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30 Cattran DC. Outcomes research in glomerulonephritis. Semin Nephrol. 2003;23(4):340-354.

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40 Snyder S, Pendergraph B. Detection and evaluation of chronic kidney disease. Am Fam Physician. 2005;72(9):1723-1732.

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56 Schena FP, Gesualdo L. Pathogenetic mechanisms of diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16(suppl 1):S30-S33.

57 Nolan CR. Strategies for improving long-term survival in patients with ESRD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16(suppl 2):S120-S127.

58 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Chronic kidney disease in Australia. Cat. no. PHE 682005. Canberra: AIHW, 2005.

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62 Bellomo R, Ronco C, Kellum JA, Mehta RL, Palevsky P, the ADQI Workgroup. Acute renal failure: definition, outcome measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology needs: the Second International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group. Crit Care. 2004;8:R204-R212.

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73 Kemper MJ, Mueller-Wiefel DE. Renal function in congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract. Curr Opin Urol. 2001;11(6):571-575.

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81 Butler RJ. Childhood nocturnal enuresis: developing a conceptual framework. Clin Psychol Rev. 2004;24(8):909-931.

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3 Australian Bureau of Statistics. National survey of mental health and wellbeing, 2007. Cat. no. 4326.0. Canberra: ABS, 2008.

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5 Miyamoto S, LaMantia AS, Duncan GE, et al. Recent advances in the neurobiology of schizophrenia. Molecular Interventions. 2003;3:27-39.

6 American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edn, text revision, international version. Washington: APA, 2000.

7 World Health Organization,. International classification of diseases and related health problems. 10th revision. Geneva, WHO; 1992.

8 Stein DJ, Bouwer C. A neuro-evolutionary approach to anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 1997;11:409-429.

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15 Stein DJ. Obsessive-compulsive disorder. Lancet. 2002;360:397-405.

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29 Maletic V, Robinson M, Oakes T, et al. Neurobiology of depression: an integrated view of key findings. Int J Clin Pract. 2007;61:2030-2040.

30 Castren E, Rantamaki T. Role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the aetiology of depression: implications for pharmacological treatment. CNS Drugs. 2010;24:1-7.

31 Delgado P, Moreno FA. Role of norepinephrine in depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61(suppl 1):5-12.

32 Slade T, Johnston A, Oakley Browne MA, et al. National survey of mental health and wellbeing: methods and key findings. Aust New Zeal J Psychiatry. 2007;43:594-605.

33 Swann AC. The strong relationship between bipolar and substance-use disorder. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2010;187:276-293.

34 Carney SM, Goodwin GM. Lithium — a continuing story in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2008;111:7-12.

35 Access Economics Schizophrenia costs: an analysis of the burden of schizophrenia and related suicide in Australia. Report for SANE Australia; 2002.

36 Warner R. Recovery from schizophrenia: psychiatry and political economy, 3rd edn., Hove: Brunner-Routledge, 2005.

37 Karoutzou G, Emrich HM, Dietrich DE. The myelin-pathogenesis puzzle in schizophrenia: a literature review. Molecular Psychiatry. 2008;13:245-260.

38 McDonald AW, Schulz SC. What we know: findings that every theory of schizophrenia should explain. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2009;35:493-508.

39 Brown AS. Prenatal infection as a risk factor for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2006;32:200-202.

40 Brown AS. The risk for schizophrenia from childhood and adult infections. Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165:7-10.

41 Lewis DA, Levitt P. Schizophrenia as a disorder of neurodevelopment. Annual Review of Neuroscience. 2002;25:409-432.

42 Marceno S, Weinberger DR. The neurodevelopment hypothesis of schizophrenia: following a trail of evidence from cradle to grave. Development Psychopathology. 2000;12:501-527.

43 Duncan GE, Sheitman BB, Lieberman JA. An integrated view of pathophysiological models of schizophrenia. Brain Research Review. 1999;29:250-264.

44 Jarskog LF, Miyamoto S, Lieberman JA. Schizophrenia: new pathological insights and therapies. Annual Review of Medicine. 2007;58:49-61.

45 Howes OD, Kapur S. The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: version III — the final common pathway. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2009;35:549-562.

46 Stuart GW. Principles and practice of psychiatric nursing, 9th edn., St Louis: Mosby Elsevier, 2009.

47 Rathod S, Kingdon D, Weiden P, et al. Cognitive-behavorial therapy for medication-resistant schizophrenia: a review. Journal of Psychiatric Practice. 2008;14:22-33.

48 World Health Organization. Global status report on alcohol. Geneva: Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, WHO, 2004.

49 Balik C. Exploring the gene-environment nexus in eating disorders. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2005;30(5):355-359.

50 Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists Clinical Practice Guidelines Team for Anorexia Nervosa. Australian and New Zealand clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of anorexia nervosa. Aust New Zeal J Psychiatry. 2004;38:659-670.

51 Hay P, Mond J, Buttner P, et al. Eating disorder behaviours are increasing: findings from two sequential community surveys in South Australia. PLoS ONE. 2008;3(2):e1541.

52 Soh N, Surgenor LJ, Touyz S, et al. Eating disorders across two cultures: does the expression of psychological control vary? Aust New Zeal J Psychiatry. 2004;41:351-358.

53 Martin AE, Pascoe EM, Forbes DA. Monitoring nutritional status accurately and reliably in adolescents with anorexia nervosa. J Paediatr Child Health. 2009;45:53-57.

54 le Grange D, Lock J. The dearth of psychological treatment studies for anorexia nervosa. Int J Eating Disor. 2005;37(2):79-91.

55 Garrow J, James W, Ralph A. Human nutrition and dietetics, 10th edn., Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2000.

56 Oakley Browne MA, Wells JE, Scott KM, et al. Lifetime prevalence and projected lifetime risk of DSM-IV disorders in Te Rau Hinengaro: The New Zealand Mental Health Survey. Aust New Zeal J Psychiatry. 2006;40:865-874.

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3 SCRGSP (Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision),. Overcoming Indigenous disadvantage: key indicators, 2009. Canberra; 2009.

4 Australian Bureau of Statistics. Population characteristics, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians. Cat. no. 4713.0. Canberra: ABS, 2006.

5 Bramley D, Hebert P, Jackson R, et al. Indigenous disparities in disease-specific mortality, a cross-country comparison: New Zealand, Australia, Canada, and the United States. J New Zeal Med Assocation. 117(1207), 2004.

6 National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation,. Health data: compare Indigenous populations in Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the USA. Canberra: 2010. Available at www.naccho.org.au/Files/Documents/International_Comparative_Health_Data_Ischaemic_Heart_Disease.pdf.

7 Yeates K, Cass A, Sequist T, et al. Indigenous people in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United States are less likely to receive renal transplantation. Kidney International. 2009;76:659-664.

8 Hill K, Barker B, Vos T. Excess Indigenous mortality: are Indigenous Australians more severely disadvantaged than other Indigenous populations? Int J Epidemiology. 2007;36(3):580-589.

9 Freemantle J, Officer K, McAullay D, et al. Australian Indigenous health — within an international context. Darwin: Cooperative Research Centre for Aboriginal Health, 2007.

10 Cooke M, Mitrou F, Lawrence D, et al. Indigenous wellbeing in four countries: an application of the UNDP’s human development index to indigenous peoples in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States. BMC International Health and Human Rights 2007.

11 Paradies Y, Cunningham J. Placing Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mortality in an international context. Aust New Zeal J Publ Health. 2002;26(1):11-16.

12 Shannon C. Acculturation: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander nutrition. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2002;11(suppl 3):S576-S578.

13 Australian Bureau of Statistics. Deaths. Cat. no. 3302.0. Canberra: ABS, 2008.

14 Australian Bureau of Statistics and Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Australia’s health 2008. ABS Cat. no. 4704.0, AIHW Cat. no. IHW 21. Canberra: ABS/AIHW, 2008.

15 Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet,. Summary of Australian Indigenous health, 2009.

16 Australian Bureau of Statistics. Causes of death. Cat. no. 3303.0. Canberra: ABS, 2008.

17 Freemantle C, Read A, de Klerk N, et al. Patterns, trends, and increasing disparities in mortality for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal infants born in Western Australia, 1980-2001: population database study. Lancet. 2006;367:1758-1766.

18 Australian Bureau of Statistics. National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey Australia, 2004-05. Cat. no. 4715.0. Canberra: ABS, 2006.

19 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Australian hospital statistics, 2007-08. Canberra: AIHW, 2009.

20 Thomson N, MacRae A, Burns J, et al. Overview of Australian Indigenous health status, December 2009. Perth: University of Western Australia, 2009.

21 Hoy W, Nicol J. Birthweight and natural deaths in a remote Australian Aboriginal community. Med J Australia. 2010;192:14-19.

22 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Penm E. Cardiovascular disease and its associated risk factors in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, 2004-05. Cardiovascular disease series no. 29. Cat. no. CVD 41. Canberra: AIHW, 2008.

23 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Moon L, Waters A-M. Socioeconomic inequalities in cardiovascular disease in Australia: current picture and trends since the 1990s. Bulletin No. 37. Cat. no. AUS 74. Canberra: AIHW, 2006.

24 Thomson N, Ride K. Summary of the cardiovascular health status of Indigenous peoples. Perth: Centre for Indigenous Australian Education and Research, 2009.

25 Bradshaw P, Helman S, Alfonso J, et al. A comparison of coronary heart disease event rates among urban Australian Aboriginal people and a matched non-Aboriginal population. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2010; doi:10.1136/jech.2009.098343

26 Rowley K, Walker K, Cohen J, et al. Inflammation and vascular endothelial activation in an Aboriginal population: relationships to coronary disease risk factors and nutritional markers. Med J Australia. 2003;178(10):495-500.

27 O’Neal D, Piers L, Iser D, et al. Australian Aboriginal people and Torres Strait Islanders have an atherogenic lipid profile that is characterised by low HDL-cholesterol level and small LDL particles. Atherosclerosis. 2008;201:368-377.

28 McDonald S, Maguire G, Duarte N, et al. Carotid intima-media thickness, cardiovascular risk factors and albuminuria in a remote Australian Aboriginal community. Atherosclerosis. 2004;177(2):423-431.

29 Wang Z, Hoy W. Is the Framingham coronary heart disease absolute risk function applicable to Aboriginal people? Med J Australia. 2005;182:66-69.

30 Coory M, Walsh W. Rates of percutaneous coronary interventions and bypass surgery after acute myocardial infarcation in Indigenous patients. Med J Australia. 2005;182:507-512.

31 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Mathur S, Moon L, Leigh S. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people with coronary heart disease: further perspectives on health status and treatment. Cardiovascular disease series no. 26. Cat. no. CVD 34. Canberra: AIHW, 2006.

32 Thirft A, Hayman N. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and the burden of stroke. Int J Stroke. 2007;2(1):57-59.

33 Wang Z, Rowley K, Best J, et al. Hemostatic factors in Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations. Metabolism. 2007;56:629-635.

34 Carapetis J, McDonald M, Wilson N. Acute rheumatic fever. Lancet. 2005;366:155-168.

35 Carapetis J, Currie B. Preventing rheumatic heart disease in Australia. Med J Australia. 1998;168:428-429.

36 National Heart Foundation of Australia (RF/RHD guideline development working group) and the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand,. Diagnosis and management of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in Australia — an evidence-based review. National Heart Foundation; 2006.

37 Harrington Z, Visvanathan K, Skinner N, et al. B-cell antigen D8/17 is a marker of rheumatic fever susceptibility in Aboriginal Australians and can be tested in remote settings. Med J Australia. 2006;184:507-510.

38 O’Dea K, Patel M, Kubisch D, et al. Obesity, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia in a central Australian aboriginal community with a long history of acculturation. Diabetes Care. 1993;16(7):1004-1010.

39 Neel J. Diabetes mellitus: a ‘thrifty’ genotype rendered detrimental by ‘progress’? Am J Human Genetics. 1962;14:353-362.

40 Nugent A. The metabolic syndrome. Nutrition Bulletin. 2004;29:36-43.

41 Wood L. Obesity, waist-hip ratio and hunter-gatherers. Int J Obstetr Gynaecol. 2006;113:1110-1116.

42 Sanjeevi C. Genes influencing innate and acquired immunity in type 1 diabetes and latent autoimmune diabetes in adults. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2006;1079:67-80.

43 Busfield F, Duffy D, Kesting J, et al. A genomewide search for type 2 diabetes-susceptibility genes in Indigenous Australians. Am J Human Genetics. 2002;70:349-357.

44 Baier L, Permana P, Yang X, et al. A calpain-10 gene polymorphism is associated with reduced muscle mRNA levels and insulin resistance. J Clin Investigation. 2000;106:R69-R73.

45 Paradies Y, Montoya M, Fullerton S. Racialized genetics and the study of complex diseases: The thrifty genotype revisited. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. 2007;50(2):203-227.

46 Basedow H. Diseases of the Australian Aborigines. J Trop Med Hygiene. 1932;35(12):177-185.

47 Speakman J. A non-adaptive scenario explaining the genetic predisposition to obesity: the ‘predation release’ hypothesis. Cell Metabolism. 2007;6(1):5-12.

48 Campbell L. The thrifty gene hypothesis: maybe everyone is right? Int J Obesity. 2008;32:723-724.

49 Daniel M, O’Dea K, Rowley K, et al. Glycated hemoglobin as an indicator of social environmental stress among indigenous versus westernized populations. Preventive Medicine. 1999;25(5):405-413.

50 Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care/Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. National health priority areas report: diabetes mellitus. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 1999.

51 Li M, Campbell S, McDermott R,. Six year weight change and type 2 diabetes among Australian Indigenous adults. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2010.

52 Rosengren A, et al. Education and risk of acute myocardial infarction in 52 high, middle and low-income countries: INTERHEART case-control study. Heart. 2000;95:2014-2022.

53 O’Dea K. Preventable chronic diseases among Indigenous Australians: The need for a comprehensive national approach. Heart, Lung and Circulation. 2005;14:167-171.

54 Daniel M, Rowley K, McDermott R, et al. Diabetes incidence in an Australian Aboriginal population. Diabetic Care. 1999;22:1993-1998.

55 Daniel M, Rowley K, McDermott R, et al. Diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in Aboriginal Australians: prevalence and risk. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 2002;57:23-33.

56 Condon J, Barnes T, Cunningham J, et al. Long-term trends in cancer mortality for Indigenous Australians in the Northern Territory. Med J Australia. 2004;180(10):504-507.

57 Cunningham J, Rumbold A, Zhang X, et al. Incidence, aetiology and outcomes of cancer in Indigenous peoples in Australia. Lancet Oncology. 2008;9:585-595.

58 Shahid S, Thompson S. An overview of cancer and belief about the disease in indigenous people of Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the US. Aust New Zeal J Public Health. 2009;33(2):109-118.

59 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. An overview of chronic kidney disease in Australia, 2009. Cat. no. PHE 111. Canberra: AIHW, 2009.

60 Zimmet P, Welborn T, Cameron A, et al. The Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab) — methods and response rates. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 2002;57:119-129.

61 Barr E, Magliano D, Zimmet P, et al. AusDiab Report 2005: The Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study. Melbourne: International Diabetes Institute, 2006.

62 Hoy W. Renal disease in Australian Aboriginals. Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation. 2000;15:1293-1297.

63 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. An overview of chronic kidney disease in Australia, 2009. Canberra: AIHW, 2009.

64 Kidney Health Australia. National chronic kidney disease strategy. Melbourne: Kidney Health Australia, 2006.

65 Australian Health Ministers’ Advisory Council. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health performance framework report. Canberra: AHMAC, 2008.

66 Yeates K, Tonelli M. Indigenous health: update on the impact of diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertension. 2006;15:588-592.

67 Australian Centre for Asthma Monitoring. Asthma in Australia, 2003, 2005. AIHW Asthma Series 1. AIHW cat no. ACM1. Canberra: AIHW, 2005.

68 Dawson A. Asthma in the Australian Indigenous population: a review of the evidence. Rural and Remote Health Journal. 2004;4:1-18.

69 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Measuring the social and emotional wellbeing of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Cat. no. AIHW 24. Canberra: AIHW, 2009.

70 Alzheimer’s Australia. Dementia facts and statistics. Canberra: Alzheimer’s Australia, 2008.

71 Flicker L, Smith K, Lautenschlager NA, et al. The increased prevalence of dementia and risk factors in Indigenous Australians. Alzheimer’s and Dementia. 2008;4(4):T673-T674.

72 Garvey G, Simmonds D, Clements V, et al. Making sense of dementia: understanding among Indigenous Australians. Alzheimer’s and Dementia. 2009;5(5):e2.

73 Logiudice D. Diagnosis and prevalence of dementia in Indigenous Australians. Alzheimer’s and Dementia. 2009;5(4):P121.

74 Smith K. Assessment and prevalence of dementia in Indigenous Australians. Perth: University of Western Australia, 2008. PhD thesis

75 Carville K, Lehmann D, Hall G, et al. Infection is the major component of the disease burden in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Australian children: a population-based study. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2007;26(3):210-216.

76 Thomson N, Burns J. Summary of Indigenous health: Tuberculosis. Aboriginal and Islander Health Worker Journal. 2008;32:26-27.

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