Introduction to alterations to protection and movement

The immune system provides protection from foreign substances and includes the physical barrier of the skin and numerous cells and molecules. The immune system coordinates the inflammatory response and fights infection, both of which are common in healthcare settings. Disruptions to normal immune function often lead to severe illness or death. The haemotological system’s main functions include oxygen transport and thrombus formation through blood coagulation and platelet function. Altered haemotological function relates mainly to anaemia and altered coagulation, which is common in elderly patients. The integumentary system explores the functions of the skin, including protection. Main disturbances to this system are skin cancer, infections and pressure ulcers. Muscles allow the movement of bones, internal structures and the heart; muscle physiology relates to the actions of many drugs. Alterations to the musculoskeletal system include those relating to the ageing population in Australia and New Zealand: namely, osteoporosis and arthritis.