CHAPTER 2

1 Cannon WB. The wisdom of the body. New York: WW Norton, 1932.

2 Bernard C,. Leçons sur les phénomènes de la vie communs aux animaux et aux végétaux. Cours de Physiologie générale du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle. Paris, Baillière et fils, 1878. Referenced from Boron W, Boulpaep E. Medical physiology. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2003.

CHAPTER 3

1 Bereiter-Hahn J, Vöth M. Dynamics of mitochondria in living cells: Shape changes, dislocations, fusion and fission of mitochondria. Microsc Res Techniq. 1994;27(3):198-219.

2 Alberts B, et al. Molecular biology of the cell, 4th edn., New York: Garland, 2002.

3 Catt KJ, et al. Hormonal regulation of peptide receptors and target cell responses. Nature. 1979;280(5718):109-116.

4 Jorde LB, et al. Medical genetics, 3rd edn., St Louis: Mosby, 2006.

CHAPTER 4

1 Bai J, Cederbaum AI. Mitochondrial catalase and oxidative injury. Biol Signals Recept. 2001;10(3-4):189-199.

2 Lee HC, Wei YH. Mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial DNA maintenance of mammalian cells under oxidative stress. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2005;37(4):822-834.

3 Lopez MF, Melov S. Applied proteomics: mitochondrial proteins and effect on function. Circ Res. 2002;90(4):380-389.

4 Melov S. Therapeutics against mitochondrial oxidative stress in animal models of aging. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002;959:330-340.

5 Golden TR, Melov S. Mitochondrial DNA mutations, oxidative stress and aging. Mech Ageing Dev. 2001;122(14):1577-1589.

6 Kelso GF, et al. Selective targeting of a redox-active ubiquinone to mitochondria with cells: antioxidant and antiapoptotic properties. J Biol Chem. 2001;276(7):4588-4596.

7 Lee HC, Wei YH. Mitochondrial alterations, cellular response to oxidative stress and defective degradation of proteins in aging. Biogerontology. 2001;2(4):231-244.

8 Lenaz G, et al. Role of mitochondria in oxidative stress and aging. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002;959:199-213.

9 Kornitzer D, Chiechanover A. Modes of regulation of ubiquitin mediated protein degradation. J Cell Physiol. 2000;183(1):1-11.

10 Loeb S, Kettermann A, Carter H, Ferrucci L, Metter E, Walsh P. Prostate volume changes over time: results from the Baltimore longitudinal study of aging. J Urology. 2009;182:1458-1462.

11 Raloff J. Coming to terms with death: accurate descriptions of a cell’s demise may offer clues to diseases and treatments. Sci News. 2001;159:378-380.

12 D’Mello SR. Molecular regulation of neuronal apoptosis. Curr Top Dev Biol. 1998;39:187-213.

13 Zakeri Z, Lockshin RA. Cell death during development. J Immunol Methods. 2002;265(1-2):3-20.

14 Majno G, Joris I. Apoptosis, oncosis and necrosis: an overview of cell death. Am J Pathol. 1995;146(1):3-15.

15 Johnson HA, editor. Is aging physiological or pathological? In relations between normal aging and disease. New York: Raven, 1985.

16 Babel B, Bomsdorf E, Schmidt R. Future life expectancy in Australia, Europe, Japan and North America. J Pop Res. 2007;24:119-131.

17 Olshansky S, Passaro D, Hershow R, Layden J, Carnes B, et al. (2005). A potential decline in life expectancy in the United States in the 21st Century. New Engl J Med. 2005;352:1138-1146.

18 Minckler J, Anstall HB, Minckler TM. Pathobiology: an introduction. Mosby: St Louis, 1971.

19 Shennan T. Postmortems and morbid anatomy, 3rd edn., Baltimore: William Wood, 1935.

CHAPTER 5

1 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare and Australasian Association of Cancer Registries. Australian cancer incidence and mortality workbooks. Canberra: AIHW, 2008.

2 Australian Bureau of Statistics. Births Australia, 2008. Cat. no. 3301.0. Canberra: ABS, 2009.

3 Australia Red Cross Blood Service,. Available at www.donateblood.com.au.

4 Beckman L,. A contribution to the physical anthropology and population genetics. 2004. Available at www.bloodbook.com/world-abo.html.

5 Department of Human Services. Guidelines for newborn screening. Melbourne: DHS, 2001. November

6 Barlow-Stewart K. Newborn screening for genetic conditions: the Australasian genetics resource book. Fact sheet 20. Sydney: Centre for Genetics Education, 2007.

7 Metz MP, Ranieri E, Gerace RL, Priest KR, Luke CG, Chan A. Newborn screening in South Australia: is it universal? Med J Australia. 2003;179:412-415.

8 Centre for Genetics Education,. Newborn screening for genetic conditions. 2007. Available at www.genetics.edu.au.

CHAPTER 6

1 Martin JH. Neuroanatomy: text and atlas, 3rd edn., New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003.

2 Purves D, et al. Neuroscience, 3rd edn., Sunderland: Sinauer Association, 2004.

3 Kolb B, Whishaw IQ. An introduction to brain and behaviour, 2nd edn., New York: Worth, 2006.

4 Harris CD. Neurophysiology of sleep and wakefulness. Respir Care Clin North Am. 2005;11:567-586.

5 Norman WM, Hayward LF. The neurobiology of sleep. In: Carney P, Berry R, Geyer J, editors. Clinical sleep disorders. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005.

6 Bae CJ, Foldvary-Schaefer N. Normal human sleep. In: Carney P, Berry R, Geyer J, editors. Clinical sleep disorders. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005.

7 Wilson S, Nutt D. Sleep disorders. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.

8 Shamley D. Pathophysiology. In: An essential text for the allied health professions. Edinburgh: Elsevier; 2005.

9 Szabo B, Schlicker E. Effects of cannabinoids on neurotransmission. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2005;168:327-365.

10 Crossman AR, Neary D. Neuroanatomy: an illustrated color text, 3rd edn., London: Churchill Livingstone; 2005:157.

11 Breslin PA, Huang L. Human taste: peripheral anatomy, taste transduction, and coding. Adv Otorhinolaryngol. 2006;63:152-190.

12 Glaucoma Australia,. What is glaucoma? 2006. Available at www.glaucoma.org.au/whatis.htm.

13 Deeb SS. The molecular basis of variation in human color vision. Clin Genet. 2005;67(5):369-377.

14 Wirbelauer C. Management of the red eye for the primary care physician. Am J Med. 2006;119(4):302-306.

15 Zadeh MH, Selesnick SH. Evaluation of hearing impairment. Compr Ther. 2001;27(4):302-310.

16 Davidson HC. Imaging evaluation of sensorineural hearing loss. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 2001;22(3):229-249.

17 Gates GA. Ménière’s disease review 2005. J Am Acad Audiol. 2006;17(1):16-26.

18 Osguthorpe JD, Nielsen DR. Otitis externa: review and clinical update. Am Fam Physician. 2006;174(9):1510-1516.

19 Bernius M, Perlin D. Pediatric ear, nose, and throat emergencies. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2006;53(2):195-214.

20 Casselbrant ML, Mandel EM. Genetic susceptibility to otitis media. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;5(1):1-4.

21 American Academy of Pediatrics, Subcommittee on Management of Acute Otitis Media. Diagnosis and management of acute otitis media. Pediatrics. 2004;113(5):1451-1465.

22 Mobbs CV. Functional neurobiology of aging. San Diego: Academic Press, 2001.

23 Lambert K, Kinsley CH. Clinical neuroscience, 3rd edn., New York: Worthy, 2005.

24 Sirven JI, Malamut BL. Clinical neurology of the older adult. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002.

25 Raz N, Rodrigue KM. Differential aging of the brain: patterns, cognitive correlates and modifiers. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2006;30(6):730-748.

26 Friedman D, Nessler D, Johnson R Jr,. Memory encoding and retrieval in the aging brain. Clin EEG Neurosc 2007; (1):2-7.

CHAPTER 7

1 Mantyselka P, Kumpusalo E, Ahonen R, et al. Pain as a reason to visit the doctor: a study in Finnish primary health care. Pain. 2001;89:175-180.

2 Merskey H. IASP Sub-committee on taxonomy. Pain terms: a list with definitions and notes on usage. Pain. 1979;6:249-252.

3 Murphy AZ, et al. Pain: sex/gender differences. In: Hormones, brain and behavior. San Diego: Academic Press; 2009.

4 Edwards CL, Fillingim RB, Keefe F. Race, ethnicity and pain. Pain. 2001;94(2):133-137.

5 Linton SJ. Environmental and learning factors in the development of chronic pain and disability. In: Price DD, Bushnell MC, editors. Psychological methods of pain control: basic science and clinical perspectives. Progress in Pain Research and Management. Seattle: IASP Press; 2004:143-168.

6 Robinson CJ, Torebjörk HE, LaMotte RH. Psychophysical detection and pain ratings of incremental thermal stimuli: a comparison with nociceptor responses in humans. Brain Research. 1983;274(1):87-106.

7 Nagasako EM, Oaklander AL, Dworkin RH. Congenital insensitivity to pain: an update. Pain. 2003;101(3):213-219.

8 Butler J, Fleming P, Webb D. Congenital insensitivity to pain: review and report of a case with dental implications. Oral Surg Oral Med. 2006;101(1):58-62.

9 Merskey H, Bogduk N. Classification of chronic pain: descriptions of chronic pain syndromes and definitions of pain terms. Seattle: IASP Press, 1994.

10 Tyrer S. Psychosomatic pain. Brit J Psychiat. 2006;188:91-93.

11 Blyth FM, et al. Chronic pain in Australia: a prevalence study. Pain. 2001;89(2-3):127-134.

12 Blyth FM, et al. Chronic pain and frequent use of health care. Pain. 2004;111(1-2):51-58.

13 Love S, Patel NK, Larry RS. Trigeminal neuralgia. In: Encyclopedia of neuroscience. Oxford: Academic Press, 2009;1173-1177.

14 Knowles CH, Aziz Q. Basic and clinical aspects of gastrointestinal pain. Pain. 2009;141(3):191-209.

15 Mense S. Characteristics of muscle nociception. In: Türp JC, Hugger A, editors. The puzzle of orofacial pain: integrating research into clinical management. Basel: Karger; 2007:7-17.

16 Schaible HG. Nociceptors of the joint with particular reference to silent nociceptor. In: Türp JC, Hugger A, editors. The puzzle of orofacial pain: integrating research into clinical management. Basel: Karger; 2007:18-27.

17 Derbyshire SW. Exploring the pain ‘neuromatrix’. Current Reviews Pain. 2000;4:467-477.

18 Ostrowsky K, et al. Representation of pain and somatic sensation in the human insula: a study of responses to direct electrical cortical stimulation. Cerebral Cortex. 2002;12(4):376-385.

19 Ploner M, Freund HJ, Schnitzler A. Pain affect without pain sensation in a patient with a postcentral lesion. Pain. 1999;81(1-2):211-214.

20 Derbyshire SW, Jones AK. Cerebral responses to a continual tonic pain stimulus measured using positron emission tomography. Pain. 1998;76(1-2):127-135.

21 Casey KL. Forebrain mechanisms of nociception and pain: analysis through imaging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1999;96(14):7668-7674.

22 Foltz EL, White LE. Pain ‘relief’ by frontal cingulumotomy. J Neurosurg. 1962;19:89-100.

23 Binder DK, et al. Cordotomy. In: Neurosurgical pain management. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2004.

24 Loyd RD, Ball PA, Fanciullo GJ. Surgical procedures for intractable cancer pain. Techniques in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management. 2005;9(3):167-176.

25 RB Fillingim. Individual differences in pain responses. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2005;7(5):342-347.

26 Leppaluoto J, et al. Pituitary and autonomic responses to cold exposures in man. Acta Physiol Scand. 2005;184(4):255-264.

27 MBF Foundation. The high price of pain report, conducted by Access Economics in collaboration with the Pain Management Research Institute, Australia. November 2007.

28 de Mos M, Sturkenboom MCJM, Huygen FJPM. Current understandings on complex regional pain syndrome. Pain Practice: The Official Journal of World Institute of Pain. 2009;9(2):86-99.

29 Dyck PJ, et al. Patterns of quantitative sensation testing of hypoesthesia and hyperalgesia are predictive of diabetic polyneuropathy: a study of three cohorts. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(4):510-517.

30 Edwards JL, et al. Diabetic neuropathy: mechanisms to management. Pharmacol Therapeut. 2008;120(1):1-34.

31 Blumberg H, Janig W. Discharge pattern of afferent fibers from a neuroma. Pain. 1984;20(4):335-353.

32 Ali Z, et al. Intradermal injection of norepinephrine evokes pain in patients with sympathetically maintained pain. Pain. 2000;88(2):161-168.

33 Boivie J. Central pain. In: Melzack R, Wall PD, editors. Handbook of pain management: a clinical companion to Wall and Mezack’s ‘textbook of pain’. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2003:305-327.

CHAPTER 8

1 McCance K, Huether S. Pathophysiology: the biologic basis for disease in adults and children, 5th edn., St Louis: Mosby, 2005.

2 Paulson OB, Strandgaard S, Edvinsson L. Cerebral autoregulation. Cerebrovas Brain Met. 1990;2:161-192.

3 van Beek AH, Claassen JA, Rikkert MG, Jansen RW. Cerebral autoregulation: an overview of current concepts and methodology with special focus on the elderly. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2008;28:1071-1085.

4 Boron W, Boulpaep E. Medical physiology. Philadelphia: Saunders Book Company, 2004.

5 Cavalcanti D, Salomão M. Incidence of congenital hydrocephalus and the role of the prenatal diagnosis. Jornal de Pediatria. 2003;79:135-140.

6 Garton J, Piatt JHJr. Hydrocephalus. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2004;51:305-325.

7 National Health and Medical Research Council. Ethical guidelines for the care of people in post-coma unresponsive (vegetative state) or a minimally responsive state. Canberra: National Health and Medical Research Council, Commonwealth of Australia, 2008.

8 National Health and Medical Research Council. Post-coma unresponsiveness (vegetative state): a clinical for diagnosis. Canberra: National Health and Medical Research Council, Commonwealth of Australia, 2004.

9 Boss BJ, Fletcher A. Severe brain injury rehabilitation: what’s going to happen after critical care? Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am. 2001;13(3):421-431.

10 Bleck TP. Levels of consciousness and attention. In: Goetz CG, editor. Textbook of clinical neurology. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2003.

11 Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society. The ANZICS statement on death and organ donation, 3rd edn., Melbourne: ANZICS, 2008.

12 World Health Organization. Epilepsy. Fact sheet no. 999. Geneva: WHO, 2009.

13 Bleasel A. Epilepsy in the new century. Med J Australia. 2005;183:121-122.

14 Lownstein DH. Seizures and epilepsy. In Kasper DL, editor: Harrison’s principles of internal medicine vol. 2, 16th edn., New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005.

15 Christensen D. Endgame for epilepsy? Researchers look towards a cure. Sci News. 2001;157:364-365.

16 Herman ST. Clinical trials for prevention of epileptogenesis. Epilepsy Res. 2006;68(1):35-38.

17 Sadleir L, Scheffer I. Febrile seizures. Med J Australia. 2007;334:307-311.

18 Berg A. Are febrile seizures provoked by a rapid rise in temperature? Am J Dis Child. 1993;147:1101-1103.

19 Kyrkou M. Seizures in young children. Every Child. 2008;14:10.

20 Pompei P, Foreman M, Cassel C, Alessi C, Cox D. Detecting delirium among hospitalized older patients. Arch of Intern Med. 1995;155:301-307.

21 Speed G, Wynaden D, McGowan S, Hare M, Landsborough I. Prevalence rate of delirium at two hospitals in Western Australia. J Adv Nurs. 2007;25:38-43.

22 Drachman DA. Aging of the brain, entropy and Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2006;67(8):1340-1352.

23 Alzheimer’s Australia. Dementia facts and statistics. Canberra: Alzheimer’s Australia, 2008.

24 Access Economics. Keeping dementia front of mind: incidence and prevalence 2009-2050. Canberra: Alzheimer’s Australia, 2009.

25 Woodward M. Dementia: can it be prevented? Canberra: Alzheimer’s Australia, 2005.

26 Plauche Johnson C, Myers S. Identification and evaluation of children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics. 2007;120:1183-1215.

27 Fombonne E. The epidemiology of autism: a review. Psychol Med. 1999;29:769-786.

28 Buckley B. Autism/ASD diagnosis rates in Australia. Canberra: John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, 2006.

29 MacDermott S, Williams K, Ridley G, Glasson E, Wray J. The prevalence of autism in Australia: can it be established from existing data? Canberra: Autism Advisory Board on Autism Spectrum Disorders, 2006.

30 Happé F. Autism: cognitive deficit or cognitive style? Trends Cogn Sci. 1999;3:216-222.

31 Barbaresi W, Katusic S, Voigt R. Autism: a review of the state of the science for pediatric primary health care clinicians. Arch Pediat Adol Med. 2006;160:1167-1175.

CHAPTER 9

1 Australian Bureau of Statistics. Causes of death, 2007. Cat. no. 3303.0. Canberra: ABS, 2009.

2 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Stroke in Australia — stroke statistics for Australia. Available at www.aihw.gov.au/cvd/stroke.cfm, accessed November 2009.

3 Azarpazhooh MR, et al. Patterns of stroke recurrence according to sybtype of first stroke event: the North East Melbourne Stroke Incidence Study (NEMESIS). Int J Stroke. 2008;3:158-164.

4 Hu G, et al. The impact of history of hypertension and type 2 diabetes at baseline on the incidence of stroke and stroke mortality. Stroke. 2005;36:2538-2543.

5 Thrift AG, et al. Incidence of stroke subtypes in the North Eastern Melbourne Stroke Incidence Study (NEMESIS): differences between men and women. Neuroepidemiology. 2009;32:11-18.

6 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Heart, stroke and vascular diseases: Australian facts, 2004. AIHW cat. no. CVD 27. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare and National Heart Foundation of Australia, 2004.

7 Ois A, et al. High risk of early neurological recurrence in symptomatic carotid stenosis. Stroke. 2009;40:2727-2731.

8 U-King-Im JM, Young V, Gillard, JH. Carotid-artery imaging in the diagnosis and management of patients at risk of stroke. Lancet. 2009;8:569-580.

9 Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration. Cholesterol, diabetes and major cardiovascular diseases in the Asia-Pacific region. Diabetologia. 2007;50:2289-2297.

10 Zivin JA. Ischemic cerebrovascular disease. In Goldman L, editor: Cecil medicine, 23rd edn., Philadelphia: Saunders, 2007.

11 National Stroke Foundation and National Health and Medical Research Council. Clinical guidelines for acute stroke management. Melbourne: National Stroke Foundation, 2007.

12 Chandratheva A, et al. Population-based study of risk and predictors of stroke in the first few hours after a TIA. Neurology. 2007;72:1941-1947.

13 Chung CS, Caplan LR. Neurovascular disorders. In: Goetz CG, editor. Textbook of clinical neurology. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2003.

14 Bejot Y, et al. Trends in incidence, risk factors and survival in symptomatic lacunar stroke in Dijon, France, from 1989 to 2006: a population-based study. Stroke. 2008;39:1945.

15 EM Manno. Subarachnoid haemorrhage. Neuro Clin. 2005;22:347-366.

16 Senes S How we manage stroke in Australia. AIHW cat no CVD 31. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2006.

17 Faux S, et al. Stroke rehab down under: can Rupert Murdoch, Crocodile Dundee and an Aboriginal elder expect the same services and care? Top Stroke Rehabil 2009:16.

18 Johnston SC, et al. Validation and refinement of scores to predict very early stroke risk after transient ischaemic attack. Lancet. 2007;369:283-292.

19 Gluckman PD, et al. MRI and stroke: why has it taken so long? Lancet. 2007;369:252.

20 Adams HP, et al. Guidelines for the early management of patients with ischaemic stroke: a statement for health care professionals from a special writing group of the Stroke Council of the AHA. Stroke. 2003;27:1711-1718.

21 Ad Hoc Committee representing the National Stroke Foundation and the Stroke Society of Australasia. The implementation of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator in acute ischaemic stroke — a scientific position statement from the National Stroke Foundation and the Stroke Society of Australasia. Intern Med J. 2009;39:317-324.

22 Mohr JP, et al. A comparison of warfarin and aspirin for the prevention of recurrent ischaemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(20):1444-1451.

23 Seppa N. To staunch the flow. Sci News. 2005;167:133.

24 Dean N, Shuaib A. Transient ischaemic attacks: unstable, treatable, neglected. Lancet. 2007;370:1398-1400.

25 Dean N, Shuaib A. Management of emergent TIA: a new era in stroke prevention. Lancet Neurology. 2009;8:218-219.

26 Hillen T, et al. Cause of stroke recurrence is multifactorial: patterns, risk factors and outcomes of stroke recurrence in the South London Stroke Register. Stroke. 2003;34:1457-1463.

27 Hankey GJ. Long-term outcome after ischaemic stroke/transient ischaemic attack. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2003;16(suppl 1):14-19.

28 Gall SL, Dewey HM, Thrift AG. Smoking cessation at 5 years after stroke in the North East Melbourne stroke incidence study. Neuroepidemiology. 2009;32:196-200.

29 Harari D, et al. New-onset fecal incontinence after stroke: prevalence, natural history, risk factors and impact. Stroke. 2003;34:144-150.

30 Brain Foundation,. Aneurysm. Available at www.brainaustralia.org.au/AZ_of_Brain_Disorders2/aneurysm, accessed November 2009.

31 Cavanaugh SJ, Gordon VL. Grading scales used in the management of aneurismal subarachnoid haemorrhage: a critical review. J Neurosci Nurs. 2002;34:288-295.

32 Gupta J. To clip or to coil. Time. 2002;159:9.

33 Seppa H. Head-to-head comparison coils top clips in brain aneurysm treatment. Sci News. 2005;168:180-181.

34 Fortune N, Wen X. The definition, incidence and prevalence of acquired brain injury in Australia. AIHW cat no. DIS 15. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 1999.

35 Cripps RA, Harrison JE. Injury as a chronic health issue in Australia. Adelaide: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare National Injury Surveillance Unit, 2008.

36 Trevena L, Cameron I, Porwal M. Clinical practice guidelines for the care of people living with traumatic brain injury in the community. Sydney: University of Sydney, 2004.

37 Cripps RA. Spinal cord injury, Australia, 2006-07. Injury research and statistics series number 48. Cat no. INJCAT 119. Adelaide: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2009.

38 Alzheimer’s Australia,. Living with dementia: dementia facts & statistics. General facts about dementia. 2008.

39 Nimmrich V, Ebert U. Is Alzheimer’s disease a result of presynaptic failure? Synaptic dysfunctions induced by oligomeric beta-amyloid. Rev Neurosci. 2009;20:1-12.

40 Tiraboschi P, et al. The importance of neuritic plaques and tangles to the development and evolution of Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2004;62:1984-1989.

41 Nelson PT, et al. Clinicopathologic correlations in a large Alzheimer disease center autopsy cohort: neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles ‘do count’ when staging disease severity. J Neuropath Exp Neur. 2007;66:1136-1146.

42 Masters CL, et al. Molecular mechanisms for Alzheimer’s disease: implications for neuroimaging and therapeutics. J Neurochem. 2006;97:1700-1725.

43 Bird TD,. Alzheimer disease overview: gene reviews. Available at www.genetests.org/query?dz=alzheimer, accessed June 2007.

44 Blennow K, de Leon MJ, Zetterberg H. Alzheimer’s disease. Lancet. 2006;368(9533):387-403.

45 Molinuevo JL, Garcia-Gil V, Villar A. Memantine: an antiglutameteric option for dementia. Am J Alzheimer Dis Other Dementia. 2004;19(1):10-18.

46 Seppa N. Alzheimer drug shows staying power. Sci New. 2006;169(7):110.

47 Hayes MW, et al. Current concepts in the management of Parkinson disease. Med J Australia. 2010;192:144-149.

48 Access Economics Living with Parkinson’s disease: challenges and positive steps for the future. Parkinson’s Australia; 2007.

49 Dhawan V, et al. Sleep-related problems of Parkinson’s disease. Age Ageing. 2006;35(3):220-228.

50 Backer JH. The symptom experience of patients with Parkinson disease. J Neursci Nurs. 2006;38(1):51-57.

51 Petit JM. An update on Parkinson disease. Long-term Care Interface. 2005;6(12):48-52.

52 Jankovic J. An update on the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Mt Sinai J Med. 2006;73(4):682-689.

53 Huntington’s Australia,. The National Huntington’s Disease Association. Available at www.huntingtonsaustralia.asn.au, accessed November 2009.

54 Richards FH, Rea G. Reproductive decision making before and after predictive testing for Huntington’s disease: an Australian perspective. Clin Genet. 2005;67:404-411.

55 Kristjanson LJ, Aoun SM, Yates P. Are supportive services meeting the needs of Australians with neurodegenerative conditions and their families? J Palliat Care. 2006;22:151-157.

56 Travers E, Jones K, Nichol J. Palliative care provision in Huntington’s disease. Int J Palliat Nurs. 2007;13:125-130.

57 Australian Medicines Handbook. Adelaide: AMH; 2009.

58 Tiziani A. Havard’s nursing guide to drugs. Sydney: Mosby, 2006.

59 MS,. The mystery disease. MS Australia; 2005.

60 Barnett MH, et al. Progressive increase in incidence and prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Newcastle, Australia: a 35-year study. J Neurol Sci. 2003;213:1-6.

61 Seppa N. Adopted protein might be MS culprit. Sci News. 2004;166:237.

62 Pirko I, Noseworthy JH. Demyelinating disorders of the central nervous system. In: Goetz CG, editor. Textbook of clinical neurology. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2003.

63 Brain Foundation,. Motor neurone disease. 2009. Available at www.brainaustralia.org.au/AZ_of_Brain_Disorders2/motor_neurone_disease.

64 Carroll L. Researchers tease out cellular biology of ALS and it is not just motor neurons. Neurology Today. 2005;5(1):70-72.

65 Lui J, et al. Toxicity of familial ALS-linked SODI mutants from selective recruitment to spinal mitochondria. Neuron. 2004;43(1):5-15.

66 Dib M. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: progress and prospects for treatment. Drugs. 2003;63(3):289-310.

67 The Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation,. ATAGI advice regarding influenza, influenza vaccines and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Available at www.emergency.health.nsw.gov.au/swineflu/resources/pdf/atagi_influenza_fluvac_gbs_advice/07oct2009_final.pdf.

68 Queensland Health,. Fact sheet: Guillain-Barré syndrome. Available at www.health.qld.gov.au.

69 Queensland Health,. Fact sheet: Myasthenia gravis. Available at www.health.qld.gov.au.

70 Burgess MA. Meningococcal vaccines. Australian Prescriber. 2003;26:56-58.

71 Tapsall J. Annual report of the Australian Meningococcal Surveillance Programme, 2007. Commun Dis Intell. 2008;32:299-307.

72 Zimmer SM, Stephens DS. Meningococcal conjugate vaccines. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2005;5(4):855-863.

73 Nigrovic LE, Kuppermann N, Malley R. Development and validation of a multivariable predictive model to distinguish bacterial from aseptic meningitis in children in post-Haemophilus influenzae era. Pediatrics. 2002;110(4):712-719.

74 Donovan C, Blewitt J. An overview of meningitis and meningococcal septicaemia. Nursing Standard. 2009;23:42-49.

75 The Australian Meningococcal Surveillance Programme. Annual report of the Australian Meningococcal Surveillance Programme, 2007 — Amended. Commun Dis Intell. 2007;33:1-9.

76 New Zealand Ministry of Health,. Immunisation: Meningococcal B. Available at www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/UnidPrint/MH7913?OpenDocument, accessed February 2010.

77 Beaman MH, Wesselingh SL. MJA practice essentials 4: Acute community-acquired meningitis and encephalitis. Med J Australia. 2002;176:389-396.

78 Logan SA, MacMahon E. Viral meningitis. Br Med J. 2008;336:36-40.

79 Roos KI. Nonviral infections. In: Goetz CG, editor. Textbook of clinical neurology. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2003.

80 Assiri AM, et al. Corticosteroid administration and outcome of adolescents and adults with acute bacterial meningitis: a meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2009;84:403-409.

81 Somand D, Meurer M. Central nervous system infections. Emerg Med Clin N Am. 2009;27:89-100.

82 Honda H, Warren DK. Central nervous system infections: meningitis and brain abscess. Infect Dis Clin N Am. 2009;23:609-623.

83 Chang D,. Statistics on incidence, survival rates and mortality associated with brain tumours in Australia. Information paper for the Australian Brain Tumour Advocacy Group; 2003.

84 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Cancer Australia and Australasian Association of Cancer Registries. In: Cancer survival and prevalence in Australia: cancers diagnosed from 1982 to 2004. Canberra: AIHW; 2008. Cancer series no. 42. Cat no. CAN 38

85 Brain Tumor Society,. Brain tumor facts & statistics. Available at www.tbts.org/itemDetail.asp?categoryID=384&itemID=16535, accessed February 2007.

86 American Cancer Society,. Cancer facts and figures: estimated new cancer cases and deaths by sex for all sites. Available at www.cancer.org/docroot/stt/stt_0.asp, accessed February 2007.

87 Janus TJ, Yung KA. Primary neurological tumors. In: Goetz CG, editor. Textbook of clinical neurology. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2003.

88 Evans DG, Sainio M, Baser ME. Neurofibromatosis type 2. J Med Genet. 2000;37(12):897-904.

89 Harris C. Neurofibromatosis type 2 — living with the complications: a case study. J Neurosci Nurs. 2005;37(3):156-158.

90 Benjamin RK, Das A, Hockberg FH. Metastatic neoplasms and paraneoplasms. In: Goetz CG, editor. Textbook of clinical neurology. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2003.

91 Abeywardana S, Sullivan EA. Neural tube defects in Australia: an epidemiological report. Cat no. PER 45. Sydney: AIHW National Perinatal Statistics Unit, 2008.

92 Kaufman B. Neural tube defects. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2004;51(2):389-419.

93 Cabrera R, et al. Investigations into the etiology of neural tube defects. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today. 2004;72(4):330-344.

94 Detrait E, et al. Human neural tube defects: developmental biology, epidemiology and genetics. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2005;27(3):515-524.

95 New Zealand Food Safety Authority,. Folate, folic acid and fortification. Available at www.nzfsa.govt.nz/consumers/chemicals-nutrients-additives-and-toxins/folate/index.htm, accessed February 2009.

96 Mitchell KE, et al. Spina bifida. Lancet. 2004;364(9448):1885-1895.

97 Bruner JP, et al. Intrauterine repair of spina bifida: preoperative predictors of shunt-dependent hydrocephalus. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;190(5):1305-1312.

98 The Australian and New Zealand Perinatal Societies. The origins of cerebral palsy — a consensus statement. Med J Australia. 1995;162:85-90.

99 Gibson CS, et al. Neurotropic viruses and cerebral palsy: population based case-control study. Br Med J 2006.

100 Djukic M, et al. Genetic susceptibility to viral exposure may increase the risk of cerebral palsy. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2009;49:247-253.

101 The Spastic Centre,. What is cerebral palsy? Available at www.thespasticcentre.com.au/about_cp/what_is_cp.htm.

102 Krigger KW. Cerebral palsy: an overview. Am Fam Physician. 2006;73(1):91-100.

103 Koman LA, Smith BP, Shilt JS. Cerebral palsy. Lancet. 2004;364(9428):28.

104 Singhi PD. Cerebral palsy: management. Indian J Pediatr. 2004;71(7):635-639.

CHAPTER 10

1 St-Germain DL. Thyroid hormone metabolism. In: DeGroot L, Jamerson J, editors. Endocrinology. St Louis: Elsevier, 2006.

2 Marques RG, Fontaine MJ, Rogers J. C-peptide: much more than a by-product of insulin biosynthesis. Pancreas. 2004;29(3):231-238.

3 World Health Organization. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Geneva: Department of Noncommunicable Disease Surveillance, 1999.

4 Boron WF, Boulpaep EL. Medical physiology. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2003.

5 The Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia,. RCPA manual, version 5. Available at www.rcpamanual.edu.au/sections/pathologytest.asp?s=33&i=531, accessed August 2009.

6 White A. Adrenocorticotropic hormone. In: DeGroot LJ, Jamerson J, editors. Endocrinology. St Louis: Saunders, 2006.

7 Munck A, Naray-Fejes-Toth A. Glucocorticoid physiology. In: DeGroot LJ, Jamerson J, editors. Endocrinology. St Louis: Saunders, 2006.

8 Chai W, et al. Nongenomic effects of aldosterone in the human heart: interaction with angiotensin II. Hyperten. 2005;46(4):701-706.

9 Fuller PJ, Young MJ. Mechanisms of mineralocorticoid action. Hyperten. 2005;46(6):1227-1235.

10 Losel R, et al. Rapid effects of aldosterone on vascular cells: clinical implications. Steroids. 2004;69(8-9):575-578.

11 Larsen SW. Endocrinology of aging. Williams textbook of endocrinology. 10th edn. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2003.

CHAPTER 11

1 Australian Pituitary Foundation,. Available at www.pituitary.asn.au/ThePituitaryGland/ConditionsIntroduction/Acromegaly.

2 Carroll PV, et al. Growth hormone deficiency in adulthood and the effects of growth hormone replacement: a review. J Clin Endocrin Metab. 1998;83:382.

3 Terpstra TL, Terpstra TL. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion: recognition and management. Medsurg Nurs. 2000;9(2):69-70.

4 Diringer MN, Zazulia AR. Hyponatremia in neurologic patients: consequences and approaches to treatment. Neurologist. 2006;12(3):117-126.

5 Anpalahan M. Chronic idiopathic hyponatremia in older people due to syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) possibly related to aging. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2001;49:788-792.

6 Ayonrinde OT, Sanfilippo FM. SSRI antidepressants and SIADH. Aust NZ J Psychiatry. 1997;31:306-307.

7 Siragy HM. Hyponatremia, fluid electrolyte disorders and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion: diagnosis and treatment options. Endocrine Practice. 2006;12:446-457.

8 Anderson RJ, et al. Hyponatremia: a prospective analysis of its epidemiology and the pathogenetic role of vasopressin. Ann Intern Med. 1985;102:164-168.

9 Bagshaw SM, Townsend DR, McDermid RC. Disorders of sodium and water balance in hospitalised patients. Can J Anesth. 2009;56:151-167.

10 Morello JP, Bichet DG. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Annu Rev Physiol. 2001;63:607-630.

11 Nishizaka MD, Calhoun DA. Primary aldosteronism: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2005;7:412-417.

12 Thakkar RB, Oparil S. Primary aldosteronism: a practical approach to diagnosis and treatment. J Clin Hypertension. 2001;3:189-195.

13 Bravo EL. Medical management of primary hyperaldosteronism. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2001;3(5):406-409.

14 Disability Online,. Cushing’s syndrome. Available at www.disability.vic.gov.au/dsonline/dsarticles.nsf/pages/Cushing’s_syndrome.

15 Hopkins RL, Leinung MC. Exogenous Cushing’s syndrome and glucocorticoid withdrawal. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2005;34(2):371-384.

16 Labeur M, Arzt E, Stalla GK, Páez-Pereda M. New perspectives in the treatment of Cushing’s syndrome. Current Drug Targets — Immune, Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders. 2004;4:335-342.

17 Findling JW, Raff H. Cushing’s syndrome: important issues in diagnosis and management. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(10):3746-3753.

18 Findling JW, Raff H. Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2001;30(3):729-747.

19 American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(suppl 1):S42-S47.

20 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Diabetes: Australian facts 2008. Diabetes series no. 8. Cat. no. CVD 40. Canberra: AIHW, 2008.

21 Daneman D. Type 1 diabetes. Lancet. 2006;367:847-858.

22 Sanjeevi CB. Genes influencing innate and acquired immunity in type 1 diabetes and latent autoimmune diabetes in adults. Annals New York Acad Sci. 2006;1079:67-80.

23 Vinik AI, Vinik E. Prevention of the complications of diabetes. Am J Manag Care. 2003;9(3 suppl):S63-S80.

24 Nanji SA, Shapiro AM. Advances in pancreatic islet transplantation in humans. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2006;8(1):15-25.

25 Ryan EA, Bigam D, Shapiro AM. Current indications for pancreas or islet transplant. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2006;8(1):1-7.

26 Cutchie WA, Cheung MW, Simmons D. Comparison of international and New Zealand guidelines for the care of pregnant women with diabetes. Diabet Med. 2006;23:460-468.

27 Crowther CA, et al. Effect of treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus on pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:2477-2486.

28 Balani J, et al. Pregnancy outcomes in women with gestational diabetes treated with metformin or insulin: a case-control study. Diabet Med. 2009;26:798-802.

29 Kim C, Newton KM, Knopp RH. Gestational diabetes and the incidence of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:1862-1868.

30 Hyperthyroidism,. A Queensland Health fact sheet. Available at www.health.qld.gov.au, accessed August 2009.

31 Ginsberg J. Diagnosis and management of Graves’ disease. CMAJ. 2003;168(5):575-585.

32 Meurisse M, et al. Iatrogenic thyrotoxicosis: causal circumstances, pathophysiology and principles of treatment: review of the literature. World J Surg. 2000;24(11):1377-1385.

33 Rehman SU, et al. Thyroid disorders in elderly patients. South Med J. 2005;98:543-549.

34 Smith JR, Oates E. Radionuclide imaging of the thyroid gland: patterns, pearls and pitfalls. Clin Nucl Med. 2004;29:181-193.

35 Serpell JW, Phan D. Safety of total thyroidectomy. ANZ J Surg. 2007;77:15-19.

36 Hypothyroidism,. A Queensland Health fact sheet. Available at www.health.qld.gov.au, accessed August 2009.

37 Meier C, et al. Serum thyroid stimulating hormone in assessment of severity of tissue hypothyroidism in patients with overt primary thyroid failure: cross sectional survey. Br Med J. 2003;326:311-312.

38 Conroy S, Moulias S, Wassif WS. Primary hyperparathyroidism in the older person. Ageing. 2003;32:571-578.

39 Carling T. Molecular pathology of parathyroid tumors. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2001;12(2):53-58.

40 Painter SE, Kleerekoper M, Camacho PM. Secondary osteoporosis: a review of the recent evidence. Endocr Pract. 2006;12:436-445.

41 Levine MA. Primary hyperparathyroidism: 7,000 years of progress. Clev Clin J Med. 2005;72(12):1084-1085. 1088, 1091-1092

42 Silverberg SJ, Bilezikian JP. The diagnosis and management of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism. Nat Clin Prac Endocrinol Metab. 2006;2(9):494-503.

43 Ebrahimi H, et al. Does autoimmune thyroid disease affect parathyroid autotransplantation and survival? ANZ J Surg. 2009;79:383-385.

CHAPTER 12

1 Steinke J, Borish L. Cytokines and chemokines. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117:S441-S445.

2 Chaplin D. Overview of the human immune response. J Clin Immunol. 2006;117:S430-S435.

3 Kalia V, et al. Differentiation of memory B and T cells. Cur Opin Immunol. 2006;18:255-264.

4 Ciofani M, Zúñiga-Pflücker J. A survival guide to early T cell development. Immunol Res. 2006;34:117-132.

5 Trombetta E, Mellman I. Cell biology of antigen processing in vitro and in vivo. Ann Rev Immunol. 2005;23:975-1028.

6 D’Ambrosio D. Regulatory T cells: how do they find their space in the immunological arena? Semin Canc Biol. 2006;16:91-97.

7 Jiang H, Chess L. Regulation of immune responses by T cells. N Eng J Med. 2006;354:1166-1176.

8 Min H. Effects of aging on early B- and T-cell development. Immunol Rev. 2005;205:1-17.

CHAPTER 13

1 Scott A, et al. What is ‘inflammation’? Are we ready to move beyond Celsus? BJSM. 2004;38:248-249.

2 Barton G. A calculated response: control of inflammation by the innate immune system. J Clin Invest. 2008;118(2):413-420.

3 Vliagoftis H, Befus A. Mast cells at mucosal frontiers. Curr Mol Med. 2005;5:573-589.

4 Marshall J. Neutrophils in the pathogenesis of sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2005;33:S502-S505.

5 Cavaillon J-M, Adib-Conquy M. Monocytes/macrophages and sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2005;33:S506-S509.

6 Rothenberg M, Hogan S. The eosinophil. Annu Rev Immunol. 2006;24:5.

7 Prussin C, Metcalfe D. IgE, mast cells, basophils and eosinophils. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117:S450-S456.

8 Panés J, Perry M, Granger D. Leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion: avenues for therapeutic intervention. Br J Pharmacol. 1999;126:537-550.

9 Segal A. How neutrophils kill microbes. Ann Rev Immunol. 2005;23:197-223.

10 Goldfarb R, Parrillo J. Complement. Crit Care Med. 2005;33:S482-S484.

11 Lutz H, Jelezarova E. Complement amplification revisited. Mol Immunol. 2006;43:2-12.

12 Aird W. Coagulation. Crit Care Med. 2005;33:S485-S487.

13 Horsman M. Tissue physiology and the response to heat. Int J Hyperthermia. 2006;22(3):197-203.

14 Wexler R. Evaluation and treatment of heat-related illnesses. Am Fam Physician. 2002;65(11):2307-2314.

15 Litman R, Rosenberg H. Malignant hyperthermia: update on susceptibility testing. JAMA. 2005;293(23):2918-2924.

16 Netea M, Kullberg B, Van der Meer J. Circulating cytokines as mediators of fever. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;31(suppl 5):S178-S184.

17 Mekjavic I, Eiken O. Contribution of thermal and nonthermal factors to the regulation of body temperature in humans. J Appl Physiol. 2006;100:2065-2072.

18 Scammell T, et al. Ventromedial preoptic prostaglandin E2 activates fever-producing autonomic pathways. J Neurosci. 1996;16(19):6246-6254.

19 Biddle C. The neurobiology of the human febrile response. ANA J. 2006;74(2):145-150.

20 Hanson D. Fever, temperature and the immune response. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1997;15(813):453-464.

21 Schulman C, et al. The effect of antipyretic therapy upon outcomes in critically ill patients: a randomized, prospective study. Surgical Infections. 2005;6:369-375.

22 Greisman L, Mackowiak P. Fever: beneficial and detrimental effects of antipyretics. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2002;15(3):241-245.

23 Broughton G, Janis J, Attinger C. Wound healing: an overview. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;117(suppl):1eS-32eS.

24 Broughton G, Janis J, Attinger C. The basic science of wound healing. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;117(suppl):12S-34S.

25 Sherman T, Greenspan J, St Clair N, Touch S, Shaffer T. Optimizing the neonatal thermal environment. Neonatal Netw. 2006;25(4):251-260.

26 Crighton MH, Puppione AA. Geriatric neutrophils: implications for older adults. Sem Oncol Nurs. 2006;22:3-9.

27 Smolander J. Effect of cold exposure to older humans. Int J Sports Med. 2002;23(2):86-92.

28 Vogelaere P, Pereira C. Thermoregulation and aging. Rev Port Cardiol. 2005;24(5):747-761.

CHAPTER 14

1 Gill CJ, Gill GC. Nightingale in Scutari: her legacy re-examined. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:1799-1805.

2 Newsom SWB. Pioneers in infection control — Joseph Lister. J Hosp Infect. 2003;5(4):246-253.

3 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Australia’s health 2008. Cat. no. AUS 99. Canberra: AIHW, 2008.

4 World Health Organization. World health report. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2005.

5 Templeton KE. Why diagnose respiratory viral infection? J Clin Virol. 2007;40(suppl 1):S2-S4.

6 Murray PR. Medical microbiology, 5th edn., St Louis: Mosby, 2005.

7 Guarner F, Malagelada JR. Gut flora in health and disease. Lancet. 2003;361(9356):512-519.

8 Musher DM. How contagious are common respiratory tract infections? N Eng J Med. 2003;348:1256-1266.

9 Amanna I, Slifka MK. Public fear of vaccination: separating fact from fiction. Viral Immunol. 2005;18:307-315.

10 World Health Organization. Major milestone reached in global polio eradication: Western Pacific Region is certified polio-free. Commun Dis Intell. 2000;24:304.

11 World Health Organization,. The global eradication of polio. Available at www.polioeradication.org.

12 MacIntyre R,. Burgess M, McIntyre P, Macartney K. Thiomersal fact sheet. National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS) of Vaccine Preventable Diseases; 2004.

13 Department of Health and Ageing. National Immunisation Program (NIP) schedule. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, 2007.

14 Ministry of Health. 2008 National Immunisation Schedule: health provider booklet. Wellington: Ministry of Health, 2008.

15 Hull BP, McIntyre PB. Timeliness of childhood immunisation in Australia. Vaccine. 2006;24:4403-4408.

16 Napoli C, Pignalosa O, de Nigris F, Sica V. Childhood infection and endothelial dysfunction: a potential link in atherosclerosis? Circulation. 2005;111:1568-1570.

17 Charakida M, Donald AE, Terese M, Leary S, Halcox JP, Ness A, et al. for the ALSPAC (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children) Study Team. Endothelial dysfunction in childhood infection. Circulation. 2005;111:1660-1665.

18 Pratter M. Cough and the common cold: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2006;129:72S-74S.

19 Gonzales R, Malone DC, Maselli JH, Sande MA. Excessive antibiotic use for acute respiratory infections in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33:757-762.

20 Carman WF, Mahony JB. The pathogens. J Clin Virol. 2007;40(suppl 1):S5-S10.

21 Taylor DN, Blaser MJ. The epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection. Epidemiol Rev. 1991;13:42-59.

22 Peach HG, Pearce DC, Farish SJ. Helicobacter pylori infection in an Australian regional city: prevalence and risk factors, Med J Australia. 1997;167:310-313.

23 Bastani B. Urinary tract infections. Noble J. Textbook of primary care medicine. 3rd edn. St Louis: Mosby; 2001.

24 Adamson JW. Rakel: textbook of family medicine, 7th edn., Philadelphia: Saunders, 2007.

25 Shaikh N, Morone NE, Lopez J, Chianese J, Sangvai S, D’Amico F, Hoberman A, Wald ER. Does this child have a urinary tract infection? JAMA. 2007;298(24):2895-2904.

26 Shaw KN, Gorelick M, McGowan KL, McDaniel Yakscoe N, Sanford Schwartz J. Prevalence of urinary tract infection in febrile young children in the emergency department. Pediatrics. 1998;102:1-5.

27 Spelman DW. Hospital-acquired infections. Med J Australia. 2002;176:286-291.

28 Donovan J. Antibiotic resistance in Australia. Health Issues. 2001;69:1-5.

29 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Australian hospital statistics 2005-06. Cat. no. HSE 50. In: Health Services Series no. 30. Canberra: AIHW; 2007.

30 Horan TC, Andrus M, Dudeck MA. CDC/NHSN surveillance definition of health care-associated infection and criteria for specific types of infections in the acute care setting. AJIC. 2008;36:309-332.

31 Friedman ND, Bull AL, Russo PL, Gurrin L, Richards M. Performance of the national nosocomial infections surveillance risk index in predicting surgical site infection in Australia. Infect Contr Hosp Epidemiol. 28(1), 2007.

32 Smith JMB, Cook GM. A decade of community MRSA in New Zealand. Epidemiology and Infection. 2005;133:899-904.

33 Collignon PJ, Grayson ML, Johnson PDR. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in hospitals: time for a culture. Med J Australia. 2007;187:4. 1

34 Center for Disease Control,. MRSA in healthcare settings. Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (DHQP); 2006.

35 Klevens RM, Morrison MA, Nadle J, Petit S, Gershman K, Ray S, et al. for the Active Bacterial Core surveillance (ABCs) MRSA Investigators. Invasive methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus infections in the United States. JAMA. 2007;298(15):1763-1771.

36 Macias AE, Ponce-de-León S. Infection control: old problems and new challenges. Arch Med Res. 2005;36:637-645.

37 Nucci M, Marr KA. Emerging fungal diseases. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:521-526.

38 Gosbell IB, Neville SA. Antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae: a decade of results from south-western Sydney. Commun Dis Intell. 2000;24:340-343.

39 Collignon PJ, Bell JM, on behalf of the Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance (AGAR). Drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: the beginning of the end for many antibiotics? Med J Australia. 1996;164:64.

40 Department of Health. Annual report of the Chief Medical Officer on the state of public health. United Kingdom: Department of Health, 2008.

41 Health Protection Agency. Antimicrobial resistance and prescribing in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. London: Health Protection Agency, 2008.

CHAPTER 15

1 Sicherer S, Leung D. Advances in allergic skin disease, anaphylaxis and hypersensitivity reactions to foods, drugs and insects. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;118:170-177.

2 Prussin C, Metcalfe D. IgE, mast cells, basophils and eosinophils. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117:S450-S456.

3 Nelson H. Advances in upper airway diseases and allergen immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117:1047-1053.

4 Grundy J, et al. Rising prevalence of allergy to peanut in children: data from 2 sequential cohorts. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;110:784-789.

5 Chuang M, Goldman R. Epinephrine in the treatment of anaphylaxis. Int Pediatr. 2005;20(1):55-58.

6 Jancar S, Crespo M. Immune complex-mediated tissue injury: a multistep paradigm. Trends Immunol. 2005;26:48-55.

7 Blanco P, et al. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes and autoimmunity. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2005;17:731-734.

8 Transplant Australia,. www.transplant.org.au.

9 Australian Red Cross,. Blood Service Coordination Centre for Organ and Tissue Donation fact sheet. Sydney; 2000.

10 Sheldon S, Poulton K. HLA typing and its influence on organ transplantation. Methods Mol Biol. 2006;333:157-174.

11 Nydegger U, et al. Histo-blood group antigens as allo- and autoantigens. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005;1050:40-51.

12 Cunningham M. Pathogenesis of group A streptococcal infections. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2000;13:470-511.

13 Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy,. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus — SLE. Available at www.allergy.org.au.

14 Riemekasten G, Hahn B. Key autoantigens in SLE. Rheumatol. 2005;44:975-982.

15 American College of Rheumatology,. Systemic lupus erythematosus. Available at www.rheumatology.org/public/factsheets/sle_new.asp?aud=pat#4.

16 Burt R, et al. Nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for systemic lupus erythematosus. JAMA. 2006;295:527-535.

17 Bonilla F, Geha R. Update on primary immunodeficiency diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117:S435-S441.

18 Cooper M, Pommering T, Korányi K. Primary immunodeficiencies. Am Fam Physician. 2003;68:2001-2008.

19 Notarangelo L, et al. Primary immunodeficiency diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117:883-896.

20 Kirkpatrick P, Riminton S. Primary immunodeficiency diseases in Australia and New Zealand. J Clin Immunol. 2007;27:517-524.

21 Cunningham-Rundles C, Ponda P. Molecular defects in T- and B-cell primary immunodeficiency diseases. Nat Rev Immunol. 2005;5:880-892.

22 UNAIDS,. 2008 report on the global AIDS epidemic. Available at www.unaids.org.

23 National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research. HIV/AIDS, viral hepatitis and sexually transmissible infections in Australia: annual surveillance report. Sydney: The University of New South Wales, 2008.

24 McAllister S. AIDS — New Zealand. Dunedin: AIDS Epidemiology Group, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago Medical School, 2009.

CHAPTER 16

1 Karikyawasam HH, Robinson DS. The eosinophil: the cell and its weapons, the cytokines, its locations. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;27(2):117-127.

2 Prussin C, Metcalfe DD. IgE, mast cells, basophils and eosinophils. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117(2 suppl):S450-S456.

3 Gonzalez-Mejia ME, Doseff AI. Regulation of monocytes and macrophages cell fate. Front Biosci. 2009;14:2413-2431.

4 Kaushansky K. Lineage-specific hematopoietic growth factors. N Eng J Med. 2006;354:2034-2045.

5 Garrett RW, Emerson SG. Bone and vessels: the hard and soft of haemopoietic stem cell niches. Cell Stem Cell. 2009;4(6):503-506.

6 Ross FP, Christiano AM. Nothing but skin and bones. J Clin Invest. 2006;116(5):1140-1149.

7 Fried W. Erythropoietin and erythropoiesis. Exp Hematol. 2009;3(9):1007-1015.

8 Kaushansky K. Molecular mechanisms of thrombopoietin. J Thromb Haemost. 2009;7(1 suppl):235-238.

9 Bluteau D, et al. Regulation of megakaryocyte maturation and platelet formation. J Thromb Haemost. 2009;7(suppl 1):239-244.

10 Wohner N. Role of cellular elements in thrombus formation and dissolution. Cardiovasc Haematol Agents Med Chem. 2008;6(3):224-228.

11 Nurden AT, et al. Platelets and wound healing. Front Biosci. 2008;13:3532-3548.

12 Wolberg AS, Campbell RA. Thrombin generation, fibrin clot formation and hemostasis. Transfus Apher Sci. 2008;38(1):15-23.

13 Bertina RM. The role of procoagulants and anticoagulants in the development of venous thromboembolism. Thromb Res. 2009;123(6 suppl):S41-S45.

14 Rijken DC, Lijnen HR. New insights into the molecular mechanisms of the fibrinolytic system. J Thromb Haemost. 2009;7(1):4-13.

15 Sharley PH, et al. Blood transportation for medical retrieval services. Air Med J. 2003;22(6):24-27.

16 McMonagle MP, et al. Reducing time to urgent surgery by transporting resources to the trauma patient. ANZ J Surg. 2007;77:241-246.

CHAPTER 17

1 Weiss G, Goodnough LT. 5 Anemia of chronic disease. N Engl J Med. 2000;352:1011-1023.

2 Clark SF. Iron deficiency anemia: diagnosis and management. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2009;25(2):122-128.

3 Bower C, et al. Folate promotion in Western Australia and the prevention of neural tube defects. Aust NZ J Public Health. 2004;28(5):458-464.

4 Toh BH, Alderuccio F. Pernicious anaemia. Autoimmunity. 2004;37(4):357-361.

5 Hassan AA, Kroll MH,. Acquired disorders of platelet function. Hematology Amer Soc Hematol Educ Program 2005:403-408.

6 Cines DB, et al. Congenital and acquired thrombocytopenia. Hematology Amer Soc Hematol Educ Program 2004:390-406.

7 Handin RI,. Inherited platelet disorders. Hematology Amer Soc Hematol Educ Program 2005:396-402.

8 Jackson S, et al. Dynamics of platelet thrombus formation. Pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of disseminated intravascular coagulation: a literature review. J Thromb Haemost. 2009;7(S1):17-20.

9 Dalainas I. Pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of disseminated intravascular coagulation: a literature review. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2008;12(1):19-31.

10 Weitz JI. New oral anticoagulants in development. Thromb Haemost. 2010;103(1):62-70.

11 Varon D, et al. Frontiers in platelet inhibition. Discov Med. 2009;8(43):242-246.

12 Marris JA. Care of patients with neutropenia. Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2006;10(2):164-166.

13 Rezk SA, Weiss LM. Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative disorders. Hum Pathol. 2007;38(9):1293-1304.

14 Gulley ML, Tang W. Laboratory assays for Epstein-Barr virus-related disease. J Mol Diagn. 2008;10(4):279-292.

15 Jordan CT, Guzman ML, Noble M. Cancer stem cells. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:1253-1261.

16 Heerema-McKenney A, Arber DA. Acute myeloid leukemia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2009;23(4):633-654.

17 Boelens J, et al. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Anticancer Res. 2009;29(2):605-615.

18 Fact sheet: leukaemias,. Available at www.leukaemia.org.au, accessed March 2010.

19 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Cancer Australia and the Australasian Association of Cancer Registries. Cancer survival and prevalence in Australia: Cancers diagnosed from 1982 to 2004. Cat. no. CAN 38. Canberra: AIHW, 2008.

20 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare and Australasian Association of Cancer Registries. Cancer in Australia: an overview. Cancer series no. 46. Cat no. CAN 42. Canberra: AIHW, 2008.

21 Shimoyama Y, et al. Age-related Epstein-Barr virus-associated B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders: special references to lymphomas surrounding this newly recognized clinicopathologic disease. Cancer Sci. 2008;99(6):1085-1091.

22 Schnitzer B,. Hodgkin lymphoma. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2009; 23 (4):747-768.

23 Roullet MR, Bagg A. Recent insights into the biology of Hodgkin lymphoma: unraveling the mysteries of the Reed-Sternberg cell. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2007;7(6):805-820.

24 Kuppers R. The biology of Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Nat Rev Cancer. 2009;9(1):15-27.

25 Raab MS, et al. Multiple myeloma. Lancet. 2009;374(9686):324-339.

CHAPTER 18

1 Parvez S, Kang M, Chung H, Cho C, Hong M, Shin M, Bae H. Survey and mechanisms of skin depigmentation and lightening agents. Phytother Res. 2006;20(11):921-934.

2 Presland RB, Dale BA. Epithelial structural proteins of the skin and oral cavity: function in health and disease. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2000;11(4):383-408.

3 Kaestli L, Wasilewski-Rasca A, Bonnabry P, Vogt-Ferrier N. Use of transdermal drug formulations in the elderly. Drugs Aging. 2008;25(4):269-280.

4 Hadraf J, Lane ME. Passive transdermal drug delivery systems. Recent considerations and advances. Am J Drug Deliv. 2006;4(3):153.

5 Cove JH, Eady EA,. Cutaneous antimicrobial defense. Clin Dermatol 1998; (16):141-147.

.

6 Schroder J, Glaser R, Harder J. Antimicrobial peptides: Effector molecules of the cutaneous defense system. Int Congr. 2007;1302:26-35.

7 Schneider JJ, Korting HC. Human defensins. J Mol Med. 2005;83(8):587-595.

8 Gilchrest BA, Eller MS, Geller AC, Yaar M. The pathogenesis of melanoma induced by ultraviolet radiation. New Engl J Med. 1999;340(17):1341-1348.

9 Immune cells in skin fight infection better than the rest. ANJ. 2009;6(10):45.

10 Cove JH, Eady EA,. Cutaneous antimicrobial defense. Clin Dermatol 1998; (16):141-147.

11 Solomon LM, Esterly NB. Neonatal dermatology. 1. The newborn skin. The Journal of Pediatrics. 1970;77(5):888-894.

12 Lott JW, Hoath SB. Neonatal skin: the ideal nursing interface. J Pediatr Nurs. 1998;13(5):302-306.

13 Nelson A, Hultenby K, Hell E, Riedel HM, Brismar H, Flock J, Lundahl J, Giske C, Marchini G. Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from newborn infants express pilu-like structures and are inhibited by cathelicidin-derived antimicrobial peptide LL37. Pediatric Research. 2009;66(2):174-178.

14 Robert L, Labat-Robert J, Robert AM,. Physiology of skin aging. Pathologie Biologie 2009; 57 (4):336-341.

15 Lener T, Moll PR, Rinnerthaler JB, Aberger F, Richter K. Expression profiling of aging in the human skin. Exp Gerontol. 2006;41(4):387-397.

16 Jenkins G. Molecular mechanisms of skin ageing. Mech Ageing Dev. 2002;123(7):801-810.

17 Farage MA, Miller KW, Elsner P, Maibach HI. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors in skin aging: a review. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2007;30(2):87-95.

18 Helfrich YR, Sachs DL, Voorhes JJ. Overview of skin aging and photoaging. Dermatol Nurs. 2008;20(3):177-183.

19 Moyad MA. Vitamin D: a rapid review. Dermatol Nurs. 2009;21(1):25-55.

20 Bianchi J, Cameron J. Assessment of skin integrity in the elderly 1. Brit J Community Nurs. 2008;13(3 suppl):S26-S32.

21 Baranoski S. How to manage and prevent skin tears. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2003;16(5):268-270.

22 Ratcliff CR, Fletcher KR. Skin tears: a review of the evidence to support prevention and treatment. OWM. 2007;53(3):32-42.

23 Worley CA. Aging skin and wound healing. Dermatol Nurs. 2006;18(3):265-266.

24 Shaffer SW, Harrison AL. Aging of the somatosensory system: a translational perspective. Physical Therapy. 2007;87(2):193-207.

CHAPTER 19

1 Cancer Council of Australia and Australian Cancer Network,. Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma (and related lesions) — a guide to clinical management in Australia. 2008.

2 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare and Cancer Australia. Non-melanoma skin cancer: general practice consultations, hospitalisation and mortality, Cancer Series no. 43. Cat. no. 39, Canberra: AIHW, 2008.

3 Prager R, Khachemoune A. Basal cell carcinoma. Dermatol Nurs. 2006;18(6):584-585.

4 Kadekaro AL, Kavanagh RJ, Wakamatsu SI, Pipitone MA, Abdel-Malek ZA. Cutaneous Photobiology. The melanocyte vs. the sun: who will win the final round? Pigment Cell Res. 2003;16:434-447.

5 Dicker T, Siller G, Saunders N. Molecular and cellular biology of basal cell carcinoma. Australas J Dermatol. 2002;43:241-246.

6 Eschkoor SA, Ismail P, Rahman SA, Oshkour SA. Gene expression in basal cell carcinoma. Archives of Medical Research. 2008;39:668-673.

7 Cumberland L, Dana A, Liegeois N. Mohs micrographic surgery for the management of nonmelanoma skin cancers. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2009;17(3):325-335.

8 New Zealand Dermatological Society Incorporated,. Intraepidermal squamous cell carcinoma. Available at dermnetnz.org/doctors/epidemiology.html, accessed 10 September 2009.

9 New Zealand Dermatological Society Incorporated,. Epidemiology of non-melanoma skin cancer. Available at dermnetnz.org/doctors/epidemiology.html, accessed 8 September 2009.

10 Mueller MM. Inflammation in epithelial skin tumours: old stories and new ideas. Eur J Cancer. 2006;42(6):735-744.

11 Owens DM. Chemokines and squamous cell carcinoma. J Clin Invest. 2007;117(97):1752-1755.

12 The Cancer Council of Australia and Australian Network and New Zealand Guidelines Group,. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of melanoma in Australia and New Zealand. Australian Cancer Network Melanoma Guidelines Revision Working Party; 2008.

13 Thompson JF, Scolyer RA, Kefford RE. Cutaneous melanoma. Lancet. 2005;365:687-701.

14 Demierre M, Sondak VK. Cutaneous melanoma: pathogenesis and rationale for chemoprevention. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2005;53:225-239.

15 Sekulic A, et al. Malignant melanoma in the 21st century: the emerging molecular landscape. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2008;83:825-846.

16 Quintanilla-Dieck MJ, Codriansky M, Keady M, Bhawan J, Runger TM. Cathepsin K in melanoma invasion. J Investig Dermatol. 2008;128:2281-2288.

17 Slodownik D, Lee A, Nixon R. Irritant contact dermatitis: a review. Australas J Dermatol. 2008;49:1-11.

18 Clark SC, Zirwas M. Management of occupational dermatitis. Dermatology Clinics. 2009;27:365-383.

19 Kimber I, Basketter DA, Gerberick GF, Dearman RJ. Allergic contact dermatitis. Int J Immunopharm. 2002;2:201-211.

20 Douglas DD. Allergic contact dermatitis. Dermatol Nurs. 2009;21(5):287-291.

21 Noble K. The patient with latex allergy. Journal of PeriAnaesthesis Nursing. 2005;20(4):285-288.

22 Katelaris CH. Latex allergy. Med J Australia. 2006;185(6):339.

23 Dokmeci E, Herrick CA. The immune system and atopic dermatitis. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2008;27:138-143.

24 Jung T, Stingl G. Atopic dermatitis: therapeutic concepts evolving from new pathophysiologic insights. JACI. 2008;122:1074-1081.

25 Sugarman JL. The epidermal barrier in atopic dermatitis. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2008;27:108-114.

26 Watkins J. Management of acne vulgaris. Nurse Prescribing. 2009;7(7):309-313.

27 Ramos-e-Silva M, Carneiro SC. Acne vulgaris: review and guidelines. Dermatol Nurs. 2009;21(2):63-68.

28 Del Rosso JQ,. Medical management of rosacea: role of proper skin care and treatment selection. Dermatol Nurs 2008; (suppl): 5-10.

29 Samalonis LB,. Rosacea: origin and development. Researchers investigate etiology of rosacea. Dermatology Times 2009.

30 Patel P, Werth V. Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a review. Dermatology Clinics. 2002;20:373-385.

31 Werth VP. Cutaneous lupus. Insights into pathogenesis and disease classification. Bulletin of the NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases. 2007;65(3):200-204.

32 Kuhn A, Krammer PH,. Lupus erythematosus: pathogenesis of cutaneous manifestations. International Encyclopedia of Public Health 2008.

33 Guttman C,. 2009 Unraveling psoriasis. Basic science, clinical research provide new insights on immunological basis. Dermatology Times 2009.

34 Krueger G, Ellis CN. Psoriasis — recent advances in understanding its pathogenesis and treatment. JAAD. 2005;53(1):S94-S100.

35 Mason AR, Mason J, Cork M, Dooley G, Edwards G,. Topical treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis. Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews 2009; 2. Art. no. CD005028.

36 Gottlib AB, Kardos M, Yee M. Current biologic treatments for psoriasis. Dermatol Nurs. 2009;21(5):259-266.

37 Bailie RS, Stevens MR, McDonald E, Halpin S, Brewster D, Robinson G, Guthbridge S. Skin infection, housing and social circumstances in children living in remote Indigenous communities: testing conceptual and methodological approaches. Biomed Central Public Health. 2005;5(128):128.

38 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Australian hospital statistics, 2007-2008. Canberra: AIWH, 2009.

39 Population Health Division. Aboriginal peoples. Skin infections in children. In: The health of the people of New South Wales. Report of the Chief Health Officer. Sydney: NSW Department of Health; 2008. Available at www.health.nsw.gov.au/publichealth/chorep.

40 Dutton M, Paulik O, Jones P. A new concept for managing lower limb cellulitis. ANJ. 2009;16(10):40-41.

41 State Government of Victoria, Department of Health,. Impetigo (school sores). 2009. Available at www.health.vic.gov.au/ideas/bluebook/impetigo.

42 Lesniak R, Mareno K. Three case studies of herpes zoster. Dermatol Nurs. 2009;21(4):211-213.

43 Edwards M. Chickenpox and shingles explained. Practice Nurse. 2007;34(10):38-41.

44 Zoster virus vaccine. Australian Prescriber. 2008;31:24-27.

45 Gould D. An overview of molluscum contagiosum; a viral skin condition. Nursing Standard. 2008;22(3):45-48.

46 Parker J. Management of common fungal infections in primary care. Nursing Standard. 2009;23(43):42-46.

47 Heukelbach J, Feldmeier H. Scabies. Lancet. 2006;367:1767-1774.

48 Tjioe M, Vissers Wynand HPM. Scabies outbreaks in nursing homes for the elderly. Recognition, treatment options and control of reinfestation. Drugs Aging. 2008;25(4):299-306.

49 Torres M, Carey V. Review of public health advice about ticks. New South Wales Health Bulletin. 2004;15(12):212-215.

50 McGinley-Smith DE, Tsao SS,. Dermatoses from ticks. JAAD 2003:363-392.

51 University of Sydney, Department of Medical Entomology,. Ticks. 2009. Available at http://medent.usyd.edu.au/fact/ticks.htm.

52 New South Wales Department of Health,. Tick alert. 2004. Available at www.health.nsw.gov.au/pubs/2004/tickalert.html.

53 Berlowitz D, Brienza DM. Are all pressure ulcers the result of deep tissue injury? A review of the literature. OWM. 2007;53(10):34-38.

54 Dini V, Bertone M, Romanelli M. Prevention and management of pressure ulcers. Dermatologic Therapy. 2006;19:356-364.

55 Benbow M. Principles of pressure ulcer prevention. Practice Nursing. 2009;20(10):504-509.

56 European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel and National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel. Prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers: quick reference guide. Washington, DC: National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel, 2009.

57 Elliott R, McKinley S. Quality improvement program to reduce the prevalence of pressure ulcers in an intensive care unit. AJCC. 2008;17(4):328-334.

58 Joanna Briggs Institute. Pressure ulcers: prevention of pressure related damage. Best Practice. 2008;12(2):1-4.

59 Willcock J, et al. The development of the Glamorgan paediatric pressure ulcer risk assessment scale. J Wound Care. 2009;18(1):17-21.

60 Joanna Briggs Institute. Pressure ulcers: management of pressure related tissue damage. Best Practice. 2008;12(3):1-4.

61 Morey P. Skin tears: a literature review. Primary Intention. 2007;15(3):122-129.

62 Battersby L. Exploring best practice in the management of skin tears in older people. Nursing Times. 2009;105:16.

63 Carville K, Lewin G, Newall N, Haslehurst P, Michael R, Santamaria N, Roberts P. STAR: a consensus for skin tear classification. Primary Intention. 2007;15(1):18-28.

64 Ousey K. Identifying, managing and treating skin tears. JCN. 2009;23(9):18-22.

65 LeBlanc K, Baranoski S,. Prevention and management of skin tears. Adv Skin Wound Care 2009:325-331.

66 Australian Bureau of Statistics. National Health Survey: Injuries Australia. Canberra: ABS, 2004.

67 Henley G, Harrison JE. Injury deaths, Australia 2004-05. In: Injury Research and Statistics Series no. 51. Cat. no. INJCAT 127. Adelaide: AIHW; 2009.

68 Latenser BA. Critical care of the burn patient: the first 48 hours. Critical Care Medicine. 2009;37(10):2819-2826.

69 Kennedy P, Brammah S, Wills E. Burns, biofilm and a new appraisal of burn wound sepsis. Burns. 2009;36(11):49-56.

70 Kavanagh S, de Jong A. Care of burn patients in the hospital. Burns. 2004;30(8):A2-A6.

71 Australian and New Zealand Burn Association Limited. Emergency management of severe burns, 8th edn., Wellington: Ministry of Health, 2004.

72 Falder S, Browne A, Edgar D, Staples E, Fong J, Rea S, Wood F. Core outcomes for adult burn survivors: a clinical overview. Burns. 2009;35:618-641.

73 NSW Health,. NSW Severe Burn Injury Service Model of Care. Sydney; 2004.

74 Wood F. Clinical potential of autologous epithelial suspension. Wounds. 2003;15(1):16-22.

75 DermNet NZ,. Cutaneous vasculitis. Available at http://dermnetnz.org/vascular/vasculitis.html, accessed 17 December 2009.

76 Stier MF, Glick SA, Hirsch R. Laser treatment of pediatric vascular lesions: port wine stains and hemangiomas. JAAD. 2008;58(2):261-285.

CHAPTER 20

1 Yin T, Li L. The stem cell niches in bone. J Clin Invest. 2006;116(5):1195-1201.

2 Han Y, et al. Mechanotransduction and strain amplification in osteocyte cell processes. Proc Nat Acad Sci. 2004;101(4):16689-16694.

3 Chen Y, Zajac JD, MacLean HE. Androgen regulation of satellite cell function. J Endocrinol. 2005;186:21-31.

4 Zierath JR, Hawley JA. Skeletal muscle fibre type: influence on contractile and metabolic properties. PLoS Biol. 2004;2(10):e348.

5 Liu X, Pollack GH. Stepwise sliding of single actin and myosin filaments. Biophysical J. 2004;86:353-358.

6 Rennie MJ. Body maintenance and repair: how food and exercise keep the musculoskeletal system in good shape. Exp Physiol. 2005;80(4):427-436.

7 Nair KS. Ageing muscle. Am J Nutr. 2005;81:953-963.

8 Katsiaras A, et al. Skeletal muscle fatigue, strength and quality in the elderly: the Health ABC study. J Appl Physiol. 2005;99:210-216.

CHAPTER 21

1 Australian Bureau of Statistics,. National health survey: summary of results 2006. Available at www.ausstats.abs.gov.au, accessed 24 August 2009.

2 Injury as a leading cause of death and hospitalisation,. 2007. Available at www.otago.ac.nz/ipru/FactSheets/FactSheet38.pdf, accessed 24 August 2009.

3 Shumway-Cook A, et al. Incidence of and risk factors for falls following hip fractures in community-dwelling older adults. Phys Ther. 2005;85(7):648-655.

4 Wilson JJ, Best TM. Common overuse tendon problems: a review and recommendations for treatment. Am Fam Physician. 2005;72(5):811-818.

5 Leclerc A, Landre M-F, Chastang J-F, Niedhammer I, Roquelaure Y. Upper-limb disorders in repetitive work. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2001;27(4):268-278.

6 Whaley AL, Baker CL. Lateral epicondylitis. Clin Sports Med. 2004;23:677-691.

7 Allan D, Jones B. Compartment syndrome: a forgotten diagnosis. Lancet. 2002;359(9325):22-48.

8 Edwards S. Acute compartment syndrome. Emerg Nurse. 2004;12(3):32-38.

9 Kostler W, Strom PC, Sudcamp NP. Acute compartment syndrome of the limb. Injury. 2004;35:1221-1227.

10 Greenspan SL, Resnick NM, Parker RA. Early changes in biochemical markers of bone turnover are associated with long-term changes in bone mineral density in elderly women on alendronate, hormone replacement therapy or combination therapy: a three-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(5):2762-2767.

11 Kanis JA. Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis: synopsis of a WHO report, WHO Study Group. Osteoporos Int. 1994;4:368-381.

12 Binder EF, Brown M, Sinecore DR. Effects of extended outpatient rehabilitation after hip fracture. JAMA. 2004;292:837-846.

13 Sambrook PN, Seeman E, Phillips SR, Ebeling PR. Preventing osteoporosis: outcomes of the Australian Fracture Prevention Summit. Med J Aust. 2002;176(suppl):S1.

14 Rochira Z, et al. Osteoporosis and male age-related hypogonadism: role of sex steroids on bone (patho)physiology. Eur J Endocrinol. 2006;154:175-185.

15 Osteoporosis New Zealand,. What is osteoporosis? Available at www.bones.org.nz/whatis.html, accessed 31 August 2009.

16 Osteoporosis Australia,. What is osteoporosis? Available at www.osteoporosis.org.au/osteo_osteoporosis.php, accessed 31 August 2009.

17 Brown P, McNeill R, Radwan E, et al. The burden of osteoporosis in New Zealand, 2007-2020. Wellington: Osteoporosis New Zealand, 2007.

18 Garvan Institute,. Osteoporosis. Available at www.garvan.org.au/research/our-work/osteoporosis, accessed 31 August 2009.

19 US Department of Health and Human Services Bone health and osteoporosis: a report of the surgeon general. Rockville, MD; 2004.

20 Licata AA. Diagnosing primary osteoporosis: it’s more than a T-score. Clev Clin J Med. 2006;73(5):473-476.

21 Nelson DA, Megyesi MS. Sex and ethnic differences in bone architecture. Curr Osteoporosis Rep. 2004;2(2):65-69.

22 Nguyen TV, Sambrook PN, Eisman JA. Bone loss, physical activity and weight change in elderly women: the Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study. J Bone Miner Res. 1998;13(9):1458-1467.

23 Sammartino A, et al. Osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease: benefit-risk of hormone replacement therapy. J Endocrinol Invest. 2005;28(10 suppl):80-84.

24 Tormy SM, et al. Current status of combined hormone replacement therapy in clinical practice. Clin Breast Can. 2006;6(suppl 2):S51-S57.

25 Amin S, et al. Estradiol, testosterone and the risk for hip fractures in elderly men from the Framingham Study. Am J Med. 2006;119(5):426-433.

26 Nieves J. Osteoporosis: the role of micronutrients. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;81(suppl):1232S-1239S.

27 Cashman K, Flynn A. Trace elements and bone metabolism. Bibliotheca Nutritio et Dieta. 1998;54:150-164.

28 Bauman WA, et al. Effect of pamidronate administration on bone in patients with acute spinal cord injury. J Rehab Res Develop. 2005;42:305-314.

29 Blair HC, Carrington JL. Bone cell precursors and the pathophysiology of bone loss. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2006;1068:244-249.

30 Stevens JA, Olson S. Reducing falls and resulting hip fractures among older women. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2000;49(RR-2):3-12.

31 Greenspan SL, Resnick NM, Parker RA. Early changes in biochemical markers of bone turnover are associated with long-term changes in bone mineral density in elderly women on alendronate, hormone replacement therapy or combination therapy: a three-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(5):2762-2767.

32 Cohen L. The role of magnesium. Isr Med Assoc J. 2002;4(3):232-233.

33 Rude RK, et al. Magnesium deficiency: effect on bone and mineral metabolism in the mouse. Calcif Tissue Int. 2003;72(1):32-41.

34 Potts JT. Parathyroid hormone: past and present. J Endocrinol. 2005;187:311-325.

35 Walsh JP. Paget’s disease of bone. Med J Austral. 2004;181(5):262-265.

36 Reddy V, et al. Paget’s disease of the bone: a disease of the osteoclast. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2001;2(2):195-201.

37 Hresko MT, et al. Prospective reevaluation of the association between thrombotic diathesis and Legg-Perthes disease. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2002;84(9):1613-1618.

38 Mata SG, et al. Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease and passive smoking. J Pediatr Orthop. 2000;20(3):326-330.

39 McCullough L, Lyman KS. Musculoskeletal considerations across the life span. In: Gates SJ, Mooar PA, editors. Musculoskeletal primary care. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1998.

40 Morrissy R, Weinstein S, editors. Lovell and Winter’s pediatric orthopaedics, 4th edn., Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1996.

41 Jorde LB, et al. Medical genetics, 3rd edn., St Louis: Mosby, 2006.

42 Cassas KJ, Cassettari-Wayhs A. Childhood and adolescent sports-related overuse injuries. Am Fam Physician. 2006;73(6):1014-1022.

43 Kaeding CC, Whitehead R. Musculoskeletal injuries in adolescents. Prim Care. 1998;25(1):211-223.

44 Davis JR, Chamberlin E, Blackhurst DW. Indications for magnetic resonance imaging in presumed adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004;86:2187-2195.

45 Krasnokutsky S, Samuels J, Abramson SB. Osteoarthritis in 2007. Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis. 2007;65(3):222-228.

46 Klareskog L, et al. What precedes development of rheumatoid arthritis? Ann Rheum Dis. 2004;63(suppl 2):ii28-ii31.

47 Mimori T. Clinical significance of anti-CCP antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. Intern Med. 2005;44(11):1122-1126.

48 Firestein GS. Etiology and pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. In Ruddy S, et al, editors: Kelley’s textbook of rheumatology, 7th edn., Philadelphia: Saunders, 2005.

49 Harris ED. Clinical features of rheumatoid arthritis. In Ruddy S, et al, editors: Kelley’s textbook of rheumatology, 7th edn., Philadelphia: Saunders, 2005.

50 American College of Rheumatology, Subcommittee on Rheumatoid Arthritis. Guidelines for the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46(2):328-346.

51 Kim TH, Uhm WS, Inman RD. Pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis and reactive arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2005;17(4):400-405.

52 Braun J, et al. International ASAS consensus statement for the use of anti-tumor necrosis factor agents in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003;62:817-824.

53 Zochling J, et al. ASAS/EULAR recommendations for the management of ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65(4):442-452.

54 Rijk PC. Meniscal allograft transplantation — part II: background, results, graft selection and preservation and surgical considerations. Arthroscopy. 2004;20(7):728-743.

55 Aigner T, McKenna L. Molecular pathology and pathobiology of osteoarthritic cartilage. Cell Molec Life Sci. 2002;59(1):5-18.

56 Bellamy N, et al. Viscosupplementation for the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;2:CD005321.

57 Towheed TE, et al. Glucosamine therapy for treating osteoarthritis. Cochran Database Syst Rev. 2005;2:CD002946.

58 Hochberg MC. Nutritional supplements for knee osteoarthritis. Still no resolution (editorial). New Engl J Med. 2006;354:858-860.

59 Felton DT. Osteoarthritis of the knee. New Engl J Med. 2006;354:841-848.

60 New Zealand Government,. Budget 2004: hip and knee replacement operations set to double 2004. Available at www.beehive.govt.nz/node/19816, accessed 7 September 2009.

61 De Boeck H. Osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in children. Acta Orthop Belg. 2005;71:505-515.

62 Kaplan SL. Osteomyelitis in children. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2005;19:787-797.

63 Restrepo CS, et al. Imaging findings in musculoskeletal complications of AIDS. Radio Graphics. 2004;24(4):1029-1049.

64 Garvin K, Feschuk C. Polylactide-polyglycolide antibiotic implants. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005;437:105-110.

65 Witso E, et al. Cortical allograft as a vehicle for antibiotic delivery. Acta Orthop. 2005;76(4):481-486.

66 Powers SK, Kavasi SK, DeRuisseau KC. Mechanisms of disuse muscle atrophy: role of oxidative stress. Ann J Physiol Regul Integ Comp. 2005;288(2):R377.

67 Goldenberg DL, Burckhardt C, Crofford L. Management of fibromyalgia syndrome. JAMA. 2004;292(19):2388-2395.

68 Nampiaparampil DE, Shmerling RH. A review of fibromyalgia. Am J Manag Care. 2004;10(11):794-800.

69 McBeth J, et al. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress axis function and the relationship with chronic widespread pain and its antecedents. Arthritis Res Ther. 2005;7(5):R992-R1000.

70 Goldenberg DL, Burckhardt C, Crofford L. Management of fibromyalgia syndrome. JAMA. 2004;292(19):2388-2395.

71 McDonald DG, et al. Fracture prevalence in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2002;44(10):695-698.

72 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Australia’s health 2000: the seventh biennial health report of the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 7th edn., Canberra: AIHW, 2000.

73 McBride D, Begg D, Herbison P, Buckingham K,. Low back pain in young New Zealanders. NZMJ 2004; 117.

74 Walker B, Muller R, Grant W. Low back pain in Australian adults: the economic burden. Asia Pac J Publ Health. 2003;15(2):79-87.

75 Patell M, Herzenberg J,. Clubfoot. 2007. Available at emedicine.medscape.com/article/1237077-overview, accessed 1 September 2009.

76 Noonan KJ, Richards BS. Nonsurgical management of idiopathic clubfoot. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2003;11(6):392-402.

77 Morcuende JA, Dolan LA, Dietz FR, Ponseti IV. Radical reduction in the rate of extensive corrective surgery for clubfoot using the Ponseti method. Pediatrics. 2004;113(2):376-380.

78 Woolacott NF, et al. Ultrasonography in screening for developmental dysplasia of the hip in newborns: systematic review. Br Med J. 2005;330(7505):1413.

79 Jari S, Paton RW, Srinivasan MS. Unilateral limitation of abduction of the hip: a valuable clinical sign for DDH? J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2002;84(1):104-107.

80 Rex C, Kay PR. Features of femoral fractures in nonaccidental injury. J Pediatr Orthop. 2000;20(3):411-413.

81 Thomas SA, et al. Long-bone fractures in young children: distinguishing accident injuries from child abuse. Pediatrics. 1991;88(3):471-476.

CHAPTER 22

1 Tucker Blackburn S. Maternal, fetal and neonatal physiology, 3rd edn., St Louis: Saunders, 2007.

2 Berne RM, Levy MN. Cardiovascular physiology, 8th edn., St Louis: Mosby, 2001.

3 Carmileit P. Angiogenesis in life, disease and medicine. Nature. 2005;483:932.

4 Ganong W. Review of medical physiology, 22nd edn., New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005.

5 Zipes D, et al. Braunwald’s heart disease: a textbook of cardiovascular medicine, 7th edn., Philadelphia: Saunders, 2005.

6 Triggle DJ. L-type calcium channels. Curr Pharmaceut Design. 2006;12(4):443-457.

7 Tanaka H, Shigenobu K. Pathophysiological significance of T-type Ca2⁺ channels: T-type Ca2⁺ channels and drug development. J Pharmacol Sci. 2005;99(3):214-220.

8 Parati G. Arterial baroreflex control of heart rate: determining factors and methods to assess its spontaneous modulation. J Physiol. 2005;565(Pt 3):706-707.

9 Potter LR, Abbey-Hosch S, Dickey DM. Natriuretic peptides, their receptors and cyclic guanosine monophosphate-dependent signaling functions. Endocr Rev. 2006;27(1):47-72.

10 Roman MJ, Devereux RB, Kizer JR, et al. High central pulse pressure is independently associated with adverse cardiovascular outcome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:1730-1734.

11 GR Smith, Missailidis S. Cancer, inflammation and the AT₁ and AT₂ receptors. J Inflamm (Lond). 2004;1(1):3.

12 Levy BI. How to explain the differences between renin angiotensin system modulators. Am J Hypertens. 2005;18(9 Pt 2):134S-141S.

13 Suzuki H, et al. Recent progress in signal transduction research of the angiotensin II type-1 receptor: protein kinases vascular dysfunction and structural requirement. Curr Medicinal Chem Cardiovasc Hematol Agents. 2005;3(4):305-322.

14 Schulz R, Heusch G. Angiotensin II in the failing heart. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2005;28(5-6):349-352.

15 Sowers JR, Frohlich ED. Insulin and insulin resistance: impact on blood pressure and cardiovascular disease. Med Clin North Am. 2004;88(1):63-82.

16 Zarich SW. Cardiovascular risk factors in the metabolic syndrome: impact of insulin resistance on lipids, hypertension and the development of diabetes and cardiac events. Cardiovasc Med. 2005;6(4):194-205.

17 Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N. Robbins & Cotran pathologic basis of disease, 7th edn., Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2005.

18 Boron WF, Boulpaep EL. Medical physiology. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2003.

CHAPTER 23

1 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Heart, stroke and vascular diseases — Australian facts 2004. In: AIHW cat. no. CVD 27. Cardiovascular Disease Series no. 22. Canberra: AIHW and National Heart Foundation of Australia; 2004.

2 Penm E. Cardiovascular disease and its associated risk factors in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, 2004-05. AIHW cat. no. CVD 41. In: Cardiovascular Disease Series no. 29. Canberra: AIHW; 2008.

3 The New Zealand Guidelines Group, the National Heart Foundation of New Zealand and the Stroke Foundation of New Zealand,. Best practice evidence-based guideline: the assessment and management of cardiovascular risk. 2003.

4 Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K, Munthner P, Whelton PK, He J. Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data. Lancet. 2005;365:217-223.

5 Hansen ML, Gunn PG, Kaelber DC. Underdiagnosis of hypertension in children and adolescents. JAMA. 2007;298(8):874-879.

6 AusDiab,. The Australian Diabetes obesity and lifestyle study. 2005.

7 Nati<?__anchored_object__ “ro_ue0a5cins146f2”?><?__anchored_object__ “ro_ue0a5cins146f3”?><?__anchored_object__ “ro_ue0a5cins146f3”?><?__anchored_object__ “ro_ue0a5cins146f4”?>onal Heart Foundation of Australia. Guide to management of hypertension. National Blood Pressure and Vascular Disease Advisory Committee; 2008.

8 Chobanian AV. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood pressure: the JNC Report. JAMA. 2003;289(19):2560-2572.

9 MS Townsend, et al. Low mineral intake is associated with high systolic blood pressure in the Third and Fourth National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys: could we all be right? Am J Hypertens. 2005;18(Pt 1):261-269.

10 McDonough AA, Leong PK, Yang LE. Mechanisms of pressure natriuresis: how blood pressure regulates renal sodium transport. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2003;986:669-677.

11 Grisk O, Rettig R. Interactions between the sympathetic nervous system and the kidneys in arterial hypertension. Cardiovascular Research. 2004;61:238-246.

12 Savoia C, Schiffrin EL. Significance of recently identified peptides in hypertension: endothelin, natriuretic peptides, adrenomedullin, leptin. Medical Clinics of North America. 2004;88:39-62.

13 Sowers JR, Frohlich ED. Insulin and insulin resistance: impact on blood pressure and cardiovascular disease. Medical Clinics of North America. 2004;88:63-82.

14 Onusko E. Diagnosing secondary hypertension. American Family Physician. 2003;67:67-74.

15 Frohlich ED. Target organ involvement in hypertension: a promise of prevention and reversal. Medical Clinics of North America. 2004;88:209-221.

16 Steinberger J, Daniels SR. Obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes and cardiovascular risk in children: an American Heart Association scientific statement from the Atherosclerosis, Hypertension and Obesity in the Young Committee (Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young) and the Diabetes Committee (Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity and Metabolism). Circulation. 2003;107:1448-1453.

17 Bloomfield DM, Kunavarapu C. Syncope in the elderly. In: Edwards NM, Maurer M, Wellner RB, editors. Aging, heart disease and its management. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2003.

18 Hansson GK. Inflammation, atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. New Eng J Med. 2005;352:1685-1695.

19 Libby P. Inflammation a<?__anchored_object__ “ro_ue0a5cins14f8a”?><?__anchored_object__ “ro_ue0a5cins14f8b”?><?__anchored_object__ “ro_ue0a5cins14f8b”?><?__anchored_object__ “ro_ue0a5cins14f8c”?>nd cardiovascular disease mechanisms. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83(2):456-460.

20 Libby P. Vascular biology of atherosclerosis: overview and state of the art. Am J Cardiol. 2003;91(3A):3A-6A.

21 Werner N, Nickenig G. Influence of cardiovascular risk factors on endothelial progenitor cells: limitations for therapy? Arteriosc Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006;26(2):257-266.

22 Goldschmidt-Clermont PJ, et al. Atherosclerosis 2005: recent discoveries and novel hypotheses. Circulation. 2005;112(21):3348-3353.

23 Boyle JJ. Macrophage activation in atherosclerosis: pathogenesis and pharmacology of plaque rupture. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2005;3:63-68.

24 Australian Bureau of Statistics. Year Book Australia. Cat. no. 1301.0. Canberra: ABS, 2006.

25 Ministry of Health,. Mortality and demographic data, 2005, New Zealand; 2005.

26 Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (adult treatment panel III). JAMA. 2001;285:2486-2497.

27 National Heart Foundation of Australia and the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand. Position statement on lipid management. Heart Lung and Circulation. 2005;14:275-291.

28 Barter P. The inflammation-lipoprotein cycle. Atheroscl. 2005;6(suppl 2):15-20.

29 Grobbee DE, Bots ML. Statin treatment and progression of atherosclerotic plaque burden. Drugs. 2003;63:893-911.

30 Toth PP. High-density lipoprotein and cardiovascular risk. Circulation. 2004;109(15):1809-1812.

31 Ohashi R, et al. Reverse cholesterol transport and cholesterol efflux in atherosclerosis. QJM. 2005;98(12):845-856.

32 National Heart Foundation of Australia. Position statement on dietary fat and overweight/obesity. Nutr Diet. 2008;60:174-176.

33 Haffner SM. Insulin resistance, inflammation and the prediabetic state. Am J Cardiol. 2003;92(suppl):18J-26J.

34 National Preventative Health Taskforce,. Australia: the healthiest country by 2020. A discussion paper. Commonwealth of Australia; 2008.

35 Ministry of Health. A portrait of health. Key results of the 2006/07 New Zealand Health Survey. Wellington: Ministry of Health, 2008.

36 Poirier P, et al. American Heart Association Obesity Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity and Metabolism. Obesity and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology, evaluation and effect of weight loss: an update of the 1997 American Heart Association Scientific Statement on Obesity and Heart Disease from the Obesity Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity and Metabolism. Circulation. 2006;113(6):898-918.

37 Koh K, Han SH, Quon MJ. Inflammatory markers and the metabolic syndrome: insights from therapeutic interventions. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46(11):1978-1985.

38 Skilton MR, Celermajer DS. The effects of obesity-related peptides on the vasculature. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2006;4(1):79-85.

39 Danesh J, et al. C reactive protein and other circulating markers of inflammation in the prediction of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:1387-1397.

40 Libby P, Theroux P. Pathophysiology of coronary artery disease. Circulation. 2005;111(25):3481-3488.

41 Kawano H, Ogawa H. Endothelial function and coronary spastic angina. Int Med. 2005;44(2):91-99.

42 National Heart Foundation of Australia and the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand,. Reducing risk in heart disease. 2007 (updated 2008).

43 Bangalore S, Parkar S, Messerli FH. Long-acting calcium antagonists<?__anchored_object__ “ro_ue0a5cins15da8”?><?__anchored_object__ “ro_ue0a5cins15da9”?> in patients with coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. Am J Med. 2009;122(4):356-365.

44 Casey C, Faxon DP. Multi-vessel coronary disease and percutaneous coronary intervention. Heart. 2004;90:341-346.

45 Grech ED. Percutaneous coronary intervention. I: History and development. Br Med J. 2003;326:1080-1082.

46 Gunn J, Grech ED, Crossman D, Cumberland D. ABC of interventional cardiology: new developments in percutaneous coronary intervention. Br Med J. 2003;327:150-153.

47 Aroney CN, Aylward P, Kelly A-M, Chew DPB, Clune E, on behalf of the Acute Coronary Syndrome Guidelines Working Group. Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes. Med J Australia. 2006;184(8):S1-S30.

48 Chew D, Allan R, Aroney C, Sheerin N. National data elements for the clinical management of acute coronary syndromes. Med J Aust. 2005;182(9 suppl):S1-S16.

49 Corti R, Fuster V, Badimon JJ. Pathogenetic concepts of acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41(4 suppl):7S-14S.

50 Shah PK. Mechanisms of plaque vulnerability and rupture. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41(4 suppl):15S-22S.

51 Crossman DC. The pathophysiology of myocardial ischaemia. Heart (Br Cardiac Soc). 2004;90:576-580.

52 Boersma E, et al. Acute myocardial infarction. Lancet. 2003;361:847-858.

53 Zarich SW. The role of intensive glycemic control in the management of patients who have acute myocardial infarction. Cardol Clin. 2005;23:109-117.

54 Maytin M, Colucci WS. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of myocardial remodeling. J Nuclear Cardiol. 2002;9(3):319-327.

55 Canty JMJr, Fallavollita JA. Hibernating myocardium. J Nuclear Cardiol. 2005;12:104-119.

56 Depre C, Vatner SF. Mechanisms of cell survival in myocardial hibernation. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2005;15(3):101-110.

57 Galinanes M, Fowler AG. Role of clinical pathologies in myocardial injury following ischaemia and reperfusion. Cardiovas Res. 2004;61:512-521.

58 Smith SW, Whitwam W. Acute coronary syndromes. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2006;24(1):53-89.

59 Cannon CP. Acute coronary syndromes: risk stratification and initial management. Cardiol Clin. 2005;23(4):401-409.

60 Katzen BT, et al. Endovascular repair of abdominal and thoracic aortic aneurysms. Circulation. 2005;112(11):1663-1675.

61 Hankey GJ, Norman PE, Eikelboom JW. Medical treatment of peripheral arterial disease. JAMA. 2006;295(5):547-553.

62 Ho WK, Hankey GJ, Eikelboom JW. The incidence of venous thromboembolism: a prospective, community-based study in Perth, Western Australia. Med J Australia. 2008;189:144-147.

63 Access Economics,. The burden of venous thromboembolism in Australia. Report for the Australia and New Zealand Working Party on the Management and Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism. May 2008. Available at www.accesseconomics.com.au/publicationsreports/showreport.php?id=161.

64 The Australian and New Zealand Working Party on the Management and Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism,. Prevention of venous thromboembolism: best practice guidelines for Australia and New Zealand. 4th edn; 2008.

65 Gallus A, Baker R. Economy class syndrome: a misnomer for a syndrome for which the evidence is, as yet, missing. Med J Australia. 2001;174:264-265.

66 Kelman CW, Kortt MA, Becker NG, Li Z, Mathews JD, Guest CS, Holman CDJ. Deep vein thrombosis and air travel: record linkage study. Br Med J. 2003;327:1072.

67 Kuipers S, Cannegieter SC, Doggen CJM, Rosendaal FR. Effect of elevated levels of coagulation factors on the risk of venous thrombosis in long-distance travellers. Blood. 2009;113:2064-2069.

68 Eberhardt RT, Raffetto JD. Chronic venous insufficiency. Circulation. 2005;111(18):2398-2409.

69 Pascarella L, Schonbein GW, Bergan JJ. Microcirculation and venous ulcers: a review. Ann Vasc Surg. 2005;19(6):921-927.

70 Decousus H, et al. Superficial vein thrombosis: risk factors, diagnosis and treatment. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2003;9(5):393-397.

71 Abeywardana S, Sullivan EA. Congenital anomalies in Australia, 2002-2003. Birth anomalies series no. 3. Cat. no. PER 41. Sydney: AIHW National Perinatal Statistics Unit, 2008.

72 Park MK. Pediatric cardiology for practitioners, 4th edn., St Louis: Mosby, 2002.

73 Allen HD. Moss and Adams’ heart disease in infants, children and adolescents including the fetus and young adults, 6th edn., Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001.

74 Penny DJ, et al. Management of the neonate with symptomatic congenital heart disease. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2001;84:141-145.

75 McConnell ME, et al. The neonate with suspected congenital heart disease. Crit Care Nurs Q. 2002;25(3):17-25.

76 Newberger JW, et al. Diagnosis, treatment and long-term management of Kawasaki disease: a statement for health professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, American Heart Association. Circulation. 2004;110:2747-2771.

77 Lange RA, Hillis LD. Clinical practice: acute pericarditis. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(21):2195-2202.

78 Thiene G, et al. Twenty years of progress and beckoning frontiers in cardiovascular pathology: cardiomyopathies. Cardiovasc Pathol. 2005;14(4):165-169.

79 Schoen FJ. Cardiac valves and valvular pathology: update on function, disease, repair and replacement. Cardiovasc Pathol. 2005;14(4):189-194.

80 Freeman RV, Otto CM. Spectrum of calcific aortic valve disease: pathogenesis, disease progression and treatment strategies. Circulation. 2005;111(24):3316-3326.

81 Otto CM, Bonow RO. Valvular heart disease. In Libby P, Bonow RO, Mann DL, Zipes DP, editors: Braunwald’s heart disease: a textbook of cardiovascular medicine, 8th edn., Saunders, 2007.

82 Carabello BA. Modern management of mitral stenosis. Circulation. 2005;112(3):432-437.

83 Bekeredjian R, Grayburn PA. Valvular heart disease: aortic regurgitation. Circulation. 2005;112(1):125-134.

84 Hayek E, Gring CN, Griffin BP. Mitral valve prolapse. Lancet. 2005;365(9458):507-518.

85 Carapetis JR, McDonald M, Wilson NJ. Acute rheumatic fever. Lancet. 2005;366(9480):155-168.

86 Carapetis JR, Currie BJ. Preventing rheumatic heart disease in Australia. Med J Australia. 1998;168:428-429.

87 Carapetis JR. Rheumatic heart disease in developing countries. New Eng J Med. 2007;357(5):439-441.

88 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Deaths from acute rheumatic fever, Australia, 1968-2005. Canberra: AIHW, 2008.

89 Hill EE, et al. Evolving trends in infective endocarditis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2006;12(1):5-12.

90 Durack DT, Lukes AS, Bright DK. New criteria for diagnosis of infective endocarditis: utilization of specific echocardiographic findings. Am J Med. 1994;96:200-209.

91 Habib G. Management of infective endocarditis. Heart. 2006;92(1):124-130.

92 Go AS. The epidemiology of atrial fibrillation in elderly persons: the tip of the iceberg. Am J Geriatr Cardiol. 2005;14(2):56-61.

93 National Heart Foundation of Australia and the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand (Chronic Heart Failure Guidelines Expert Writing Panel),. Guidelines for the prevention, detection and management of chronic heart failure in Australia, 2006.

94 McMurray JJV, Stewart S. The burden of heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2003;5:I3-I113.

95 McMurray JJ, Pfeffer MA. Heart failure. Lancet. 2005;365(9474):1877-1889.

96 Jessup M, Brozena S. Heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:2007-2018.

97 Cabre L, et al. Multicenter study of the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in intensive care units: the usefulness of sequential organ failure assessment scores in decision making. Intens Care Med. 2005;31(7):927-933.

98 Hollenberg SM. Cardiogenic shock. Crit Care Clin. 2001;17(2):391-410.

99 Kelley DM. Hypovolemic shock: an overview. Crit Care Nurs Q. 2005;28(1):2-19.

100 Krassioukov A, Claydon VE. The clinical problems in cardiovascular control following spinal cord injury: an overview. Progress Brain Res. 2006;152:223-229.

101 Stevens RD, et al. Critical care and perioperative management in traumatic spinal cord injury. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2003;15(3):215-229.

102 Lieberman P. Anaphylaxis. Med Clin North Am. 2006;90(1):77-95.

103 Brown SG. Cardiovascular aspects of anaphylaxis: implications for treatment and diagnosis. Curr Opin Allerg Clin Immunol. 2005;5(4):359-364.

104 Bone RC, et al. Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis: the ACCP/SCCM Consensus Conference Committee, American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine. Chest. 1992;101:1644-1655.

105 Levy MM, et al. 2001 SCCM/ES/CM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference. Crit Care Med. 2003;31(4):1250-1256.

106 Annane D, et al. Septic shock. Lancet. 2005;365(9453):63-78.

107 Hoesel LM, et al. Complement-related molecular events in sepsis leading to heart failure. Molecular Immunol. 2007;44(1-3):95-102.

108 Landry DW, Oliver JA. Vasopressin and relativity: on the matter of deficiency and sensitivity. Crit Care Med. 2006;34(4):1275-1277.

109 Asfar P, et al. Catecholamines and vasopressin during critical illness. Crit Care Clin. 2006;22(1):131-149.

110 Monneret G, et al. The anti-inflammatory response dominates after septic shock: association of low monocyte HLA-DR expression and high interleukin-10 concentration. Immunol Letters. 2004;95(2):193-198.

111 Pettila V. Sequential assessment of multiple organ dysfunction as a predictor of outcome. JAMA. 2002;287(6):713-714.

CHAPTER 24

1 Proctor D, editor. A history of breathing physiology. In: Lung biology in health and disease. CRC Press, 1995.

2 Wilkinson D. The contributions of Lavoisier, Scheele and Priestley to the early understanding of respiratory physiology in the eighteenth century. Resuscitation. 2004;61:249-255.

3 Lumb AB. Nunn’s applied respiratory physiology, 6th edn., Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2005.

4 Minnich D, Mathisen D. Anatomy of the Trachea, carina and bronchi. Thoracic Surgery Clinics. 2007;17(4):571-585.

5 Chung K, Widdicombe J. Cough. In Mason R, et al, editors: Murray and Nadel’s textbook of respiratory medicine, 4th edn., Philadelphia: Saunders, 2005.

6 Newhouse M. Tennis anyone? The lungs as a new court for systemic therapy. CMAJ. 1995;161(10):1287-1288.

7 Canning BJ. Reflex regulation of airway smooth muscle tone. J Appl Physiol. 2006;101(3):971-985.

8 Clouter M, Thrall R. The respiratory system. In: Berne PR, editor. Physiology. St. Louis: Mosby, 2004.

9 West JB. Respiratory physiology: the essentials, 8th edn., Philadelphia: Williams & Wilkins, 2008.

10 Flieder D. Normal anatomy, tissue artifacts and incidental structures. In: Zander D, Farver C, editors. Pulmonary pathology. Foundations In Diagnostic Pathology Series. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2008.

11 Des Jardins T, Burton GC. Clinical manifestations and assessment of respiratory diseases, 5th edn., St Louis: Mosby, 2006.

12 Canning BJ. Anatomy and neurophysiology of the cough reflex. Chest. 2006;129:33s-47s.

13 Wert S. Normal and abnormal structural development of the lung. In Polin R, Fox W, Abman S, editors: Fetal and neonatal physiology, 3rd edn., Philadelphia: Saunders, 2004.

14 Tucker Blackburn S. Maternal, fetal and neonatal physiology: a clinical perspective, 3rd edn., St Louis: Saunders, 2007.

CHAPTER 25

1 Pratter M. Cough and the common cold: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2006;129:72S-74S.

2 Ministry of Health,. Influenza: seasonal influenza. Available at www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/indexmh/influenza-seasonal.

3 World Health Organization. Influenza. Fact sheet no. 211. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2003.

4 McKenzie D, et al. The COPD-X plan: Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2009. The Australian Lung Foundation and the Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand.

5 Broad J, Jackson R. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer in New Zealand. Auckland: The Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand, 2003.

6 Australian Centre for Asthma Monitoring. Asthma in Australia, 2008. In: Asthma Series no. 3. Cat. no. ACM 14. Canberra: AIHW; 2008.

7 Holt S, Beasley R. The burden of asthma in New Zealand. Auckland: Asthma and Respiratory Foundation of New Zealand and Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, 2002.

8 Bousquet J, et al. The public health implications of asthma. Bull World Health Org. 2005;83(7):548-554.

9 Pearce N, et al. Comparison of asthma prevalence in the ISAAC and the ECRHS. Eur Respir J. 2000;16:420-426.

10 Asthma Management Handbook. Melbourne: National Asthma Council Australia; 2006.

11 Australian Bureau of Statistics. National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health survey, Australia 2004-05. Cat. no. 4715.0. Canberra: ABS, 2006.

12 Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA),. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. Available at www.ginasthma.org.

13 Contopoulos-Ioannidis D, Kouri I, Ionnidis J. Genetic predisposition to asthma and atopy. Respiration. 2007;74(1):8-12.

14 Lemanske RJr, Busse W. Asthma: factors underlying inception, exacerbation and disease progression. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117(2 suppl):S456-S461.

15 Renz H, et al. The immunological basis of the hygiene hypothesis. Chem Immunol Allergy. 2006;91:30-48.

16 Platts-Mills T, et al. Is the hygiene hypothesis still a viable explanation for the increased prevalence of asthma? Allergy. 2005;60(suppl 79):225-231.

17 Busse W, Rosenwasser L. Mechanisms of asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;11(3 suppl):S799-S804.

18 Effros R, Nagaraj H. Asthma: new developments concerning immune mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2007;13(1):37-43.

19 Mathur S, Busse W. Asthma: diagnosis and management. Med Clin North Am. 2006;90(1):39-60.

20 The New Zealand Guidelines Group,. Best practice evidence-based guideline: the diagnosis and treatment of adult asthma. 2002.

21 Marcus P, Practice Management Committee, American College of Chest Physicians. Incorporating anti-IgE (omalizumab) therapy into pulmonary medicine practice: practice management implications. Chest. 2006;129(2):466-474.

22 Szefler S. Advances in pediatric asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119(3):558-562.

23 Stein R, Martinez FD. Asthma phenotypes in childhood: lessons from an epidemiological approach. Paediatric Respiratory Reviews. 2004;5:155-161.

24 Australian Bureau of Statistics. National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey, 2004-05. Canberra: ABS, 2006.

25 Martinez FD. Complexities of the genetics of asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;156(4 pt 2):S117-S122.

26 Friedlarden S, et al. Viral infections, cytokine dysregulation and the origins of childhood asthma and allergic diseases. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2005;24(11 suppl):5170-5176.

27 Heymann P, et al. Viral infections in relation to age, atopy and season of admission among children hospitalized for wheezing. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;114(2):239-247.

28 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Australia’s health 2008. Canberra: AIHW, 2008.

29 Global Initative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease,. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2007.

30 Anzueto A. Clinical course of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: review of therapeutic interventions. Am J Med. 2006;119(10 suppl 1):46-53.

31 Molfino N. Genetics of COPD. Chest. 2004;125:1929-1940.

32 Hogg J. Pathophysiology of airflow limitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lancet. 2004;364:709-721.

33 O’Donnell D, Parker C. COPD exacerbations 3: pathophysiology. Thorax. 2006;61(4):354-361.

34 Barnes P. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. New Engl J Med. 2000;343(4):269-280.

35 Braman S. Chronic cough due to chronic bronchitis: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2006;129(1 suppl):104S-115S.

36 Martinez F, Anzueto A. Appropriate outpatient treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Am J Med. 2005;118(suppl 7A):39S-44S.

37 Tashkin D, et al. A 4-year trial of tiotropium in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. New Engl J Med. 2008;259(15):1543-1554.

38 Celli B, et al. Mortality in the 4-year trial of tiotropium (UPLIFT) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009;180:948-955.

39 Ware L, Matthay M. The acute respiratory distress syndrome. New Engl J Med. 2000;342(18):1334-1349.

40 Smith D, Leggat P. 24 years of pneumoconiosis mortality surveillance in Australia. J Occupational Health. 2006;48:309-313.

41 Rimal B, Greenberg A, Rom W. Basic pathogenetic mechanisms in silicosis: current understanding. Curr Opin Pulmon Med. 2005;11(2):169-173.

42 Ministry of Health, Mortality and Demographic Data,. New Zealand Ministry of Health Provisional Mortality Data; 2005.

43 Andrews J, Kennedy M. Community-acquired pneumonia. Curr Opin Pulmon Med. 2003;9(3):175-180.

44 Flanders S, Collard H, Saint S. Nosocomial pneumonia: state of the science. AJIC. 2006;34(2):84-93.

45 Waite S, Jeudy J, White C. Acute lung infections in normal and immunocompromised hosts. Radiol Clin North Am. 2006;44(2):295-315.

46 Ortqvist A, Hedlund J, Kalin M. Streptococcus pneumoniae: epidemiology, risk factors and clinical features. Sem RespirCrit Care Med. 2005;26(6):563-574.

47 Blasi F, et al. Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Sem Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;26(6):617-624.

48 Lahti E, et al. Influenza pneumonia. Pediat Infect Dis J. 2006;25(2):160-164.

49 Pop S, Kolls J, Steele C. Pneumocystis: immune recognition and evasion. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2006;38(1):17-22.

50 Kadioglu A. The innate immune response to pneumococcal lung infection: the untold story. Trends Immunol. 2004;25(3):143-149.

51 Delclaux C, Azoulay E. Inflammatory response to infectious pulmonary injury. Eur Respir J. 2003;42(suppl):10s-14s.

52 Hoare Z, Lim W. Pneumonia: update on diagnosis and management. Br Med J. 2006;332(7549):1077-1079.

53 Lynch JIII, Zhanel G. Escalation of antimicrobial resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae: implications for therapy. Sem Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;26(6):575-616.

54 World Health Organization. Tuberculosis. Fact sheet No. 104. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2007.

55 Yew W, Leung C. Update in tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;173(5):491-498.

56 Russell D. Who puts the tubercle in tuberculosis? Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2007;5(1):39-47.

57 Department of Human Services. Management, control and prevention of tuberculosis: guidelines for health care providers (2002-2005). Melbourne: Victorian Government Department of Human Services, 2002.

58 Coffin S. Bronchiolitis: in-patient focus. Pediatr Clin N Am. 2005;52:1047-1057.

59 Roche P, Lambert S, Spencer J. Surveillance of viral pathogens in Australia: respiratory syncytial virus. CDI. 2003;27(1):117-122.

60 Ogra P. Respiratory syncytial virus, the disease and the immune response. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2004;5(suppl A):S119-S126.

61 Ministry of Health. Immunisation handbook, 2006. Wellington: New Zealand Ministry of Health, 2006.

62 Australian Bureau of Statistics. Cancer in Australia: a snapshot, 2004-05. Cat. no. 4822.0.55.001. Canberra: ABS, 2006.

63 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare & Australasian Association of Cancer Registries. Cancer in Australia: an overview, 2008. Cancer series no. 46. Cat. no. CAN 42. Canberra: AIHW, 2008.

64 Pink B, Allbon P. The Health and welfare of Australia’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples, 2008. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics and Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2008.

65 Ministry of Health. Cancer in New Zealand: trends and projections. Wellington: Ministry of Health, 2002.

66 Cancer Council of Western Australia. Facts on smoking and lung cancer. Perth: Department of Health, 2007.

67 Collins L, et al. Lung cancer: diagnosis and management. Am Fam Physician. 2007;75(1):56-63.

68 Posther K, Harpole DJr. The surgical management of lung cancer. Can Invest. 2006;24(1):56-67.

69 Huang C, et al. Tailor-made chemotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer patients. Future Oncol. 2006;2(2):289-299.

70 Onganer P, Seckl M, Djamgoz M. Neuronal characteristics of small-cell lung cancer. Br J Can. 2005;93(11):1197-1201.

71 Ciombor K, Rocha Lima C. Management of small cell lung cancer. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2006;7(1):59-68.

72 Vincenzi B, et al. Cell cycle alterations and lung cancer. Histol Histopathol. 2006;21(4):423-435.

73 Liu G, Zhou W, Christiani D. Molecular epidemiology of non-small cell lung cancer. Sem Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;26(3):2652-2672.

74 Black C, et al. Population screening for lung cancer using computed tomography: is there evidence of clinical effectiveness? A systematic review of the literature. Thorax. 2007;62(2):131-138.

75 Byrne B, Garst J. Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors and their role in non-small-cell lung cancer. Curr Oncol Rep. 2005;7(4):241-247.

76 Nemunaitis J. A review of vaccine clinical trials for non-small cell lung cancer. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy. 2007;7(1):89-102.

77 Ruttinger D, et al. Immunotherapy of lung cancer: an update. Onkologie. 2006;29(1-2):33-38.

78 Sandler A. Targeting angiogenesis in lung cancer. Sem Oncol. 2005;32(6 suppl 10):S16-S22.

79 Toloza E. Gene therapy for lung cancer. Sem Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005;17(3):205-212.

80 Bearpark H, et al. Snoring and sleep apnea: a population study in Australian men. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;151:1459-1469.

81 Marshall N, et al. Prevalence of treatment choices for snoring and sleep apnea in an Australian population. J Clin Sleep Med. 2007;3(7):695-699.

82 Mihaere K, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea in New Zealand adults: prevalence and risk factors among Maori and non-Maori. Sleep. 2009;32(7):949-956.

83 Chan J, Edman J, Kattai P. Obstructive sleep apnea in children. Am Fam Physician. 2004;69(5):1147-1154.

84 Yaggi H, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea as a risk factor for stroke and death. New Engl J Med. 2005;353:2034-2041.

85 Marshall N, et al. Sleep apnea as an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality: the Busselton health study. Sleep. 2008;31(8):1079-1085.

86 Ryan C, Bradley T. Pathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnea. J Appl Physiol. 2005;99:2440-2450.

87 Patil S, et al. Adult obstructive sleep apnea. Chest. 2007;132:325-337.

88 Wiegand L, Zwillich C. Obstructive sleep apnea. Disease-a-Month. 1994;40(4):197-252.

89 Eckert D, Malhotral A. Pathophysiology of adult obstructive sleep apnea. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2008;5:144-153.

90 Khalil M, Rifaie O. Electrocardiographic changes in obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. Respir Med. 1998;92(1):25-27.

91 Coccagna G, Pollini A, Provini F. Cardiovascular disorders and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Clin Exp Hypertension. 2006;28(3-4):217-224.

92 Pack A, et al. Impaired performance in commercial drivers: role of sleep apnea and short sleep duration. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;174:446-454.

93 Harbison J, O’Reilly P, McNicholas W. Cardiac rhythm disturbances in the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Chest. 2000;118:591-595.

94 Punjabi N. The epidemiology of adult obstructive sleep apnea. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2008;5:136-143.

95 White D. Sleep apnea. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2006;3(1):124-128.

96 Tauman R, et al. Persistence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children after adenotonsillectomy. J Pediatr. 2006;149(6):803-808.

97 Wright R, Pomerantz W, Luria J. New approaches to respiratory infections in children: bronchiolitis and croup. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2002;20(1):93-114.

98 Fraser M, Walls W, McGuire W. Respiratory complications of preterm birth. Br Med J. 2004;329:962-965.

99 Malloy M, Freeman D. Respiratory distress syndrome mortality in the United States, 1987 to 1995. J Perinatol. 2000;20(7):414-420.

100 Roberts D, Dalziel S. Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 3(CD004454), 2006.

101 Ameen N, Silvis M, Bradbury N. Endocytic trafficking of CFTR in health and disease. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis. 2007;6(1):1-14.

102 Fitzgerald D. Cystic fibrosis standards of care, Australia. Sydney: Cystic Fibrosis Australia, 2008.

103 Australian Cystic Fibrosis Data Registry. Cystic fibrosis in Australia 2005. Sydney: Cystic Fibrosis Australia, 2008.

104 New Zealand Cystic Fibrosis Organisation,. www.cfnz.org.nz.

105 Ratjen F, Döring G. Cystic fibrosis. Lancet. 2003;61(9358):681-689.

106 Boucher R. New concepts of the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis lung disease. Eur Respir J. 2004;23(1):146-158.

107 Gibson R, Burns J, Ramsey B. Pathophysiology and management of pulmonary infections in cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;168(8):918-951.

108 Rao S, Grigg J. New insights into pulmonary inflammation in cystic fibrosis. Arch Dis Child. 2006;91(9):786-788.

109 Fitzgerald D. Cystic fibrosis standards of care, Australia. Sydney: Cystic Fibrosis Australia, 2008.

110 Daley K. Update on sudden infant death syndrome. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2004;16(2):227-232.

111 Hauck F, et al. Sleep environment and the risk of sudden infant death in an urban population: the Chicago Infant Mortality Study. Pediatrics. 2003;111(5 Pt 2):1207-1214.

112 Linacre S. Australian social trends 2007: Australia’s babies. Canberra: ABS, 2007.

113 Rees M, Williams T. Pulmonary embolism: assessment and management. Australian Family Physician. 2005;34(7):555-561.

114 Langan C, Weingart S. New diagnostic and treatment modalities for pulmonary embolism: one path through the confusion. Mt Sinai J Med. 2006;73(2):528-541.

115 Segal J, et al. Management of venous thromboembolism: a systematic review for a practice guideline. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146(3):211-222.

116 Duggan M, Kavanagh B. Pulmonary atelectasis: a pathogenic perioperative entity. Anesthesiol. 2005;102(4):838-854.

117 Chapman S, Davies R. Recent advances in parapneumonic effusion and empyema. Curr Opin Pulmon Med. 2004;10(4):299-304.

118 d’Escrivan T, Guery B. Prevention and treatment of aspiration pneumonia in intensive care units. Treat Resp Med. 2005;4(5):317-324.

119 Lumb AB. Nunn’s Applied respiratory physiology, 6th edn., Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2005.

120 Scano G, Stendardi L. Dyspnea and asthma. Curr Opin Pulmon Med. 2006;12(1):18-22.

121 Lansing RW, Moosavi SH, Banzett RB. Measurement of dyspnea: word labeled visual analog scale vs. verbal ordinal scale. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2003;134(2):77-83.

122 Brashers V, Haden K. Differential diagnosis of cough: focus on lung malignancy. Lippincott’s Prim Care Pract. 2000;4(4):374-389.

CHAPTER 26

1 Blackshaw LA, et al. Sensory transmission in the gastrointestinal tract. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2007;19(suppl 1):1-19.

2 Guyton AC, Hall JE. Textbook of medical physiology, 11th edn., Philadelphia: Saunders, 2006.

3 Malbert CH,. The ileocolonic sphincter. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2005; 17 (suppl 1):41-49.

4 Chandi G, Harsha BS, Booshanam BV. The morphology and development of the small intestine. In: Ratnaike R, editor. Small bowel disorders. London: Arnold, 2000.

5 Kelly D, Conway S, Aminov R. Commensal gut bacteria: mechanisms of immune modulation. Trends Immunol. 2005;26(6):26-33.

6 Begg S, et al. The burden of disease and injury in Australia 2003. AIHW cat. no. PHE 82. Canberra: AIWH, 2007.

7 Newton JL. Changes in upper gastrointestinal physiology with age. Mech Ageing Dev. 2004;125(12):867-870.

8 Drozdowski L, Thomson AB. Aging and the intestine. World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12(47):7578-7584.

9 Wynne H. Drug metabolism and ageing. J Br Menopause Soc. 2005;11(2):51-56.

10 Mann J, Truswell AS. Essentials of human nutrition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.

CHAPTER 27

1 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare and Australasian Association of Cancer Registries. Cancer in Australia: an overview, 2008. Cancer series no. 46. Cat. no. CAN 42. Canberra: AIHW, 2008.

2 New Zealand Health Information Service. Cancer: new registrations and deaths, 2004. Wellington: Ministry of Health, 2007.

3 Australian Cancer Network Colorectal Cancer Guidelines Revision Committee/National Health and Medical Research Council. Clinical practice guidelines for the prevention, early detection and management of colorectal cancer. Sydney: The Cancer Council Australia and Australian Cancer Network, 2005.

4 Clarke S. New treatments for advanced and metastatic colorectal cancer — clinical applications. Australian Prescriber. 2002;25:111-113.

5 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet,. Frequently asked questions: what do we know about cancer among Indigenous people? Available at www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/html/html_keyfacts/faq/faq_specific_health/cancer.htm.

6 Shaw C, Cunningham R, Sarfati D. Next steps towards a feasibility study for colorectal cancer screening in New Zealand: Report for the Ministry of Health. Wellington: Department of Public Health, 2008.

7 Department of Health and Ageing,. National bowel cancer screening program. Available at www.cancerscreening.gov.au/internet/screening/publishing.nsf/Content/bowel-about.

8 Australian Bureau of Statistics. Causes of death, Australia. Cat. no. 3303.0. Canberra: ABS, 2009.

9 Ministry of Health. Cancer: new registrations and deaths, Rev edn., Wellington: Minstry of Health, 2009.

10 Lee IM. Physical activity and cancer prevention — data from epidemiologic studies. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35:1823-1827.

11 Calle EE, et al. Overweight, obesity and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults. New Engl J Med. 2003;348:1625-1638.

12 Willett WC. Diet and cancer. Oncologist. 2002;5(5):393-404.

13 Giovannucci E. Modifiable risk factors for colon cancer. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2002;31:925-943.

14 Thun MJ, Henley SJ, Patrono C. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as anticancer agents: mechanistic, pharmacological and clinical issues. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2002;94:252-266.

15 Kune GA. Colorectal cancer chemoprevention with aspirin. Gastrointestinal Oncology. 2003;4:5-20.

16 Garrow JS, James WPT, Ralph A. Human nutrition and dietetics, 10th edn., Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2000.

17 Mann J, Truswell AS. Essentials of human nutrition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.

18 Wakai K, et al. Dietary risk factors for colon and rectal cancers: a comparative case-control study. J Epidemiol. 2006;16(3):125-135.

19 Bodmer WF. Cancer genetics: colorectal cancer as a model. J Human Genetics. 2006;51(5):391-396.

20 Galiatsatos P, Foulkes WD. Familial adenomatous polyposis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101(2):385-398.

21 Wagner A, et al. A 10-Mb paracentric inversion of chromosome arm 2p inactivates MSH2 and is responsible for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer in a North American kindred. Genes, Chromosomes and Cancer. 2002;35(1):49-57.

22 Calvert PM, Frucht H. The genetics of colorectal cancer. Ann Int Med. 2002;137(7):603-612.

23 Distler P, Holt PR. Are right- and left-sided colon neoplasms distinct tumors? Digestive Diseases. 1997;15(4-5):302-311.

24 Wilking N, et al. A comparison of the 25-cm rigid proctosigmoidoscope with the 65-cm flexible endoscope in the screening of patients for colorectal carcinoma. Cancer. 1986;57:669-671.

25 Winawer SJ, Stewart ET, Zauber AG. National polyp study work group. New Engl J Med. 2000;342:1766-1772.

26 Bowel Cancer Screening Pilot Monitoring and Evaluation Steering Committee. The Australian bowel cancer screening pilot program and beyond: final evaluation report. Screening Monograph no. 6/2005. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, 2005.

27 Wei AC, et al. Survival after hepatic resection for colorectal metastases: a 10-year experience. Ann Surg Oncol. 2006;13(5):668-676.

28 Holmes RS, Vaughan TL. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of esophageal cancer. Semin Radiat Oncol. 2007;17(1):2-9.

29 Pera M, et al. Epidemiology of esophageal adenocarcinoma. J Surg Oncol. 2005;92(3):151-159.

30 Wong R, Malthaner R. Combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy (without surgery) compared to radiotherapy alone in localized carcinoma of the esophagus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;1:CD002092.

31 Matysiak-Budnik T, Megraud F. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cancer. Eur J Cancer. 2006;42(6):708-716.

32 Sutter AP, Fechner H. Gene therapy for gastric cancer: is it promising? World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12(3):380-387.

33 Sastre J, Garcia-Saenz JA, Diaz-Rubio E. Chemotherapy for gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12(2):204-213.

34 Gearry RB, et al. High incidence of Crohn’s disease in Canterbury, New Zealand: results of an epidemiological study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2006;12(10):936-943.

35 Trinder MW, Lawrence IC. Efficacy of adalimumab for the management of inflammatory bowel disease in the clinical setting. J Gastroent Hepatol. 2009;24(7):1252-1257.

36 Sands BE. Inflammatory bowel disease: past, present and future. J Gastroenterol. 2007;42(1):16-25.

37 Gibson PR, Iser J. Inflammatory bowel disease. Australian Family Physician. 2005;34(4):233-237.

38 Bach SP, Mortensen NJ. Revolution and evolution: 30 years of ileoanal pouch surgery. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2006;12(2):131-145.

39 Chamberlin WM, Naser SA. Integrating theories of the etiology of Crohn’s disease on the etiology of Crohn’s disease: questioning the hypotheses. MedSci Monit. 2006;12(2):RA27-RA33.

40 Chamaillard M, et al. Advances and perspectives in the genetics of inflammatory bowel diseases. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;4(2):131-141.

41 Birrenbach T, Bocker U. Inflammatory bowel disease and smoking: a review of epidemiology, pathophysiology and therapeutic implications. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2004;10:848-859.

42 Friedman S. Cancer in Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2006;35(3):621-639.

43 Loftus MP. Effects of adalimumab therapy on health-related quality of life patients with Crohn’s disease: patient-reported outcomes of the CHARM trial. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103:3132-3141.

44 Talley NJ. Irritable bowel syndrome. Internal Medicine Journal. 2006;36(11):724-728.

45 Chey WD, Cash BD. Irritable bowel syndrome: update on colonic neuromuscular dysfunction and treatment. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2006;8(4):273-281.

46 Rhodes DY, Wallace M. Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2006;8(4):327-332.

47 Lee HR, Pimentel M. Bacteria and irritable bowel syndrome: the evidence for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Curr Gastroentrol Rep. 2006;8(4):305-311.

48 Fanigliulo L, et al. Role of gut microflora and probiotic effects in the irritable bowel syndrome. Acta Biomed. 2006;77(2):85-89.

49 Macdermott RP. Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome in outpatients with inflammatory bowel disease using a food and beverage intolerance, food and beverage avoidance diet. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2007;13(1):91-96.

50 Bach DR, et al. Emotional stress reactivity in irritable bowel syndrome. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;18(6):629-636.

51 Gastroenterological Society of Australia. Irritable bowel syndrome, 2nd edn., Sydney: Digestive Health Foundation, 2006.

52 Podovei M, Kuo B. Irritable bowel syndrome: a practical review. South Med J. 2006;99(11):1235-1242.

53 Parra-Blanco A. Colonic diverticular disease: pathophysiology and clinical picture. Digestion. 2006;73(suppl 1):47-57.

54 Frieri G, Pimpo MT, Scarpignato C. Management of colonic diverticular disease. Digestion. 2006;73(suppl 1):58-66.

55 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Australian hospital statistics, 2007-08. Health services series no. 33. Cat. no. HSE 71. Canberra: AIHW, 2009.

56 Birnbaum BA, Wilson SR. Appendicitis at the millennium. Radiology. 2000;215(2):337-348.

57 Peck RM, Crabtree J. Helicobacter infection and gastric neoplasia. J Pathol. 2006;208(2):233-248.

58 Cohen H. Peptic ulcer and Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 2000;29(4):775-789.

59 Zapata-Colindres JC, et al. The association of Helicobacter pylori infection and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in peptic ulcer disease. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2006;20(4):277-280.

60 Savoye G, Oors J, Smout AJ. Duodenal acid clearance in humans: observations made with intraluminal impedance recording. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2005;50(8):1553-1560.

61 Stollman N, Metz DC. Pathophysiology and prophylaxis of stress ulcer in intensive care unit patients. J Crit Care. 2005;20(1):35-45.

62 Jones MP. The role of psychosocial factors in peptic ulcer disease: beyond Helicobacter pylori and NSAIDs. J Psychosom Res. 2006;60(4):407-412.

63 Metz DC. Preventing the gastrointestinal consequences of stress-related mucosal disease. Curr Med Res Opin. 2005;21(1):11-18.

64 Tummala S, et al. Quantifying gastric Helicobacter pylori infection: a comparison of quantitative culture, urease breath testing and histology. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2007;52(2):396-401.

65 Ables AZ, Simon I, Melton ER. Update on Helicobacter pylori treatment. American Family Physician. 2007;75(3):351-358.

66 Mózsik G, et al. Mechanisms of action of retinoids in gastrointestinal mucosal protection in animals, human healthy subjects and patients. Life Sciences. 2001;69(25-26):3103-3112.

67 Lin PW, Stoll BJ. Necrotising enterocolitis. Lancet. 2006;368(9543):1271-1283.

68 Gibbs K, Lin J, Holzman IR. Necrotising enterocolitis: the state of the science. Indian J Pediatr. 2007;74(1):67-72.

69 Kamitsuka MD, Horton MK, William MA. The incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis after introducing standardized feeding schedules for infants between 1250 and 1500 grams and less than 35 weeks of gestation. Pediatrics. 2000;105(2):379-384.

70 Nanthakumar NN, et al. Glucocorticoid responsiveness in developing human intestine: possible role in prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2005;288(1):G85-G92.

71 Blakely ML, et al. Laparotomy versus peritoneal drainage for necrotizing enterocolitis or isolated intestinal perforation in extremely low birth weight infants: outcomes through 18 months adjusted age. Pediatrics 2006; 117 (4):e680-e687.

72 Rees CM, et al. Surgical strategies for necrotizing enterocolitis: a survey of practice in the United Kingdom. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2005;90(2):F152-F155.

73 Ahmed T, Ein S, Moore A. The role of peritoneal drains in treatment of perforated necrotizing enterocolitis: recommendations from recent experience. J Pediatr Surg. 1998;33(10):1468-1470.

74 Luig M, Lui K, NSW & ACT NICUS Group. Epidemiology of necrotizing enterocolitis part I: changing regional trends in extremely preterm infants over 14 years. J Paediatr Child Health. 2005;41(4):169-173.

75 Heyman MB, Committee on Nutrition. Lactose intolerance in infants, children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2006;118(3):1279-1286.

76 Stepniak D, Koning F. Celiac disease: sandwiched between innate and adaptive immunity. Human Immunology. 2006;67(6):460-468.

77 Lundin KE, et al. Oats induced villous atrophy in coeliac disease. Gut. 2003;52(11):1649-1652.

78 Peraaho M, et al. Effect of an oats-containing gluten-free diet on symptoms and quality of life in coeliac disease. A randomized study. Scan J Gastroenterol. 2004;39:27-31.

79 Iughetti L, et al. Endocrine aspects of coeliac disease. J Ped Endocrinol Metabolism. 2003;16(6):805-818.

80 Dube C, et al. The prevalence of celiac disease in average-risk and at-risk Western European populations: a systematic review. Gastroenterology. 2005;128(4 suppl 1):S57-S67.

81 Cook B, et al. A thirty-year (1970-1999) study of coeliac disease in the Canterbury region of New Zealand. NZMJ. 117(1189), 2009.

82 Hovell CJ, et al. High prevalence of coeliac disease in a population-based study from Western Australia: a case for screening? Med J Australia. 2001;175:247-250.

83 Rewers M. Epidemiology of celiac disease: what are the prevalence, incidence and progression of celiac disease? Gastroenterology. 2005;128:S47-S51.

84 Stone ML, et al. Age related clinical features of childhood coeliac disease in Australia. BioMed Central Pediatrics. 5(11), 2005.

85 Catassi C, Fasano A. Celiac disease as a cause of growth retardation in children. Curr Opin Pediatrics. 2004;16(4):445-449.

86 Rossi T. Celiac disease. Adolescent Medicine Clinics. 2004;15(1):91-103.

87 Dickey W Conference on ‘Malnutrition matters’. Symposium 1: Joint BAPEN and British Society of Gastroenterology Symposium on ‘Coeliac disease: basics and controversies’. Coeliac disease in the twenty-first century. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society; 2009:1-8.

88 Silano M, et al. Collaborating centres of the Italian registry of the complications of coeliac disease: delayed diagnosis of coeliac disease increases cancer risk. BMC Gastroenterol. 7(8), 2007.

89 Lean M, Wiseman M. Malnutrition in hospitals. Still common because screening tools are underused and poorly enforced. Br Med J. 336(290), 2008.

90 Banks M, et al. Prevalence of malnutrition in adults in Queensland public hospitals and residential aged care facilities. Nutrition and Dietetics. 2007;64:172-178.

91 Kaur S, et al. Nutritional status of adults participating in ambulatory rehabilitation. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17:199-207.

92 Feldman M, Friedman LS, Sleisenger MH. Sleisenger and Fordtran’s gastrointestinal and liver disease, 8th edn., Philadelphia: Saunders, 2002.

93 Emery PW. Metabolic changes in malnutrition. Eye. 2005;19(10):1029-1034.

94 Chatoor I. Feeding disorders in infants and toddlers: diagnosis and treatment. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2004;11(2):163-183.

95 Jones R, Galmiche JP. Review: what do we mean by GERD? Definition and diagnosis. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2005;22(suppl 1):2-10.

96 Moayyedi P, Talley NJ. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Lancet. 2006;367(9528):2086-2100.

97 Merola E, Claudio PP, Giordano A. p53 and the malignant progression of Barrett’s esophagus. J Cellular Physiology. 2006;206(3):574-577.

98 Armstrong D. Gastroesophageal reflux disease. Curr Opin Pharmacology. 2005;5(6):589-595.

99 Henry SM. Discerning differences: gastroesophageal reflux and gastroesophageal reflux disease in infants. Advances in Neonatal Care. 2004;4(4):235-247.

100 McGovern MC, Smith MB. Causes of apparent life threatening events in infants: a systematic review. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2004;89(11):1043-1048.

101 Suwandhi E, Ton MN, Schwarz SM. Gastroesophageal reflux in infancy and childhood. Pediatric Annals. 2006;35(4):259-266.

102 MacMahon B. The continuing enigma of pyloric stenosis of infancy: a review. Epidemiology. 2006;17(2):195-201.

103 Vasavada P. Ultrasound evaluation of acute abdominal emergencies in infants and children. Radiologic Clinics of North America. 2007;42(2):445-456.

104 Aspelund G, Langer JC. Current management of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Seminars in Pediatric Surgery. 2007;16(1):27-33.

105 Chaudhary BN, Chadwick M, Roe AM,. Selecting patients with faecal incontinence for anal sphincter surgery: the influence of irritable bowel syndrome. Colorectal Disease 2009; 4.

106 Ho Y, et al. Faecal incontinence: an unrecognised epidemic in rural North Queensland? Results of a hospital-based outpatient study. Aust J Rural Health. 2005;13:28-34.

107 Whitehead WE, et al. Fecal incontinence in US adults: epidemiology and risk factors. Gastroenterology 2009;137(2):512-517.

108 Bischoff A, et al. Treatment of fecal incontinence with a comprehensive bowel management program. J Pediatric Surg. 2009;44:1278-1284.

109 van Herwaarden MA, Samsom M, Smout AJ. The role of hiatus hernia in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Euro J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;16(9):831-835.

110 Catto-Smith AG, Trajanovska M, Taylor RG. Long-term continence in patients with Hirschsprung’s disease and Down syndrome. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;21(4):748-753.

111 Kessmann J. Hirschsprung’s disease: diagnosis and management. Am Fam Physician. 2006;74(8):1319-1322.

112 Minami M, et al. Pharmacological aspects of anticancer drug-induced emesis with emphasis on serotonin release and vagal nerve activity. Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2003;99:149-165.

113 Wald A. Pathophysiology, diagnosis and current management of chronic constipation. Nature Clinical Practice Gastroenteroloy and Hepatology. 2006;3(2):90-100.

114 Hsieh C. Treatment of constipation in older adults. Am Fam Physician. 2005;72(11):2277-2284.

115 Oldfield EC. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: resurgence with a vengeance. Reviews in Gastroenterological Disorders. 2006;6(2):79-96.

116 Starr J. Clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea: diagnosis and treatment. Br Med J. 2005;331:498-501.

117 Parkes GC, Sanderson JD, Whelan K. The mechanisms and efficacy of probiotics in the prevention of Clostridium difficile-associateed diarrhoea. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2009;9:237-244.

118 Ocha TJ, Salazar-Lindo E, Cleary TG. Management of children with infection-associated persistent diarrhea. Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases. 2004;15(4):229-236.

119 Leung AK, Kellner JD, Davies HD. Rotavirus gastroenteritis. Adv Ther. 2005;22(5):476-487.

120 Jost WH. Other indications of botulinum toxin therapy. Eur J Nerol. 2006;13(suppl 1):65-69.

121 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Alcohol and other drug treatment services in Australia, 2006-07. Report on the National Minimum Data Set. Drug treatment series no. 8. Cat. no. HSE 59. Canberra: AIHW, 2008.

122 Australian Government National Health and Medical Research Council. Australian guidelines to reduce health risks from drinking alcohol. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, 2009.

123 Connor J, et al. The burden of death, disease and disability due to alcohol in New Zealand. In: ALAC Occasional Publication no. 23. Wellington: Alcohol Advisory Council of New Zealand; 2005.

124 Rehm J, Room R, Taylor B. Method for moderation: measuring lifetime risk of alcohol-attributable mortality as a basis for drinking guidelines. Int J Methods Psychiatric Res. 2008;17(3):141-151.

125 Begg S, et al. The burden of disease and injury in Australia 2003. In: AIHW cat. no. PHE 82. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare; 2007.

126 Roongpisuthipong C, et al. Nutritional assessment in various stages of liver cirrhosis. Nutrition and Dietetics. 2001;17(9):761-765.

127 Tsukada S, Parsons CJ, Rippe RA. Mechanisms of liver fibrosis. Clin Chim Acta. 2006;364(1-2):33-60.

128 Baraona E, Lieber CS. Alcohol and lipids. Recent Dev Alcohol. 1998;14:97-134.

129 Day CP. Treatment of alcoholic liver disease. Liver Transplantation. 2007;13(11 suppl 2):S69-S75.

130 Tasman-Jones C. Alcohol drinking guideline. NZMJ. 2005;118:1-2.

131 Gropper SS, Smith JL, Groff JL. Advanced nutrition and human metabolism, 5th edn., Belmont: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 2009.

132 Parikh S, Hyman D. Hepatocellular cancer: a guide for the internist. Am J Med. 2007;120(3):194-202.

133 Ward K, McAnulty J. Hepatitis A: who in NSW is most at risk of infection? NSW Public Health Bulletin. 2008;19(1-2):32-35.

134 Menzies R, et al. Vaccine preventable diseases and vaccination coverage in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, Australia, 2003 to 2006. Communicable Diseases Intelligence. 2008;32(suppl):S2-S67.

135 Wasley A, Samandari T, Bell BP. Incidence of hepatitis A in the United States in the era of vaccination. JAMA. 2005;294(2):194-201.

136 Muecke CJ, et al. Hepatitis A seroprevalence and risk factors among day care educators. Clin Invest Med. 2004;27(5):259-264.

137 Wallace J, McNally S, Richmond J,. National hepatitis B needs assessment. Monograph no. 64. Available at www.ashm.org.au/images/publications/guidelines/07hepbneedsassess_000.pdf.

138 Australian and New Zealand Chronic Hepatitis B (CHB) recommendations,. Available at www.gesa.org.au.

139 Nightingale S, et al. Chronic hepatitis B and C infection in children in New South Wales. Med J Aust. 2009;190:670-673.

140 Razali IK, et al. Modelling the hepatitis C virus epidemic in Australia. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2007;91:228-235.

141 Stern RK, et al. The HCV synthesis project: scope, methodology and preliminary results. BioMed Central Medical Research Methodology. 2008;8:62-73.

142 Razali K, et al. Modelling and calibration of the hepatitis C epidemic in Australia. Statistical Methods in Medical Research. 2009;18:253-270.

143 Razali K, et al. Modelling the hepatitis C virus epidemic in Australia. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2007;91:228-235.

144 Mak DB, Watkins RE. Improving the accuracy of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal disease notification rates using data linkage. BioMed Central Health Services Research. 2008;8:118-126.

145 Shukla NB, Poles MA. Hepatitis B virus: coinfection with hepatitis C virus, hepatitis D virus and human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Liver Dis. 2004;8(2):445-460.

146 Khan SA, et al. Acute liver failure: a review. Clin Liver Dis. 2006;10(2):239-258.

147 Yuen MF, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma in the Asia Pacific region. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;24:346-353.

148 Sterling RK, Bralow S. Extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis C virus. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2006;8(1):53-59.

149 Robinson T, et al. The New Zealand hepatitis B screening programme: screening coverage and prevalence of chronic hepatitis B infection. NZMJ. 2005;118:1345.

150 Tanikawa K. Recent advances in antiviral agents: antiviral drug discovery for hepatitis viruses. Curr Pharm Des. 2006;12(11):1371-1377.

151 Australian Society for HIV Medicine,. Nurses and hepatitis C. Available at www.ashm.org.au/publications.

152 Wood N, et al. Establishment of a surveillance system (utilising Midwifes Data Collection Systems) for monitoring the impact of hepatitis B vaccination on the population prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in Australia. Aust New Zeal J Publ Health. 2008;32(3):272-275.

153 Robotin MC, et al. Preventing primary liver cancer: how well are we faring towards a national hepatitis B strategy? Med J Australia. 2008;188:363-365.

154 Motola-Kuba D, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: a review. Ann Hepatol. 2006;5(1):16-24.

155 Lubienski A. Hepatocellular carcinoma: interventional bridging to liver transplantation. Transplantation. 2005;80(1 suppl):S113-S119.

156 Laleman W, et al. Portal hypertension: from pathophysiology to clinical practice. Liver Int. 2005;25(6):1079-1090.

157 Wright AS, Rikkers LF. Current management of portal hypertension. J Gastrointest Surg. 2005;9(7):992-1005.

158 Sandhu BS, Sanyal AJ. Management of ascites in cirrhosis. Clin Liv Dis. 2005;9(4):715-732.

159 Cardenas A, Arroyo V. Refractory ascites. Dig Dis. 2005;23(1):30-38.

160 Mas A,. Hepatic encephalopathy: from pathophysiology to treatment. Digestion 2006; 73 (suppl 1):86-93.

161 Wright G, Jalan R. Management of hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2007;21(1):95-110.

162 Roche SP, Kobos R. Jaundice in the adult patient. Am Fam Physician. 2004;69(2):299-304.

163 Scott-Conner CE, Grogan JB. The pathophysiology of biliary obstruction and its effect on phagocytic and immune function. J Surg Res. 1994;57(2):316-336.

164 Truman P. Jaundice in the preterm infant. Pediatr Nurs. 2006;18(5):20-22.

165 Wennberg RP, et al. Towards understanding kernicterus: a challenge to improve the management of jaundiced newborns. Pediatrics. 2006;117(2):474-485.

166 Blackmon LR, et al. Research on prevention of bilirubin-induced brain injury and kernicterus: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development conference executive summary. Pediatrics. 2004;114(1):29-223.

167 Shaffer AE. Epidemiology of gallbladder stone disease. Best Practice Research Clinical Gastroenterology. 2006;20:981-996.

168 Portincasa P, Moschetta A, Palasciano G. Cholesterol gallstone disease. Lancet. 2006;368(9531):230-239.

169 Portincasa P, et al. Gallstone disease: symptoms and diagnosis of gallbladder stones. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2006;20(6):1017-1029.

170 Bellows CF, Berger DH, Crass RA. Management of gallstones. Am Fam Physician. 2005;72(4):637-642.

171 Middelfart HV, et al. Pain patterns after distension of the gallbladder in patients with acute cholecystitis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1998;33(9):982-987.

172 Perez-Mateo M. How we predict the etiology of acute pancreatitis. JOP. 2006;7(3):257-261.

173 Browne GW, Pitchumoni CS. Pathophysiology of pulmonary complications of acute pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12(44):7087-7096.

174 Kakafika A, et al. Coagulation, platelets and acute pancreatitis. Pancreas. 2007;34(1):15-20.

175 Mayerle J, Hlouschek V, Lerch MM. Current management of acute pancreatitis. Nat Clin Pract Gasteroentrol Hepatol. 2005;2(10):473-483.

176 Sargent S. Pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of acute pancreatitis. Br J Nurs. 2006;15(18):999-1005.

177 DeMagno MJ, DiMagno EP. Chronic pancreatitis. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2005;21(5):544-554.

178 Leppaniemi A, Kemppainen E. Recent advances in the surgical management of nectrotizing pancreatitis. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2005;11(4):349-352.

179 Goldstein D. The role of chemotherapy in the treatment of pancreatic carcinoma. Australian Prescriber. 2005;28:42-44.

180 Freelove R, Walling AD. Pancreatic cancer: diagnosis and management. Am Fam Physician. 2006;73(3):485-492.

181 Schafer M, Mullhaupt B, Clavien PA. Evidence-based pancreatic head resection for pancreatic cancer and chronic pancreatitis. Ann Surg. 2002;236(2):137-148.

182 Ellison NM, et al. Supportive care for patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma: symptom control and nutrition. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2002;16(1):105-121.

183 Boeck S, et al. Importance of performance status for treatment outcome in advanced pancreatic cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2007;13(2):224-227.