Following the enthusiastic reception of the fourth edition of Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease both nationally and internationally, the fifth edition continues with the same philosophical approach—explaining pathology and its lesions in the context of understanding disease in a chronological sequence of events from both the morphologic and mechanistic perspectives, and with an emphasis on responses of cells, tissues, and organs to injury.
Veterinary pathology is a dynamic discipline and since the fourth edition was published in 2006, there have been many new insights into the pathogeneses of existing diseases and new or reemerging diseases, many of which have serious economic and health consequences for animals and humans. As a result, to meet the growing scope of the veterinary curriculum we have added to the fifth edition new and revised materials on pets, livestock, and production animal health, including diseases the USDA/APHIS and the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) consider as “Foreign Animal Diseases” or “OIE Reportable Diseases,” respectively.
The book is not meant to be encyclopedic; specific diseases have been selected either because they are of primary importance in the practice of veterinary medicine or because they illustrate a basic mechanism. We also hope this edition will continue to provide a bridge between students’ understanding of material learned in the basic sciences and the interpretation of results of physical examinations, differential disease diagnoses, imaging modalities, biochemical and molecular diagnostic methods, and therapeutic strategies presented in the students’ clinical years.
The fifth edition of Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease has been updated and reorganized such that specific diseases are described under the major domestic animal affected—horses, ruminants (cattle, sheep, and goats), pigs, dogs, and cats. Those disorders and diseases not unique to a single species are grouped under a heading titled “Disorders of Domestic Animals.” We continue to describe disease pathogenesis based on sections covering structure, function, portals of entry, defense mechanisms, and responses to injury, augmented by schematic color diagrams and full color illustrations of lesions. Our hope is that this approach will be helpful to the student (and to their instructors) in their understanding of both pathology and the related disciplines of microbiology, immunology, and infectious diseases. Other additions to the fifth edition include new sections on the genetic basis of disease, diseases of the ear, and diseases of ligaments and tendons and a new chapter on mechanisms of microbial infections.
An enhanced Evolve site accompanies this edition. The Evolve site includes all of the images from the book, plus additional images and schematic illustrations that supplement some common diseases and disease processes discussed in the book. These additional materials may be useful adjuncts for instructors in classroom and/or laboratory presentations.
To avoid adding length and weight to the book, information of historical value and basic clinical information have been removed from the printed book and can be found on the Evolve site. Also included on the Evolve site are guidelines for performing a complete, systematic necropsy and appropriate sample acquisition for selected organ systems; a glossary of terms to accompany selected organ systems; and methods for gross specimen photography and photomicrography. Additionally, all of the selected readings are available on the Evolve site and are linked to original abstracts on PubMed.
The printed book will direct you to the website when there is additional information available.
Canine parvovirus enteritis, an important and often fatal disease of dogs, is caused by a cytolytic virus that infects and kills mitotically active cells including crypt enterocytes of the small intestine. Virus in fecal matter is inhaled or ingested and then deposited on and trapped in the mucus layer of oral, nasal, and pharyngeal mucosae, where it infects mucosal macrophages or dendritic cells. These cells spread parvovirus to lymphocytes of the lamina propria of the mucosa, especially that of the tonsil where it infects and replicates in lymphocytes. Many of these cells subsequently lyse, allowing virus to escape free into the lymph, where it and infected macrophages drain to regional lymph nodes and then, via the blood vascular system, systemically to the spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and mucosa-associated lymphoid nodules (MALT) such as Peyer’s patches of the small intestine. In Peyer’s patches, chiefly the mitotically active cells of the lymphoid follicle are infected and lysed (lymphocytolysis). From Peyer’s patches, parvovirus spreads to adjacent crypts causing enterocyte necrosis, with the result that enterocytes required to replace those lost in normal turnover of absorptive enterocytes sloughed from the tip of a villus, or from destruction by the virus, are not produced. Consequently, villi in a short time are denuded of epithelium, and the primary gross lesion that results is fibrinonecrotic enteritis with hemorrhage and an accompanying serositis. Necrotic crypt enterocytes slough and release virus into the intestinal lumen and then, through diarrheic feces, pass it into the environment.
If no crypt enterocytes are viable, the villi will remain naked, collapse, and fuse together; however, if some crypt enterocytes are still viable, they will become hyperplastic and divide rapidly to re-epithelialize the denuded villi. To facilitate this process, the villi collapse to reduce the volume of their surface area and the crypt enterocytes replicate to produce a less specialized low cuboidal enterocyte that spreads out to cover the exposed basement membrane of the surface area. With time, these less specialized enterocytes will be replaced by fully functioning columnar enterocytes. Thus villus atrophy can be either a transitory stage in regeneration with return to normal structure and function of affected villi or a permanent alteration if there is complete destruction of “regenerative” crypt enterocytes in that segment of the small intestine.
We wish to extend our deepest appreciation and thanks to our colleagues throughout the world (truly an international effort), who have so generously provided their illustrative materials for use in the fifth edition. Although space limitations preclude listing them here, their names are cited in the figure legend credit for each illustration. We also extend our deepest appreciation to Dr. Elizabeth W. Howerth, Director of Noah’s Arkive, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia for allowing us to use illustrations from the Arkive. We have made every attempt to properly credit each illustration to its original source; however, we recognize that inadvertent errors will be made in the process of assembling a textbook. Please address any concerns about credits to <zacharyj@illinois.edu> or <mmcgavin@utk.edu>. We will make every effort to confirm the origin of the photograph and correct the acknowledgment before the book goes into the next printing.
Although we have used materials from many Elsevier books, we wish to specifically acknowledge the editors of the following books for granting use of some of their illustrative materials:
• Vinay Kumar, Abul K. Abbas, Nelson Fausto, and Jon Aster: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease
• Abraham L. Kierszenbaum: Histology and Cell Biology: an Introduction to Pathology
• Lee-Ellen C. Copstead and Jacquelyn L. Banasik: Pathophysiology: Biological and Behavioral Perspectives
• Kathryn L. McCance and Sue E. Huether: Pathophysiology: the Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children
• Sue E. Huether and Kathryn L. McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology
We also wish to acknowledge the contributions of the Elsevier staff: Shelly Stringer (managing editor), David Stein (senior production editor), and Theodore G. Huff (medical artist). We also appreciate the input of Penny Rudolph, publisher at Elsevier. Finally, we wish to thank our families—James Zachary to his daughters, Amanda and Briana, and Donald McGavin to his late wife, Beverley—for their support and encouragement during this process.
No greater impact can be made on students in their veterinary education than by teachers, including veterinary pathologists, who are willing to share their expertise and knowledge with them. We hope that Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease will aid in this process, foster the student’s understanding of mechanistic concepts, and perhaps also alter the way that veterinary pathologists think about teaching pathology.