med. 1990;4:54.

789 De Barros CSL, de Barros SS, Dos Santos MN. Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis in southern Brazil. Vet Rec. 1986;117:283.

790 Clark EG, Townsend HGG, McKenzie NT. Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis: a report of two cases from western Canada. Can Vet J. 1981;22:140.

791 Katayama Y, Wada R, Kanemaru T, et al. First case report of Sarcocystis neurona—induced equine protozoal myeloencephalitis in Japan. J Vet Med Sci. 2003;65:757.

792 Lam K, Watkins K, Chan C. First report of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis in Hong Kong. Equine Vet Educ. 1999;11:54.

793 Ronen N. Putative equine protozoal myeloencephalitis in an imported Arabian filly. J S Afr Vet Assoc. 1992;63:78.

794 Mayhew IG, Greiner EC. Protozoal diseases. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 1986;2:439.

795 Pitel P, Lindsay DS, Caure S, et al. Reactivity against Sarcocystis neurona and Neospora by serum antibodies in healthy French horses from two farms with previous equine protozoal myeloencephalitis-like cases. Vet Parasitol. 2003;111:1.

796 Pitel P, Pronost S, Gargala G, et al. Detection of Sarcocystis neurona antibodies in French horses with neurological signs. Int J Parasitol. 2002;32:481.

797 Saville W, Reed S, Morley P, et al. Analysis of risk factors for the development of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2000;217:1174.

798 Davis SW, Speer CA, Dubey JP. In vitro cultivation of Sarcocystis neurona from the spinal cord of a horse with equine protozoal myelitis. J Parasitol. 1991;77:789.

799 Granstrom DE, Dubey JP, Davis SW, et al. Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis: antigen analysis of cultured Sarcocystis neurona merozoites. J Vet Diagn Invest. 1993;5:88.

800 Granstrom DE, MacPherson JM, Gajadhar AA, et al. Differentiation of Sarcocystis neurona from eight related coccidia by random amplified polymorphic DNA assay. J Mol Cell Probes. 1994;8:353.

801 Mayhew IG, de Lahunta A, Whitlock RH, et al. Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract. 1976:107.

802 Rooney JR, Prickett ME, Delaney FM, et al. Focal myelitis-encephalitis in horses. Cornell Vet. 1970;60:494.

803 Dunigan CE, Oglesbee MJ, Podell M, et al. Seizure activity associated with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. P Vet Neuro. 1995;6:50.

804 MacKay R, Granstrom D, Saville W, et al. Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 2000;16:405.

805 Moore L, Johnson P, Messer N, et al. Management of headshaking in three horses by treatment for protozoal myeloencephalitis. Vet Rec. 1997;141:264.

806 Scarratt W, Buechner-Maxwell V, Karzenski S, et al. Urinary incontinence and incoordination in three horses associated with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. J Equine Vet Sci. 1999;19:642.

807 Saville W, Sofaly C, Toribio R. West Nile virus encephalitis in horses. Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet). 2003;25:220.

808 Ostlund E, Crom R, Pederson D, et al. Equine West Nile encephalitis, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7:665.

809 Granstrom DE. Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis: parasite biology, experimental disease, and laboratory diagnosis. International Equine Neurology Conference. 1997:4.

810 Saville W. The epidemiology of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM). In: Veterinary preventive medicine. Columbus: Ohio State University; 1998:223.

811 Cohen N, MacKay R. Interpreting Immunoblot testing of cerebrospinal fluid for equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet). 1997;19:1176.

812 Daft B, Barr B, Gardner I, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of Western blot testing of cerebrospinal fluid and serum for diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis in horses with and without neurologic abnormalities. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002;221:1007.

813 Rossano M, Mansfield L, Kaneene J, et al. Improvement of Western blot specificity for detecting equine serum antibodies to Sarcocystis neurona. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2000;12:28.

814 Ellison S, Kennedy T, Brown K. Development of an ELISA to detect antibodies to rSAG1 in the horse. Int J Appl Res Vet Med. 2003;1:318.

815 Gupta G, Lakritz J, Saville W, et al. Antigenic evaluation of a recombinant baculovirus-expressed Sarcocystis neurona SAG1 antigen. J Parasitol. 2004;90:1027.

816 Lindsay D, Dubey J. Direct agglutination test for the detection of antibodies to Sarcocystis neurona in experimentally infected animals. Vet Parasitol. 2001;95:179.

817 Duarte PC, Daft B, Conrad P, et al. Comparison of a serum indirect fluorescent antibody test with two Western blot tests for the diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2003;15:8.

818 Duarte PC, Daft B, Conrad P, et al. Evaluation and comparison of an indirect fluorescent antibody test for detection of antibodies to Sarcocystis neurona, using serum and cerebrospinal fluid of naturally and experimentally infected, and vaccinated horses. J Parasitol. 2004;90:379.

819 Saville W, Dubey J, Oglesbee M, et al. Experimental infection of ponies with Sarcocystis fayeri and differentiation from Sarcocystis neurona infections in horses. J Parasitol. 2004;90:1487.

820 Duarte PC, Ebel E, Traub-Dargatz J, et al. Indirect fluorescent antibody testing of cerebrospinal fluid for diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. Am J Vet Res. 2006;67:869.

821 Howe DK, Gaji RY, Mroz-Barrett M, et al. Sarcocystis neurona merozoites express a family of immunogenic surface antigens that are orthologues of the Toxoplasma gondii surface antigens (SAGs) and SAG-related sequences. Infect Immun. 2005;73:1023.

822 Hoane JS, Morrow J, Saville W, et al. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detection of equine antibodies specific to Sarcocystis neurona surface antigens. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2005;12:1050.

823 Murphy J, Marsh A, Reed S, et al. Development and evaluation of a Sarcocystis neurona—specific IgM capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Vet Intern Med. 2006;20:322.

824 Furr M, Granstrom D, Schott HII, Andrews F. Clinical diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM). J Vet Intern Med. 2002;16:618.

825 Andrews FM, Maddux JM, Faulk D. Total protein, albumin quotient, IgG and IgG index determinations for horse cerebrospinal fluid. P Vet Neuro. 1991;1:197.

826 Andrews FM, Granstrom DE, Provenza M. Differentiation of neurologic diseases in the horse by the use of albumin quotient and IgG index determinations. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract. 1995;41:215.

827 Andrews F, Latimer F, Grubbs S, et al. CSF indices after repeated spinal taps in horses diagnosed with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract. 1997;43:10.

828 Miller M, Sweeney C, Russell G, et al. Effects of blood contamination of cerebrospinal fluid on Western blot analysis for detection of antibodies against Sarcocystis neurona and on albumin quotient and immunoglobulin G index in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1999;215:67.

829 Miller MM, Bernard WV. Usefulness of cerebrospinal fluid indices and the polymerase chain reaction for Sarcocystis neurona in diagnosing equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract. 1996;42:82.

830 Fenger C, Granstrom D, Langemeier J, et al. Detection of Sarcocystis neurona in blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and feces by polymerase chain reaction. Am Assoc Vet Parasitol. 1995.

831 Fenger CK. Update on the diagnosis and treatment of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM). Proc Am Coll Vet Intern Med Forum. 1995;13:597.

832 Granstrom DE. Recent advances in the laboratory diagnosis of equine parasitic diseases. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 1995;11:437.

833 Marsh AE, Barr BC, Madigan J, et al. Sequence analysis and polymerase chain reaction amplification of small subunit ribosomal DNA from Sarcocystis neurona. Am J Vet Res. 1996;57:975.

834 Parmley S, Goebel F, Remington J. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in cerebrospinal fluid from AIDS patients by polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol. 1992;30:3000.

835 Mayhew IG, de Lahunta A, Whitlock RH, et al. Spinal cord disease in the horse. Cornell Vet. 1978;6(suppl):1.

836 Green EM, Kroll RA, Constantinescu GM. Equine cerebrospinal fluid: analysis. Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet). 1993;15:288.

837 Furr MO, Tyler RD. Cerebrospinal fluid creatine kinase activity in horses with central nervous system disease: 69 cases (1984–1989). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1990;197:245.

838 Jackson C, de Lahunta A, Divers T, et al. The diagnostic utility of cerebrospinal fluid creatine kinase activity in the horse. J Vet Intern Med. 1996;10:246.

839 Reed SM, Kohn CW, Hinchcliff KW, et al. Clinical findings and cerebrospinal fluid analysis including Western blot analysis on horses presented for neurologic disease at The Ohio State University. Proc Am Coll Vet Intern Med Forum. 1995;13:739.

840 Dubey J. Recent advances in Neospora and neosporosis. Vet Parasitol. 1999;84:349.

841 Packham A, Conrad P, Wilson WD, et al. Qualitative evaluation of selective tests for detection of Neospora hughesi antibodies in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of experimentally infected horses. J Parasitol. 2002;88:1239.

842 Hoane JS, Yeargan MR, Stamper S, et al. Recombinant NhSAG1 ELISA: a sensitive and specific assay for detecting antibodies against Neospora hughesi in equine serum. J Parasitol. 2005;91:446.

843 Granstrom DE, Saville WJ. Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. In: Reed SM, Bailey WM, editors. Equine internal medicine. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1998:486.

844 Mullaney T, Murphy AJ, Kiupel M, et al. Evidence to support horses as natural intermediate hosts for Sarcocystis neurona. Vet Parasitol. 2005;133:27.

845 McAllister M, Dubey J, Lindsay D, et al. Dogs are definitive hosts of Neospora caninum. Int J Parasitol. 1998;28:1473.

846 Granstrom DE. Diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis: Western blot analysis. Proc Am Coll Vet Intern Med Forum. 1993;11:587.

847 Marsh A, Barr B, Lakritz J, et al. Experimental infection of nude mice as a model for Sarcocystis neurona—associated encephalitis. Parasitol Res. 1997;83:706.

848 Dubey J, Lindsay D. Isolation in immunodeficient mice of Sarcocystis neurona from opossum (Didelphis virginiana) faeces, and its differentiation from Sarcocystis falcatula. Int J Parasitol. 1998;28:1823.

849 Lindsay DS, Mitchell SM, Yang J, et al. Penetration of equine leukocytes by merozoites of Sarcocystis neurona. Vet Parasitol. 2006;138:371.

850 Hoane JS, Striepen B, et al. Analysis of the Sarcocystis neurona microneme protein SnMIC10: protein characteristics and expression during intracellular development. Int J Parasitol. 2003;33:671.

851 Njoku C, Saville W, Reed S, et al. Reduced levels of nitric oxide metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid are associated with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2002;9:605.

852 Furr M, Pontzer C. Transforming growth factor beta concentrations and interferon gamma responses in cerebrospinal fluid of horses with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. Equine Vet J. 2001;33:721.

853 Spencer JA, Deinnocentes P, Moyana EM, et al. Cytokine gene expression in response to SnSAG1 in horses with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2005;12:644.

854 Spencer JA, Ellison SE, Guarino AJ, et al. Cell-mediated immune responses in horses with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. J Parasitol. 2004;90:428.

855 Yang J, Ellison S, Gogal J, et al. Immune response to Sarcocystis neurona infection in naturally infected horses with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. Vet Parasitol. 2006;138:200.

856 Witonsky SG, Gogal J, Duncan RBJr, et al. Prevention of meningo/encephalomyelitis due to Sarcocystis neurona infection in mice is mediated by CD8 cells. Int J Parasitol. 2005;35:113.

857 Witonsky SG, Gogal J, Duncan RBJr, et al. Protective immune response to experimental infection with Sarcocystis neurona in C57Bl/6 mice. J Parasitol. 2003;89:924.

858 Blythe LL, Granstrom DE, Hansen DE, et al. Seroprevalence of antibodies to Sarcocystis neurona in horses residing in Oregon. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1997;210:525.

859 Fenger CK, Granstrom DE, Gajadhar AA, et al. Experimental induction of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis in horses using Sarcocystis sp. sporocysts from the opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Vet Parasitol. 1997;68:199.

860 Sellon D, Knowles D, Greiner EC, et al. Infection of immunodeficient horses with Sarcocystis neurona does not result in neurological disease. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2004;11:1134.

861 Saville W, Sofaly C, Reed S, et al. An equine protozoal myeloencephalitis challenge model testing a second transport after inoculation with Sarcocystis neurona sporocysts. J Parasitol. 2004;90:1406.

862 Sofaly C, Reed S, Gordon J, et al. Experimental induction of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) in the horse: effect of Sarcocystis neurona sporocyst inoculation dose on the development of clinical neurologic disease. J Parasitol. 2002;88:1164.

863 Saville W, Stich R, Reed S, et al. Utilization of stress in the development of an equine model for equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. Vet Parasitol. 2001;95:211.

864 Cutler T, MacKay R, Ginn P, et al. Immunoconversion against Sarcocystis neurona in normal and dexamethasone-treated horses challenged with S. neurona sporocysts. Vet Parasitol. 2001;95:197.

865 Cutler T, MacKay R, Tanhauser S, et al. Experimental challenge of horses with characterized S. neurona sporocysts. American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Forum. 1999. , Abstract No 17

866 Cutler T, MacKay R, Ginn P, et al. Are Sarcocystis neurona and S. falcatula synonymous? A horse infection challenge. J Parasitol. 1999;85:301.

867 Dubey J, Speer C, Lindsay D. Isolation of a third species of Sarcocystis in immunodeficient mice fed feces from opossums (Didelphis virginiana) and its differentiation from Sarcocystis falcatula and Sarcocystis neurona. J Parasitol. 1998;84:1158.

868 Tanhauser S, Yowell C, Cutler T, et al. Multiple DNA markers differentiate Sarcocystis neurona and Sarcocystis falcatula and identify two additional Sarcocystis spp. shed by opossums. American Association of Veterinary Parasitologists. 1999. , Abstract No 27

869 Tanhauser S, Yowell C, Cutler T, et al. Multiple DNA markers differentiate Sarcocystis neurona and Sarcocystis falcatula. J Parasitol. 1999;85:221.

870 Stanek J, Dubey J, Oglesbee M, et al. Life cycle of Sarcocystis neurona in its natural intermediate host, raccoon (Procyon lotor). J Parasitol. 2002;88:1151.

871 Long M, Hines M, Knowles D, et al. Sarcocystis neurona: parasitemia in a severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) horse fed sporocysts. Exp Parasitol. 2002;100:150.

872 Dubey J, Saville W, Stanek J, et al. Sarcocystis neurona infections in raccoons (Procyon lotori): evidence for natural infection with sarcocysts, transmission of infection to opossums (Didelphis virginiana), and experimental induction of neurological disease in raccoons. Vet Parasitol. 2001;100:117.

873 Rossano MG, Schott HCII, Murphy AJ, et al. Parasitemia in an immunocompetent horse experimentally challenged with Sarcocystis neurona sporocysts. Vet Parasitol. 2005;127:3.

874 Elitsur E, Marsh A, Reed S, et al. Early migration of Sarcocystis neurona in ponies fed sporocysts. J Parasitol. 92, 2006.

875 Gerhold RW, Howerth EW, Lindsay DS. Sarcocystis neurona— associated meningoencephalitis and description of intramuscular sarcocysts in a Fisher (Martes pennanti). J Wildl Dis. 2005;41:224.

876 Forest T, Abou-Madi N, Summers B, et al. Sarcocystis neurona—like encephalitis in a Canada lynx (Felis lynx canadensis). J Zoo Wildl Med. 2000;31:383.

877 Marsh A, Denver M, Hill F, et al. Detection of Sarcocystis neurona in the brain of a Grant’s zebra (Equus burchelli bohmi). J Zoo Wildl Med. 2000;31:82.

878 Rosonke B, Brown S, Tornquist S, et al. Encephalomyelitis associated with a Sarcocystis neurona—like organism in a sea otter. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1999;215:1839.

879 Lapointe J, Duignan P, Marsh A, et al. Meningoencephalitis due to a Sarcocystis neurona—like protozoan in Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardsi). J Parasitol. 1998;84:1184.

880 Dubey JP, Hamir AN, Niezgoda M, et al. A Sarcocystis neurona—like organism associated with encephalitis in a striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis). J Parasitol. 1996;82:172.

881 Mutalib A, Keirs R, Maslin W, et al. Sarcocystosis-associated encephalitis in chickens. Avian Dis. 1995;39:436.

882 Dubey JP. Sarcocystis-associated meningoencephalomyelitis in a cat. J Vet Diagn Invest. 1994;6:118.

883 Dubey JP, Hedstrom OR. Meningoencephalitis in mink associated with a Sarcocystis neurona—like organism. J Vet Diagn Invest. 1993;5:467.

884 Thulin JD, Granstrom DE, Gelberg HB, et al. Concurrent protozoal encephalitis and canine distemper virus infection in a raccoon (Procyon lotor). Vet Rec. 1992;130:162.

885 Dubey JP, Porter SL, Hattel AL, et al. Sarcocystosis-associated clinical encephalitis in a golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos). J Zoo Wildl Med. 1991;22:233.

886 Dubey JP, Speer CA. Sarcocystis canis n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae), the etiologic agent of generalized coccidiosis in dogs. J Parasitol. 1991;77:522.

887 Dubey JP, Speer CA, Hamir AN, et al. Development of a Sarcocystis-like apicomplexan protozoan in the brain of a raccoon (Procyon lotor). J Helminthol Soc Wash. 1991;58:250.

888 Dubey JP, Hamir AN, Hanlon CA, et al. Fatal necrotizing encephalitis in a raccoon associated with a Sarcocystis-like protozoan. J Vet Diagn Invest. 1990;2:345.

889 Cheadle M, Lindsay DS, Greiner EC. Lack of Sarcocystis neurona antibody response in Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana) fed Sarcocystis neurona—infected muscle tissue. J Parasitol. 2006;92:652.

890 Dubey J, Rosypal A, Rosenthal B, et al. Sarcocystis neurona infections in sea otter (Enhydra lutris): evidence for natural infections with sarcocysts, and transmission of infections to opossums (Didelphis virginiana). J Parasitol. 2001;87:1387.

891 Cheadle M, Tanhauser S, Dame J, et al. The nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) is an intermediate host for Sarcocystis neurona. Int J Parasitol. 2001;31:330.

892 Cheadle M, Yowell C, Sellon D, et al. The striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) is an intermediate host for Sarcocystis neurona. Int J Parasitol. 2001;31:843.

893 Dubey J, Saville W, Lindsay D, et al. Completion of the life cycle of Sarcocystis neurona. J Parasitol. 2000;86:1276.

894 Stanek J, Stich R, Dubey J, et al. Epidemiology of Sarcocystis neurona infections in domestic cats (Felis domesticus) and its association with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM). Vet Parasitol. 2003;117:239.

895 Turay H, Barr B, Caldwell A, et al. Sarcocystis neurona reacting antibodies in Missouri feral domestic cats (Felis domesticus) and their role as an intermediate host. Parasitol Res. 2002;88:38.

896 Granstrom DE, Dubey JP, Giles RC, et al. Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis: biology and epidemiology. Proc VII Int Conf Equine Infect Dis. 1994:109.

897 Lindsay D, Rosypal A, Spencer J, et al. Prevalence of agglutinating antibodies to Sarcocystis neurona in raccoons, Procyon lotor, from the United States. Vet Parasitol. 2001;100:131.

898 Fenger CK, Granstrom DE, Langemeier JL, et al. Phylogenetic relationship of Sarcocystis neurona to other members of the family Sarcocystidae based on the sequence of the small ribosomal subunit gene. J Parasitol. 1994;80:966.

899 Dubey JP, Speer CA, Fayer R. Sarcocystosis of animals and man. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC, 1989.

900 Elsheikha HM, Murphy AJ, Mansfield LS. Phylogenetic congruence of Sarcocystis neurona (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae) in the United States based on sequence analysis and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). System Parasitol. 2005;61:191.

901 Elsheikha HM, Lacher DW, Mansfield LS. Phylogenetic relationships of Sarcocystis neurona of horses and opossums to other cyst-forming coccidia deduced from SSU rRNA gene sequences. Parasitol Res. 2005;97:345.

902 Hyun C, Gupta G, Marsh A. Sequence comparison of Sarcocystis neurona surface antigen from multiple isolates. Vet Parasitol. 2003;112:11.

903 Marsh A, Hyun C, Barr B, et al. Characterization of monoclonal antibodies developed against Sarcocystis neurona. Parasitol Res. 2002;88:501.

904 Box ED, Smith JH. The intermediate host spectrum in a Sarcocystis species of birds. J Parasitol. 1982;68:668.

905 Box E. Recovery of Sarcocystis sporocysts from feces after oral administration. Proc Helminthol Soc Wash. 1983;50:348.

906 Wallace G. Experimental transmission of Toxoplasma gondii by filth-flies. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1971;20:411.

907 Wallace G. Experimental transmission of Toxoplasma gondii by cockroaches. J Infect Dis. 1972;126:545.

908 Clubb SL, Frenkel JK. Sarcocystis falcatula of opossums: transmission by cockroaches with fatal pulmonary disease in psittacine birds. J Parasitol. 1992;78:116.

909 Stoffregen DA, Dubey JP. A Sarcocystis spp—like protozoan and concurrent distemper virus infection associated with encephalitis in a raccoon (Procyon lotor). J Wildl Dis. 1991;27:688.

910 Weiss L, LaPlace D, Takvorian P, et al. The association of the stress response and Toxoplasma gondii bradyzoite development. J Euk Microbiol. 1996;43:120s.

911 Khan I, Schwartzman J, Fonseka S, et al. Neospora caninum: role for immune cytokines in host immunity. Exp Parasitol. 1997;85:24.

912 Fan S, Shao L, Ding G. A suppressive protein generated in peripheral lymph tissue induced by restraint stress. Adv Neuroimmunol. 1996;6:279.

913 Jacobson L, Cook C. Partitioning psychological and physical sources of transport-related stress in young cattle. Vet J. 1998;155:205.

914 Friend T, Martin M, Householder D, et al. Stress responses of horses during a long period of transport in a commercial truck. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1998;212:838.

915 Raidal S, Bailey G, Love D. Effect of transportation on lower respiratory tract contamination and peripheral blood neutrophil function. Aust Vet J. 1997;75:433.

916 Grandin T. Assessment of stress during handling and transport. J Anim Sci. 1997;75:249.

917 Bayly W, Liggitt H, Huston L. Stress and its effect on equine pulmonary mucosal defenses. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract. 1986;32:253.

918 Boy MG, Galligan DT, Divers TJ. Protozoal encephalomyelitis in horses: 82 cases (1972–1986). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1990;196:632.

919 Hamir AN, Moser G, Galligan DT, et al. Immunohistochemical study to demonstrate Sarcocystis neurona in equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. J Vet Diagn Invest. 1993;5:418.

920 Granstrom DE, Giles RC, Tuttle PA. Immunohistochemical diagnosis of protozoan parasites in lesions of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. J Vet Diagn Invest. 1991;3:75.

921 Bentz BG, Granstrom D, Stamper S. Seroprevalence of antibodies to Sarcocystis neurona in horses residing in a county of southeastern Pennsylvania. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1997;210:517.

922 Saville WJ, Reed SM, Granstrom DE, et al. Prevalence of serum antibodies to Sarcocystis neurona in horses residing in Ohio. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1997;210:519.

923 MacKay R. Serum antibodies to Sarcocystis neurona—half the horses in the United States have them!. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1997;210:482.

924 Tillotson K, McCue P, Granstrom D, et al. Seroprevalence of antibodies to Sarcocystis neurona in horses residing in northern Colorado. J Equine Vet Sci. 1999;19:122.

925 Vardeleon D, Marsh A, Thorne J, et al. Prevalence of Neospora hughesi and Sarcocystis neurona antibodies in horses from various geographical locations. Vet Parasitol. 2001;95:273.

926 Rossano M, Kaneene J, Marteniuk J, et al. The seroprevalence of antibodies to Sarcocystis neurona in Michigan equids. Prev Vet Med. 2001;48:113.

927 Dubey J, Mitchell S, Morrow J, et al. Prevalence of antibodies to Neosporum caninum, Sarcocystis neurona, and Toxoplasma gondii in wild horses from central Wyoming. J Parasitol. 2003;89:716.

928 Hoane JS, Gennari S, Dubey J, et al. Prevalence of Sarcocystis neurona and Neospora spp. infection in horses from Brazil based on presence of serum antibodies to parasite surface antigen. Vet Parasitol. 2006;136:155.

929 Brown C, Morrow J, Carleton C, et al. Persistence of serum antibodies to Sarcocystis neurona in horses moved from North America to India. J Vet Intern Med. 2006;20:994.

930 Dubey J, Romand S, Thulliez P, et al. Prevalence of antibodies to Neospora caninum in horses in North America. J Parasitol. 1999;85:968.

931 Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis in the U.S., Ft Collins. Colo: USDA:APHIS:VS, CEAH, National Animal Health Monitoring System, 2001.

932 Traver DS, Coffman JR, Moore JN, et al. Protozoal myeloencephalitis in sibling horses. J Equine Med Surg. 1978;2:425.

933 MacKay RJ, Davis SW, Dubey JP. Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet). 1992;14:1359.

934 Fenger CK, Granstrom DE, Langemeier JL, et al. Epizootic of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis on a farm. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1997;210:923.

935 Duarte PC, Conrad P, Barr B, et al. Risk of transplacental transmission of Sarcocystis neurona and Neospora hughesi in California horses. J Parasitol. 2004;90:1345.

936 Beech J. Equine protozoan encephalomyelitis. VM SAC. 1974;69:1562.

937 Beech J, Dodd DC. Toxoplasma-like encephalomyelitis in the horse. Vet Pathol. 1974;11:87.

938 Reed SM, Granstrom DE. Equine protozoal encephalomyelitis. Proc Am Coll Vet Intern Med Forum. 1993:591.

939 Welsch BB. Update on equine therapeutics: treatment of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet). 1991;13:1599.

940 Clarke CR, Burrows GE, MacAllister CG, et al. Pharmacokinetics of intravenously and orally administered pyrimethamine in horses. Am J Vet Res. 1992;53:2292.

941 Clarke CR, MacAllister CG, Burrows GE, et al. Pharmacokinetics, penetration into cerebrospinal fluid, and hematologic effects after multiple oral administrations of pyrimethamine to horses. Am J Vet Res. 1992;53:2296.

942 Lindsay D, Dubey J. Determination of the activity of pyrimethamine, trimethoprim, sulfonamides, and combinations of pyrimethamine and sulfonamides against Sarcocystis neurona in cell cultures. Vet Parasitol. 1999;82:205.

943 Bedford S, McDonnell S. Measurements of reproductive function in stallions treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and pyrimethamine. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1999;215:1317.

944 Granstrom D, McCrillis S, Wulff-Strobel C, et al. Diclazuril and equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract. 1997;43:13.

945 Tobin T, Dirikolu L, Harkins J, et al. Preliminary pharmacokinetics of diclazuril and toltrazuril in the horse. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract. 1997;43:15.

946 Furr M. Treatment and management of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. North American Veterinary Conference. 2000:137.

947 Lindsay D, Dubey J. Determination of the activity of diclazuril against Sarcocystis neurona and Sarcocystis falcatula in cell cultures. J Parasitol. 2000;86:164.

948 Furr M, Kennedy T. Cerebrospinal fluid and blood concentration of toltrazuril 5% suspension in the horse after oral dosing. Vet Ther. 2000;1:125.

949 Furr MO, Quance J, Kennedy T. A 10-day toxicity study of toltrazuril 5% suspension in the horse. Vet Ther. 1, 2000.

950 Lindsay D, Dubey J, Kennedy T. Determination of the activity of ponazuril against Sarcocystis neurona in cell cultures. Vet Parasitol. 2000;92:165.

951 Reed SM, Saville WJA. Equine protozoal encephalomyelitis. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract. 1996;42:75.

952 Fenger CK. Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis: early detection means more successful treatment. Large Anim Vet. 1996:14.

953 Saville W, Morley P, Reed S, et al. Evaluation of risk factors associated with clinical improvement and survival of horses with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2000;217:1181.

954 Wilson AP, Thelen JJ, Lakritz J, et al. The identification of a sequence related to apicomplexan enolase from. Sarcocystis neurona, Parasitol Res. 2004;94:354.

955 Barr SC, Warner K. Characterization of a serine protease activity in Sarcocystis neurona merozoites. J Parasitol. 2003;89:385.

956 Toribio R, Bain F, Mrad D, et al. Congenital defects in newborn foals of mares treated for equine protozoal myeloencephalitis during pregnancy. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1998;212:697.

957 Piercy RJ, Hinchcliff KW, Reed S. Folate deficiency during treatment with orally administered folic acid, sulphadiazine and pyrimethamine in a horse with suspected equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM). Equine Vet J. 2002;34:311.

958 Marsh A, Lakritz J, Johnson P, et al. Evaluation of immune responses in horses immunized using a killed Sarcocystis neurona vaccine. Vet Ther. 2004;5:34.

959 Kane M. Malaria, where now? Lancet. 1996;348:695.

960 Emery D. Vaccination against worm parasites of animals. Vet Parasitol. 1996;64:31.

961 Dubey J. Strategies to reduce transmission of Toxoplasma gondii to animals and humans. Vet Parasitol. 1996;64:65.

962 Musoke A, Nene V, Morzaria S. A sporozoite-based vaccine for. Theileria parva, Parasitol Today. 1993;9:385.

963 Dubey J, Saville W, Sreekumar C, et al. Effects of high temperature and disinfectants on the viability of Sarcocystis neurona sporocysts. J Parasitol. 2002:88.

964 Lindsay D, Dubey J. Determination of the activity of pyrantel tartrate against Sarcocystis neurona in gamma-interferon gene knockout mice. Vet Parasitol. 2001;97:141.

965 Rossano MG, Schott HCII, Kaneena JB, et al. Effects of daily administration of pyrantel tartrate in preventing infection in horses experimentally challenged with Sarcocystis neurona. Am J Vet Res. 2005;66:846.

966 Dubey J, Fritz D, Lindsay D, et al. Diclazuril preventive therapy of gamma interferon knockout mice fed Sarcocystis neurona sporocysts. Vet Parasitol. 2001;94:257.

967 Franklin RP, Gillis KD, Tanhauser SM, et al. Effect of a single dose of ponazuril on neural infection and clinical disease in Sarcocystis neurona—challenged interferon-gamma knockout mice. Vet Parasitol. 2003;114:123.

968 Furr M, McKenzie H, Saville W, et al. Prophylactic administration of ponazuril reduces clinical signs and delays seroconversion in horses challenged with Sarcocystis neurona. J Parasitol. 2006;92:637.

969 Bock R, Jackson L, De Vos A, et al. Babesiosis of cattle. Parasitology. 2004;129(suppl):S247.

970 Rogers RJ. Observations on the pathology of Babesia argentina infections in cattle. Aust Vet J. 1971;47:242.

971 Yeruham I, Avidar Y, Aroch I, et al. Intra-uterine infection with Babesia bovis in a 2-day-old calf. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health. 2003;50:60.

972 O’Connor RM, Long JA, Allred DR. Cytoadherence of Babesia bovis—infected erythrocytes to bovine brain capillary endothelial cells provides an in vitro model for sequestration. Infect Immun. 1999;67:3921.

973 Hadani A, Guglielmone AA, Gonzalez de Rios L, et al. Use of cerebellar brain smears in the diagnosis of babesiosis (Babesia bovis) in cattle. Trop Anim Health Prod. 1982;14:242.

974 Dalgliesh RJ, et al. Babesia argentina: disseminated intravascular coagulation in acute infections in splenectomized calves. Exp Parasitol. 1976;40:124.

975 Wright IG. An electron microscopic study of intravascular agglutination in the cerebral cortex due to Babesia argentina. Int J Parasitol. 1972;2:209.

976 Mahoney DF, Goodger BV. Babesia argentina: serum changes in infected calves. Exp Parasitol. 1969;24:375.

977 Patarroyo JH, Vargas MI, Bicudo PL. Description of lesions in cattle in a natural outbreak of Babesia bovis infection in Brazil. Vet Parasitol. 1982;11:301.

978 Yeruham I, Hadani A, Galker F, et al. Clinical, clinico-pathological and serological studies of Babesia ovis in experimentally infected sheep. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B. 1998;45:385.

979 Cowdry EV. Studies on the etiology of heart water. I. Observation of a rickettsia, Rickettsia ruminantium (n. sp.), in the tissues of infected animals. J Exp Med. 1925;42:231.

980 Camus E, Barre N. Epidemiology of heart water in Guadeloupe and in the Caribbean. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 1987;54:419.

981 Cowdry EV. Studies on the etiology of heart water. II. Rickettsia (n. sp.) in the tissues of ticks transmitting the disease. J Exp Med. 1925;42:253.

982 Wesonga FD, Mukolwe SW, Grootenhuis J. Transmission of Cowdria ruminantium by Amblyomma gemma from infected African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and eland (Taurotragus oryx) to sheep. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2001;33:379.

983 Bezuidenhout JD, Jacobsz CJ. Proof of transovarial transmission of Cowdria ruminantium by Amblyomma hebraeum. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 1986;53:31.

984 Kocan KM, et al. Demonstration of colonies of Cowdria ruminantium in midgut epithelial cells of Amblyomma variegatum. Am J Vet Res. 1987;48:356.

985 Bryson NR, Horak IG, Venter EH, et al. The prevalence of Cowdria ruminantium in free-living adult Amblyomma hebraeum collected at a communal grazing area and in 2 wildlife reserves in South Africa. J S Afr Vet Assoc. 2002;73:131.

986 Neitz WO. The immunity in heartwater. Onderstepoort J Vet Sci Anim Ind. 1939;13:245.

987 Du Pleiss JL. Electron microscopy of Cowdria ruminantium—reticuloendothelial cells of the mammalian host. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 1975;42:1.

988 Pienaar JG. Electron microscopy of Cowdria (Rickettsia) ruminantium (Cowdry, 1926) in the endothelial cells of the vertebrate host. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 1970;37:67.

989 Du Pleissis JL. Pathogenesis of heartwater. Cowdria ruminantium in the lymph nodes of domestic ruminants. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 1970;37:89.

990 Jongejan F, Zanderbergen PA, Van De Wiel. The tick-borne rickettsia Cowdria ruminantium has a chlamydia-like developmental cycle. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 1991;58:227.

991 Norval RAI, et al. Biological processes in the epidemiology of heartwater. In: Fivaz B, editor. Tick vector biology: medical and veterinary aspects. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1992.

992 Andrew HR, Norval RA. The carrier status of sheep, cattle, and African buffalo recovered from heartwater. Vet Parasitol. 1989;34:261.

993 Barre N, Camus E, Iemvt-Craag BP. The reservoir status of goats recovered from heartwater. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 1987;54:435.

994 Schreuder BEC. A simple technique for the collection of brain samples for the diagnosis of heartwater. Trop Anim Health Prod. 1980;12:25.

995 Johnston LAY, Callow LL. Intracerebral inoculation and brain biopsy in cattle. Aust Vet J. 1963;39:22.

996 Synge BA. Brain biopsy for the diagnosis of heartwater. Trop Anim Health Prod. 1978;10:45.

997 Malika J, et al. A simple method for collection of brain samples for the diagnosis of heartwater. Bull Animal Health Prod Afr. 1992;40:157.

998 Burdin ML. Selective staining of Rickettsia ruminantium in tissue sections. Vet Rec. 1962;74:1371.

999 Purchase HS. A simple and rapid method for demonstrating Rickettsia ruminantium (Cowdry, 1925) in heartwater brains. Vet Rec. 1945;36:413.

1000 Waghela SD, et al. A cloned DNA probe identifies Cowdria ruminantium in Amblyomma variegatum ticks. J Clin Microbiol. 1991;29:2571.

1001 Semu SM, et al. Development and persistence of Cowdria ruminantium—specific antibodies following experimental infection in cattle as detected by the indirect fluorescent antibody test. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 1992;333:339.

1002 Mahan SM, et al. A cloned DNA probe for Cowdria ruminantium hybridizes with eight heartwater strains and detects infected sheep. J Clin Microbiol. 1992;30:981.

1003 Bell-Sakyi L, Koney EBM, Dogbey O, et al. Detection by two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays of antibodies to Ehrlichia ruminantium in field sera collected from sheep and cattle in Ghana. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2003;10:917.

1004 Simbi BH, Peter TF, Burridge MJ, et al. Comparing the detection of exposure to Ehrlichia ruminantium infection on a heartwater-endemic farm by the pCS20 polymerase chain reaction assay and an indirect MAP1-B enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 2003;70:231.

1005 Tutt CLC, Van Amstel SR, van der Linde MJ, et al. Effect of dimethyl sulfoxide in the treatment of sheep experimentally infected with Ehrlichia ruminantium. Am J Vet Res. 2003;64:1542.

1006 Uilenberg G. Heartwater (Cowdria ruminantium infection): current status. Adv Vet Sci Comp Med. 1983;27:427.

1007 Gueye A, Vassilaides G. Traitment et perspectives de chimioprophylaxie de la codriose ovine pare une oxytetracycline a longue duree. Rev Elev Med Vet Pays Trop. 1985;38:428.

1008 Spickett AM, Fivaz BH. A survey of small stock tick control practices in the eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 1992;59:197.

1009 Erasmus JA. Heartwater: the immunization of Angora goats. J S Afr Vet Med Assoc. 1976;47:143.

1010 Duplessis JL, Potgieter FT, Van Gas L. An attempt to improve the immunization of sheep against heartwater by using different combinations of three stocks of Cowdria ruminantium. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 1990;57:205.

1011 Brown CC, et al. Protection of goats against Caribbean and African heartwater isolates by the ball 3 heartwater vaccine. Trop Animal Health Prod. 1989;21:100.

1012 Jongejan F, Uilenberg G, Franssen FFJ. Antigenic differences between stocks of Cowdria ruminantium. Res Vet Sci. 1988;44:186.

1013 Jongejan F. Protective immunity to heartwater (Cowdria ruminantium infection) is acquired after vaccination with in vitro—attenuated rickettsiae. Infect Immun. 1991;59:729.

1014 Collins NE, Pretorius A, Van Kleef M, et al. Development of improved vaccines for heartwater. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;990:474.

1015 Mahan SM, Smith GE, Kumbula D, et al. Reduction in mortality from heartwater in cattle, sheep and goats exposed to field challenge using an inactivated vaccine. Vet Parasitol. 2001;97:295.

1016 Simbi BH, Bowie MV, McGuire TC, et al. Evaluation of E. ruminantium genes in DBA/2 mice as potential DNA vaccine candidates for control of heartwater. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006;1078:424.

1017 Zweygarth E, Josemans AI, Van Strijp MF, et al. An attenuated Ehrlichia ruminantium (Welgevonden stock) vaccine protects small ruminants against virulent heartwater challenge. Vaccine. 2005;23:1695.

1018 Van Veen TWS. Parasitic disease of the bovine nervous system. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 1987;3:99.

1019 Dolan TT. Dogmas and misunderstandings in East Coast fever. Trop Med Int Health. 1999;4:A3.

1020 Kuttler KL, Craig TM. Isolation of a bovine Theileria. Am J Vet Res. 1975;36:323.

1021 Ndungu SG, Brown CGD, Dolan TT. In vivo comparison of susceptibility between Bos indicus and Bos taurus cattle types to Theileria parva infection. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 2005;72:13.

1022 Viseras J, Hueli LE, Adroher FJ. Studies on the transmission of Theileria annulata to cattle by the tick Hyalomma lusitanicum. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B. 1999;46:505.

1023 Campbell JD, Spooner RL. Macrophages behaving badly: infected cells and subversion of immune responses to Theileria annulata. Parasitol Today. 1999;15:10.

1024 Heussle VT, Machado JJr, Fernandez PC, et al. The intracellular parasite Theileria parva protects infected T cells from apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1999;96:7312.

1025 Dobbelaere DA, Fernandez PC, Heussle VT. Theileria parva: taking control of host cell proliferation and survival mechanisms. Cell Microbiol. 2000;2:91.

1026 Dobbelaere D, Heussler V. Transformation of leukocytes by Theileria parva and T. annulata. Annu Rev Microbiol. 1999;53:1.

1027 De Kock G, et al. Bovine theileriasis in South Africa with special reference to Theileria mutans. Onderstepoort J Vet Sci Anim Ind. 1937;8:9.

1028 Khanna BM, Kharole MU, Shruti D. Histopathological studies in cerebral theileriosis of calves experimentally infected with Theileria annulata. Indian J Parasitol. 1982;6:91.

1029 Van Amstel SR. Bovine cerebral theileriosis: some aspects of its clinical diagnosis. Proceedings of the Twelfth World Congress on Diseases of Cattle, Amsterdam. 1982.

1030 Van Rensburg IBJ. Bovine cerebral theileriosis: a report on five cases with splenic infarction. J S Afr Vet Assoc. 1976;47:137.

1031 Muraguri GR, Kiara HH, McHardy N. Treatment of East Coast fever: a comparison of parvaquone and buparvaquone. Vet Parasitol. 1999;87:25.

1032 Muraguri GR, Ngumi PN, Wesonga D, et al. Clinical efficacy and plasma concentrations of two formulations of buparvaquone in cattle infected with East Coast fever (Theileria parva infection). Res Vet Sci. 2006;81:119.

1033 Mbwambo HA, Magwisha HB, Mfinanga JM. Evaluation of buparvaquone (BUTA-Kel KELA, Belgium) as a treatment of East Coast fever in cattle, in the peri-urban of Dar Es Salaam city, Tanzania. Vet Parasitol. 2006;139:67.

1034 Musoke RA, Tweyongyere R, Bizimenyera E, et al. Treatment of East Coast fever of cattle with a combination of parvaquone and frusemide. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2004;36:233.

1035 McHardy N, Haigh AJB, Dolan TT. Chemotherapy of Theileria parva infection. Nature. 1976;261:698.

1036 Boulter N, Hall R. Immunity and vaccine development in the bovine theilerioses. Adv Parasitol. 1999;44:41.

1037 Pipano E, Shkap V. Vaccination against tropical theileriosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000;916:484.

1038 Ahmed JS, Mehlhorn H. Review: the cellular basis of the immunity to and immunopathogenesis of tropical theileriosis. Parasitol Res. 1999;85:539.

1039 McKeever DJ, Taracha EL, Morrison WI, et al. Protective immune mechanisms against Theileria parva: evolution of vaccine development strategies. Parasitol Today. 1999;15:263.

1040 Morzaria S, Nene V, Bishop R, Musoke A. Vaccines against Theileria parva. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000;916:464.

1041 Morrison WI, McKeever DJ. Current status of vaccine development against Theileria parasites. Parasitology. 2006;133(suppl):S169.

1042 Woodford JD. The use of cypermethrin-impregnated ear tags as an adjunct to East Coast fever immunization in theileriosis in eastern, central, and southern Africa. Proceedings of a Workshop on East Coast Fever Immunization, Lilongwe, Malawi. 1988.

1043 Masake RA, Nantulya GWO. Cerebral trypanosomiasis in cattle with mixed Trypanosoma congolense and T. brucei brucei infections. Acta Trop. 1984;41:237.

1044 Wellde B, et al. Trypanosoma congolense. I. Clinical observations of experimentally infected cattle. Exp Parasitol. 1974;36:6.

1045 Wellde BT, et al. Trypanosoma vivax: disseminated intravascular coagulation in cattle. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1989;83:177.

1046 Wellde BT, et al. Trypanosoma congolense: erythrocyte indices, plasma iron turnover, and effects of treatment in infected cattle. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1989;83:201.

1047 Wellde BT, et al. Cerebral trypanosomiasis in naturally infected cattle in the Lambwe Valley, South Nayanza, Kenya. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1989;83:151.

1048 Olubayo RO, Mugera GM. The pathogenesis of hemorrhages in Trypanosoma vivax infection. II. Pathomorphological changes. Bull Anim Health Prod Afr. 1987;35:286.

1049 Murray MM, Murray PK, McIntyre WIM. An improved parasitological technique for the diagnosis of African trypanosomiasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1977;71:325.

1050 Katende JM, et al. A new method for fixation and preservation of trypanosomal antigens for use in indirect immunofluorescence antibody test for diagnosis of bovine trypanosomiasis. Trop Med Parasitol. 1987;38:41.

1051 Nantulya VM, Lindqvist KJ. Antigen detection enzyme immunoassays for the diagnosis of Trypanosoma vivax, T. congolense, and T. brucei infections in cattle. Trop Med Parasitol. 1989;40:267.

1052 Holmes PH, et al. The association between samorin chemoprophylaxis and immune responses in cattle under experimental metacyclic Trypanosoma congolense challenge. Proceedings of the Eighteenth Meeting of the International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research and Control, Harare, Nairobi, Kenya. 1985. Pub No 113

1053 Munstermann S, et al. Trypanosomiasis control in Boran cattle in Kenya: a comparison between chemoprophylaxis and a parasite detection and intravenous treatment method using isometamidium chloride. Trop Anim Health Prod. 1992;24:17.

1054 Dowler ME, Schillinger D, Connor. Notes on the routine intravenous use of isometamidium in the control of bovine trypanosomiasis on the Kenya coast. Trop Anim Health Prod. 1989;21:3.

1055 ILRAD Reports. Improved trypanosomiasis control: studies on drug treatment. Nairobi: ILRAD; 1987;vol 5.

1056 Rowlands GJ, et al. Epidemiology of bovine trypanosomiasis in the Ghibe Valley, southwest Ethiopia. II. Factors associated with variations in trypanosome prevalence, incidence of new infections, and prevalence of recurrent infections. Acta Trop. 1993;53:135.

1057 Codjia V, et al. Epidemiology of bovine trypanosomiasis in the Ghibe Valley, southwest Ethiopia. III. Occurrence of populations of Trypanosoma congolense resistant to diminazene, isometamidium, and homidium. Acta Trop. 1993;53:151.

1058 Mwambo HA, Mella PNP, Lekaki KA. Trypanosomiasis chemotherapy: further observations on a strain of Trypanosoma congolense resistant to diminazene aceturate. Tanz Vet Bull. 1988;8:45.

1059 Hursey BS, Whittingham GW, Chadenga V. The integration of insecticidal techniques for the control and eradication of Glossina morsitans in northeast Zimbabwe. Proceedings of the Nineteenth Meeting of the International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research and Control. 1987.

1060 Thompson M. The effect on tsetse flies (Glossina sp.) of deltamethrin applied to cattle either as a spray or incorporated into ear tags. Trop Pest Manag. 1987;33:329.

1061 Leak SGA, Paling RW, Moloo SK. The trypanotolerance network. II. A study on health and productivity of N’Dama Nguni and their crosses under quantified levels of tsetse challenge in Gabon. II. Tsetse survey. Proceedings of the Eighteenth Meeting of the International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research and Control, Nairobi, Kenya. 1985.

1062 Paling RW, et al. Susceptibility of N’Dama and Boran cattle to sequential challenges with tsetse-transmitted clones of Trypanosoma congolense. Parasite Immunol. 1991;13:427.

1063 Murray M, Trail JCM, D’ieteren GDM. Trypanotolerance in cattle and prospects for the control of trypanosomiasis by selective breeding. Rev Sci Tech. 1990;9:369.

1064 Jensen R, Griner LA, Adams OR. Polioencephalomalacia of cattle and sheep. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1956;129:311.

1065 Terlecki S, Markson LM. Cerebrocortical necrosis in cattle and sheep. Vet Rec. 1961;43:23.

1066 Jubb KVF, Huxtable CR. The nervous system. In Jubb KVF, Kennedy PC, Palmer N, editors: Pathology of domestic animals, ed 4, New York: Academic, 1993.

1067 Bulgin MS, Lincoln SD, Mather G. Elemental sulfur toxicosis in a flock of sheep. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1996;208:1063.

1068 Raisbeck MF. Is polioencephalomalacia associated with high-sulfate diets? J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1982;180:1303.

1069 McAllister MM, Gould DH, Hamar DW. Sulphide-induced polioencephalomalacia in lambs. J Comp Pathol. 1992;106:267.

1070 McAllister MM, et al. Evaluation of ruminal sulfide concentrations and seasonal outbreaks of polioencephalomalacia in beef cattle in a feedlot. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1997;211:1275.

1071 Loneragan GH, et al. Association of excess sulfur intake and an increase in hydrogen sulfide concentrations in the ruminal gas cap of recently weaned beef calves with polioencephalomalacia. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1998;213:1599.

1072 Pill AH. Evidence of thiamine deficiency in calves affected with cerebrocortical necrosis. Vet Rec. 1967;81:178.

1073 Padovan D. Polioencephalomalacia associated with water deprivation in cattle. Cornell Vet. 1980;70:153.

1074 Wernery U, Haydn-Evans J, Kinne J. Amprolium-induced cerebrocortical necrosis (CCN) in dromedary racing camels. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B. 1998;45:335.

1075 Spicer EM, et al. Biochemistry of natural and amprolium-induced polioencephalomalacia in sheep. Aust Vet J. 1981;57:230.

1076 Loew FM, et al. Induction of thiamine inadequacy and polioencephalomalacia in adult sheep with amprolium. Am J Vet Res. 1972;33:2195.

1077 Mella CM, Perez-Oliva O, Loew FM. Induction of bovine polioencephalomalacia with a feeding system based on molasses and urea. Can J Comp Med. 1976;40:104.

1078 Wells GAH, Howell JM, Gopinath C. Experimental lead encephalopathy in calves: histological observations on the nature and distribution of the lesions. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 1976;2:175.

1079 Colontino J, Bulmer WS. Polioencephalomalacia in a dairy cow. Can Vet J. 1997;18:356.

1080 McHowell J. Polioencephalomalacia in calves. Vet Rec. 1961;75:1165.

1081 Claes-Goran L. Cerebrocortical necrosis (CCN) in a calf and experimental reproduction of the disease. Acta Vet Scand. 1973;14:464.

1082 Gould DH, et al. High sulfide concentrations in rumen fluid associated with nutritionally induced polioencephalomalacia in calves. Am J Vet Res. 1991;52:1164.

1083 Gould DH, Cummings BA, Hamar DW. In vivo indicators of pathologic ruminal sulfide production in steers with diet-induced polioencephalomalacia. J Vet Diagn Invest. 1997;9:72.

1084 McAllister MM, Gould DH. Decreased H₂S concentrations in gas caps of PEM affected animals. 1998. (personal communication)

1085 Loneragan GH, et al. The effect of varying water sulfate content on H₂S generation and health of feedlot cattle. American Society of Animal Science Eighty-ninth Annual Meeting, Nashville. 1997.

1086 Olkowski AA, Gooneratne SR. Microbiological methods of thiamine measurement in biological material. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1992;62:34.

1087 Edwin EE, Jackman R. Ruminal thiaminase and tissue thiamine in cerebrocortical necrosis. Vet Rec. 1973;92:640.

1088 Edwin EE, et al. Diagnostic aspects of cerebrocortical necrosis. Vet Rec. 1979;104:4.

1089 Linklater KA, Dyson DA, Morgan KT. Faecal thiaminase in clinically normal sheep associated with outbreaks of polioencephalomalacia. Res Vet Sci. 1977;22:308.

1090 Edwin EE, Jackman R. A rapid radioactive method for determination of thiaminase activity and its use in the diagnosis of cerebrocortical necrosis in sheep and cattle. J Sci Food Agric. 1974;25:357.

1091 Gupta GC, Joshi BP, Rai P. The levels of thiamine in the rumen fluid and blood serum in the spontaneous bovine rumen dysfunctions. Acta Vet Brno. 1976;45:205.

1092 Thornber EJ, et al. Induced thiamin deficiency in lambs. Aust Vet J. 1981;57:21.

1093 Loew FM, Dunlop RH, Christian RG. Biochemical aspects of an outbreak of bovine polioencephalomalacia. Can Vet J. 1970;11:57.

1094 Strain GM, et al. Visual evoked potentials and electroretinograms in ruminants with thiamine-responsive polioencephalomalacia or suspected listeriosis. Am J Vet Res. 1990;51:1513.

1095 Suzuki M, et al. Electroencephalogram of Japanese Black calves affected with cerebrocortical necrosis. Nippon Juigaku Zasshi. 1990;52:1077.

1096 Siebert G, et al. Energy supply of the central nervous system. Bibl Nutr Dieta. 1986;38:1.

1097 Forster RE, et al. Is oxygen an essential nutrient? Annu Rev Nutr. 1993;13:383.

1098 Chih CP, et al. Energy substrates for neurons during neural activity: a critical review of the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle hypothesis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2003;23:1263.

1099 Breves G, et al. Thiamine balance in the gastrointestinal tract of sheep. J Anim Sci. 1980;51:1177.

1100 Gaitonde MK, et al. The rate of utilization of glucose via hexosemonophosphate shunt in brain. J Neurochem. 1983;41:1253.

1101 Shreeve JE, Edwin EE. Thiaminase-producing strains of Cl. sporogenes associated with outbreaks of cerebrocortical necrosis. Vet Rec. 1974;94:330.

1102 Edwin EE, Jackman R. Thiaminase I in the development of cerebrocortical necrosis in sheep and cattle. Nature. 1970;228:772.

1103 Bakker HJ, et al. Experimental induction of ovine polioencephalomalacia. Vet Rec. 1980;107:464.

1104 Meyer P. Thiaminase activities and thiamine content of Pteridium aquilinum, Equisetum ramosissimum, Malva parviflora, Pennisetum clandestinum and Medicago sativa. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 1989;56:145.

1105 Pritchard D, et al. Nardoo fern and polioencephalomalacia. Aust Vet J. 1978;54:204.

1106 Murata K. Actions of two types of thiaminase on thiamine and its analogs. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1982;378:146.

1107 Edwin EE, Jackman R. Elevation of blood keto acids in cerebrocortical necrosis. Vet Rec. 1981;109:75.

1108 Plaitakis A, et al. Effect of thiamine deficiency on brain neurotransmitter systems. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1982;378:3671.

1109 National Research Council. Nutrient requirements of beef cattle, ed 7. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, 1996.

1110 Jeffrey M, et al. Polioencephalomalacia associated with the ingestion of ammonium sulphate by sheep and cattle (see comments). Vet Rec. 1994;134:343.

1111 Loneragan GH, Gould DH, Garry FB. Field investigations of sulfur-associated polioencephalomalacia (PEM). Ninetieth Annual Meeting of the American Society of Animal Science, Denver. 1998.

1112 Hill FI, et al. Polioencephalomalacia in cattle in New Zealand fed chou moellier (Brassica oleracea). N Z Vet J. 1997;45:37.

1113 Hamlen H, Clark E, Janzen E. Polioencephalomalacia in cattle consuming water with elevated sodium sulfate levels: a herd investigation. Can Vet J. 1993;34:153.

1114 Beke GJ, Hironaka R. Toxicity to beef cattle of sulfur in saline well water: a case study. Sci Total Environ. 1991;101:281.

1115 Bird PR, Moir RJ. Sulphur metabolism and excretion studies in ruminants. I. The absorption of sulphate in the sheep after intraruminal or intraduodenal infusions of sodium sulphate. Aust J Biol Sci. 1971;24:1319.

1116 Bray AC, Till AR. Metabolism of sulfur in the gastrointestinal tract: digestion and metabolism in the ruminant. Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Ruminant Physiology, Tamworth, Australia. 1975.

1117 Goodrich RD, et al. Sulfur in ruminant nutrition. West Des Moines, Iowa: National Feed Ingredients Association, 1978.

1118 Lewis D. The reduction of sulphate in the rumen of the sheep. Biochem J. 1954;56:391.

1119 Cummings BA, et al. Identity and interactions of rumen microbes associated with dietary sulfate-induced polioencephalomalacia in cattle. Am J Vet Res. 1995;56:1384.

1120 Macy JM, et al. Growth of Wolinella succinogenes on H₂S plus fumarate and on fomate plus sulphur as energy sources. Arch Microbiol. 1986;144:147.

1121 Bray AC. Sulphur metabolism in sheep. II. The absorption of inorganic sulphate and inorganic sulphide from the sheep’s rumen. Aust J Agric Res. 1969;20:739.

1122 Bray AC. Sulphur metabolism in sheep. III. The movement of blood inorganic sulphate across the rumen wall of sheep. Aust J Agric Res. 1969;20:749.

1123 Bray AC. Sulphur metabolism in sheep. IV. The effect of a varied dietary sulphur content on some body fluid sulphate levels and on the utilization of urea-supplemented roughage by sheep. Aust J Agric Res. 1969;20:759.

1124 Kandylis K, Bray AC. Loss of volatile sulfur from sheep. Aust J Agric Res. 1982;33:585.

1125 Bird PR, Hume ID. Sulfur metabolism and excretion studies in ruminants. IV. Cystine and sulphate effects upon the flow of sulphur from the rumen and upon sulphur excretion by sheep. Aust J Agric Res. 1971;22:443.

1126 Kennedy PM, Milligan LP. Quantitative aspects of the transformations of sulphur in sheep. Br J Nutr. 1978;39:65.

1127 Kandylis K. Transfer of plasma sulfate from blood to rumen: a review. J Dairy Sci. 1983;66:2263.

1128 Alves de Oliveira L, et al. Use of a semicontinuous culture system (RUSITEC) to study the effect of pH on microbial metabolism of thiamin (vitamin B₁). Arch Tierernahr. 1996;49:193.

1129 Cummings BA, et al. Ruminal microbial alterations associated with sulfide generation in steers with dietary sulfate-induced polioencephalomalacia. Am J Vet Res. 1995;56:1390.

1130 Doyle PT, Adams NR. Toxic effects of large amounts of DL-methionine infused into the rumen of sheep. Aust Vet J. 1980;56:331.

1131 Beauchamp ROJr, et al. A critical review of the literature on hydrogen sulfide toxicity. Crit Rev Toxicol. 1984;13:25.

1132 Evans CL. The toxicity of hydrogen sulphide and other sulphides. Q J Exp Physiol Cogn Med Sci. 1967;52:231.

1133 Dougherty RW, et al. Pulmonary absorption of eructated gas in ruminants. Am J Vet Res. 1962;23:205.

1134 Olkowski AA. Neurotoxicity and secondary metabolic problems associated with low to moderate levels of exposure to excess dietary sulphur in ruminants: a review. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1997;39:355.

1135 Rousseaux CG, et al. Ovine polioencephalomalacia associated with dietary sulphur intake. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A. 1991;38:229.

1136 Olkowski AA, et al. Role of thiamine status in sulphur-induced polioencephalomalacia in sheep. Res Vet Sci. 1992;52:78.

1137 Alves de Oliveira L, et al. Effect of a high sulfur diet on rumen microbial activity and rumen thiamine status in sheep receiving a semi-synthetic, thiamine-free diet. Reprod Nutr Dev. 1996;36:31.

1138 Thomas KW. Oral treatment of polioencephalomalacia and subclinical thiamine deficiency with thiamine propyl disulphide and thiamine hydrochloride. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 1986;9:402.

1139 Dickie CW, et al. Polioencephalomalacia in range cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1979;175:460.

1140 Dickie CW, Berryman JR. Polioencephalomalacia and photosensitization associated with Kochia scoparia consumption in range cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1979;175:463.

1141 Smith MC. Polioencephalomalacia in goats. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1979;174:1328.

1142 Seimiya Y, Itoh H, Ohshima K. A case of cerebrocortical necrosis in a sheep. Nippon Juigaku Zasshi. 1989;51:1075.

1143 Kurtz HJ, Karns PD. Polioencephalomalacia in a white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus borealis). Pathol Vet. 1969;6:475.

1144 Beck C, et al. Polioencephalomalacia in two alpacas. Aust Vet J. 1996;74:350.

1145 Gabbedy BJ, Richards RB. Polioencephalomalacia of sheep and cattle. Aust Vet J. 1977;53:36.

1146 Thomas KW, et al. Thiamine deficiency in sheep exported live by sea. Aust Vet J. 1990;67:215.

1147 Edwin EE, Jackman R. Nature of the autofluorescent material in cerebrocortical necrosis. J Neurochem. 1981;37:1054.

1148 Little PB. Identity of fluorescence in polioencephalomalacia. Vet Rec. 1978;103:76.

1149 Spicer EM, Horton BJ. Biochemistry of natural and amprolium-induced polioencephalomalacia in sheep. Aust Vet J. 1981;57:230.

1150 Carpenter KJ, Phillipson AT, Thomson W. Experiments with dried bracken (Pteris aquilina). Br Vet J. 1950;106:292.

1151 Cymbaluk NF, Fretz PB, Loew FM. Amprolium-induced thiamine deficiency in horses: clinical features. Am J Vet Res. 1978;39:225.

1152 Beke GJ, Hironaka R. Toxicity to beef cattle of sulfur in saline well water: a case study. Sci Total Environ. 1991;101:281.

1153 Cebra CK, Cebra ML. Altered mentation caused by polioencephalomalacia, hypernatramis, and lead poisoning. Vet Clin Food Anim. 2004;20:287.

1154 Stegelmeier BL, Hall JO, Mattix MT. Neurologic disease in range goats associated with Oxytropis sericea (locoweed) poisoning and water deprivation. Vet Human Toxicol. 2001;43:302.

1155 Scarratt WC, Collins TJ, Sponenberg DP. Water deprivation—sodium chloride intoxication in a group of feeder lambs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1985;186:977.

1156 Meyer JH, et al. The influence of high sodium chloride intakes by fattening sheep and cattle. J Anim Sci. 1955;14:412.

1157 Pistor W, Nesbitt JC, Cardon BP. The influence of high salt intake on the physiology of ruminants. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Veterinary Medicine Association, Seattle. 1954.

1158 Sandals WCD. Acute salt poisoning in cattle. Can Vet J. 1978;19:136.

1159 McCoy CP, Edwards WC. Sodium ion poisoning in livestock from oil wastes. Bovine Pract. 1980;15:152.

1160 Jaster EH, Schuh JD, Wegner TN. Physiological effects of saline drinking water on high-producing dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 1978;61:66.

1161 Ratliff RD. Sodium chloride poisoning in cattle. Vet Med. 1942;37:438.

1162 Pearson EG, Kallfelz FA. A case of presumptive salt poisoning (water deprivation) in veal calves. Cornell Vet. 1982;72:142.

1163 Bohosiewicz M. Laboratory research on sodium chloride poisoning in cattle. Weterynaria Wroclaw. 1958;4:91.

1164 Jones TH. Salt poisoning in a cow. Vet Rec. 1930;10:10.

1165 Ballantyne EE. Drinking waters toxic for livestock. Can J Comp Med. 1957;21:254.

1166 Trueman KF, Clague DC. Sodium chloride poisoning in cattle. Aust Vet J. 1978;54:89.

1167 Thilsted JP, et al. Sodium salt toxicosis in beef cows resulting from the consumption of saline water. Proc Am Assoc Vet Lab Diagn. 1981;81:229.

1168 Osweiler GD, Hurd JW. Determination of sodium content in serum and cerebrospinal fluid as an adjunct to diagnosis of water deprivation in swine. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1974;165:165.

1169 Assad F, Bayoumi MT. Response of sheep to selective drinking of fresh and saline water. World Rev Anim Prod. 1991;26:39.

1170 Utter MI. Mechanism of inhibition of anaerobic glycolysis of brain by sodium ions. J Biol Chem. 1950;185:499.

1171 Pringle JK, Berthiaume LM. Hypernatremia in calves. J Vet Intern Med. 1988;1:66.

1172 Monlux AW, et al. The effects of oil field pollutants on vegetation and farm animals. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1971;158:1379.

1173 Edwards WC. Toxicology of oil field wastes: hazards to livestock associated with the petroleum industry. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim. 1989;5:363.

1174 Divers TJ, et al. Blindness and convulsions associated with vitamin A deficiency in feedlot steers. Am J Vet Res. 1986;189:1579.

1175 Shlosberg A, Levinsohn M, Nagel N. Severe hypovitaminosis A in two herds of beef calves. Refuah Vet. 1977;34:25.

1176 Moore LA. Some ocular changes and deficiency manifest in mature cows fed a ration deficient in vitamin A. J Dairy Sci. 1941;24:843.

1177 Booth A, Reid M, Clark T. Hypovitaminosis A in feedlot cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1981;190:1305.

1178 Sustonck B, Deprez Muylle E. Nervous disorders associated with hypovitaminosis A in beef cattle. Vlaams Diergeneeskd Tijdschr. 1993;62:95.

1179 Diven RH, Erwin ES. Utilization of vitamin A and carotene by normal and deficient sheep. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1958;97:601.

1180 Swanson KS, Merchen NR, Erdman JW, et al. Influence of dietary vitamin A content on serum and liver vitamin A concentrations and health in preruminant Holstein calves fed milk replacer. J Dairy Sci. 2000;83:2027.

1181 Eaton HD. Chronic bovine hypo- and hypervitaminosis A and cerebrospinal fluid pressure. Am J Clin Nutr. 1969;22:1070.

1182 Barnett KC, et al. Ocular changes associated with hypovitaminosis A in cattle. Br Vet J. 1970;126:561.

1183 Van Der Lugt JJ, Prozesky L. The pathology of blindness in newborn calves caused by hypovitaminosis A. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 1989;56:99.

1184 Eaton HD, et al. Association of plasma or liver vitamin A concentrations with the occurrence of parotid duct metaplasia or of ocular papilledema in Holstein male calves. J Dairy Sci. 1970;53:1755.

1185 Dbanapalan P, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid pressure measurement as a diagnostic aid for hypovitaminosis A in calves. Indian Vet J. 1992;69:917.

1186 Anderson WI, et al. The ophthalmic and neuroophthalmic effects of a vitamin A deficiency in young steers. Vet Med. 1991;86:1143.

1187 Van Der Lugt JJ, Prozesky L. The pathology of blindness in newborn calves caused by hypovitaminosis A. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 1989;56:99.

1188 Brans NJ, et al. Humoral immunity in vitamin A—deficient and vitamin A—repleted lambs. FASEB J. 1989;3:A663.

1189 Guilbert HR, Miller RF, Hughes EH. The minimum vitamin A and carotene requirement of cattle, sheep, and swine. J Nutr. 1937;13:543.

1190 Paulsen ME, Johnson L, Young S, et al. Blindness and sexual dimorphism associated with vitamin A deficiency in feedlot cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1989;194:933.

1191 National Research Council. Nutrient requirements of beef cattle, ed 7 rev. Washington, DC: National Academic Press, 2001.

1192 Shepherd JB. Experiments in harvesting and preserving alfalfa for dairy cattle feed, USDA Technical Bulletin. Baltimore: US Department of Agriculture, 1954.

1193 Mybursh SJ. The stability of vitamin A in synthetic vitamin A concentrates (acetate or palmitate). I. In phosphatic salt licks with and without trace elements. Onderstepoort Vet J. 1962;29:269.

1194 Mitchell GE. Vitamin A nutrition of ruminants. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1967;151:430.

1195 Keating EF, Hale WH, Hubbert F. In vitro degradation of vitamin A and carotene by rumen liquor. J Anim Sci. 1964;23:111.

1196 King TB, Lohman TG, Smith GS. Evidence of rumenoreticular losses of vitamin A and carotene. J Anim Sci. 1962;21:1002.

1197 Hoar DW, Embry LB, Emerick RJ. Nitrate and vitamin A interrelationships in sheep. J Anim Sci. 1968;27:1727.

1198 Anderson TA, Hubbert F, Roubicek CB. Influence of protein depletion on vitamin A and carotene utilization by vitamin A deficient sheep. J Nutr. 1962;78:341.

1199 Davison KL, Hansel W, Krook L. Nitrate toxicity in dairy heifers. I. Effects on reproduction, growth, lactation, and vitamin A nutrition. J Dairy Sci. 1964;47:1065.

1200 Hale WH, Hubbert F, Taylor RE. Effect of energy level and nitrate on hepatic vitamin A and performance of fattening steers. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1960;109:289.

1201 Cline TR, Hatfield EE, Garrigus US. Effects of potassium nitrate, alpha-tocopherol, thyroid treatments, and vitamin A on weight gain and liver storage of vitamin A in fattening lambs. J Anim Sci. 1963;22:911.

1202 Davison KL, Seo J. Influence of nitrate upon carotene destruction during in vitro fermentation with rumen liquor. J Dairy Sci. 1963;46:862.

1203 Nielsen SW, et al. The pathology of marginal vitamin A deficiency in calves. Res Vet Sci. 1966;7:143.

1204 Helmbolt CF, Jungherr EL, Eaton HD. The pathology of experimental hypovitaminosis A in young dairy animals. Am J Vet Res. 1953;14:343.

1205 Holland RE, Pfeiffer CJ, Bruns NJ, et al. Morphologic alterations in small intestinal epithelium of lambs fed vitamin A—depleted diet. Dig Dis Sci. 1993;38:333.

1206 Siebert BD, Kruk ZA, Davis J, et al. Effect of low vitamin A status on fat deposition and fatty acid desaturation in beef cattle. Lipids. 2006;41:365.

1207 Page HM, et al. Effect of hepatic vitamin A and carotene concentration on the biological value of carotene in the bovine. Am J Physiol. 1958;194:313.

1208 Podshibyakin AE, et al. Use of a complex of vitamin A and trace elements to prevent vitamin A deficiency in sheep. Soviet Agric Sci. 1988;2:52.

1209 De Lahunta A. Veterinary neuroanatomy and clinical neurology. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1977.

1210 Greene HJ, et al. Congenital defects in cattle. Irish Vet J. 1973;27:37.

1211 Doherty RL, et al. Virus strains isolated from arthropods during an epizootic of bovine ephemeral fever in Queensland. Aust Vet J. 1972;48:81.

1212 Blood DC. Arthrogryposis and hydranencephaly in newborn calves. Aust Vet J. 1969;32:987.

1213 Hartley WJ, Wanner RA, Della-Porta AJ. Serological evidence for the association of akabane virus with epizootic bovine congenital arthrogryposis and hydranencephaly syndromes in New South Wales. Aust Vet J. 1975;51:103.

1214 Hartley WJ, De Saram WG, Della-Porta AJ. Pathology of congenital bovine epizootic arthrogryposis and hydranencephaly and its relationship to akabane virus. Aust Vet J. 1977;53:319.

1215 Whittem JH. Congenital abnormalities in calves, arthrogryposis and hydranencephaly. J Pathol Bacteriol. 1957;73:357.

1216 Inaba Y, Kurogi H, Omori T. Akabane disease: epizootic abortion, premature birth, stillbirth, and congenital arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly in cattle, sheep and goats caused by akabane virus. Aust Vet J. 1975;51:584.

1217 Parsonson IM, Della-Porta AJ, Snowdon WA. Congenital abnormalities in newborn lambs after infection of pregnant sheep with akabane virus. Infect Immun. 1977;15:254.

1218 Jagoe S, Kirkland PD, Harper PA. An outbreak of akabane virus—induced abnormalities in calves after agistment in an endemic region. Aust Vet J. 1993;70:56.

1219 Kurogi H, et al. Congenital abnormalities in newborn calves after inoculation of pregnant cows with akabane virus. Infect Immun. 1977;17:338.

1220 Kirkland PD, Barry RD, Harper PA, et al. The development of akabane virus—induced congenital abnormalities in cattle. Vet Rec. 1988;122:582.

1221 Whittington RJ, Glastonbury JR, Plant JW, et al. Congenital hydranencephaly and arthrogryposis of Corriedale sheep. Aust Vet J. 1988;65:124.

1222 Cybinski DH, St George TD. A survey of antibody to aino virus in cattle and other species in Australia. Aust Vet J. 1978;54:371.

1223 Kitano Y, et al. Congenital abnormalities in calves suggesting aino virus infection in Kagoshima prefecture. J Jpn Vet Med Assoc. 1993;46:469.

1224 Tsuda T, Yoshida K, Ohashi S, et al. Arthrogryposis, hydranencephaly and cerebellar hypoplasia syndrome in neonatal calves resulting from intrauterine infection with aino virus. Vet Res. 2004;35:531.

1225 Goto Y, Miura Y, Kono Y. Serologic evidence for the etiologic role of Chuzan virus in an epizootic of congenital abnormalities with hydranencephaly—cerebellar hypoplasia syndrome of calves in Japan. Am J Vet Res. 1988;49:2026.

1226 Miura Y, et al. Chuzan disease as congenital hydranencephaly cerebellar hypoplasia syndrome in calves. Jpn Agric Res Q. 1991;25:55.

1227 Miura Y, et al. Hydranencephaly cerebellar hypoplasia in a newborn calf after infection of its dam with Chuzan virus. Jpn J Vet Sci. 1990;52:689.

1228 Edwards JF, Livingston CW, Chung SI, et al. Ovine arthrogryposis and central nervous system malformations associated with in utero Cache Valley virus infection: spontaneous disease. Vet Pathol. 1989;26:33.

1229 Crandell RA, Livingston CW, Shelton MJ. Laboratory investigation of a naturally occurring outbreak of arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly in Texas sheep. J Vet Diagn Invest. 1989;1:62.

1230 Jochim M, Luedke AJ, Chow TL. Bluetongue in cattle: immunologic and clinical responses in calves inoculated in utero and after birth. Am J Vet Res. 1974;35:517.

1231 Edwards JF. Cache Valley virus. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 1994;10:515.

1232 Osburn BI, et al. Experimental viral-induced congenital encephalopathies. II. The pathogenesis of bluetongue vaccine virus infection in fetal lambs. Lab Invest. 1971;25:206.

1233 Luedke AJ, Jochim MM, Jones RH. Bluetongue in cattle: effects of Culicoides variipennis—transmitted bluetongue virus in pregnant heifers and their calves. Am J Vet Res. 1977;38:1687.

1234 MacLachlan NJ, Osburn BI. Bluetongue virus—induced hydranencephaly in cattle. Vet Pathol. 1983;20:563.

1235 Flanagan M, Johnson SJ. The effects of vaccination of Merino ewes with an attenuated Australian bluetongue virus serotype 23 at different stages of gestation. Aust Vet J. 1995;72:455.

1236 Badman RT, Mitchell G, Jones RT. Association of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection to hydranencephaly and other central nervous system lesions in perinatal calves. Aust Vet J. 1981;57:306.

1237 Axthelm MK, et al. Congenital microhydranencephalus in cattle. Cornell Vet. 1981;71:164.

1238 Trautwein G, et al. Cerebellar hypoplasia and hydranencephaly in cattle associated with transplacental BVD virus infection. In: Harkness JW, editor. Agriculture pestivirus infections of ruminants. Brussels: Commission of the European Communities, 1985.

1239 Trautwein G, et al. Studies on transplacental transmissibility of a bovine virus diarrhoea (BVD) vaccine virus in cattle. III. Occurrence of central nervous system malformations in calves born from vaccinated cows. J Vet Med. 1986;33:260.

1240 Dubey JP, Abbitt B, Topper MJ, et al. Hydrocephalus associated with Neospora caninum infection in an aborted bovine fetus. J Comp Pathol. 1998;118:169.

1241 Urman HK, Grace OD. Hereditary encephalomyopathy: a hydrocephalus syndrome in newborn calves. Cornell Vet. 1964;54:229.

1242 Axthelm MK, Leipold HW, Howard D. Hereditary internal hydrocephalus. Proc Am Assoc Vet Lab Diagn. 1980:115.

1243 Baker M, Payne LC, Baker GN. The inheritance of hydrocephalus in cattle. J Hered. 1961;52:135.

1244 Gilman JPW. Congenital hydrocephalus in domestic animals. Cornell Vet. 1956;45:487.

1245 Washburn KE, Streeter RN. Congenital defects of the ruminant nervous system. Vet Clin Food Anim. 2004;20:413.

1246 Mouli SP. Surgical correction of congenital external hydrocephalus in an Ongole bull calf. Indian Vet J. 1987;64:696.

1247 Takeshi T, Okamura S, Nakaichi M, et al. Transorbital echoencephalography in cattle. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2002;43:55.

1248 Kerr LA, McCoy CP, Boyle CR. Effects of ammoniation of endophyte fungus—infested fescue hay on serum prolactin concentration and rectal temperature in beef cattle. Am J Vet Res. 1990;51:76.

1249 Müller L, Sivertsen T, Langseth W. Ammoniated forage poisoning: concentrations of alkylimidazoles in ammoniated forage and in milk, plasma and urine in sheep and cow. Acta Vet Scand. 1998;39:511.

1250 Sivertsen T, Muller L. Ammoniated forage poisoning: acute toxicity of newly identified dialkylimidazoles to inbred mice. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1999;41:363.

1251 Nakajima Y, Yoshioka M, Mikami O, et al. Association of interleukin-6 in the cerebrospinal fluid during crisis of calf with ammoniated feed syndrome. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 1997;57:79.

1252 Kerr LA, Groce AW, Kersting KW. Ammoniated forage toxicosis in calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1987;191:551.

1253 Priester WA, Hayes HM. Lead poisoning in cattle, horses, cats, and dogs as reported by 11 colleges of veterinary medicine in the United States and Canada from July 1968 through June 1972. Am J Vet Res. 1974;35:567.

1254 Christian RG, Tryphonas L. Lead poisoning in cattle: brain lesions and hematologic changes. Am J Vet Res. 1971;32:203.

1255 Buck WB. Toxins and neurologic disease in cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1975;166:222.

1256 Osweiler GD, Ruhr LP. Lead poisoning in feeder calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1978;172:498.

1257 Cebra CK, Cebra ML. Altered mentation caused by polioencephalomalacia, hypernatremia, and lead poisoning. Vet Clin Food Anim. 2004;20:287.

1258 Baker JC. Lead poisoning in cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 1987;3:137.

1259 Casteel SW. Metal toxicosis in horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 2001;17:517.

1260 Knight HD, Burau RG. Chronic lead poisoning in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1973;162:782.

1261 Dey S, Swarup D, Singh GR. Effect of experimental lead toxicity on cardiovascular function in calves. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1993;35:501.

1262 McSherry BJ, Willoughby RA, Thompson RG. Urinary delta aminolevulinic acid (ALA) in the cow, dog, and cat. Can J Comp Med. 1971;35:136.

1263 George JW, Duncan JR. Erythrocyte protoporphyrin in experimental chronic lead poisoning in calves. Am J Vet Res. 1981;42:1630.

1264 Tyler JW, Ruffin DC, Hudson JS, et al. Clinical vignette: radiography as an adjunct to diagnosis of acute lead poisoning in cattle. J Vet Intern Med. 1994;8:67.

1265 Ruth GR, Schwartz S, Stephenson B. Bovine protophorphyria: the first nonhuman model of this hereditary photosensitizing disease. Science. 1977;198:199.

1266 Green RA, Monlux AW, Randolph TC. Blood porphyrin determination: a rapid field test for lead poisoning in cattle. Bovine Pract. 1973;5:30.

1267 Kelliher DJ, Hilliard EP, Poole DBR. Chronic lead intoxication in cattle: preliminary observations on its effects on the erythrocyte and on porphyrin metabolism. Irish J Agric Res. 1973;12:61.

1268 Zmudzki J, et al. The influence of milk diet, grain diet, and method of dosing on lead toxicity in young calves. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1984;76:490.

1269 Bolton CE, Horton BJ, Pass DA. Evaluation of tests for the diagnosis of lead exposure in sheep. Aust Vet J. 1978;54:392.

1270 Schmitt N, Brown G, Devlin EL. Lead poisoning in horses: an environmental health hazard. Arch Environ Health. 1971;23:185.

1271 George JW, Duncan JR. The hematology of lead poisoning in man and animals. Vet Clin Pathol. 1979;8:23.

1272 Miranda M, Lopez-Alonso M, Garcia-Partida P, et al. Long-term follow-up of blood lead levels and haematological and biochemical parameters in heifers that survived an accidental lead poisoning episode. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med. 2006;53:305.

1273 Swarup D, Ram Naresh R, Varshney VP, et al. Changes in plasma hormones profile and liver function in cows naturally exposed to lead and cadmium around different industrial areas. Res Vet Sci. 2007;82:16.

1274 Burrows GE, Borchard RE. Experimental lead toxicosis in ponies: comparison of the effects of smelter effluent—contaminated hay and lead acetate. Am J Vet Res. 1982;43:2129.

1275 Gudmundson J. Lead poisoning in cattle. Agric Pract. 1993;14:43.

1276 Neathery MW, et al. Influence of high dietary lead on selenium metabolism in dairy calves. J Dairy Sci. 1987;70:645.

1277 Goldstein GW, Asbury AK, Diamond I. Pathogenesis of lead encephalopathy uptake of lead and reaction of brain capillaries. Arch Neurol. 1974;31:382.

1278 Rumbeiha WK, Braselton WE, Donch D. A retrospective study on the disappearance of blood lead in cattle with accidental lead toxicosis. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2001;13:373.

1279 Lopez-Alonso M, Prieto-Montana F, Miranda M, et al. Cadmium and lead accumulation in cattle in NW Spain. Vet Hum Toxicol. 2003;45:128.

1280 Waldner C, Checkley S, Blakley B, et al. Managing lead exposure and toxicity in cow-calf herds to minimize the potential for food residues. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2002;14:481.

1281 Lynch GP, Cornell DG, Smith DF. Excretion of cadmium and lead into milk. In: Hoekstra WG, editor. Trace element metabolism in animals. Baltimore: University Park Press, 1974.

1282 Oskarsson A, et al. Lead poisoning in cattle: transfer of lead to milk. Sci Total Environ. 1992;111:83.

1283 Galey F, et al. Lead concentrations in blood and milk from periparturient dairy heifers seven months after an episode of acute lead toxicosis. J Vet Diagn Invest. 1990;2:222.

1284 Hilliard EP, Poole DBR, Collins JD. Accidental lead intoxication of cattle: further evidence of an interference in heme biosynthesis. Br Vet J. 1973;129:82.

1285 George JW, Duncan JR. Pyrimidine-specific 5′ nucleotidase activity in bovine erythrocytes: effect of phlebotomy and lead poisoning. Am J Vet Res. 1982;43:17.

1286 Ahrens FA. Effects of lead on glucose metabolism, ion flux, and collagen synthesis in cerebral capillaries of calves. Am J Vet Res. 1993;54:808.

1287 Every RR, Nicholson SS. Bovine lead poisoning from forage contaminated by sandblasted paint. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1981;178:1277.

1288 Leary SL, et al. Epidemiology of lead poisoning in cattle. Iowa State U Vet. 1970;3:112.

1289 Marcal WS, Pardo PE, Nascimento MRL, et al. Levels of lead in mineral salt commercial mixtures for beef cattle. J Vet Sci. 2003;4:235.

1290 Liu ZP. Lead poisoning combined with cadmium in sheep and horses in the vicinity of non-ferrous metal smelters. Sci Total Environ. 2003;309:117.

1291 Palacios H, Hibarren I, Olalla MJ, et al. Lead poisoning of horses in the vicinity of a battery recycling plant. Sci Total Environ. 2002;290:81.

1292 Lemos RAA, Driemeier D, Guimarales EB, et al. Lead poisoning in cattle grazing pasture contaminated by industrial waste. Vet Hum Toxicol. 2004;46:326.

1293 Ozmen O, Mo F. Acute lead intoxication in cattle housed in an old battery factory. Vet Hum Toxicol. 2004;46:255.

1294 Aronson AL. Lead poisoning in cattle and horses following long-term exposure to lead. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1972;33:627.

1295 Dey S, Dwivedi SK. Lead in blood of urban Indian horses. Vet Hum Toxicol. 2004;46:194.

1296 Strojan ST, Phillips CJC. The detection and avoidance of lead-contaminated herbage by dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2002;85:3045.

1297 Zmudski J, et al. Lead poisoning in cattle: reassessment of the minimum toxic oral dose. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 1983;30:435.

1298 Coppock RW, Wagner WC, Reynolds RD. Migration of lead in a glass-lined bottom-unloading silo. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1988;30:458.

1299 Blanco-Penedo I, Cruz JM, Lopez-Alonso M, et al. Influence of copper status on the accumulation of toxic and essential metals in cattle. Environ In. 2006;32:901.

1300 Hammond PR, Aronson AL. Lead poisoning in cattle and horses in the vicinity of a lead smelter. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1964;3:595.

1301 Allcroft R. Lead poisoning in cattle and sheep. Vet Rec. 1951;63:583.

1302 Semiya Y, Itoh H, Oshima K. Brain lesions of lead poisoning in a calf. J Vet Med Sci. 1991;53:117.

1303 Hemphill FE, Kaeberle ML, Buck WB. Lead suppression of mouse resistance to Salmonella typhimurium. Science. 1971;172:1031.

1304 Holm LW, Wheat JD, Rhode EA. The treatment of chronic lead poisoning in horses with calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1953;123:383.

1305 Hammond PB, Sorensen DK. Recent observations on the course and treatment of bovine lead poisoning. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1957;130:23.

1306 Meldrum JB, Ko KW. Effects of calcium disodium EDTA and meso-2,3,-dimercaptosuccinic acid on tissue concentrations of lead for use in treatment of calves with experimentally induced lead toxicosis. Am J Vet Res. 2003;64:672.

1307 Bratton GR, Zmudzki J, Kincaid N. Thiamine as treatment of lead poisoning in ruminants. Mod Vet Pract. 1981;62:441.

1308 Bratton GR, et al. Thiamine (vitamin B₁) effects on lead intoxication and deposition of lead in tissues: therapeutic potential. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1981;59:164.

1309 Coppock RW, Wagner WC, Reynolds RD, et al. Evaluation of EDTA and thiamine for treatment of experimentally induced environmental lead poisoning in cattle. Am J Vet Res. 1991;52:1160.

1310 Swarup D, Upadhyay AK. Chemoprophylactic efficacy of thiamine hydrochloride in experimental lead toxicosis in calves. Indian J Anim Sci. 1991;61:1170.

1311 Maiti SK, Swarup D, Chandra SV. Therapeutic potential of thiamine hydrochloride in experimental chronic lead intoxication in goats. Res Vet Sci. 1990;48:377.

1312 Coppck RW, Mostrom MS, Stair EL, et al. Toxicopathology of oilfield poisoning in cattle: a review. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1996;38:36.

1313 Aslani MR, Movassaghi AR, Mohri M, et al. Experimental kerosene poisoning in goats. Vet Hum Toxicol. 2000;42:354.

1314 Edwards VC, Coppock RW, Zinn LL. Toxicoses related to the petroleum industry. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1979;21:328.

1315 Khan AA, Embury C, Schuler MM, et al. Effects of crude oil and diesel exposures on biochemical activities of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in cattle. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2005;49:410.

1316 Adler R, et al. Toxicosis in sheep following ingestion of natural gas condensate. Vet Pathol. 1992;29:11.

1317 Crowell WA, Whitlock RH, Stout RC. Ethylene glycol poisoning in cattle. Cornell Vet. 1979;69:272.

1318 Boermans HJ, Ruegg PL, Leach M. Ethylene glycol toxicosis in a pygmy goat. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1988;193:694.

1319 Pritchard D, Eggleston GW. Nardoo fern and polioencephalomalacia. Aust Vet J. 1978;54:204.

1320 Basson PA, et al. Blindness and encephalopathy caused by Helichrysum argyrosphaerum DC (compositae) in sheep and cattle. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 1975;42:135.

1321 Van der Lugt JJ, et al. Status spongiosus, optic neuropathy, and retinal degeneration in Helichrysum argyrosphaerum poisoning in sheep and a goat. Vet Pathol. 1996;33:495.

1322 Stafford GI, Jager AK, von Staden J. Activity of traditional South African sedative and potentially CNS-acting plants in the GABA-benzodiazepine receptor assay. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;100:210.

1323 Schinella GR, Tournier HA, Prieto JM, et al. Antioxidant activity of anti-inflammatory plant extracts. Life Sci. 2002;70:1023.

1324 Sala A, Recio M, Giner RM, et al. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of Helichrysum italicum. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2002;54:365.

1325 Nostro A, Cannatelli MA, Marino A, et al. Evaluation of antiherpesvirus-1 and genotoxic activities of Helichrysum italicum extract. New Microbiol. 2003;26:125.

1326 Rowe LD, Ivie GW, DeLoach JR. The toxic effects of mature flatpea (Lathyrus sylvestris CV Lathco) on sheep. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1993;35:127.

1327 Rasmussen M, Allison MJ. Flatpea intoxication in sheep and indications of ruminal adaptation. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1993;35:123.

1328 Flachowsky G, Bahr H, Anke M, et al. [Composition and food value of the flatpea (Lathyris sylvestris) L.]. Arch Tierernahr. 1982;32:393.

1329 Forster LAJr, Fontenot JP, Perry HD, et al. Apparent digestibility and nutrient balance in lambs fed different levels of flatpea hay. J Anim Sci. 1991;69:1719.

1330 Foster JG, et al. Performance of feeder cattle offered a diet containing early bloom—stage flatpea silage. J Prod Agric. 1996;9:415.

1331 Graham R. Cornstalk disease investigation. Vet Med. 1936;31:46.

1332 Wilson TM, Nelson PE, Ryan TB. Linking leukoencephalomalacia to commercial horse rations. Vet Med Equine Pract. 1985;80:63.

1333 Cole RJ. Toxin from Fusarium moniliforme: effects on plants and animals. Science. 1973;179:1324.

1334 Wilson BJ, Maronpot RR. Causative fungus agent of leucoencephalomalacia in equine animals. Vet Rec. 1971;88:484.

1335 Uhlinger C. Leukoencephalomalacia. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 1997;13:13.

1336 Ramasamy S, et al. Fumonisin alters sphinglolipid metabolism and disrupts the barrier function of endothelial cells in culture. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1995;133:343.

1337 Haliburton JC, Buck WB, Lock TF, et al. Equine leukoencephalomalacia: the toxicity of three Fusarium moniliforme metabolites in Equidae. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1981;179:262. (abstract)

1338 Schwarte LH, Biester HE, Murray C. A disease of horses caused by feeding moldy corn. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1937;90:76.

1339 MacCallum WG, Buckley SS. Acute epizootic leucoencephalitis in horses. J Exp Med. 1901;6:65.

1340 Biester HE, Schwarte LH, Reddy CH. Further studies on moldy corn poisoning (leukoencephalomalacia) in horses. Vet Med. 1940;35:636.

1341 Ross PF, et al. Experimental equine leukoencephalomalacia, toxic hepatosis and encephalopathy caused by corn naturally contaminated with fumonisins. J Vet Diagn Invest. 1993;5:69.

1342 Brownlie CF, Cullen J. Characterization of experimentally induced equine leukoencephalomalacia (LEM) in ponies (Equus caballus): preliminary report. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1987;29:34.

1343 Buck WB, et al. Equine leukoencephalomalacia: comparative pathology of naturally occurring and experimental cases. Proc Am Assoc Vet Lab Diagn. 1979;22:239.

1344 Knight AP. Mycotoxicoses of food animals. Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet). 1981;3:S112.

1345 McCue P. Equine leukoencephalomalacia. Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet). 1989;11:646.

1346 Uhlinger C. Clinical and epidemiological features of an epizootic of equine leukoencephalomalacia. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1991;198:126.

1347 Graham R. Results of inoculating laboratory animals with equine brain tissue suspensions and equine brain tissue filtrates from spontaneous cases of so-called cornstalk disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1935;86:778.

1348 Wilson TM, Maronpot RR. Causative fungus agent of leukoencephalomalacia in equine animals. Vet Rec. 1971;88:484.

1349 Wilkins PA, et al. A herd outbreak of equine leukoencephalomalacia. Cornell Vet. 1994;84:53.

1350 Zin LL, Edwards WC. Toxicity of blue-green algae in livestock. Bovine Pract. 1979;14:151.

1351 Kerr LA, McCoy CP, Eaves D. Blue-green algae toxicosis in five dairy cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1987;191:829.

1352 Flint EA. Toxic algae in some New Zealand freshwater ponds. N Z Vet J. 1966;14:181.

1353 Naegeli H, Sahin A, Braunet U, et al. [Sudden death of Alpine cattle in the canton Graubunden]. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd. 1997;139(5):201.

1354 Galey FD, et al. Blue-green algae (Microcystis aeruginosa) hepatotoxicosis in dairy cows. Am J Vet Res. 1987;48:1415.

1355 Toxic blue-green algae: a report by the National Rivers Authority. England: Stanley Hunt, 1990.

1356 Negri AP, Jones GJ, Hindmarsh M, et al. Sheep mortality associated with paralytic shellfish poisons from the cyanobacterium Anabaena circinalis. Toxicon. 1995;33:1321.

1357 Hammer UT. Toxic blue-green algae in Saskatchewan. Can Vet J. 1968;9:221.