Large Animal Internal Medicine

987 Carcillo JA, Davis AL, Zaritsky A. Role of early fluid resuscitation in pediatric septic shock. JAMA. 1991;266:1242.

988 Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S, et al. Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1368.

989 Burris D, Rhee P, Kaufmann C, et al. Controlled resuscitation for uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock. J Trauma. 1999;46:216.

990 Soucy DM, Rudé M, Hsia WC, et al. The effects of varying fluid volume and rate of resuscitation during uncontrolled hemorrhage. J Trauma. 1999;46:209.

991 Corley KTT. Fluid therapy for horses with gastrointestinal diseases. In Smith BP, editor: Large animal internal medicine, ed 3, St Louis: Mosby, 2002.

992 Hansen B, DeFrancesco T. Relationship between hydration estimate and body weight change after fluid therapy in critically ill dogs and cats. J Vet Emerg Crit Care. 2002;12:235.

993 Rose RJ. A physiological approach to fluid and electrolyte therapy in the horse. Equine Vet J. 1981;13:7.

994 Groenendyk S, English PB, Abetz I. External balance of water and electrolytes in the horse. Equine Vet J. 1988;20:189.

995 Tasker JB. Fluid and electrolyte studies in the horse III. Intake and output of water, sodium and potassium in normal horses. Cornell Vet. 1967;57:649.

996 Houpt KA, et al. Effect of water restriction on equine behaviour and physiology. Equine Vet J. 2000;32:341.

997 Corley KTT. Fluid therapy. In: Bertone JJ, Horspool LL, editors. Equine clinical pharmacology. London: Saunders, 2004.

998 Spurlock SL, Furr M. Fluid therapy. In: Koterba AM, Drummond WH, Kosch PC, editors. Equine clinical neonatology. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1990.

999 Palmer JE. Fluid therapy in the neonate: not your mother’s fluid space. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 2004;20:63.

1000 Oftedal OT, Hintz HF, Schryver HF. Lactation in the horse: milk composition and intake by foals. J Nutr. 1983;113:2096.

1001 Svendsen CK, Hjortkjaer RK, Hesselholt M. Colic in the horse. A clinical and clinical chemical study of 42 cases. Nord Vet Med. 1979;31(Suppl I):1.

1002 Holliday M. The evolution of therapy for dehydration: should deficit therapy still be taught? Pediatrics. 1996;98:171.

1003 Whitehair KJ, Haskins SC, Whitehair JG, et al. Clinical applications of quantitative acid-base chemistry. J Vet Intern Med. 1995;9:1.

1004 Constable PD, Hinchcliff KW, Muir WW. Comparison of anion gap and strong ion gap as predictors of unmeasured strong ion concentration in plasma and serum from horses. Am J Vet Res. 1998;59:881.

1005 Sing RF, Branas CA, Sing RF. Bicarbonate therapy in the treatment of lactic acidosis: medicine or toxin? J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1995;95:52.

1006 Poole-Wilson PA, Langer GA. Effect of pH on ionic exchange and function in rat and rabbit myocardium. Am J Physiol. 1975;229:570.

1007 Gossett KA, French DD, Cleghorn B, et al. Blood biochemical response to sodium bicarbonate infusion during sublethal endotoxemia in ponies. Am J Vet Res. 1990;51:1370.

1008 Lakritz J, Madigan J, Carlson GP. Hypovolemic hyponatremia and signs of neurological disease associated with diarrhea in a foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1992;200:1114.

1009 Schaer M. Disorders of serum potassium, sodium, magnesium and chloride. J Vet Emerg Crit Care. 1999;9:209.

1010 Protopapas K. Studies on metabolic disturbances and other post-operative complications following equine surgery. In: Department of Farm Animal and Equine Medicine and Surgery. London: Royal Veterinary College, University of London; 2000.

1011 Rose BD. Clinical physiology of acid-base and electrolyte disorders, ed 4, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994.

1012 Kwun KB, Boucherit T, Wong J, et al. Treatment of metabolic alkalosis with intravenous infusion of concentrated hydrochloric acid. Am J Surg. 1983;146:328.

1013 Rothe KF, Schimek F. Necrotic skin lesion following therapy of severe metabolic alkalosis. A case report. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg. 1986;37:137.

1015 Muylle E, Nuytten J, Van den Hende C, et al. Determination of red blood cell potassium content in horses with diarrhoea: a practical approach for therapy. Equine Vet J. 1984;16:450.

1016 Hamill-Ruth RJ, McGory R. Magnesium repletion and its effect on potassium homeostasis in critically ill adults: results of a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Crit Care Med. 1996;24:38.

1017 Dart AJ, Snyder JR, Spier SJ, et al. Ionized calcium concentration in horses with surgically managed gastrointestinal disease: 147 cases (1988–1990). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1992;201:1244.

1018 Cooper DJ, Walley KR, Dodek PM, et al. Plasma ionized calcium and blood lactate concentrations are inversely associated in human lactic acidosis. Intensive Care Med. 1992;18:286.

1019 Todd JC, Mollitt DL. Effect of sepsis on erythrocyte intracellular calcium homeostasis. Crit Care Med. 1995;23:459.

1020 Schryver HF, Craig PH, Hintz HF, et al. The site of calcium absorption in the horse. J Nutr. 1970;100:1127.

1021 Beyer MJ, Freestone JF, Reimer JM, et al. Idiopathic hypocalcemia in foals. J Vet Intern Med. 1997;11:356.

1022 Garcia-Lopez JM, et al. Prevalence and prognostic importance of hypomagnesemia and hypocalcemia in horses that have colic surgery. Am J Vet Res. 2001;62:7.

1023 Delesalle C, Dewulf J, Lefebvre RA, et al. Use of plasma ionized calcium levels and Ca2+ substitution response patterns as prognostic parameters for ileus and survival in colic horses. Vet Q. 2005;27:157.

1024 Malcolm DS, Zaloga GP, Holaday JW. Calcium administration increases the mortality of endotoxic shock in rats. Crit Care Med. 1989;17:900.

1025 Costa LRR, Eades SE, Tulley RT, et al. Plasma magnesium concentrations in horses with gastrointestinal tract disease. J Vet Intern Med. 1999;13:274.

1026 Salem M, Munoz R, Chernow B. Hypomagnesemia in critical illness. A common and clinically important problem. Crit Care Clin. 1991;7:225.

1027 Olerich MA, Rude RK. Should we supplement magnesium in critically ill patients? New Horiz. 1994;2:186.

1028 Taylor P. Heat stroke, exhaustion and synchronous diaphragmatic flutter (SDF). In: Dyson S, editor. A guide to the management of emergencies at equine competitions. Newmarket: Equine Veterinary Journal, 1996.

1029 Harrington DD. Pathological features of magnesium deficiency in young horses fed purified rations. Am J Vet Res. 1974;35:503.

1030 Gunther T. Biochemical bases of the therapeutic actions of magnesium. Magnes Bull. 1992;13:46.

1031 Tso EL, Barish RA. Magnesium: clinical considerations. J Emerg Med. 1992;10:735.

1032 Landon RA, Young EA. Role of magnesium in regulation of lung function. J Am Diet Assoc. 1993;93:674.

1033 Bonagura JD, Reef VB. Cardiovascular diseases. In: Reed SM, Bayly WM, editors. Equine internal medicine. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1998.

1034 Bowen JM, Blackmon DM, Heavner JE. Effect of magnesium ions on neuromuscular transmission in the horse, steer, and dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1970;157:164.

1035 Henninger RW, Horst J. Magnesium toxicosis in two horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1997;211:82.

1036 Page S, Salem M, Laughlin MR. Intracellular Mg2+ regulates ADP phosphorylation and adenine nucleotide synthesis in human erythrocytes. Am J Physiol. 1998;274:E920.

1037 Zaloga GP. Hypocalcemia in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med. 1992;20:251.

1038 Morris DD. Thrombophlebitis in horses: the contribution of hemostatic dysfunction to pathogenesis. Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet). 1989;11:1386.

1039 Walton RJ. Effect of intravenous sodium lactate on renal tubular reabsorption of phosphate in man. Clin Sci. 1979;57:125.

1040 Bugg NC, Jones JA. Hypophosphataemia. Pathophysiology, effects and management on the intensive care unit. Anaesthesia. 1998;53:895.

1041 Bertone AL, van Soest PJ, Stashak TS. Digestion, fecal, and blood variables associated with extensive large colon resection in the horse. Am J Vet Res. 1989;50:253.

1042 Macintire DK. Disorders of potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium in critical illness. Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet). 1997;19:41.

1043 Bollaert PE, Levy B, Nace L, et al. Hemodynamic and metabolic effects of rapid correction of hypophosphatemia in patients with septic shock. Chest. 1995;107:1698.

1044 Arden WA, Stick JA. Serum and peritoneal fluid phosphate concentrations as predictors of major intestinal injury associated with equine colic. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1988;193:927.

1045 Sutters M, Gaboury CL, Bennett WM. Severe hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia: a dilemma in patient management. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1996;7:2056.

1046 Finfer S, Bellomo R, Boyce N, et al. A comparison of albumin and saline for fluid resuscitation in the intensive care unit. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:2247.

1047 Armstrong CW, Mayhall CG, Miller KB, et al. Prospective study of catheter replacement and other risk factors for infection of hyperalimentation catheters. J Infect Dis. 1986;154:808.

1048 Swanson JT, Aldrete JA. Thrombophlebitis after intravenous infusion. Factors affecting its incidence. Rocky Mt Med J. 1969;66:48.

1049 Berrazueta JR, Poveda JJ, Ochoteco J, et al. The anti-inflammatory and analgesic action of transdermal glyceryltrinitrate in the treatment of infusion-related thrombophlebitis. Postgrad Med J. 1993;69:37.

1050 Maki DG, Weise CE, Sarafin HW. A semiquantitative culture method for identifying intravenous-catheter-related infection. N Engl J Med. 1977;296:1305.

1051 Gardner SY, Reef VB, Spencer PA. Ultrasonographic evaluation of horses with thrombophlebitis of the jugular vein: 46 cases (1985–1988). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1991;199:370.

1052 Hollenberg SM, Ahrens TS, Astiz ME, et al. Practice parameters for hemodynamic support of sepsis in adult patients in sepsis. Crit Care Med. 1999;27:639.

1053 Wetmore LA, Derksen FJ, Blaze CA, et al. Mixed venous oxygen tension as an estimate of cardiac output in anesthetized horses. Am J Vet Res. 1987;48:971.

1054 Magdesian KG. Monitoring the critically ill equine patient. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 2004;20:11.

1055 Bottoms GD, Fessler JF, Roesel OF, et al. Endotoxin-induced hemodynamic changes in ponies: effects of flunixin meglumine. Am J Vet Res. 1981;42:1514.

1056 Burrows GE. Escherichia coli endotoxemia in the conscious pony. Am J Vet Res. 1971;32:243.

1057 Clark ES, Gantley B, Moore JN. Effects of slow infusion of a low dosage of endotoxin on systemic haemodynamics in conscious horses. Equine Vet J. 1991;23:18.

1058 Hinchcliff KW, McKeever KH, Muir WW. Hemodynamic effects of atropine, dobutamine, nitroprusside, phenylephrine, and propranolol in conscious horses. J Vet Intern Med. 1991;5:80.

1059 Björck M, Bergqvist D, Haglund U. The effect of dobutamine on distal colon ischaemia in the pig. Intensive Care Med. 1998;24:178.

1060 Corley KTT, McKenzie HC, Amoroso LM, Furr MO. Initial experience with norepinephrine infusion in hypotensive critically ill foals. J Vet Emerg Crit Care. 2000;10:267.

1061 Martin C, Saux P, Eon B, et al. Septic shock: a goal-directed therapy using volume loading, dobutamine and/or norepinephrine. Acta Anaesth Scand. 1990;34:413.

1062 Duranteau J, Sitbon P, Teboul JL, et al. Effects of epinephrine, norepinephrine, or the combination of norepinephrine and dobutamine on gastric mucosa in septic shock. Crit Care Med. 1999;27:893.

1063 Denton MD, Chertow GM, Brady HR. “Renal-dose” dopamine for the treatment of acute renal failure: scientific rationale, experimental studies and clinical trials. Kidney Int. 1996;50:4.

1064 Trim CM, Moore JN, Clark ES. Renal effects of dopamine infusion in conscious horses. Equine Vet J Suppl. 1989;7:124.

1065 Trim CM, Moore JN, Hardee MM, et al. Effects of an infusion of dopamine on the cardiopulmonary effects of Escherichia coli endotoxin in anaesthetised horses. Res Vet Sci. 1991;50:54.

1066 Sedrish SA, Venugopalan CS, Holmes EP, et al. In vitro response of large colon arterial and venous rings to vasodilating drugs in horses. Am J Vet Res. 1999;60:204.

1067 Nevière R, Mathieu D, Chagnon JL, et al. The contrasting effects of dobutamine and dopamine on gastric mucosal perfusion in septic patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996;154:1684.

1068 King JN, Gerring EL. Biphasic disruption of fasting equine gut motility by dopamine—a preliminary study. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 1988;11:354.

1069 Juste RN, Moran L, Hooper J, et al. Dopamine clearance in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med. 1998;24:1217.

1070 MacGregor DA, Smith TE, Prielipp RC, et al. Pharmacokinetics of dopamine in healthy male subjects. Anesthesiology. 2000;92:338.

1071 Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group. Low-dose dopamine in patients with early renal dysfunction: a placebo-controlled randomised trial. Lancet. 2000;356:2139.

1072 Zimmerman JL. Hypertensive crises: emergencies and urgencies. In Grenvik A, Ayres SM, Holbrook PR, Shoemaker WC, editors: Textbook of critical care, ed 4, Philadelphia: Saunders, 1999.

1073 Harrison DG, Bates JN. The nitrovasodilators. New ideas about old drugs. Circulation. 1993;87:1461.

1074 Lavoie JP, Madigan JE, Cullor JS, et al. Haemodynamic, pathological, haematological and behavioural changes during endotoxin infusion in equine neonates. Equine Vet J. 1990;22:23.

1075 Garner HE, Hahn AW, Salem C, et al. Cardiac output, left ventricular ejection rate, plasma volume, and heart rate changes in equine laminitis-hypertension. Am J Vet Res. 1977;38:725.

1076 Schneider DA, Parks AH, Eades SC, et al. Palmar digital vessel relaxation in healthy horses and in horses given carbohydrate. Am J Vet Res. 1999;60:233.

1077 Hinckley KA, Fearn S, Howard BR, et al. Nitric oxide donors as treatment for grass induced acute laminitis in ponies. Equine Vet J. 1996;28:17.

1078 Rindone JP, Sloane EP. Cyanide toxicity from sodium nitroprusside: risks and management. Ann Pharmacother. 1992;26:515.

1079 Hollis AR, Ousey JC, Palmer L, et al. Effects of fenoldopam mesylate on systemic hemodynamics and indices of renal function in normotensive neonatal foals. J Vet Intern Med. 2006;20:595.

1080 Clark ES, Moore JN. Effects of fenoldopam on cecal blood flow and mechanical activity in horses. Am J Vet Res. 1989;50:1926.

1 Andrews AH. First molar eruption in cattle and its use in age determination. Vet Rec. 1980;107:419.

2 Andrews AH. A comparison of first molar eruption in Friesian steers and heifers. Br Vet J. 1981;137:31.

3 Hofmeyr CFB. The digestive system. In: Oehme FW, editor. Textbook of large animal surgery. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1982.

4 St Clair LE. Teeth. In: Getty R, editor. The anatomy of the domestic animal. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1975.

5 Garlick NL. The teeth of the ox in clinical diagnosis. III, Developmental anomalies and general pathology. Am J Vet Res. 1957;15:500.

6 Spense J, Aitchison G. Clinical aspects of dental disease in sheep. In Pract. 1986:128. July

7 Rogers GM, Poore MH, Ferko BL, et al. Dental wear and growth performance in steers fed sweet potato cannery waste. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1999;214:681.

8 Rogers GM, Poore MH, Ferko BL, et al. In vitro effects of an acidic by-product feed on bovine teeth. Am J Vet Res. 1997;58:498.

9 Moxham BJ, Shore RC, Berkovitz BKB. Effects of inflammatory periodontal disease (broken mouth) on the mobility of the sheep incisor. Res Vet Sci. 1990;48:99.

10 Barnicoat CP, Hall DM. Attritions of incisors of grazing sheep. Nature. 1960;185:179.

11 Steenkamp JDG. Effect of the brittle hardness and abrasive hardness of enamel on the degree of attrition of deciduous teeth of representative breeds of Bos indicus and Bos taurus origin. Agroanimalia. 1969;1:23.

12 Denholm LJ, Vizard A. Periodontal disease and premature incisor tooth loss (broken mouth) in Australian sheep: is tooth grinding an effective solution? Wool Tech Sheep Breed. 113, 1986. Sept/Oct

13 MacKinnon MM. A pathological study of an enzootic parodontal disease of mature sheep. N Z Vet J. 1959;7:18.

14 Bruère AN, West DM, Orr MB, O’Callaghan MW. A syndrome of dental abnormalities of sheep. I, Clinical aspects on a commercial sheep farm in the Wairarapa. N Z Vet J. 1979;27:152.

15 Andrews AH. Acquired diseases of the teeth and mouth in ruminants. In: Harvey CE, editor. Veterinary dentistry. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1985.

16 Cuttress TW, Ludwig TG. Periodontal disease in sheep. I, Review of the literature. J Periodontol. 1969;40:529.

17 Cutress TW. Histopathology of periodontal disease in sheep. Periodontology. 1976;47:643.

18 Blobel H, Döbereiner J, Rosa IV, et al. Bakteriologische Untersuchungen an der “cara inchada,” einer periodontalen erkrankung bei Rindern in Brasilien. Tierarztl Umschau. 1987;42:152.

19 DoBereiner J, et al. Efeito de espiramicina na profilaxia DA “cara inchada” dos bovinos. Pesq Vet Bras. 1990;10:27.

20 McCourtie J. The bacteriology of periodontal disease in sheep. Rev Med Microbiol. 1990;1:116.

21 Spence JA, Aitchison GH, Fraser J. Development of periodontal disease in a single flock of sheep: clinical signs, morphology of subgingival plaque, and influence of antimicrobial agents. Res Vet Sci. 1988;45:324.

22 Spence JA, Aitchison GH. Early tooth loss in sheep: a review. Vet Ann. 1985;25:125.

23 Spence JA, Sykes AR, Atkinson PJ, Aitchison GU. Skeletal and blood biochemical characteristics of sheep during growth and breeding: a comparison of flocks with and without broken mouth. J Comp Pathol. 1985;95:505.

24 Van Dyke TE, Levine MJ, Genco RJ. Periodontal diseases and neutrophil abnormalities. In: Genco RJ, Mergenhagen SE, editors. Host-parasite interactions in periodontal diseases. Washington: American Society for Microbiology, 1982.

25 Healy WB, Ludwig TG. Wear of sheep’s teeth. N Z J Agric Res. 1965;8:737.

26 Mitchum GD, Bruere AN. Solubilization of sheep’s teeth: a new look at a widespread New Zealand problem. Proceedings of the Fourteenth Seminar of the Sheep and Beef Cattle Society of the New Zealand Veterinary Association. 1984. Bulls, New Zealand

27 Cutress TW, Suckling GW, Healy WB, et al. Periodontal disease in sheep. II, The composition of sera from sheep with periodontosis. Periodontology. 1972;43:668.

28 Aitchinson GH, Spense JA. Dental disease in hill sheep: an abattoir survey. J Comp Pathol. 1984;94:285.

29 Anderson BC, Bulgin MS. Starvation associated with dental disease in range ewes. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1984;184:737.

30 Orr MB, Mackey D, McNally K. A pilot study of the effects of mechanical shortening of ewes’ incisors (bite correction) on body weight and the development of periodontal disease. Vet J. 1991;39:108.

31 Orr MB, O’Callaghan MW, West DM, Bruere AN. A syndrome of dental abnormalities of sheep. II, The pathology and radiology. N Z Vet J. 1979;27:276.

32 St Jean G, Basaraba RJ, Kennedy GA, Anderson DE. Maxillary lymphosarcoma in a cow. Can Vet J. 1994;35:56.

33 Andrews AH, Ingram PL, Longstaffe JA. Osteodystrophia fibrosa in young goats. Vet Rec. 1983;112:404.

34 Williams EL. The mouth and salivary glands. In Amstutz HE, editor: Bovine medicine and surgery, ed 2, Santa Barbara, Calif: American Veterinary Publication, 1980.

35 Hagler WM, Croom WJJr. Slaframine: occurrence, chemistry, and physiological activity. In: Cheeke PR, editor. Toxicants of plant origin, vol 1, Alkaloids. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC, 1989.

36 Misk NA, Hifny A, Ahmed IH. Extirpation of the mandibular salivary glands in equine and ruminants. Vet Med J. 1991;25:169.

37 Mouli SP. Surgical treatment and chemical debridement of parotid salivary cysts in bovines: report of three cases. Indian Vet J. 1988;65:725.

38 Bundza A. Primary salivary gland neoplasia in three cows. J Comp Pathol. 1983;93:629.

39 Kainer RA. Current concepts in the treatment of bovine ocular squamous cell tumors. In: Moore CP, editor. Large animal ophthalmology. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1984.

40 Buttenschon J. The occurrence of lesions in the tongue of adult cattle and their implications for the development of actinobacillosis. J Vet Med Assoc. 1989;36:393.

41 Rebhun WC, King JM, Hillman RB. Atypical actinobacillosis granulomas in cattle. Cornell Vet. 1988;78:125.

42 Swarbrick O. Atypical actinobacillosis in three cows. Br Vet J. 1970;123:70.

43 Palotay JL. Actinobacillosis in cattle. Vet Med. 1951;2:52.

44 Campbell SG, Whitlock TRH, Timoney JF, Underwood AM. An unusual epizootic of actinobacillosis in dairy heifers. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1975;166:604.

45 Hebeler HF, Linton AH, Osborne AD. Atypical actinobacillosis in a dairy herd. Vet Rec. 1961;73:517.

46 Sproat JB. Cud-dropping in sheep. Vet Rec. 1988;123:582.

47 Fubini SL, Campbell SC. External lumps on sheep and goats. Vet Clin North Am Large Anim Pract. 1983;5:457.

48 Baum KH, Shin SJ, Rebhun WC, Patten VH. Isolation of Actinobacillus lignieresii from enlarged tongue of a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1984;185:792.

49 Milne MH, Barrett DC, Mellor DJ, et al. Clinical recognition and treatment of bovine cutaneous actinobacillosis. Vet Rec. 2001;148:273.

50 Hofmann VW, Heckert HP, Koberg J. Bestandsweise gehauffes auftreten von Aktinobazillose bei rindern in Schleswig-Holstein. Tierarztl Umschau. 1991;46:250.

51 Smith HW. A laboratory consideration of the treatment of Actinobacillus lignieresii infection. Vet Rec. 1951;63:674.

52 Miller HV, Drost M. Failure to cause abortion in cows with intravenous sodium iodide treatment. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1978;172:466.

53 Fagin DA, Oosterhuis JF, Benirschke K. Lumpy jaw in exotic hoof stock. A histopathologic interpretation with a treatment proposal. J Zoo Wildlife Med. 2005;360:36.

54 Watts TC, Olson SM, Rhodes CS. Treatment of bovine actinomycosis with isoniazid. Can Vet J. 1973;14:223.

55 Patgiri GP, Bashar SK, Rahman H. Actinomycosis in the bovine: case reports. Livestock Advis Bangalore. 1985;10:35.

56 Kingman HE, Palen JS. Streptomycin in the treatment of actinomycosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1951;118:28.

57 Bruere AN. Actinomycosis of the digestive tract in cattle. N Z Vet J. 1955;3:121.

58 Bertone AL, Rebhun WC. Tracheal actinomycosis in a cow. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1984;185:221.

59 Stevenson RG, Taylor RG. Actinomycosis of the trachea in a mature cow. Can Vet J. 1977;18:278.

60 Begg H. Diseases of the stomach of the adult ruminant. Vet Rec. 1950;62:797.

61 Tritschler LG, Romach FE. Nocardiosis in equine mandibles associated with bilateral anomalies of the inferior dentition. Vet Med. 1965;60:605.

62 Bose VSC, Nath I, Patnaik TK, et al. Cryotherapy for actinomycosis in cross bred cows. Indian Vet J. 2004;81:76.

63 Smith HW. A laboratory consideration of the treatment of Actinobacillus lignieresii infection. Vet Rec. 1951;63:674.

64 Miller HV, Drost M. Failure to cause abortion in cows with intravenous sodium iodide treatment. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1978;172:466.

65 Davidson HP, Rebhun WC, Habel RE. Pharyngeal trauma in cattle. Cornell Vet. 1981;71:15.

66 Farrow CS. Exercise in diagnostic radiology. Can Vet J. 1981;22:286.

67 Ross CE, Rebhun WC. Megaesophagus in a cow. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1986;188:623.

68 Adams GP, Radostits OM. Balling gun—induced trauma of the pharynx in feedlot cattle. Can Vet J. 1988;29:389.

69 Grymer J, Scott EA. Pharyngeal abscess with lymphoid hyperplasia in a dairy cow. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1982;180:942.

70 Dougherty RW, Habel RE, Bond HE. Esophageal innervation and eructation reflex in sheep. Am J Vet Res. 1958;19:115.

71 Dougherty RW, Hill KJ, Campeti FL, et al. Studies of the pharyngeal and laryngeal activity during eructation of ruminants. Am J Vet Res. 1962;23:213.

72 MacLachlan NJ, Osburn BI. Impact of bluetongue virus infection on the international movement and trade of ruminants, J. Am Vet Med Assoc. 2006;228:1346.

73 The World Organization for Animal Health, Office of International Epizootics (OIE). www.oie.int/eng/en_index.htm, 2006.

74 Oveido MT, et al. Analysis of evidence of clinical bluetongue disease in Central America and the Caribbean. In: Walton TE, Osburn BI, editors. Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Blue-tongue, African horse sickness, and related orbiviruses. Orlando, Fla: CRC Press, 1992.

75 Gouet P, Diprose JM, Grimes JM, et al. The highly ordered double-stranded RNA genome of bluetongue virus revealed by crystallography. Cell. 1999;97:481.

76 Maia MS, Osburn BI. Differential serological responses to reassortment bluetongue virus recovered from a bull. Arch Virol. 1993;128:345.

77 de Mattos CC, de Mattos CA, MacLachlan NJ, et al. Phylogenetic comparison of the s3 gene of United States prototype strains of bluetongue virus with that of field isolates from California. J Virol. 1996;70:5735.

78 Parsonson IM, Della-Porta AJ, Snowden WA. Developmental disorders of the fetus in some arthropod-borne virus infections. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1981;30:660.

79 Waldvogel AS, Anderson GA, Phillips DL, Osburn BI. Association of virulent and avirulent strains of bluetongue virus serotype 11 with premature births of late-term bovine fetuses. J Comp Pathol. 1992;106:333.

80 Johnson DJ, Ostlund EN, Stallknecht DE, et al. First report of bluetongue virus serotype 1 isolated from a white-tailed deer in the United States. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2006;18:398.

81 Luedke AJ, Jochim MM, Jones RH. Bluetongue in cattle: effect of Culicoides variipennis–transmitted bluetongue virus on pregnant heifers and their calves. Am J Vet Res. 1977;38:1687.

82 Oberst RD. Viruses as teratogens. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 1993;9:23.

83 Huffman EM, et al. An association between bluetongue virus infection and impaired reproductive performance of dairy cattle. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Society for Theriogenology. 1985.

84 Odeon AC, Gershwin LJ, Osburn BI. IgE responses to bluetongue virus (BTV) serotype 11 after immunization with inactivated BTV and challenge infection. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 1999;22:145.

85 Afshar A, Thomas FC, Wright PF, et al. Comparison of competitive and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detection of bluetongue virus antibodies in serum and whole blood. J Clin Microbiol. 1987;25:1705.

86 Osburn BI. Bluetongue virus. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 1994;10:547.

87 MacLachlan NJ, Nunamaker RA, Katz JB. Detection of bluetongue virus in the blood of inoculated calves: comparison of virus isolation, PCR assay, and in vitro feeding of. Culicoides variipennis, Arch Virol. 1994;136:1.

88 Osburn BI. The current world status of bluetongue. Bovine Pract. 1990;25:12.

89 Roberts DH, Lucas MH, Bell RA. Animal and animal product importation and the assessment of risk from bluetongue and other ruminant orbiviruses. Br Vet J. 1993;149:87.

90 Mahrt CR, Osburn BI. Experimental bluetongue virus infection of sheep: effect of previous vaccination—clinical and immunologic studies. Am J Vet Res. 1986;47:1191.

91 Gibbs EP, Greiner EC. The epidemiology of bluetongue. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 1994;17:207.

92 Tabachnick WJ. Culicodes variipennis and bluetongue virus epidemiology in the United States. Annu Rev Entomol. 1996;41:23.

93 Fu H, Leake CJ, Mertens PP, Mellor PS. The barriers to bluetongue virus infection, dissemination, and transmission in the vector Culicoides variipennis (dipter: Ceratopogonidae). Arch Virol. 1999;144:747.

94 Metcalf HE, Pearson JE, Klinsporn AL. Bluetongue in cattle: a serologic survey of slaughter cattle in the United States. Am J Vet Res. 1981;42:1057.

95 Takamatsu H, Mellor PS, Mertens PPC, et al. A possible overwintering mechanism for bluetongue virus in the absence of the insect vector. J Gen Virol. 2003;84:227.

96 Melville LF, Hunt NT, Davis SS, et al. Bluetongue virus does not persist in naturally infected cattle. Vet Ital. 2004;40:502.

97 Martinez A, et al. Serosurvey for selected disease agents in white-tailed deer from Mexico. J Wildl Dis. 1999;35:799.

98 Katz J, Alstad D, Gustafson G, Evermann J. Diagnostic analysis of the prolonged bluetongue virus RNA presence found in the blood of naturally infected cattle and experimentally infected sheep. J Vet Diagn Invest. 1994;6:139.

99 Howell PG. The epidemiology of bluetongue in South Africa: arbovirus research in Australia. Proceedings of the Second Bluetongue Symposium. 1979.

100 Berry LJ, Osburn BI, Stott JL, et al. Inactivated bluetongue virus vaccine in lambs: differential serological responses related to breed. Vet Res Commun. 1982;5:289.

101 Mahrt CR, Osburn BI. Experimental bluetongue virus infection of sheep: effect of vaccination—pathologic, immunofluorescent, and ultrastructural studies. Am J Vet Res. 1986;47:1198.

103 Barraviera SRCS. Diseases caused by poxvirus-orf and milker’s nodules—a review. J Venom Anim Toxins. 2005;11:102.

104 Abu-Elzerd EME, Housawi FMT, Al-Afaleq AI, et al. Clinico-pathological response of dromedary camels and sheep to cross-experimental infection with two virulent orf viruses originating from camels and sheep. J Camel Pract Res. 2004;11:15.

105 Mondal B, Bera AK, Hosamani M, et al. Detection of orf virus from an outbreak in goats and its genetic relation with other parapoxviruses. Vet Res Commun. 2006;30:531.

106 Hooser SB, Scherba G, Morin DE, Whiteley HE. Atypical contagious ecthyma in a sheep after extensive cutaneous thermal injury. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1989;195:1255.

107 Ndikuwera J, Odiawo GO, Usenik EA, et al. Chronic contagious ecthyma and caseous lymphadenitis in two Boer goats. Vet Rec. 1992;131:584.

108 Smith GW, Scherba G, Constable PD, et al. Atypical parapoxvirus infection in sheep. J Vet Intern Med. 2002;16:287.

109 de la Concha-Bermejillo A, Guo J, Ahang Z, et al. Severe persistent orf in young goats. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2003;15:423.

110 Gallina L, Dal Pozzo F, McInnes CJ, et al. A real time PCR assay for the detection an quantification of orf virus. J Virol Methods. 2006;134:140.

111 Lober CW, Mendelsohn HE, Datnow B, Fenske NA. Clinical and histologic features of orf. Cutis. 1983;32:142.

112 Leavell UWJr, McNamara MJ, Muelling R, et al. Orf: report of 19 human cases with clinical and pathological observations. JAMA. 1968;204:657.

113 Wise LM, Veikkola T, Mercer AA, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)–like protein from orf virus NZ2 binds to VEGFR-2 and neuropilin-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999;96:3071.

114 Haig DM, Thomson J, McInnes C, et al. Orf virus immuno-modulation and the host immune response. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2002;87:395.

115 Falk ES. Parapoxvirus infections of reindeer and musk ox associated with unusual human infections. Br J Dermatol. 1978;99:647.

116 Nettleton PF, Gilray JA, Yirrell DL, et al. Natural transmission of orf virus from clinically normal ewes to orf-naive sheep. Vet Rec. 1996;139:364.

117 McKeever DJ, Reid HW. Survival of orf virus under British winter conditions. Vet Rec. 1986;118:613.

118 Lofstedt J. Dermatologic disease of sheep. Vet Clin North Am Large Anim Pract. 1983;5:427.

119 Reddy J. Intralesional corticosteroids for orf. Aust Fam Physician. 1993;22:65.

120 Kacprzak-Bergman I. Orf virus (sheep-pox): a severe infection in an infant—transmitted man to man and treated with interferon. Abstracts of the Ninth International Congress of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases. 1986. Abstract 819, Munich

121 Hunskaar SA. Case of ecthyma contagiosum (human orf) treated with idoxuridine. Dermatologica. 1984;168:207.

122 Morgan KL. Orf in man: a treatment? Vet Rec. 1987;120:539.

123 Degraeve C, De Coninck A, Senneseael J, Roseeuw D. Recurrent contagious ecthyma (orf) in an immunocompromised host successfully treated with cryotherapy. Dermatology. 1999;198:162.

124 Geerinck K, Lukito G, Snoeck R, et al. A case of human orf in an immunocompromised patient treated successfully with cidofovir cream. J Med Virol. 2001;64:543.

125 Meynink SE, Jackson PGG, Platt D. Treatment of intraoral orf lesions in lambs using diathermy and cryosurgery. Vet Rec. 1987;121:594.

126 Buddle BM, Pulford HD. Effect of passively acquired antibodies and vaccination on the immune response to contagious ecthyma virus. Vet Microbiol. 1984;9:515.

127 Buddle BM, Dellers RW, Schurig GG. Contagious ecthyma virus vaccination failures. Am J Vet Res. 1984;45:263.

128 Gonzales GS, Romero RA, Tortora PJ. Antigenic relationships between samples of contagious ecthyma (orf) and bovine parapox by immunodiffusion and counterimmunoelectrophoresis. Proceedings of the Eighth National Congress of the AZTECA. 1991:151.

129 Griesemer RA, Cole CR. Bovine papular stomatitis. I, Recognition in the US. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1960;37:404.

130 Chalmers GA. Papular stomatitis in beef calves. Can Vet J. 1987;28:108.

131 Yeruham I, Abraham A, Nyska A. Clinical and pathological description of a chronic form of bovine papular stomatitis. J Comp Pathol. 1994;111:279.

132 Crandell RA, Gosser HS. Ulcerative esophagitis associated with poxvirus infection in a calf. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1974;165:282.

133 Gibbons WJ. USDA report of the preliminary survey on “X disease” (hyperkeratosis) of cattle. 1949. February

134 Gibbons WJ. Bovine papular stomatitis. Mod Vet Pract. 1963;44:37.

135 Schaaf J, Traub E, Beller K. Untersuchungen uber die stomatitis papulosa des Rindes. Zeitschrift Infektionskr. 1940;56:85.

136 Irwin MR, et al. Association of bovine papular stomatitis with the “rat tail” syndrome of feedlot cattle. Southwest Vet. 1976;29:120.

137 Schnurrenberger PR, Swango LJ, Bowman GM, Luttgen PJ. Bovine papular stomatitis incidence in veterinary students. Can J Comp Med. 1980;44:239.

138 Childs T. X disease of cattle. Can J Comp Med. 1946;10:316.

139 Olafson P, MacCallum AD, Fox FH. An apparently new transmissible disease of cattle. Cornell Vet. 1946;36:205.

140 McClurkin AW, Littledike ET, Cutlip RC, et al. Production of cattle immunotolerant to bovine viral diarrhea virus. Can J Comp Med. 1984;48:156.

141 Wengler G. Family Flaviviridae. In Fracki RIB, et al, editors: International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, ed 5, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1991.

142 Donis RO. Molecular biology of bovine viral diarrhea virus and its interaction with the host. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 1995;11:393.

143 Dubovi EJ. Genetic diversity and BVD virus. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 1992;15:155.

144 Ridpath JF, Bolin SR, Dubovi EJ. Segregation of bovine viral diarrhea virus into genotypes. Virology. 1994;205:66.

145 Pellerin C, van den Hurk J, Lecomte J, et al. Identification of a new group of bovine viral diarrhea virus strains associated with severe outbreaks and high mortalities. Virology. 1994;203:260.

146 Duffell SJ, Harkness JW. Bovine virus diarrhea—mucosal disease infection in cattle. Vet Rec. 1985;117:240.

147 Loken T, Krogsrud J, Larsen IL. Pestivirus infections in Norway: serological investigation in cattle, sheep, and pigs. Acta Vet Scand. 1991;32:27.

148 Houe H. Epidemiology of BVDV. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 1995;11:521.

149 Niza-Ribeiro J, Pereira A, Souza J, et al. Estimated BVDV-prevalence, -contact and -vaccine use in dairy herds in Northern Portugal. Prev Vet Med. 2005;72:81.

150 Billinis C, Leontides L, Amiridis GS, et al. Prevalence of BVDV infection in Greek dairy herds. Prev Vet Med. 2005;72:75.

151 Sudharshana KJ, Suresh KB, Rajasekhar M. Prevalence of bovine viral diarrhoea virus antibodies in India. Rev Sci Tech. 1999;18:667.

152 Paton DJ, Christiansen KH, Alenius S, et al. Prevalence of antibodies to bovine virus diarrhoea virus and other viruses in bulk tank milk in England and Wales. Vet Rec. 1998;142:385.

153 Loneragan GH, Thomson DU, Montgomery DL, et al. Prevalence, outcome, and health consequences associated with persistent infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus in feedlot cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2005;226:595.

154 Wittum TE, Grotelueschen DM, Brock KV, et al. Persistent bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection in U.S. beef herds. Prev Vet Med. 2001;49:83.

155 Houe H, Baker JC, Maes RK. Prevalence of cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus in 20 dairy herds in two counties in central Michigan and comparison of prevalence of antibody-positive cattle among herds with different infection and vaccination status. J Vet Diagn Invest. 1995;7:321.

156 Carman S, van Dreumel T, Ridpath J, et al. Severe acute bovine viral diarrhea in Ontario, 1993–1995. J Vet Diagn Invest. 1998;10:27-35.

157 Houe H. Economic impact of BVDV infection in dairies. Biologicals. 2003;31:137.

158 Houe H. Epidemiological features and economical importance of bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infections. Vet Microbiol. 1999;64:89-107.

159 Dufour B, Repiquet D, Touratier T. Economic studies in animals health decision-making: the cost-benefit ratio of eradicating bovine virus diarrhoea in France. Rev Sci Tech. 1999;18:520.

160 McGowan MR, Kirkland PD, Richards SG, et al. Increased reproductive losses in cattle infected with bovine pestivirus around the time of insemination. Vet Rec. 1993;133:39.

161 Tarry OW, Tarry L, Edwards S. Transmission of bovine virus diarrhea virus by blood feeding flies. Vet Rec. 1991;128:82.

162 Gunn HM. Role of fomites and flies in the transmission of bovine viral diarrhoea virus. Vet Rec. 1993;132:584.

163 Kirkland PD, Mackintosh SG, Moyle A. The outcome of widespread use of semen from a bull persistently infected with pestivirus. Vet Rec. 1994;135:527.

164 Loken T, Krogsrud J, Bjerkas I. Outbreaks of border disease in goats induced by a pestivirus-contaminated vaccine, with virus transmission to sheep and cattle. J Comp Pathol. 1991;104:195.

165 Loken T. Ruminant pestivirus infection in animals other than sheep. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 1995;11:597.

166 Mattson DE, Baker RJ, Catania JE, et al. Persistent infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus in an alpaca. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2006;228:1762.

167 Houe H, Baker JC, Maes RK, et al. Comparison of the prevalence and incidence of infection with bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in Denmark and Michigan and association with possible risk factors. Acta Vet Scand. 1995;36:521.

168 Ames TR. The causative agent of BVD: its epidemiology and pathogenesis. Vet Med. 1986;81:848.

169 Ohmann HB. Distribution and significance of BVD antigen in diseased calves. Res Vet Sci. 1983;34:5.

170 Ketelsen AT, Johnson DW, Muscoplat CC. Depression of bovine monocyte chemotactic response by bovine viral diarrhea virus. Infect Immun. 1979;25:565.

171 Carman S, van Dreumel T, Ridpath J, et al. Severe acute bovine viral diarrhea in Ontario, 1993–1995. J Vet Diagn Invest. 1998;10:27.

172 Corapi WV, Elliott RD, French TW, et al. Thrombocytopenia and hemorrhages in veal calves infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1990;196:590.

173 Walz PH, Steficek BA, Baker JC. Effect of type II bovine viral diarrhea virus on platelet function in experimentally infected calves. Am J Vet Res. 1999;60:1396.

174 Martin SW, Meek AH, Davis DG, et al. Factors associated with mortality and treatment costs in feedlot calves: the Bruce County Beef Project, 1978, 1979, 1980. Can J Comp Med. 1982;46:341.

175 Gagea MI, Bateman KG, van Dreumel T, et al. Diseases and pathogens associated with mortality in Ontario beef feedlots. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2006;18:18.

176 Yates WDG. Interactions between viruses and bacteria in bovine respiratory disease. Can Vet J. 1984;25:37.

177 Grooms DL. Role of bovine viral diarrhea virus in the bovine respiratory disease complex. Bovine Pract. 1999;32.2:7.

178 Potgieter LN, McCracken MD, Hopkins FM, et al. Experimental production of bovine respiratory tract disease with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Am J Vet Res. 1984;45:1582.

179 Potgieter LN, McCracken MD, Hopkins FM, et al. Effects of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection on the distribution of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus in calves. Am J Vet Res. 1984;45:687.

180 Broderson BW, Kelling C. Effects of concurrent experimentally induced bovine respiratory syncytial virus and bovine viral diarrhea virus infection on respiratory tract and enteric diseases in calves. Am J Vet Res. 1998;59:1423.

181 Shahriar FM, Clark EG, Janzen E, et al. Coinfection with bovine viral diarrhea virus and Mycoplasma bovis in feedlot cattle with chronic pneumonia. Can Vet J. 2002;43:863.

182 Haines DM, Martin KM, Clark EG, et al. The immunohistochemical detection of Mycoplasma bovis and bovine viral diarrhea virus in tissues of feedlot cattle with chronic, unresponsive respiratory disease and/or arthritis. Can Vet J. 2001;42:857.

183 Potgieter LN, McCracken MD, Hopkins FM, et al. The comparison of the pneumopathogenicity of two strains of bovine viral diarrhea virus. Am J Vet Res. 1985;46:151.

184 Potgieter LN. Immunology of bovine viral diarrhea virus. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 1995;11:501.

185 Truitt RL, Shechmeister IL. The replication of bovine viral diarrhea—mucosal disease virus in bovine leukocytes in vitro. Arch Gesamte Virusforsch. 1973;42:78.

186 Bolin SR, McClurkin AW, Coria MF. Effects of bovine viral diarrhea virus on the percentages and absolute numbers of circulating B and T lymphocytes in cattle. Am J Vet Res. 1985;46:884.

187 Ellis JA, Davis WC, Belden EL, et al. Flow cytofluorimetric analysis of lymphocyte subset alteration in cattle infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Vet Pathol. 1988;25:231.

188 Muscoplat CC, Johnson DV, Stevens JB. Abnormalities of in vitro responses during bovine viral diarrhea virus infection. Am J Vet Res. 1973;34:753.

189 Diderholm H, Dinter Z. Interference between strains of bovine virus diarrhea virus and their capacity to suppress interferon of a heterologous virus. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1966;121:976.

190 Jensen J, Schultz RD. Effect of infection by bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in vitro on interleukin-1 activity of bovine monocytes. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 1991;29:251.

191 Atluru D, Xue W, Polam S, et al. In vitro interactions of cytokines and bovine viral diarrhea virus in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated bovine mononuclear cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 1990;25:47.

192 Adler H, Jungi TW, Pfister H, et al. Cytokine regulation by virus infection: bovine viral diarrhea virus, a flavivirus, down-regulates production of tumor necrosis factor-α in macrophages in vitro. J Virol. 1996;70:2650.

193 Brown GB, Bolin SR, Frank DE, et al. Defective function of leukocytes from cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus and the influence of recombinant cytokines. Am J Vet Res. 1991;52:381.

194 Roth JA, Kaekerle ML, Griffith RW. Effects of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection on bovine polymorphonuclear leukocyte function. Am J Vet Res. 1981;42:244.

195 Chase CC, Elmowalid G, Yousif AA. The immune response to bovine viral diarrhea virus: a constantly changing picture. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2004;20:95.

196 Voges H, Horner GW, Rowe S, et al. Persistent bovine pestivirus infection localized in the testes of an immunocompetent, nonviremic bull. Vet Microbiol. 1998;6:165.

197 Virakul P, Fahning M, Joo H, et al. Fertility of cows challenged with a cytopathic strain of bovine viral diarrhea virus during an outbreak of spontaneous infection with a noncytopathic strain. Theriogenology. 1998;29:441.

198 McGowan MR, Kirkland PD, Richards SG, et al. Increased reproductive losses in cattle infected with bovine pestivirus around the time of insemination. Vet Rec. 1993;133:39.

199 Grooms DL, Brock KV, Ward LA. Detection of cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus in the ovaries of cattle following immunization with a modified live bovine viral diarrhea virus vaccine. J Vet Diagn Invest. 1998;10:130.

200 Grooms DL, Brock KV, Ward LA. Detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus in the ovaries of cattle acutely infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus. J Vet Diagn Invest. 1998;10:125.

201 Grooms DL, Brock KV, Pate JL, et al. Changes in ovarian follicles following acute infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Theriogenology. 1998;49:595.

202 Fray MD, Mann GE, Clarke MC, et al. Bovine viral diarrhea virus: its effects on estradiol, progesterone and prostaglandin secretion in the cow. Theriogenology. 1999;51:1533.

203 Fray MD, Mann GE, Clarke MC, et al. Bovine viral diarrhoea virus: its effects on ovarian function in the cow. Vet Microbiol. 2000;77:185.

204 Fray MD, Mann GE, Bleach EC, et al. Modulation of sex hormone secretion in cows by acute infection with bovine viral diarrhoea virus. Reproduction. 2002;123:281.

205 Brock K, Stringfellow D. Comparative effects of cytopathic and noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea on bovine blastocysts. Theriogenology. 1993;39:19.

206 Dubovi EJ. Impact of bovine viral diarrhea virus on reproductive performance in cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 1994;10:503.

207 Baker JC. The clinical manifestations of bovine viral diarrhea infection. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 1995;11:425.

208 Braun RK, Osburn BI, Kendrick JW. Immunologic response of bovine fetus to bovine viral diarrhea virus. Am J Vet Res. 1973;34:1127.

209 Munoz-Zanzi CA, Hietala SK, Thurmond MC, et al. Quantification, risk factors, and health impact of natural congenital infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus in dairy calves. Am J Vet Res. 2003;64:358.

210 Munoz-Zanzi CA, Thurmond MC, Hietala SK. Effect of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection on fertility of dairy heifers. Theriogenology. 2004;61:1085.

211 Bolin SR, McClurkin AW, Cutlip RC, et al. Response of cattle persistently infected with noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus to vaccination for bovine viral diarrhea and subsequent challenge exposure with cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus. Am J Vet Res. 1985;46:2467.

212 McClurkin AW, Covia MF, Cutlip RC. Reproductive performance of apparently healthy cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1979;174:1116.

213 Houe H. Survivorship of animals persistently infected with bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV). Prev Vet Med. 1993;15:275.

214 Werdin RE, Ames TR, Goyal SM, et al. Diagnostic investigation of bovine viral diarrhea infection in a Minnesota dairy herd. J Vet Diagn Invest. 1989;1:57.

215 Roth JA, Bolin SR, Frank DE. Lymphocyte blastogenesis and neutrophil function in cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Am J Vet Res. 1986;47:1139.

216 Cutlip RC, McClurkin AW, Coria MF. Lesions in clinically healthy cattle persistently infected with the virus of bovine viral diarrhea—glomerulonephritis and encephalitis. Am J Vet Res. 1980;41:1938.

217 Bolin SR. The pathogenesis of mucosal disease. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 1995;11:489.

218 Ridpath JF, Bolin SR. Delayed onset postvaccinal mucosal disease as a result of genetic recombination between genotype 1 and genotype 2 BVDV. Virology. 1995;212:259.

219 Edwards S, Wood L, Brockman S, et al. Clinical and virological observations of a mucosal disease outbreak with persistently infected seropositive survivors. Arch Virol. 1991;3(Suppl):125.

220 Dubovi EJ. The diagnosis of bovine viral diarrhea infections: a laboratory view. Vet Med. 1990;85:1133.

221 Ellis JA, Martin K, Norman GR, et al. Comparison of detection methods for bovine viral diarrhea virus in bovine abortions and neonatal death. J Vet Diagn Invest. 1995;7:433.

222 Saliki JT, Fulton RW, Hull SR, et al. Microtiter virus isolation and enzyme immunoassays for detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus in cattle serum. J Clin Microbiol. 1997;35:803.

223 Kleiboeker SB, Lee S, Jones CA, et al. Evaluation of shedding of bovine herpesvirus 1, bovine viral diarrhea virus 1, and bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 after vaccination of calves with a multivalent modified-live virus vaccine. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2003;222:1399.

224 Vaughn M. SN titer response comparisons among 14 diagnostic laboratories for antibodies protecting against IBR, BVD, and BRSV virus following the administration of modified live vaccines to weaning age calves. Bovine Pract. 1997;30:141.

225 Brock KV, Grooms DL, Ridpath J, et al. Changes in levels of viremia in cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus. J Vet Diagn Invest. 1998;10:22.

226 Pillars RB, Grooms DL. Serologic evaluation of five unvaccinated heifers to detect herds that have cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Am J Vet Res. 2002;63:499.

227 Waldner CL, Campbell JR. Use of serologic evaluation for antibodies against bovine viral diarrhea virus for detection of persistently infected calves in beef herds. Am J Vet Res. 2005;66:825.

228 Martin SW, Bohac JG. The association between serological titers in infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, parainfluenza-3 virus, respiratory syncytial virus and treatment for respiratory disease in Ontario feedlot calves. Can J Vet Res. 1986;50:351.

229 Roth JA, Kaberle ML. Suppression of neutrophil and lymphocyte function induced by a vaccinal strain of bovine viral diarrhea virus with and without the administration of ACTH. Am J Vet Res. 1983;44:2366.

230 Cortese VS, West KH, Hassard LE, et al. Clinical and immunologic responses of vaccinated and unvaccinated calves to infection with a virulent type II isolate of bovine viral diarrhea virus. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1998;213:1312.

231 Dean HJ, Leyh R. Cross-protective efficacy of a bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type I vaccine against BVDV type 2 challenge. Vaccine. 1983;17:1117.

232 Brock KV, McCarty K, Chase CC, Harland R. Protection against fetal infection with either bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 or type 2 using a noncytopathic type 1 modified-live virus vaccine. Vet Ther. 2006;7:27.

233 Cortese VS, Grooms DL, Ellis J, et al. Protection of pregnant cattle and their fetuses against infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 by use of a modified-live virus vaccine. Am J Vet Res. 1998;59:1409.

234 Brock KV, McCarty K, Chase CC, et al. Protection against fetal infection with either bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 or type 2 using a noncytopathic type 1 modified-live virus vaccine. Vet Ther. 2006;7:27.

235 Dean HJ, Hunsaker BD, Bailey OD, et al. Prevention of persistent infection in calves by vaccination of dams with noncytopathic type-1 modified-live bovine viral diarrhea virus prior to breeding. Am J Vet Res. 2003;64:530.

236 Fairbanks KK, Rinehart CL, Ohnesorge WC, et al. Evaluation of fetal protection against experimental infection with type 1 and type 2 bovine viral diarrhea virus after vaccination of the dam with a bivalent modified-live virus vaccine. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2004;225:1898.

237 Heuschele WP, Nielsen NO, Oosterhuis JE, Castro AE. Dexamethasone-induced recrudescence of malignant catarrhal fever and associated lymphosarcoma and granulomatous disease in a Formosan Sitka deer. (Cervus nippon taiouanus), Am J Vet Res. 1985;46:1578.

238 Rossiter PB, Gumm ID, Mirangi PK. Immunological relationships between malignant catarrhal fever virus (alcelaphine herpesvirus 1) and bovine cytomegalovirus (bovine herpesvirus 3). Vet Microbiol. 1988;16:211.

239 Keel MK, Patterson JG, Noon TH, et al. Caprine herpes virus—2 in association with naturally occurring malignant catarrhal fever in captive sitka deer (Cervus nippon). J Vet Diag Invest. 2003;15:179.

240 Metzler AE. The malignant catarrhal fever complex. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 1991;14:107.

241 Mushi EZ, Rurangirwa FR. Malignant catarrhal fever virus shedding by infected cattle. Bull Anim Health Prod Afr. 1981;29:111.

242 Pierson RE, Hamdy FM, Dardiri AH, et al. Comparison of the African and American forms of malignant catarrhal fever: transmission and clinical signs. Am J Vet Res. 1979;40:1091.

243 O’Toole D, Li H, Sourk C, et al. Malignant catarrhal fever in a bison (Bison bison) feedlot, 1993. J Vet Diag Invest. 2002;14:183.

244 Berezowski JA, Appleyard GD, Crawford TB, et al. An outbreak of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever in bison (Bison bison) after exposure to sheep at a public auction sale. J Vet Diag Invest. 2005;17:55.

245 Loken T, Aleksanderson M, Reid H, et al. Malignant catarrhal fever caused by ovine herpesvirus—2 in pigs in Norway. Vet Rec. 1998;143:464.

246 Li H, O’Toole D, Kim O, et al. Malignant catarrhal fever-like disease in sheep after intranasal inoculation with ovine herpesvirus—2. J Vet Diag Invest. 2005;17:171.

247 Crawford TB, Li H, Rosenburg SR, et al. Mural folliculitis and alopecia caused by infection with goat-associated malignant catarrhal fever virus in two Sitka deer. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002;221:843.

248 Weaver LD. Malignant catarrhal fever in two California dairy herds. Bovine Pract. 1979;14:121.

249 Pierson RE, Liggitt HD, DeMartini JC. Clinical and clinicopathologic observations in induced malignant catarrhal fever of cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1978;173:833.

250 O’Toole D, Li H, Roberts S, et al. Chronic generalized obliterative arteriopathy in cattle: a sequela to sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever. J Vet Diagn Invest. 1995;7:108.

251 Penny C. Recovery of cattle from malignant catarrhal fever. Vet Rec. 1998;142:227.

252 O’Toole D, Li H, Miller D, et al. Chronic and recovered cases of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever in cattle. Vet Rec. 1997;140:519.

253 Callan RJ. Malignant catarrhal fever: recent findings. Proceedings of the 19th American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Forum. 2001:336.

254 Liggitt HD, DeMartini JC, McChesney AE, et al. Experimental transmission of malignant catarrhal fever in cattle: gross and histopathologic changes. Am J Vet Res. 1978;39:1249.

255 Rossiter PB, Jessett DM, Muchi EZ. Antibodies to malignant catarrhal fever virus antigens in the sera of normal and naturally infected cattle in Kenya. Res Vet Sci. 1980;29:235.

256 Hsu D, Shih LM, Castro AE, Zee YC. A diagnostic method to detect alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 of malignant catarrhal fever using the polymerase chain reaction. Arch Virol. 1990;114:259.

257 Katz JB, Frey ML. New methods for diagnosis of malignant catarrhal fever. Foreign Anim Dis Rep USDA, APHIS. 1992;20:9.

258 Bremer CW, Swart H, Doboro FA, et al. Discrimination between sheep-associated and wildebeest-associated malignant catarrhal fever virus by means of a single-tube duplex nested PCR. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 2005;72:285.

259 Handy FM, et al. Etiology of malignant catarrhal fever outbreak in Minnesota. Proc U S Anim Health Assoc. 1978;82:248.

260 Powers JG, Van Metre DC, Collins JK, et al. Evaluation of ovine herpesvirus type 2 infections, as detected by competitive inhibition ELISA and polymerase chain reaction assay, in dairy cattle without clinical signs of malignant catarrhal fever. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2005;227:606.

261 Mebus CA, Kalunda M, Ferris DH. Malignant catarrhal fever. Bovine Pract. 1979;14:130.

262 Rweyemamu MM, Mushi EZ, Rowe L, Karstad L. Persistent infection of cattle with the herpesvirus of malignant catarrhal fever and observations on the pathogenesis of the disease. Br Vet J. 1976;132:393.

263 Liggitt HD, DeMartini JC. Lymphoid vasculitis and necrosis in bovine malignant catarrhal fever. Fed Proc. 1979;38:1463.

264 Reid HW, Buxton D, Berrie E, et al. Malignant catarrhal fever. Vet Rec. 1984;114:581.

265 Plowright W. Malignant catarrhal fever in East Africa. Res Vet Sci. 1965;6:56.

266 Barnard BJH, Van De Pypekamp HE. Wildebeest-derived malignant catarrhal fever: unusual epidemiology in South Africa. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 1988;55:69.

267 Rossiter PB. Antibodies to malignant catarrhal fever virus in sheep sera. J Comp Pathol. 1981;91:303.

268 Li H, Shen DT, O’Toole D, et al. Investigation of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever virus infection in ruminants by PCR and competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33:2048.

269 Pierson RE, Thake D, McChesney AE, Storz J. An epizootic of malignant catarrhal fever in feedlot cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1973;163:349.

270 Plowright W, Herniman KA, Jessett DM, et al. Immunization of cattle against the herpesvirus of malignant catarrhal fever: failure of inactivated culture vaccines with adjuvant. Res Vet Sci. 1975;19:159.

271 U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal Plant Health Inspect Service. Vesicular stomatitis. Foreign Anim Dis Rep USDA. 1988;16:5.

272 Strozzi P, Ramos-Saco T. Teat vesicles as primary and almost exclusive lesions in an extensive outbreak of vesicular stomatitis (New Jersey strain) in milking cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1953;123:415.

273 Mumford EL, McCluskey BJ, Traub-Dargatz JL, et al. Serologic evaluation of vesicular stomatitis virus exposure in horses and cattle in 1996. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1998;213:1265.

274 Hansen DE, Thurmond MC, Thorburn M. Factors associated with the spread of clinical vesicular stomatitis in California dairy cattle. Am J Vet Res. 1985;46:789.

275 Thurmond MC, Ardans AA, Picanso JP, et al. Vesicular stomatitis virus (New Jersey strain) infection in two California dairy herds: an epidemiologic study. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1987;191:965.

276 Gearhart MA, Webb PA, Knight AP, et al. Serum neutralizing antibody titers in dairy cattle administered an inactivated vesicular stomatitis virus vaccine. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1987;191:819.

277 Rodriguez LL, Vernon S, Morales AI, Letchworth GJ. Serological monitoring of vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus in enzootic regions of Costa Rica. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1990;42:272.

278 Hernández De Anda J, Salman MD, Webb PA, et al. Evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies to vesicular stomatitis virus in cattle in an enzootic region of Mexico. Am J Vet Res. 1992;53:440.

279 Kahrs RF. Viral disease of cattle. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 1981.

280 Drolet BS, Campbell CL, Stuart MA, et al. Vector competence of Culicoides sonorensis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) for vesicular stomatitis virus. J Med Entomol. 2005;42:409.

281 Mead DG, Howerth EW, Murphy MD, et al. Black fly involvement in the epidemic transmission of vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus (Rhabdoviridae: vesiculovirus). Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2004;4:351.

282 Goodger WJ, Thurmond M, Nehay J, et al. Economic impact of an epizootic of bovine vesicular stomatitis in California. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1985;186:370.

283 House JA, House C, Dubourget P, et al. Protective immunity in cattle vaccinated with a commercial scale, inactivated, bivalent vesicular stomatitis vaccine. Vaccine. 2003;21:1932.

284 Lauerman LH, Hansen RP. Field trial of live virus vaccination procedure for prevention of vesicular stomatitis in dairy cattle. III. Evaluation of emergency vaccination in Georgia. Proc US Anim Health Assoc. 1963;67:473.

285 Cottral GE, Callis JJ. Foot-and-mouth disease. In: Foreign animal diseases, their diagnosis and control. Richmond, Va: U.S. Animal Health Association; 1975. In Commission on Foreign Animal Disease, ed

286 Fraser CM. Foot-and-mouth disease. In Fraser CM, editor: The Merck veterinary manual, ed 6, Rahway, NJ: Merck, 1986.

287 Kahrs RF. Viral diseases of cattle. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 1981.

288 Blackwell JH, Wool SH. Destruction and repair of mammary gland parenchyma of cows infected with foot-and-mouth disease. J Comp Pathol. 1986;96:227.

289 Westbury HA, Doughty WJ, Forman AJ, et al. A comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, complement fixation and virus isolation for foot-and-mouth disease diagnosis. Vet Microbiol. 1988;17:21.

290 Hamblin C, Kitching RP, Donaldson AI, et al. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus. Epidemiol Infect. 1987;99:733.

291 Blackwell JH, Yilma T. Localization of foot-and-mouth disease viral antigens in mammary glands of infected cows. Am J Vet Res. 1981;42:770.

292 Yilma T. Morphogenesis of vesiculation in foot-and-mouth disease. Am J Vet Res. 1980;41:1537.

293 Graves JH. Foot-and-mouth disease: a constant threat to U.S. livestock. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1979;174:174.

294 Hurst GH. Foot-and-mouth disease: the possibility of continental sources of the virus in England in epidemics of October, 1967, and several other years. Vet Rec. 1968;82:610.

295 Sellers RF, Forman AJ. The Hampshire epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease. J Hyg (Cambridge). 1973;71:15.

296 Cottral GE, Gailuiunas P, Cox BF. Foot-and-mouth disease virus in semen of bulls and its transmission by artificial insemination. Arch Ges Virus Forsch. 1968;23:362.

297 Bastos AD, et al. Possibility of sexual transmission of foot-and-mouth disease from African buffalo to cattle. Vet Rec. 1999;145(3):77.

298 Roeder PL, Taylor WP. Rinderpest. Vet Clin Food Anim. 2002;18:515.

299 Kock RA. Rinderpest epidemic in wild ruminants in Kenya. Vet Rec. 1999;145:275.

300 Wafula JS, Wamwayi HM. Development and distribution of rinderpest virus antigen in experimentally infected goats. Vet Rec. 1988;123:199.

301 U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). Rinderpest, peste des petits ruminants. 1997:1581. APHIS Vol. 6, Program Aid No

302 Wafula JS, Mirangi PK, Ireri RG, Mbugua N. Development and stability of rinderpest virus antigens in cattle tears and lymph nodes. Trop Anim Health Prod. 1986;18:26.

303 Scott GR. Diagnosis of rinderpest. Rome: WHO Food and Agriculture Organization, 1967.

304 Rossiter PB, Kariuki DP. Single and combined rinderpest vaccines. Vet Rec. 1987;121:230.

305 Jeggo MH, Wardley RC, Cortey N. A reassessment of the dual vaccine against rinderpest and contagious bovine pleuropneumonia. Vet Rec. 1987;120:131.

306 Yilma T, Aziz F, Ahmad S, et al. Inexpensive vaccines and rapid diagnostic kits tailor-made for the global eradication of rinderpest and technology transfer to Africa and Asia. Dev Biol. 2003;114:99.

307 Kennerman E, Senturk S, Ozyigit MO. Megaesophagus in a calf. Indian Vet J. 2006;83:209.

308 Meagher DM, Mayhew IG. The surgical treatment of upper esophageal obstructions in the bovine. Can Vet J. 1978;19:128.

309 Verschooten F, Oyaert W. Radiological diagnosis of esophageal disorders in the bovine. J Am Vet Radiol Soc. 1977;18:85.

310 Ross CE, Rebhun WC. Megaesophagus in a cow. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1986;188:623.

311 Vestweber JG, Leipold HW, Knighton RG. Idiopathic megaesophagus in a calf: clinical and pathologic features. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1985;187:1369.

312 Anderson NV, Vestweber JG, Voisin AJ, Mills LJ. Hiatal hernia and segmental megaesophagus in a cow. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1984;184:193.

313 Davidson HP, Rebhun WC, Habel RE. Pharyngeal trauma in cattle. Cornell Vet. 1981;71:15.

314 Ross CE, Rebhun WC. Megaesophagus in a cow. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1986;188:623.

315 Anderson NV, Vestweber JG, Voisin AJ, Mills LJ. Hiatal hernia and segmental megaesophagus in a cow. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1984;184:193.

316 O’Brien JA, Harvey CE, Brodey RS. The esophagus. In: Anderson NV, editor. Veterinary gastroenterology. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1980.

317 Vestweber JG, Leipold HW, Knighton RG. Idiopathic megaesophagus in a calf: clinical and clinicopathologic features. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1985;187:1369.

318 Braun U, Steiger R, Flückiger M, et al. Regurgitation due to megaesophagus in a ram. Can Vet J. 1990;31:391.

319 Dubey JP, Lindsay DS, Speer CA, et al. Sarcocystis arieticanis and other Sarcocystis spp in sheep in the United States. J Parasitol. 1988;74:1033.

320 Boch J, Bierschenck A, Erber M, Weiland G. Sarcocystis und Toxoplasma Infektionen bei Schlachtschafen in Bayern. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 1979;92:137.

321 Bargai U, Nathan AT, Pearl S. Acquired megaesophagus in a heifer. Vet Radiol. 1991;32:259.

322 Kirkbride CA, Noordsy JL. An esophageal hiatus hernia in a bull. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1968;152:996.

323 McGavin MD, Anderson NV. Projectile expectoration associated with an esophageal diverticulum in a cow. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1975;166:247.

324 Kinsbourne M. Hiatus hernia with contortions of the neck. Lancet. 1964;1:1058.

325 Roberts SJ. Diaphragmatic hernia in the bovine. Cornell Vet. 1946;36:92.

326 Frost JN, Danks AG. Atypical indigestion in the bovine. Cornell Vet. 1939;29:70.

327 Troutt HF, Fessler JF, Page EH, Amstutz HE. Diaphragmatic defects in cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1967;151:1421.

328 Franz S. Ultrasound of the abdomen. Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Convention of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2005:280.

329 Braun U. Ultrasound as a decision-making tool in abdominal surgery in cows. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2005;21:33.

330 Braun U. Diagnostic ultrasonography in bovine internal diseases. Proceedings of the XXIII World Buiatric Congress. 2004.

331 Braun U. Ultrasonography in gastrointestinal disease in cattle. Vet J. 2003;166:112.

332 Braun U. Ultrasonographic examination of the right kidney in cows. Am J Vet Res. 1991;52:1933.

333 Braun U. Ultrasonographic examination of the left kidney, the urinary bladder, and the urethra in cows. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A. 1993;40:1.

334 Braun U, Schefer U, Fohn J. Urinary tract ultrasonography in normal rams and in rams with obstructive urolithiasis. Can Vet J. 1992;33:654.

335 Braun U, Schefer U, Gerber D. Ultrasonography of the urinary tract of female sheep. Am J Vet Res. 1992;53:1734.

336 Hayashi H, Biller DS, Rings DM, Miyabayashi T. Ultrasonographic diagnosis of pyelonephritis in a cow. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1994;205:736.

337 Schott HC, Divers TJ, Van Metre DC. Diseases of the renal system. In: Smith BP, editor. Large animal internal medicine. St Louis: Mosby; 2002:824.

338 Belknap EB, Pugh DG. Disease of the urinary system. In: Pugh DG, editor. Sheep and goat medicine. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2002:255.

339 Newman SJ, Leichner T, Crisman M, Ramos J. Congenital cystic disease of the liver and kidney in a pygmy goat. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2000;12:374.

340 Reef VB. Adult abdominal ultrasonography. In: Reef VB, editor. Equine diagnostic ultrasound. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1998:273.

341 Eddy RG, Pinsent PJN. Diagnosis and differential diagnosis in the cow. In: Andrews AH, editor. Bovine medicine. Oxford: Blackwell Science; 2004:154.

342 Rebhun WC, Dill SG, Perdrizet JA, Hatfield CE. Pyelonephritis in cows: 15 cases (1982–1986). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1989;194:953.

343 Divers TJ, Reef VB, Roby KA. Nephrolithiasis resulting in intermittent ureteral obstruction in a cow. Cornell Vet. 1989;79:143.

344 Braun U, Gerber D. Influence of age, breed, and stage of pregnancy on hepatic ultrasonographic findings in cows. Am J Vet Res. 1994;55:1201.

345 Braun U, Pusterla N, Wild K. Ultrasonographic examination of the liver and gall bladder in cows: abnormal findings. Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet). 1996;18:1255.

346 Braun U. Ultrasonographic examination of the liver in cows. Am J Vet Res. 1990;51:1522.

347 Braun U. Ultrasonographic examination of the liver and gall bladder in cows: normal findings. Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet). 1996;18(Suppl):S61.

348 Braun U, Hausammann K. Ultrasonographic examination of the liver in sheep. Am J Vet Res. 1992;53:198.

349 Braun U, Linggi T, Pospischil A. Ultrasonographic findings in three cows with chronic ragwort (Senecio alpinus) poisoning. Vet Rec. 1999;144:122.

350 Acorda JA, et al. Ultrasonographic features of diffuse hepatocellular disorders in dairy cattle. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 1994;35:196.

351 Gonzalo-Orden M, Millán L, Alvarez M, et al. Diagnostic imaging in sheep hepatic fascioliasis: ultrasound, computer tomography and magnetic resonance findings. Parasitol Res. 2003;90:359.

352 Braun U, Pusterla N, Wild K. Ultrasonographic findings in 11 cows with a hepatic abscess. Vet Rec. 1995;137:284.

353 Lechtenberg KF, Nagaraja TG. Hepatic ultrasonography and blood changes in cattle with experimentally induced hepatic abscesses. Am J Vet Res. 1991;52:803.

354 Braun U, Flückiger M, Feige K, Pospischil A. Diagnosis by ultrasonography of congestion of the caudal vena cava secondary to thrombosis in 12 cows. Vet Rec. 2002;150:209.

355 Braun U, Nuss K, Soldati G, Ossent P. Clinical and ultrasonographic findings in four cows with liver tumours. Vet Rec. 2005;157:482.

356 Braun U, Gotz M, Guscetti F. Ultrasonographic findings in a cow with extra-hepatic cholestasis and cholangitis. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd. 1994;136:275.

357 Braun U, Pospischil A, Pusterla N, Winder C. Ultrasonographic findings in cows with cholestasis. Vet Rec. 1995;137:537.

358 Braun U, Schweizer G, Pospischil A. Clinical and ultrasonographic findings in three cows with ruptured gall bladders. Vet Rec. 2005;156:351.

359 Braun U, Gerber D. Percutaneous ultrasound-guided cholecystocentesis in cows. Am J Vet Res. 1992;53:1079.

360 Braun U, Wolfensberger R, Hertzberg H. Diagnosis of liver flukes in cows—a comparison of the findings in the liver, in the feces, and in the bile. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd. 1995;137:438.

361 Pusterla N, Braun U. Ultrasonic examination of the pancreas in healthy cows. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 1997;38:63.

362 Braun U, Sicher D. Ultrasonography of the spleen in 50 healthy cows. Vet J. 2006;171:513.

363 Braun U, Gotz M. Ultrasonography of the reticulum in cows. Am J Vet Res. 1994;55:325.

364 Braun U, Iselin U, Lischer C, Fluri E. Ultrasonographic findings in five cows before and after treatment of reticular abscesses. Vet Rec. 1998;142:184.

365 Braun U, Gotz M, Marmier O. Ultrasonographic findings in cows with traumatic reticuloperitonitis. Vet Rec. 1993;133:416.

366 Braun U, Schweizer G, Fluckiger M. Radiographic and ultrasonographic findings in three cows with reticulo-omasal obstruction due to a foreign body. Vet Rec. 2002;150:580.

367 Braun U, Pusterla N, Anliker H. Ultrasonographic findings in three cows with peritonitis in the left flank region. Vet Rec. 1998;142:338.

368 Braun U, Wild K, Guscetti F. Ultrasonographic examination of the abomasum of 50 cows. Vet Rec. 1997;140:93.

369 Braun U, Pusterla N, Schonmann M. Ultrasonographic findings in cows with left displacement of the abomasum. Vet Rec. 1997;141:331.

370 Braun U, Marmier O. Ultrasonographic examination of the small intestine of cows. Vet Rec. 1995;136:239.

371 Braun U, Marmier O, Pusterla N. Ultrasonographic examination of the small intestine of cows with ileus of the duodenum, jejunum or ileum. Vet Rec. 1995;137:209.

372 Boerboom D, Mulon PY, Desrochers A. Duodenal obstruction caused by malposition of the gallbladder in a heifer. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2003;223:1435-1475.

373 Braun U, Amrein E. Ultrasonographic examination of the caecum and the proximal and spiral ansa of the colon of cattle. Vet Rec. 2001;149:45.

374 Braun U, Amrein E, Koller U, Lischer C. Ultrasonographic findings in cows with dilatation, torsion and retroflexion of the caecum. Vet Rec. 2002;150:75.

375 Hesselink JW, Taverne MA. Ultrasonography of the uterus of the goat. Vet Q. 1994;16:41.

376 Kahn W, Leidl W. Ultrasonographic characteristics of pathological conditions of the bovine uterus and ovaries. In: Taverne MAM, Wellemse AH, editors. Diagnostic ultrasound and animal reproduction. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1989:53.

377 Haibel GK. Use of ultrasonography in reproductive management of sheep and goat herds. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 1990;6:597.

378 Seyedmehdi M, Heath A, Pugh D. Theriogenology of sheep and goats. In: Pugh DG, editor. Sheep and goat medicine. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2002:1296.

379 Batista M, Medina J, Calero P, et al. Incidence and treatment of hydrometra in Canary Island goats. Vet Rec. 2001;149:329.

380 Hesselink JW. Incidence of hydrometra in dairy goats. Vet Rec. 1993;132:110.

381 Melendez P, McHale J, Bartolome J, et al. Uterine involution and fertility of Holstein cows subsequent to early postpartum PGF2alpha treatment for acute puerperal metritis. J Dairy Sci. 2004;87:3238.

382 Whitney KM, Valentine BA, Schlafer DH. Caprine genital leiomyosarcoma. Vet Pathol. 2000;37:89.

383 Seguin B, Troedsson M. Diseases of the reproductive system. In: Smith BP, editor. Large animal internal medicine. St Louis: Mosby; 2002:1292.

384 Braun U, Gerspach C, Metzger L, Ziegler-Gohm D. Ultrasonographic findings in a cow with ascites due to a mesothelioma. Vet Rec. 2004;154:272.

385 Krametter R, Bago Z, Floeck M, Baumgartner W. Abdominal mesothelioma in a goat. N Z Vet J. 2004;52:293.

386 Dirksen GU. Krankheiten der Haube und des Pansens. In Rosenberger G, editor: Krankheiten des Rindes, ed 2, Berlin: Verlag Paul Parey, 1978.

387 Dirksen GU, Garry FB. Diseases of the forestomachs in calves. I. II. Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet). 1987;9:140.

388 van Soest PJ. Nutritional ecology of the ruminant. Ithaca, New York: Comstock, 1994.

389 Wyburn RS. The mixing and propulsion of the stomach contents of ruminants. In: Ruckebush Y, Thivend P, editors. Digestive physiology and metabolism in ruminants. Lancaster, England: MTP Press, 1980.

390 Kay RN. Rumen function and physiology. Vet Rec. 1983;113:6.

391 Sellers AF, Stevens CE. Motor functions of the ruminant forestomach. Physiol Rev. 1966;46:634.

392 Peruzzo de Naville LE, Colvin HWJr, Backus RC. The primary-secondary rumen contraction and gas expulsion in sheep (Ovis aries). Comp Biochem Physiol A. 1987;87:993.

393 Mercer SA, Colvin HWJr, Backus RC. Elevated intra-rumen pressure and secondary rumen contractions in sheep (Ovis aries). Comp Biochem Physiol A. 1988;90:481.

394 Iggo A, Leek BF. An electrophysiological study of some reticulo-ruminal and abomasal reflexes in sheep. J Physiol. 1967;193:95.

395 Iggo A, Leek BF. An electrophysiological study of single vagal efferent units associated with gastric movements in sheep. J Physiol. 1967;191:177.

396 Leek BF. Reticulo-ruminal function and dysfunction. Vet Rec. 1969;84:238.

397 Habel RE. A study of the innervation of the ruminant stomach. Cornell Vet. 1956;46:555.

398 Titchen DA. Reflex stimulation and inhibition of reticulum contractions in the ruminant stomach. J Physiol. 1958;141:1.

399 Harding R, Leek BF. The locations and activities of medullary neurons associated with ruminant forestomach motility. J Physiol. 1971;219:587.

400 Ruckebusch Y. Pharmacology of reticulo-ruminal motor function. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 1983;6:245.

401 Dietz O, Nagel E, Petzka H, et al. [Vagus function, vagus influence and vagus malfunction in the digestive system of adult cattle]. Arch Exp Veterinarmed. 1970;24:1385.

402 Leek BF, Harding RH. Sensory nervous receptors in the ruminant stomach and the reflex control of reticuloruminal motility. In: McDonald IW, Warner ACI, editors. Digestion and metabolism in the ruminant. Armidale, NSW, Australia: New England Publishing Unit, 1975.

403 Ash RW, Kay RN. Stimulation and inhibition of reticulum contractions, rumination and parotid secretion from the forestomach of conscious sheep. J Physiol. 1959;149:43.

404 Espinasse J, Kuiper R, Schelcher F. Pathophysiology of the bovine stomach. Bovine Pract. 1991:105.

405 Leek BF. Review: reticuloruminal motility—a pharmacological target with a difference? Vet Q. 2001;23:26.

406 van Miert AS, van Duin CT, Anika SM. Anorexia during febrile conditions in dwarf goats. The effect of diazepam, flurbiprofen and naloxone. Vet Q. 1986;8:266.

407 van Miert AS. Fever and associated clinical haematologic and blood biochemical changes in the goat and other animal species. Vet Q. 1985;7:200.

408 Lohuis JA, Verheijden JH, Burvenich C, et al. Pathophysiological effects of endotoxins in ruminants. 1. Changes in body temperature and reticulo-rumen motility, and the effect of repeated administration. Vet Q. 1988;10:109.

409 Froetschel MA, Croom WJJr, Hagler WMJr, et al. Effects of slaframine on ruminant digestive function: ruminal motility in sheep and cattle. J Anim Sci. 1986;63:1502.

410 Jorgensen RJ, Nyengaard NR, Hara S, et al. Rumen motility during induced hyper- and hypocalcaemia. Acta Vet Scand. 1998;39:331.

411 Daniel RC. Motility of the rumen and abomasum during hypocalcaemia. Can J Comp Med. 1983;47:276.

412 Westra R, Christopherson RJ. Effects of cold on digestibility, retention time of digesta, reticulum motility and thyroid hormones in sheep. Can J Anim Sci. 1976;56:699.

413 Lirette A, Kelly JM, Milligan LP, et al. Effects of psychological stress, acute cold stress, and diet on forestomach contractions in cattle. Can J Anim Sci. 1988;68:399.

414 Andersson B, Kitchell R, Persson N. A study of rumination induced by milking in the goat. Acta Physiol Scand. 1958;44:92.

415 Guard C, Schwark W, Kelton D, et al. Effects of metoclopramide, clenbuterol and butorphanol on ruminoreticular motility of calves. Cornell Vet. 1988;78:89.

416 Sorraing JM, Fioramonti J, Bueno L. Effects of dopamine and serotonin on eructation rate and ruminal motility in sheep. Am J Vet Res. 1984;45:942.

417 Brikas P, Tsiamitas C, Wyburn RS. On the effect of xylazine on forestomach motility in sheep. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med. 1986;33:174.

418 Svendson PE. Experimental studies of gastrointestinal atony in ruminants. In: McDonald IW, Warner ACI, editors. Digestion and metabolism in the ruminant. Armidale, NSW, Australia: New England Publishing Unit, 1975.

419 Grovum WL. Factors affecting the voluntary intake of food by sheep. 3. The effect of intravenous infusions of gastrin, cholecystokinin and secretin on motility of the reticulo-rumen and intake. Br J Nutr. 1981;45:183.

420 Dougherty RW, Habel RE, Bond HE. Esophageal innervation and the eructation reflex in sheep. Am J Vet Res. 1958;19:115.

421 Leek BF. Clinical diseases of the rumen: a physiologist’s view. Vet Rec. 1983;113:10.

422 Dougherty RW. Physiopathology of the ruminant digestive tract. In Swenson MJ, editor: Dukes’ physiology of domestic animals, ed 10, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1984.

423 Dziuk HE. Digestion in the ruminant stomach. In Swenson MJ, editor: Dukes’ physiology of domestic animals, ed 10, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1984.

424 Prins RA, Clarke RTJ. Microbial ecology of the rumen. In: Prins RA, editor. Digestive physiology and metabolism in ruminants (Proc 5th Int Symp, Clermont-Ferrand, 3–7 Sept 1979). Lancaster: MTP Press; 1980:179.

425 Whitlock RH. Bovine stomach diseases. In: Anderson NV, editor. Veterinary gastroenterology. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1980:392.

426 Rebhun WC. Vagus indigestion in cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1980;176:506.

427 Doll K. Bloat in calves—some aspects of differential diagnosis and therapy. Bovine Pract. 1989:49.

428 Narayanan S, Nagaraja TG, Wallace N, et al. Biochemical and ribotypic comparison of Actinomyces pyogenes and A. pyogenes-like organisms from liver abscesses, ruminal wall, and ruminal contents of cattle. Am J Vet Res. 1998;59:271.

429 Thompson RG. Rumenitis in cattle. Can Vet J. 1967;8:189.

430 Taylor RL, Kintner LD. Phycomycosis of feedlot cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1979;174:371.

431 Chihaya Y, Matsukawa K, Ohshima K, et al. A pathological study of bovine alimentary mycosis. J Comp Pathol. 1992;107:195.

432 Sweeney RW, Divers TJ, Gillette DM, et al. Mycotic omasitis and rumenitis as sequelae to sepsis in dairy cattle: six cases (1979–1986). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1989;194:552.

433 Jensen HE, Basse A, Aalbaek B. Mycosis in the stomach compartments of cattle. Acta Vet Scand. 1989;30:409.

434 Jensen HE, Schonheyder H, Basse A. Acute disseminated aspergillosis in a cow with special reference to penetration and spread. J Comp Pathol. 1991;104:411.

435 Bertone AL, Roth L, O’Krepky J. Forestomach neoplasia in cattle: a report of eight cases. Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet). 1985;7:85.

436 Gordon PJ. Surgical removal of a fibropapilloma from the reticulum causing apparent vagal indigestion. Vet Rec. 1997;140:69.

437 Gabel G. [Rumen acidosis: interactions between changes in the lumen and the rumen wall]. Ubersichten zur Tierernahrung. 1990;18:11.

438 Zitnan R, Voigt J, Schonhusen U, et al. Influence of dietary concentrate to forage ratio on the development of rumen mucosa in calves. Arch Anim Nutr. 1998;51:279.

439 Roy JHB. The calf. London: Butterworth, 1980.

440 Herd RM, Cook LG. Hairballs in feedlot-raised calves. Aust Vet J. 1989;66:372.

441 Neal PA, Edwards GB. Vagus indigestion in cattle. Vet Rec. 1968;82:396.

442 Hoflund S. Investigations of functional defects of the ruminant stomach caused by damage to the vagus nerve. Svensk Vet Tidskr. 1940:45.

443 Leek BF. Vagus indigestion in cattle. Vet Rec. 1968;82:498.

444 Kuiper R, Breukink HJ. Hoflund’s syndrome after 47 years. [Digestive disorders due to damage to the vagus nerve]. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 1987;94:271.

445 Dirksen G, Stober M. Beitrag zu den durch Schadigungen des Nervus Vagus bedingten Funktionsstorungen des Rinder-magens: Hoflundsches syndrom. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 1962;69:213.

446 Kuiper R, Breukink HJ. Reticulo-omasal stenosis in the cow: differential diagnosis with respect to pyloric stenosis. Vet Rec. 1986;119:169.

447 Braun U, Hausammann K, Oertle C. [Hoflund syndrome due to anterior functional stenosis in 20 cows]. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 1990;103:192.

448 Fubini SL, Ducharme NG, Erb HN, et al. Failure of omasal transport attributable to perireticular abscess formation in cattle: 29 cases (1980–1986). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1989;194:811.

449 Stockhofe-Zurwieden N, Rehage J, Yalcin E. Morphological investigations of the forestomach in cows suffering from Hoflund syndrome. Proc XVII World Buiatrics Congr. 1992;1:127.

450 Rehage J, Stockhofe-Zurwieden N, Kaske M. Hoflund’s syndrome: the consequence of failure in the selective retention of particles in the reticulorumen? Proc XVII World Buiatrics Congr. 1992;1:131.

451 Fubini SL, Ducharme NG, Murphy JP, et al. Vagus indigestion syndrome resulting from a liver abscess in dairy cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1985;186:1297.

452 Sattler N, Fecteau G, Helie P, et al. Etiology, forms, and prognosis of gastrointestinal dysfunction resembling vagal indigestion occurring after surgical correction of right abomasal displacement. Can Vet J. 2000;41:777.

453 Rehage J, Kaske M, Stockhofe-Zurwieden N, et al. Evaluation of the pathogenesis of vagus indigestion in cows with traumatic reticuloperitonitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1995;207:1607.

454 Dirksen G. Forestomachs. In: Rosenberger G, editor. Clinical examination of cattle. Berlin: Verlag Paul Parey, 1977.

455 Van Soest PJ. Rumen microbes. In: Van Soest PJ, editor. Nutritional ecology of the ruminant. Corvallis, Oregon: O & B Books, 1982.

456 Allison MJ. Microbiology of the rumen and small and large intestines. In: Swenson MJ, editor. Duke’s physiology of domestic animals. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1984.

457 Mackie RI, White BA. Recent advances in rumen microbial ecology and metabolism: potential impact on nutrient output. J Dairy Sci. 1990;73:2971.

458 Slyter LL. Influence of acidosis on rumen function. J Anim Sci. 1976;43:910.

459 Durand M, Kawashima R. Influence of minerals in rumen microbial digestion (review). In: Durand M, editor. Digestive physiology and metabolism in ruminants. Lancaster: MTP Press; 1980:375.

460 Crichlow EC, Chaplin RK. Ruminal lactic acidosis: relationship of forestomach motility to nondissociated volatile fatty acids levels. Am J Vet Res. 1985;46:1908.

461 Crichlow EC, Leek BF. Forestomach epithelial receptor activation by rumen fluids from sheep given intraruminal infusions of volatile fatty acids. Am J Vet Res. 1986;47:1015.

462 Schelcher F, Valarcher JF, Espinasse J. Abnormal ruminal digestion in cattle with dominantly non-digestive disorders. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 1992;99:175.

463 Selim HM, Yamato O, Tajima M, et al. Rumen bacteria are involved in the onset of onion-induced hemolytic anemia in sheep. J Vet Med Sci. 1999;61:369.

464 Gould DH, Cummings BA, Hamar DW. In vivo indicators of pathologic ruminal sulfide production in steers with diet-induced polioencephalomalacia. J Vet Diagn Invest. 1997;9:72.

465 Cummings BA, Gould DH, Caldwell DR, et al. Ruminal microbial alterations associated with sulfide generation in steers with dietary sulfate-induced polioencephalomalacia. Am J Vet Res. 1995;56:1390.

466 Braun U, Rihs T, Eicher R. [Rumen fluid investigations in cows with chronic inactivity of forestomach flora and fauna before and after treatment and change of diet]. Schweizer Archiv Tierheilkunde. 1988;130:545.

467 Schweigel M, Freyer M, Leclercq S, et al. Luminal hyperosmolarity decreases Na transport and impairs barrier function of sheep rumen epithelium. J Comp Physiol [B]. 2005;175:575.

468 Owens FN, Secrist DS, Hill WJ, et al. Acidosis in cattle: a review. J Anim Sci. 1998;76:275.

469 Leedle JA, Coe ML, Frey RA. Evaluation of health and ruminal variables during adaptation to grain-based diets in beef cattle. Am J Vet Res. 1995;56:885.

470 Dunlop RH. Pathogenesis of ruminant lactic acidosis. Adv Vet Sci Comp Med. 1972;16:259.

471 Krause KM, Combs DK, Beauchemin KA. Effects of forage particle size and grain fermentability in midlactation cows. II. Ruminal pH and chewing activity. J Dairy Sci. 2002;85:1947.

472 Russell JB, Hino T. Regulation of lactate production in Streptococcus bovis: a spiraling effect that contributes to rumen acidosis. J Dairy Sci. 1985;68:1712.

473 Bide RW. Excess rumen product anions in cattle. I. Blood clearance rates and reduced liver function from sublethal doses of volatile fatty acids, lactate and succinate. Can J Comp Med. 1983;47:222.

474 Huber TL. Effect of acute indigestion on compartmental water volumes and osmolality in sheep. Am J Vet Res. 1971;32:887.

475 Giesecke D, Stangassinger M. Lactic acid metabolism (review). In: Giesecke D, editor. Digestive physiology and metabolism in ruminants. Lancaster: MTP Press; 1980:523.

476 Dirksen G. Acidosis. Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on the Physiology of Digestion and Metabolism in the Ruminant. 1970.

477 Krehbiel CR, Britton RA, Harmon DL, et al. The effects of ruminal acidosis on volatile fatty acid absorption and plasma activities of pancreatic enzymes in lambs. J Anim Sci. 1995;73:3111.

478 Nagaraja TG. Liver abscesses in beef cattle: potential for dairy monitoring?. Proceedings of the Thirty-Third Annual Conference of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, Rapid City, South Dakota, September 21–23. 2000:65.

479 Nagaraja TG, Sun Y, Wallace N, et al. Effects of tylosin on concentrations of Fusobacterium necrophorum and fermentation products in the rumen of cattle fed a high-concentrate diet. Am J Vet Res. 1999;60:1061.

480 Andersen PH. Bovine endotoxicosis—some aspects of relevance to production diseases. A review. Acta Vet Scand Suppl. 2003;98:141.

481 Andersen PH, Bergelin B, Christensen KA. Effect of feeding regimen on concentration of free endotoxin in ruminal fluid of cattle. J Anim Sci. 1994;72:487.

482 Andersen PH, Hesselholt M, Jarlov N. Endotoxin and arachidonic acid metabolites in portal, hepatic and arterial blood of cattle with acute ruminal acidosis. Acta Vet Scand. 1994;35:223.

483 Aiumlamai S, Kindahl H, Fredriksson G, et al. The role of endotoxins in induced ruminal acidosis in calves. Acta Vet Scand. 1992;33:117.

484 Ras A, Janowski T, Zdunczyk S. [Effect of subclinical and acute acidosis in pregnant cows on the course of pregnancy and the steroid hormone profile]. Tierarztl Prax. 1996;24:347.

485 Krause KM, Oetzel GR. Understanding and preventing subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy herds: a review. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2006;126:215.

486 Oetzel GR. Clinical aspects of ruminal acidosis in dairy cattle. Proceedings of the Thirty-Third Annual Conference of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, Rapid City, South Dakota, September 21. 2000:46.

487 Goad DW, Goad CL, Nagaraja TG. Ruminal microbial and fermentative changes associated with experimentally induced subacute acidosis in steers. J Anim Sci. 1998;76:234.

488 Kleen JL, Hooijer GA, Rehage J, et al. Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA): a review. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med. 2003;50:406.

489 Trenkle A. The relationship between acid-base balance and protein metabolism in ruminants. In: Hale WH, Meinhadt P, editors. Regulation of acid-base balance. Piscataway, New Jersey: Church & Dwight, 1979.

490 Nocek JE. Bovine acidosis: implications on laminitis. J Dairy Sci. 1997;80:1005.

491 Aafjes JH. Carbonic anhydrase in the wall of the forestomachs of cows. Br Vet J. 1967;123:252.

492 Osweiler GD, Carson TL, Buck WB, et al. Urea and nonprotein nitrogen. In Clinical and diagnostic veterinary toxicology, ed 3, Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt; 1985:160.

493 Whitehair CK. Urea (ammonia) toxicosis in cattle. Bovine Pract. 1989:67.

494 Davis CL, Drackley JK. The development, nutrition, and management of the young calf. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 1998.

495 Giesecke D. Die Funktionelle vormagenentwicklung des Wiederkauers. Tierarztl Umschau. 1976;22:398.

496 Franco A, Regodon S, Robina A, et al. Histomorphometric analysis of the rumen of sheep during development. Am J Vet Res. 1992;53:1209.

497 Scholz H. Utilization of the reticular groove contraction in adult cattle—a therapeutical alternative for the practitioner? Bovine Pract. 1988:148.

498 Scholz H, Mikhail M. [Utilization of oesophageal groove contraction in the treatment of internal diseases of adult cattle. I. Elicitation of contraction by intravenous administration of vasopressin]. Tierarztliche Umschau. 1987;42:280.

499 Breukink HJ, Wensing T, van Weeren-Keverling, Buisman A, et al. Consequences of failure of the reticular groove reflex in veal calves fed milk replacer. Vet Q. 1988;10:126.

500 Chapman HW, Butler DG, Newell M. The route of liquids administered to calves by esophageal feeder. Can J Vet Res. 1986;50:84.

501 Rademacher G, Korn N, Friedrich A. [The ruminal drinker as patient in practice]. Tierarztliche Umschau. 2003;58:115.

502 Dirr L, Dirksen G. [Dysfunction of the esophageal groove (“ruminal drinking”) as a complication of neonatal diarrhea in the calf]. Tierarztl Prax. 1989;17:353.

503 Stocker H, Rusch P. [Chronic indigestion in milk-fed calves]. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd. 1999;141:407.

504 Gentile A, Rademacher G, Seemann G, et al. [Systemic effects of ruminal acidosis following ruminal drinking in young calves. A retrospective analysis of 293 cases]. Tierarztliche Praxis Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere. 1998;26:205.

505 Coverdale JA, Tyler HD, Quigley JDIII, et al. Effect of various levels of forage and form of diet on rumen development and growth in calves. J Dairy Sci. 2004;87:2554.

506 Heinrichs AJ, Lesmeister KE. Rumen development in the dairy calf. In: Garnsworthy PC, editor. Calf and heifer rearing: principles of rearing the modern dairy heifer from calf to calving. 60th University of Nottingham Easter School in Agricultural Science, Nottingham, UK, March 23–24, 2004. Nottingham: Nottingham University Press; 2005:53.

507 Greenwood RH, Morrill JL, Titgemeyer EC, et al. A new method of measuring diet abrasion and its effect on the development of the forestomach. J Dairy Sci. 1997;80:2534.

508 Dirksen G. Linkseitige labmagenverlagerung bei Kalb und Jungrind. Tierarztl Umschau. 1981;36:674.

509 Braun U, Gotz M. Ultrasonography of the reticulum in cows. Am J Vet Res. 1994;55:325.

510 Rebhun WC. Rumen collapse in cattle. Cornell Vet. 1987;77:244.

511 Cable CS, Rebhun WC, Fubini SL, et al. Concurrent abomasal displacement and perforating ulceration in cattle: 21 cases (1985–1996). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1998;212:1442.

512 Stober M, Serrano HS. Gross findings in bovine feces. Vet Med Rev. 1974;4:361.

513 McGuirk SM, Bednarski RM, Clayton MK. Bradycardia in cattle deprived of food. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1990;196:894.

514 Braun U, Rihs T, Schefer U. Ruminal lactic acidosis in sheep and goats. Vet Rec. 1992;130:343.

515 Dirksen G, Smith MC. Acquisition and analysis of bovine rumen fluid. Bovine Pract. 1987:108.

516 Wagner D, Elmer-Englhard D. [Comparative evaluation of four instruments for acquisition of rumen fluid from adult cattle with reference to saliva inflow into the aspirated sample]. Tierarztl Prax. 1988;16:133.

517 Nordlund KV, Garrett EF. Rumenocentesis: a technique for collecting rumen fluid for the diagnosis of subacute rumen acidosis in dairy herds. Bovine Pract. 1994;28:109.

518 Garrett EF, Pereira MN, Nordlund KV, et al. Diagnostic methods for the detection of subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 1999;82:1170.

519 Dirksen G, Wolf L. Wie lange und bei welcher Auf-bewahrungstemperatur ist pansensaft nach der Entnahme fur Diagnostische und Therapeutische zwecke brauchbar? Tierarztl Umschau. 1963;18:282.

520 Mould FL, Kliem KE, Morgan R, et al. In vitro microbial inoculum: a review of its function and properties. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2005;123/124:31.

521 Nocek JE, Allman JG, Kautz WP. Evaluation of an indwelling ruminal probe methodology and effect of grain level on diurnal pH variation in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci. 2002;85:422.

522 Kaufmann W. [Regulation of pH in the contents of the rumen and reticulum of ruminants]. Tierarztliche Umschau. 1972;27:324.

523 Maekawa M, Beauchemin KA, Christensen DA. Effect of concentrate level and feeding management on chewing activities, saliva production, and ruminal pH of lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2002;85:1165.

524 Nichols RE, Penn KE. Simple methods for the detection of unfavorable changes in ruminal ingesta. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1958;133:275.

525 Dirksen G. Ist die Metylenblauprobe als Schnelltest fur die Klinische Pansensaftuntersuchung geeignet? Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 1969.

526 Gartley C, Ogilvie TH, Butler DG. Magnesium oxide contraindicated as a cathartic for cattle in the abscence of rumen acidosis. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Convention of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners. 1981:17.

527 Rebhun WC, Fubini SL, Miller TK, et al. Vagus indigestion in cattle: clinical features, causes, treatments, and long-term follow-up of 112 cases. Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet). 1988;10:387.

528 Rager KD, George LW, House JK, et al. Evaluation of rumen transfaunation after surgical correction of left-sided displacement of the abomasum in cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2004;225:915.

529 Allen MS. Relationship between fermentation acid production in the rumen and the requirement for physically effective fiber. J Dairy Sci. 1997;80:1447.

530 Orpin CG. Studies on the defaunation of the ovine rumen using dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate. J Appl Bacteriol. 1977;43:309.

531 Garry F, Kallfelz FA. Clinical aspects of dietary buffers for dairy cattle. Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet). 1983;5:159.

532 Nagaraja TG, Avery TB, Bartley EE, et al. Effect of lasalocid, monensin or thiopeptin on lactic acidosis in cattle. J Anim Sci. 1982;54:649.

533 Chalupa W. Chemical control of rumen microbial metabolism. Digestive physiology and metabolism in ruminants. In: Ruckebush Y, Thivend P, editors. Digestive physiology and metabolism in ruminants. Lancaster, UK: MTP Press; 1980:p 325.

534 Eastridge ML. Major advances in applied dairy cattle nutrition. J Dairy Sci. 2006;89:1311.

535 Walters PC. Approach to the acute abdomen. Tech Small Anim Pract. 2000;15:63.

536 Constable PD, Miller GY, Hoffsis GF, et al. Risk factors for abomasal volvulus and left abomasal displacement in cattle. Am J Vet Res. 1992;7:1184.

537 Roussel AJ, Cohen ND, Hooper RN. Abomasal displacement and volvulus in beef cattle: 19 cases (1988–1998). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2000;5:730.

538 Pearson H. Uterine torsion in cattle: a review of 168 cases. Vet Rec. 1971;89:597.

539 Dennison AC, VanMetre DC, Callan RJ, et al. Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome in dairy cattle: 22 cases (1997–2000). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002;221:686.

540 Goff JP. Pathophysiology of calcium and phosphorus disorders. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2000;16:319.

541 Belknap EB, Navarre CB. Differentiation of gastrointestinal diseases in adult cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2000;16:59.

542 Constable PD, St Jean G, Hull BL, et al. Intussusception in cattle: 336 cases (1964–1993). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1997;210:531.

543 Pearson H. Intussusception in cattle. Vet Rec. 1971;89:426.

544 Smith DF. Bovine intestinal surgery—Part 5. Mod Vet Pract. 1985;66:405.

545 Garber JL, Madison JB. Signs of abdominal pain caused by disruption of the small intestinal mesentery in three postparturient cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1991;198:864.

546 Smith DF. Bovine intestinal surgery—Part 7. Mod Vet Pract. 1985;66:995.

547 Navarre CB, Belknap EB, Rowe SE. Differentiation of gastrointestinal diseases of calves. Vet Clinic North Am Food Anim Pract. 2000;16:37.

548 Fubini SL, Erb HN, Rebhun WC, Horne D. Cecal dilatation and volvulus in dairy cows: 84 cases (1977–1983). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1986;189:96.

549 Guyton AC, Hall JE. Somatic sensations: II. Pain, headache, and thermal sensations. In: Guyton AC, Hall JE, editors. Textbook of medical physiology. Toronto: Saunders; 2000:552.

550 Silen W. Douleurs abdominales. In: Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, et al, editors. Harrison: Principes de médecine interne. ed 15. Paris: Médecine-Sciences Flammarion; 2002:67. Flammarion Medecine-Sciences

551 Guyton AC, Hall JE. General principles of gastrointestinal function—motility, nervous control, and blood circulation. In: Guyton AC, Hall JE, editors. Textbook of medical physiology. Toronto: Saunders; 2000:718.

552 Constable PD, St Jean G, Hull BL, et al. Preoperative indicators in cattle with abomasal volvulus. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1991;198:2077.

553 Hjortkjaer RK, Svendsen CK. Right abomasal displacement in dairy cows. Nord Vet Med. 1979;31(Suppl):1.

554 Smith DF. Right-side torsion of the abomasums in dairy cows: classification of severity and evaluation of outcome. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1978;173:108.

555 Braun U, Steiner A, Bearth G. Therapy and clinical progress of cattle with dilatation and torsion of the caecum. Vet Rec. 1989;21:430.

556 Stober M, Dirksen G. The differential diagnosis of abdominal findings (adspection, rectal examination and exploratory laparotomy) in cattle. Bovine Pract. 1977;12:35.

557 Pearson H, Pinsent PJN. Intestinal obstruction in cattle. Vet Rec. 1977;101:162.

558 Fecteau G. Management of peritonitis in cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2005;21:155.

559 Roussel AJ, Cohen ND, Holland PS, et al. Alterations in acid-base balance and serum electrolyte concentrations in cattle: 632 cases (1984–1994). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1998;212:1769.

560 Roussel AJ. Fluid therapy in mature cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 1999;15:545.

561 Garry FB, Hull BL, Rings DM, et al. Prognostic value of anion gap calculation in cattle with abomasal volvulus: 58 cases (1980–1985). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1988;192:1107.

562 Simpson DF, Erb HN, Smith DF. Base excess as a prognostic and diagnostic indicator in cows with abomasal volvulus or right displacement of the abomasums. Am J Vet Res. 1985;46:796.

563 Poulsen JSD. Right-sided abomasal displacement in dairy cows: pre- and postoperative clinical chemical findings. Nord Vet Med. 1974;26:65.

564 Constable PD, Streeter RK, Koening GR, Perkins NR. Blood L-lactate and pyruvate concentrations and lactate-pyruvate ration in 41 cattle with abomasal volvulus. Proceedings of the XXth World Buiatrics Congress, Sydney, Australia, 1998. 1998:121.

565 McNelis J, Marini CP, Jurkiewicz A, et al. Prolonged lactate clearance is associated with increased mortality in the surgical intensive care unit. Am J Surg. 2001;182:481.

566 Holm C, Melcer B, Hörband F, et al. Haemodynamic and oxygen transport responses in survivors and non-survivors following thermal injury. Burns. 2000;26:25.

567 Lagutchick MS, Ogilvie GK, Wingfield WE, Hackett TB. Lactate kinetics in veterinary critical care: a review. J Vet Emergency Crit Care. 1996;6:81.

568 de Papp E, Drobatz KJ, Hughes D. Plasma lactate concentration as a predictor of gastric necrosis and survival among dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus: 102 cases (1995–1998). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1999;215:49.

569 Magdesian KG. Monitoring the critically ill equine patient. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 2004;20:11.

570 Earley B, Crowe MA. Effects of ketoprofen alone or in combination with local anesthesia during the castration of bull calves on plasma cortisol, immunological, and inflammatory responses. J Anim Sci. 2002;80:1044.

571 Conner JG, Eckersall PD. Bovine acute phase response following turpentine injection. Res Vet Sci. 1988:82.

572 Divers TJ, Crowell WA, Duncan JR, Whitlock RH. Acute renal disorders in cattle: a retrospective study of 22 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1982;181:694.

573 Thoefner MB, Ersboll AK, Hesselholt M. Prognostic indicators in a Danish hospital-based population of colic horses. Equine Vet J S. 2000;32:11.

574 Saulez MN, Cebra CK, Tornquist SJ. The diagnostic and prognostic value of alkaline phosphatase activity in serum and peritoneal fluid from horses with acute colic. J Vet Intern Med. 2004;18:564.

575 Fubini SL, Yeager AE, Mohammed HO, Smith DF. Accuracy of radiography of the reticulum for predicting surgical findings in adult dairy cattle with traumatic reticuloperitonitis: 123 cases (1981–1987). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1990;197:1060.

576 Partington BP, Biller DS. Radiography of the bovine cranioventral abdomen. Vet Radiol. 1991;32:155.

577 Fubini SL, Trent AM. Small intestine surgery. In: Fubini SL, Ducharme NG, editors. Farm animal surgery. St Louis: Saunders; 2004:240.

578 Woodie JB. Approaches to the bovine abdomen. In: Fubini SL, Ducharme NG, editors. Farm animal surgery. St Louis: Saunders; 2004:75.

579 Van Metre DC, House JK, Smith BP, et al. Obstructive urolithiasis in ruminants: medical treatment and urethral surgery. Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet). 1996;18:317.

580 Haven ML, Wichtel JJ, Bristol DG, et al. Effects of antibiotic prophylaxis on postoperative complications after rumenotomy in cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1992;200:1332.

581 Constable PD. Fluid and electrolyte therapy in ruminants. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2003;19:557.

582 Walker PG, Constable PD, Morin DE, et al. Comparison of hypertonic saline-dextran solution and lactate Ringer’s solution for resuscitating severely dehydrated calves with diarrhea. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1998;213:113.

583 Papadopoulos P, Raptopoulos D, Dessiris A, et al. Experimental intestinal obstruction in cattle. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A. 1987;34:7.

584 Kasari TR, Naylor JM. Further studies on the clinical features and clinicopathological findings of a syndrome of metabolic acidosis with minimal dehydration in neonatal calves. Can J Vet Res. 1986;50:505.

585 Constable PD. Hypertonic saline. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 1999;15:559.

586 Geishauser T, Oekentorp N. The association between blood calcium and selected parameters in dairy cows diagnosed with left displaced abomasum. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A. 1997;44:493.

587 Bueno L, Fioramonti J, Delvaux M, Frexinos J. Mediators and pharmacology of visceral sensitivity: from basic to clinical investigations. Gastroenterology. 1997;112:1714.

588 Malone E, Graham L. Management of gastrointestinal pain. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 2002;18:133.

589 Bauer A, Schwaz NT, Moore BA, et al. Ileus in critical illness: mechanisms and management. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2002;8:152.

590 Anderson DE, Muir WW. Pain management in ruminants. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2005;21:19.

591 Semrad SD. Comparative efficacy of flunixin, ketoprofen, and ketorolac for treating endotoxemic neonatal calves. Am J Vet Res. 1993;54:1511.

592 Steiner A, Roussel AJ, Ellis WC. Colic motor complex of the cecum and proximal loop of the ascending colon observed in an experimental cow with large intestinal obstruction. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A. 1994;41:53.

593 Steiner A. Modifiers of gastrointestinal motility of cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2003;19:647.

594 Gross ME. Tranquilizers, α₂-Adrenergic agonists and related agents. In: Adams HR, editor. Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics. ed 8. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press; 2001:299.

595 Madl C, Druml W. Systemic consequences of ileus. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2003;17:445.

596 Gleisner ALM, Argenta R, Pimentel M, et al. Infective complications according to duration of antibiotic treatment in acute abdomen. Int J Infect Dis. 2004;8:155.

597 Luckey A, Livingston E, Taché Y. Mechanism and treatment of postoperative ileus. Arch Surg. 2003;138:206.

598 Kasari TR, Woodbury AH, Morcom-Kasari E. Adverse effect of orally administered magnesium hydroxide on serum magnesium concentration and systemic acid-base balance in adult cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1990;196:735.

599 Smith GW, Correa MT. The effects of oral magnesium hydroxide administration on rumen fluid in cattle. J Vet Intern Med. 2004;18:109.

600 Steiner A, Roussel AJ, Martig J. Effect of bethanechol, neostigmine, metoclopramide, and propranolol on myoelectric activity of the ileocecocolic area in cows. Am J Vet Res. 1995;56:1081.

601 Rager KD, George LW, House JK, DePeters EJ. Evaluation of rumen transfaunation after surgical correction of left sided displacement of the abomasum in cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2004;225:915.

602 Ward JL, Ducharme NG. Traumatic reticuloperitonitis in dairy cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1994;204:874.

603 Pinsent PJN. The diagnosis of surgical disorders of the bovine abdomen. Bovine Pract. 1978;13:45.

604 Henninger RW, Mullowney PC. Anterior abdominal pain in cattle. Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet). 1984;6:S453.

605 Rehage J, Kaske M, Stockhofe-Zurwieden N, Yalcin E. Evaluation of the pathogenesis of vagus indigestion in cows with traumatic reticuloperitonitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1995;207:1607.

606 Hjerpe CA. Studies on acute bovine traumatic reticuloperitonitis. III. Hematology. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1961;139:233.

607 Hirvonen J, Pyorala S. Acute-phase response in dairy cows with surgically-treated abdominal disorders. Vet J. 1998;155:53.

608 Jafarzadeh SR, Nowrouzian I, Khaki Z, et al. The sensitivities and specificities of total plasma protein and plasma fibrinogen for the diagnosis of traumatic reticuloperitonitis in cattle. Prev Vet Med. 2004;65:1-7.

609 Dubensky RA, White ME. The sensitivity, specificity and predictive value of total plasma protein in the diagnosis of traumatic reticuloperitonitis. Can J Comp Med. 1983;47:241.

610 Fubini SL, Yeager AE, Mohammed HO, Smith DF. Accuracy of radiography of the reticulum for predicting surgical findings in adult dairy cattle with traumatic reticuloperitonitis: 123 cases (1981–1987). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1990;197:1060.

611 Braun U, Flückiger M, Nägeli F. Radiography as an aid in the diagnosis of traumatic reticuloperitonitis in cattle. Vet Rec. 1993;132:103.

612 Braun U, Flückiger M, Götz M. Comparison of ultrasonographic and radiographic findings in cows with traumatic reticuloperitonitis. Vet Rec. 1994;135:470.

613 Braun U. Ultrasonography in gastrointestinal disease in cattle. Vet J. 2003;166:112.

614 Braun U, Gansohr B, Flückiger M. Effects of atropine, scopolamine and xylazine on the placement of an orally administered magnet in cows. Vet Rec. 2003;152:258.

615 Braun U, Gansohr B, Flückiger M. Radiographic findings before and after oral administration of a magnet in cows with traumatic reticuloperitonitis. Am J Vet Res. 2003;64:115.

616 Fubini SL, Ducharme NG, Erb HN, et al. Failure of omasal transport attributable to perireticular abscess formation in cattle: 29 cases (1980–1986). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1989;194:811.

617 Braun U, Iselin U, Lischer C, Fluri E. Ultrasonographic findings in five cows before and after treatment of reticular abscesses. Vet Rec. 1998;142:184.

618 Herzog K, Kaske M, Bischoff C, et al. Post surgical development of inflammatory adhesions and reticular function in cows suffering from traumatic reticuloperitonitis. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 2004;111:57.

619 Banks WJ. Digestive system. In: Applied veterinary histology. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1981:408.

620 Crowe DT, Bjorling DE. Peritoneum and peritoneal cavity. ed 2. Slatter DH, editor. Textbook of small animal surgery. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1993;vol I:407.

621 Hosgood GL, Salisbury K. Pathophysiology and pathogenesis of generalized peritonitis. Probl Vet Med. 1989;1:159.

622 Kopcha M, Schultze AE. Peritoneal fluid. Part I. Pathophysiology and classification of nonneoplastic effusions. Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet). 1991;13:519.

623 Hosgood G. Peritonitis. Part 1. A review of the pathophysiology and diagnosis. Aust Vet Pract. 1986;16:184.

624 Ahrenholz DH, Simmons RL. Peritonitis and other intra-abdominal infections. In: Simmons RL, Howard RJ, editors. Surgical infectious diseases. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts; 1982:795.

625 Bone JF. Digestive system. In Animal anatomy and physiology, ed 3, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall; 1988:172.

626 Kopcha M, Schultze AE. Peritoneal fluid. Part II. Abdominocentesis in cattle and interpretation of nonneoplastic samples. Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet). 1991;13:703.

627 Oehme FW, Noordsy JL. Examination of peritoneal fluid in differential diagnosis of bovine diseases. Vet Med Small Anim Clin. 1970;65:54.

628 Oehme FW. Cytologic examination of the peritoneal fluid in the diagnosis of cattle disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1969;155:1923.

629 Rosenberger G. Abdomen and abdominal cavity. In: Clinical examination of cattle. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1979:252.

630 Wilson AD, Hirsch VM, Osborne AD. Abdominocentesis in cattle: technique and criteria for diagnosis of peritonitis. Can Vet J. 1985;26:74.

631 Stone HH, Bourneuf AA, Stinson LD. Reliability of criteria for predicting persistence of recurrent sepsis. Arch Surg. 1985;120:17.

632 Hirsch VM, Townsend HGG. Peritoneal fluid analysis in the diagnosis of abdominal disorders in cattle: a retrospective study. Can Vet J. 1982;23:348.

633 Anderson DA, Cornwell D, St-Jean G, et al. Comparison of peritoneal fluid analysis before and after exploratory celiotomy and omentopexy. Am J Vet Res. 1994;55:1633.

634 Braun U, Flückiger M, Nägeli F. Radiography as an aid in the diagnosis of traumatic reticuloperitonitis in cattle. Vet Rec. 1993;132:103.

635 Partington BP, Biller DS. Radiography of the bovine cranioventral abdomen. Vet Radiol. 1991;32:155.

636 Lischer CJ, Steiner A. Ultrasonography of umbilical structures in calves. Part 1: Ultrasonographic description of umbilical involution in clinically healthy calves. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd. 1993;135:221.

637 Lischer CJ, Steiner A. Ultrasonography of umbilical structures in calves. Part 2: Ultrasonography, diagnosis and treatment of umbilical diseases. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd. 1994;136:227.

638 Braun U. Ultrasonographic examination of the liver in cows. Am J Vet Res. 1990;51:1522.

639 Lechtenberg KF, Nagaraja TG. Hepatic ultrasonography and blood changes in cattle with experimentally induced hepatic abscesses. Am J Vet Rev. 1991;52:803.

640 Braun U. Ultrasonography of the reticulum in cows. Am J Vet Res. 1994;55:325.

641 Braun U, Marmier O. Ultrasonographic examination of the small intestine of cows. Vet Rec. 1995;136:239.

642 House JK, Smith BP, VanMeter DC, et al. Ancillary tests for assessment of the ruminant digestive system. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 1992:221. July:

643 Franz S, Baumgartner W. Laparoscopy in upright position of the animal as a diagnostic tool in bovine medicine. Société Française de Buiatrie. 2004:127.

644 Rager KD, George LW, House JK, et al. Evaluation of rumen transfaunation after surgical correction of left-sided displacement of the abomasums in cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2004;225:915.

645 Hopkins JA, Wilson SE, Bobey DG. Adjunctive antimicrobial therapy for complicated appendicitis: bacterial overkill by combination therapy. World J Surg. 1994;18:933.

646 Stone HH, Strom PR, Fabian TC, et al. Third-generation cephalosporins for polymicrobial surgical sepsis. Arch Surg. 1983;118:193.

647 Platell C, Papadimitriou JM, Hall JC. The influence of lavage on peritonitis. J Am Coll Surg. 2000;191:672.

648 Schein M, Gecelter G, Freinkel W, et al. Peritoneal lavage in abdominal sepsis. A controlled clinical study. Arch Surg. 1990;125:1132.

649 Kruth SA. Abdominal distension, ascites, and peritonitis. ed 5. Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC, editors. Textbook of veterinary internal medicine. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2000;vol I:137.

650 Reid CSW, et al. Physiological and genetical aspects of pasture (legume) bloat. In: McDonald IW, Warner ACI, editors. Digestion and metabolism in the ruminant. Armidale, New South Wales, Australia: University of New England Publishing Unit, 1975.

651 Howarth R, et al. Ruminant bloat. In: Milligan LP, Grovum WL, Dobson A, editors. Control of digestion and metabolism in ruminants. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1986.

652 Grovum WL. The control of motility of the ruminoreticulum. In: Milligan LP, Grovum WL, Dobson A, editors. Control of digestion and metabolism in ruminants. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1986.

653 Bartley EE, Nagaraja TG, Pressman ES, et al. Effects of lasalocid or monensin on legume or grain (feedlot) bloat. J Anim Sci. 1983;56:1400.

654 Katz MP, Nagaraja TG, Fina LR. Ruminal changes in monensin- and lasalocid-fed cattle grazing bloat-provocative alfalfa pasture. J Anim Sci. 1986;63:1246.

655 Sakauchi R, Hoshino S. Effects of monensin on ruminal fluid viscosity, pH, volatile fatty acids, and ammonia levels, and microbial activity and population in healthy and bloated feedlot steers. Z Tierphysiol Tierernahr Futtermittelkd. 1981;46:21.

656 Deleted in proofs

657 Blood DC, Radostits OM, Henderson JA. Veterinary medicine, ed 6. London: Baillière Tindall, 1983.

658 Argenzio RA. Gastrointestinal motility. In Swenson MJ, Reece WO, editors: Dukes’s physiology of domestic animals, ed 11, Philadelphia: Saunders, 1993.

659 Leek BF. Digestion in the ruminant stomach. In Swenson MJ, Reece WO, editors: Duke’s physiology of domestic animals, ed 11, Philadelphia: Saunders, 1993.

660 Singleton AG. The effect of duodenal contents on abomasal motility in goats. J Physiol. 1951;115:336.

661 Bell FR, Green AR, Waas JAH, et al. Intestinal control of gastric function in the calf: the relationship of neural and endocrine factors. J Physiol. 1981;321:603.

662 Coppock CE, Noller CH, Wolfe SA, et al. Effect of forage-concentrate ration in complete feeds fed ad libitum on feed intake prepartum and occurrence of abomasal displacement in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 1972;55:783.

663 Grymer J, Willeberg P, Hesseholt M. Feed composition and left abomasal displacement in dairy cattle. A control study. Nord Vet Med. 1981;33:306.

664 Svendson P. Etiology and pathogenesis of abomasal displacement in cattle. Nord Vet Med. 1969;21(Suppl 1):1.

665 Breukink HJ. Abomasal displacement: etiology, pathogenesis, treatment and prevention. Bovine Pract. 1991;26:148.

666 Brikas P. Motor-modifying properties of 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 receptor agonists on ovine abomasums. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A. 1994;41:150.

667 Vlaminck K, van Meirhaeghe H, van der Hende C, et al. Einfluss von Endotoxinen auf die Labmagenentleerung beim Rind. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 1985;92:392.

668 Van Meirhaeghe H, Desperz P, van der Hende C, et al. The influence of insulin on abomasal emptying in cattle. J Vet Med A. 1988;35:213.

669 Poulsen JSD. Right sided abomasal displacement in dairy cattle: pre-and post-operative clinical chemical findings. Nord Vet Med. 1974;26:65.

670 Cunningham JG. Endocrine glands and their functions. In: Cunningham JG, editor. Textbook of veterinary physiology. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1992:415.

671 Duncan DL. Responses of gastric musculature of the sheep to humoral agents and related substances. J Physiol. 1954;125:475.

672 Constable PD, Miller GY, Hoffsis GF, et al. Risk factors for abomasal volvulus and left abomasal displacement in cattle. Am J Vet Res. 1992;53:1184.

673 Poulsen JSD. The influence of metabolic alkalosis and other factors on the abomasal emptying rates in goats and cows. Nord Vet Med. 1974;26:22.

674 Madison JR, Troutt HE. Effects of hypocalcemia on abomasal motility. Res Vet Sci. 1988;44:264.

675 Vandeplassche G, Korteweg M, Verdonk G, et al. The influence of prostaglandins on in-vitro motility of the antrum pyloricum of the bovine abomasum. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 1982;256:324.

676 Vandeplassche G, Oyaert W, Houvenaghel A. The influence of prostaglandins on in-vitro motility of the fundus and pyloric sphincter of the bovine abomasum. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 1982;260:306.

677 Horney FD, Wallace CE. Surgery of the bovine digestive tract. In: Jennings PB, editor. The practice of large animal surgery. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1984:493.

678 Bell FR, Titchen DA, Watson DJ. The effect of gastrin analogue, pentagastrine, on gastric electromyogram and abomasal emptying in the calf. Res Vet Sci. 1977;23:165.

679 Boosman R, Nemeth F, Gruys E. Bovine laminitis: clinical aspects, pathology and pathogenesis with reference to acute equine laminitis. Vet Q. 1991;13:163.

680 Trent AM. Surgery of the bovine abomasum. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 1990;6:399.

681 Geishauser T, Leslie K, Duffield T, Edge V. An evaluation of milk ketone tests for the prediction of left displaced abomasum in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 1997;80:3188.

682 St. Jean GD, et al. Comparison of the different surgical techniques for correction of abomasal problems. Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet). 1987;9:F377.

683 Mulon PY, Babkine M, Desrochers A. Ventral laparoscopic abomasopexy in 18 cattle with displaced abomasum. Vet Surg. 2006;35:347.

684 Babkine M, Desrochers A, Bouré L, Hélie P. Ventral laparoscopic abomasopexy on adult cows. Can Vet J. 2006;47:343.

685 Seeger T, Kümper H, Failing K, Doll K. Comparison of laparoscopic-guided abomasopexy versus omentopexy via right flank laparotomy for the treatment of left abomasal displacement in dairy cows. Am J Vet Res. 2006;67:472.

686 Newman KD, Anderson DE, Silveira F. One-step laparoscopic abomasopexy for correction of left-sided displacement of the abomasum in dairy cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2005;227:1142.

687 Rebhun WC. Rumen collapse in cattle. Cornell Vet. 1987;77:244.

688 Robertson JM. Left displacement of the bovine abomasum: laboratory findings. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1973;149:1430.

689 Erb HN, Smith RD, Hillman RB, et al. Rates of diagnosis of six diseases of Holstein cows during 15-day and 21-day intervals. Am J Vet Res. 1984;45:333.

690 Coppock CE. Displaced abomasum in dairy cattle: etiological factors. J Dairy Sci. 1974;57:926.

691 Martin W. Left abomasal displacement: an epidemiological study. Can Vet J. 1972;13:61.

692 Markusfeld O. Periparturient traits in seven high-producing dairy herds: incidence rates, association with parity, and interrelationships among traits. J Dairy Sci. 1987;70:158.

693 Erb H. Interrelationships among production and clinical disease in dairy cattle: a review. Can Vet J. 1987;28:326.

694 Martin SW, Kirby KL, Curtis RA. Left abomasal displacement in dairy cows: its relationship to production. Can Vet J. 1978;19:250.

695 Curtis CR, Erb HN, Sniffen CJ, et al. Path analysis of dry period nutrition, postpartum metabolic and reproductive disorders, and mastitis in Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci. 1985;68:2347.

696 Fox FH. Abomasal disorders. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1965;147:383.

697 Mahoney CB, Hansen LB, Young CW, et al. Health care of Holsteins selected for large or small body size. J Dairy Sci. 1986;69:3131.

698 Espersen G, Dilatatio ET. Dislocatio ad dextram abomasi bovis. Nord Vet Med. 1961;13(Suppl 1):1.

699 Grymer J, Ames NK. Bovine abdominal pings: clinical examination and differential diagnosis. Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet). 1981;3:S311.

700 Smith DF, Erb HN, Kalaher KM, Rebhun WC. The identification of structures and conditions responsible for right-side tympanitic resonance (ping) in adult cattle. Cornell Vet. 1982;72:180.

701 Gingerich DA, Murdick PW. Paradoxic aciduria in bovine metabolic alkalosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1975;166:227.

702 McGuirk SM, Butler DG. Metabolic alkalosis with paradoxic aciduria in cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1980;177:551.

703 Habel RE, Smith DF. Volvulus of the bovine abomasum and omasum. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1981;179:447.

704 Neal PA, Pinsent PJN. Dilatation and torsion of the bovine abomasum. Vet Rec. 1960;72:175.

705 Robertson JT. Right-sided torsion of the abomasum in the cow. Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet). 1980;2:S105.

706 Grohn YT, Fubini SL, Smith DF. Use of a multiple logistic regression model to determine prognosis of dairy cows with right displacement of the abomasum or abomasal volvulus. Am J Vet Res. 1990;51:1895.

707 Constable PD, St-Jean G, Hull BL, et al. Prognostic value of surgical and postoperative findings in cattle with abomasal volvulus. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1991;199:892.

708 Ménard L, St-Pierre H, Lamothe P. Les affections de la caillette chez la vache laitière au Québec II. Étude rétrospective de 1000 cas. Can Vet J. 1978;19:143.

709 Smith DF. Right-side torsion of the abomasum in dairy cows: classification of severity and evaluation of outcome. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1978;173:108.

710 Garry FB, Hull BL, Rings DM, et al. Prognostic value of anion gap calculation in cattle with abomasal volvulus: 58 cases (1980–1985). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1988;192:1107.

711 Wallace CE. Reticulo, omasal, abomasal volvulus in dairy cows. Bovine Pract. 1989;24:74.

712 Pearson H. The treatment of surgical disorders of the bovine abdomen. Vet Rec. 1973;92:245.

713 Esperson G. Dilatation and displacement of the abomasum to the right, flank and dilatation and dislocation of the caecum. Vet Rec. 1964;76:1423.

714 Fubini SL, Grohn YT, Smith DF. Right displacement of the abomasum and abomasal volvulus in dairy cows: 458 cases (1980–1987). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1991;198:460.

715 Hjortkjear RK, Svendsen CK. Right abomasal displacement in dairy cows: clinical, clinical chemistry and hemodynamic findings with special reference to prognosis and circulatory disturbance. Nord Vet Med. 1979;31(Suppl 2):1.

716 Rebhun WC, Fubini SL, Miller TK. Vagus indigestion in cattle: clinical features, causes, treatments and long-term follow-up of 112 cases. Compend Contin Educ (Pract Vet). 1998;10:387.

717 Sattler N, Fecteau G, Hélie P, et al. Etiology, forms, and prognosis of gastrointestinal dysfunction resembling vagal indigestion occurring after surgical correction of right abomasal displacement. Can Vet J. 2000;41:777.

718 Lilley CW, Hamar DW, et al. Linking copper and bacteria with abomasal ulcers in beef calves. Vet Med. 1985;80:85.

719 Johnson JL, Schneider NR, Carlson MP, Slanker MR. Trace element concentrations in perinatal beef calves from west central Nebraska. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1989;31:521.

720 Mills KW, Johnson JL, Jensen RL, et al. Laboratory findings associated with abomasal ulcers/tympany in range calves. J Vet Diagn Invest. 1990;2:208.

721 Roeder BL, Chengappa MM, Nagaraja TG, et al. Isolation of Clostridium perfringens from neonatal calves with ruminal and abomasal tympany, abomasitis, and abomasal ulceration. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1987;190:1550.

722 Roeder BL, Chengappa MM, Nagaraja TG, et al. Experimental induction of abdominal tympany, abomasitis, and abomasal ulceration by intraruminal inoculation of Clostridium perfringens type A in neonatal calves. Am J Vet Res. 1988;49:201.

723 Jelinski MD, Ribble CS, Chirino-Trejo M, et al. The relationship between the presence of Helicobacter pylori, Clostridium perfringens type A. Campylobacter spp, or fungi and fatal abomasal ulcers in unweaned beef calves. Can Vet J. 1995;36:379.

724 Braun U, Anliker H, Corboz L, Ossent P. The occurrence of spiral-shaped bacteria in the abomasum of cattle. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd. 1997;139:507.

725 Tulleners EP, Hamilton GF. Surgical resection of perforated abomasal ulcers in calves. Can Vet J. 1980;21:262.

726 Katchuik R. Abomasal disease in young beef calves; surgical findings and management factors. Can Vet J. 1992;33:459.

727 Jelinski MD, Ribble CS, Campbell JR, Janzen ED. Investigating the relationship between abomasal hairballs and perforating abomasal ulcers in unweaned beef calves. Can Vet J. 1996;37:23.

728 Rebhun WC. The medical treatment of abomasal ulcers in dairy cattle. Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet). 1982;4:S91.

729 Smith DF, Munson L, Erb HN. Abomasal ulcer disease in adult dairy cattle. Cornell Vet. 1983;73:213.

730 Cable CS, Rebhun WC, Fubini SL, et al. Concurrent abomasal displacement and perforating ulceration in cattle: 21 cases (1985–1996). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1998;212:1442.

731 Smith DF, Munson L, et al. Predictive values for clinical signs of abomasal ulcer disease in adult dairy cattle. Prev Vet Med. 1986;3:573.

732 Pearson H. Intussusception in cattle. Vet Rec. 1971;89:426.

733 Constable PD, St. Jean G, Hull BL, et al. Intussusception in cattle: 336 cases (1964–1993). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1997;210:531.

734 Dennison AC, VanMetre DC, Callan RJ, et al. Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome in dairy cattle: 22 cases (1997–2000). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002;221:686.

735 Francoz D, Babkine M, et al. Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome in cattle: a retrospective study of 37 cases. Médecin Vétérinaire du Québec. 2005;35(2):65.

736 Palmer JE, Whitlock RH. Bleeding abomasal ulcers in adult dairy cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1983;183:448.

737 Braun U, Bretscher R, Gerber D. Bleeding abomasal ulcers in dairy cows. Vet Rec. 1991;129:279.

738 Braun U, Wild K, Merz M, Hertzberg H. Percutaneous ultrasound-guided abomasocentesis in cows. Vet Rec. 1997;140:599.

739 Braun U. Ultrasonography in gastrointestinal disease in cattle. Vet J. 2003;166:112.

740 Wensing T, Breukink HJ, van Dijk S. The effect of feeding pellets of different types of roughage on the incidence of lesions in the abomasum of veal calves. Vet Res Commun. 1986;10:195.

741 Welchman DD, Baust GN. A survey of abomasal ulceration in veal calves. Vet Rec. 1987;121:586.

742 Wiepkema PR, Hellemond KK, et al. Behaviour and abomasal damage in individual veal calves. Appl Anim Behav Sci. 1987;18:257.

743 Breukink HJ, Wensing T, van Dijk S, Mevius D. Effect of clenbuterol on the incidence of abomasal ulcers in veal calves. Vet Rec. 1989;125:109.

744 Braun U, Eicher R, Ehrensperger F. Type 1 abomasal ulcers in dairy cattle. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A. 1991;38:357.

745 Hemmingsen I. Erosiones et ulcera abomasi bovis. Nord Vet Med. 1966;18:354.

746 Aukema JJ, Breukink HJ. Abomasal ulcer in adult cattle with fatal haemorrhage. Cornell Vet. 1974;64:303.

747 Palmer JE, Whitlock RH. Perforated abomasal ulcers in adult dairy cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1984;184:171.

748 Hemmingsen I. Ulcur perforans abomasi bovis. Nord Vet Med. 1967;19:17.

749 Constable PD, Wittek T, et al. Abomasal pH and emptying rate in the calf and dairy cow and the effect of commonly administered therapeutic agents. In 24th World Buiatrics Congress. France: Nice; 2006.

750 Mikhail M, Brugère H, Le Bars H, Colvin HWJr. Stimulated esophageal groove closure in adult goats. Am J Vet Res. 1988;49:1713.

751 Kline EE, Meyer JR, Nelson DR, Memon MA. Abomasal impaction in sheep. Vet Rec. 1983;113:177.

752 Rings DM, Welker FH, Hull BL, et al. Abomasal emptying defect in Suffolk sheep. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1984;185:1520.

753 Ruegg PL, George LW, East NE. Abomasal dilatation and emptying defect in a flock of Suffolk ewes. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1988;193:1534.

754 Pruden SJ, McAllister MM, Schultheiss PC, et al. Abomasal emptying defect of sheep may be an acquired form of dysautonomia. Vet Pathol. 2004;41:164.

755 Smith RM, Underwood WJ, Petersen GC, Harms RH. Abomasal dilatation and impaction in two Hampshire rams. Vet Rec. 1992;130:468.

756 Gabb K, Lofstedt J, Bildfell R. Abomasal emptying defect in a ewe of predominantly Dorset breeding. Vet Rec. 1992;131:127.

757 Sharp MW, Collings DF. Ovine abomasal enlargement and scrapie. Vet Rec. 1987;120:215.

758 Kopcha M. Abomasal dilatation and emptying defect in a ewe. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1988;192:783.

759 Steiner A. Modifiers of gastrointestinal motility of cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2003;19:647.

760 Constable PD, Wittek T, et al. Abomasal pH and emptying rate in the calf and dairy cow and the effect of commonly administered therapeutic agents. In 24th World Buiatrics Congress. France: Nice; 2006.

761 Wittek T, Constable PD, Morin DE. Abomasal impaction in Holstein-Friesian cows: 80 cases (1980–2003). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2005;227:287.

762 Sattler N, Fecteau G, Hélie P, et al. Etiology, forms, and prognosis of gastrointestinal dysfunction resembling vagal indigestion occurring after surgical correction of right abomasal displacement. Can Vet J. 2000;41:777.

763 Steiner A. Modifiers of gastrointestinal motility of cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2003;19:647.

764 Constable PD, Wittek T, et al. Abomasal pH and emptying rate in the calf and dairy cow and the effect of commonly administered therapeutic agents. In 24th World Buiatrics Congress. France: Nice; 2006.

765 Baker JS. Abomasal impaction and related obstructions of the forestomachs in cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1979;175:1250.

766 Merritt AM, Boucher WB. Surgical treatment of abomasal impaction in the cow. Vet Rec. 1967;1500:1115.

767 Steenhaut M, De Moor A, Verschooten F, Desmet P, et al. Intestinal malformations in calves and their surgical correction. Vet Rec. 1976;98:131.

768 van der Gaag I, Tibboel D. Intestinal atresia and stenosis in animals: a report of 34 cases. Vet Pathol. 1980;17:565.

769 Martens A, Gasthuys F, Steenhaut M, De Moor A. Surgical aspects of intestinal atresia in 58 calves. Vet Rec. 1995;136:141.

770 Barker IK, Van Dreumel AA, et al. Congenital anomalies of the intestine. Jubb KVF, Kennedy PC, Palmer N, editors. Pathology of domestic animals. Toronto: Academic; 1993:p 85.

771 Syed M, Shanks RD. Incidence of atresia coli and relationships among the affected calves born in one herd of Holstein cattle. J Dairy Sci. 1992;75:1357.

772 Constable PD, Huhn JC, et al. Atresia coli in calves: ethiopathogenesis and surgical management. Bovine Pract. 1999;33:70.

773 Ness VH, Leopold G, et al. Zur Genese des angeborenen Darmverschlusses (Atresia coli et jejuni) des Kalbes. Mh Vet Med. 1982;37:89.

774 Brenner J, Orgad U. Epidemiological investigations of an outbreak of intestinal atresia in two Israeli dairy herds. J Vet Med Sci. 2003;65:141.

775 Mulon PY, Desrochers A. Surgical abdomen of the calf. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2005;21:101.

776 Robertson JT. Differential diagnosis and surgical management of intestinal obstruction in cattle. Vet Clin North Am Large Anim Pract. 1979;1:377.

777 Anderson DE, Ewoldt JM. Intestinal surgery of adult cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2005;21:133.

778 Constable PD, St Jean G, Hull BL, et al. Intussusception in cattle: 336 cases (1964–1993). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1997;210:531.

779 Mitchell WC. Intussusception in goats. Vet Med Small Anim Clin. 1983;78:1918.

780 Osborne HG. Ileal intussusception causing multiple losses in sheep. Aust Vet J. 1958;34:42.

781 Khodakaram Tafti A. Ileoileal intussusception associated with coccidiosis in sheep. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B. 1999;46:659.

782 Shakespeare A. Intussusception as a complication of rectal prolapse replacement in a ewe. Vet Rec. 2000;147:78.

783 Hamilton GF, Tulleners EP. Intussusception involving the spiral colon in a calf. Can Vet J. 1980;21:32.

784 Pearson H. Intussusception in cattle. Vet Rec. 1971;89:426.

785 Smith DF. Intussusception in adult cattle. Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet). 1980;2:S49.

786 Bosshart JK. Telescoped intestines in cattle. Cornell Vet. 1930;20:55.

787 Smith DF, Erb HN, Kalaher KM, Rebhun WC. The identification of structures and conditions responsible for right side tympanitic resonance (ping) in adult cattle. Cornell Vet. 1982;72:180.

788 Archer RM, Cooley AJ, Hinchcliff KW, Smith DF. Jejunojejunal intussusception associated with a transmural adenocarcinoma in an aged cow. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1988;192:209.

789 Whitlock RH. Cecal volvulus in dairy cattle. Bov Pract 11:8. 1976.

790 Fubini SL, Erb HN, Rebhun WC, Horne D. Cecal dilatation and volvulus in dairy cows: 84 cases (1977–1983). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1986;189:96.

791 Dirksen G, Doll K. Ileus and subileus in the young bovine animal. Bovine Pract. 1986;21:33.

792 Svendsen P, Kristensen B. Cecal dilatation in cattle. Nord Vet Med. 1970;22:578.

793 Meylan M, Eicher R, Blum JW, Steiner A. Effects of an abrupt increase of starch-rich concentrates in the diet of dairy cows on concentrations of volatile fatty acids in the rumen and large intestine and on myoelectric activity of the spiral colon. Am J Vet Res. 2002;63:857.

794 Braun U, Hermann M, Pabst B. Haematological and biochemical findings in cattle with dilatation and torsion of the caecum. Vet Rec. 1989;125:396.

795 Braun U, Steiner A, Bearth G. Therapy and clinical progress of cattle with dilatation and torsion of the caecum. Vet Rec. 1989;125:430.

796 Kasari TR, Woodbury AH, Morcom-Kasari E. Adverse effect of orally administered magnesium hydroxide on serum magnesium concentration and systemic acid-base balance in adult cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1990;196:735.

797 Smith GW, Correa MT. The effects of oral magnesium hydroxide administration on rumen fluid in cattle. J Vet Intern Med. 2004;18:109.

798 Bertone AL. Neoplasms of the bovine gastrointestinal tract. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 1990;6:515.

799 Webster WM. Neoplasia in food animals with special reference to the high incidence in sheep. N Z Vet J. 1966;14:203.

800 Webster WM. A further survey of neoplasms in abattoir sheep. N Z Vet J. 1967;15:51.

801 Simpson BH, Jolly RD. Carcinoma of the small intestine in sheep. J Pathol. 1974;112:83.

802 Ross AD. Small intestinal carcinoma in sheep. Aust Vet J. 1980;56:25.

803 Bristol DG, Baum KH, Mezza LE. Adenocarcinoma of the jejunum in two cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1984;185:551.

804 el-Sebaie A, el-Amrousi S. Bovine fat necrosis (lipomatosis): an overview. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 1995;108:427.

805 Smith GW, Rotstein DS, Brownie CF. Abdominal fat necrosis in a pygmy goat associated with fescue toxicosis. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2004;16:356.

806 Oka A, Yamasaki T, Shibatani M, et al. Efficacy of isoprothiolane for the treatment of fat necrosis in cattle. Br Vet J. 1988;144:507.

807 Johnson R, Ames NK, et al. Abdominal fat necrosis in a heifer. Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet). 1985;7:S103.

808 Boerboom D, Mulon PY, Desrochers A. Duodenal obstruction caused by malposition of the gallbladder in a heifer. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2003;223:1475.

809 Baxter GM, Darien BJ, Wallace CE. Persistent urachal remnant causing intestinal strangulation in a cow. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1987;191:555.

810 Koch DB, Robertson JT, Donawick WJ. Small intestinal obstruction due to persistent vitelloumbilical band in a cow. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1978;173:197.

811 Ducharme NG, Smith DF, Koch DB. Small intestinal obstruction caused by a persistent round ligament of the liver in a cow. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1982;180:1234.

812 Wolfe DF, Mysinger PW, Carson RL, et al. Incarceration of a section of small intestine by remnants of the ductus deferens in steers. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1987;191:1597.

813 Ruggles AJ, Sweeney RW, Freeman DE, et al. Intraluminal hemorrhage from small intestinal ulceration in two cows. Cornell Vet. 1992;82:181.

814 Brenner J, Orgad U, et al. Adult bovine jejunal hemorrhage syndrome—an emerging dairy cows disease? Isr J Vet Med. 2002;57:41.

815 Dennison AC, VanMetre DC, Callan RJ, et al. Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome in dairy cattle: 22 cases (1997–2000). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002;221:686.

816 Abutarbush SM, Radostits OM. Jejunal hemorrhage syndrome in dairy and beef cattle: 11 cases (2001 to 2003). Can Vet J. 2005;46:711.

817 Francoz D, Babkine M, et al. Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome in cattle: a retrospective study of 37 cases. Médecin Vétérinaire du Québec. 2005;35:65.

818 Godden S, Frank R, et al. Survey of Minnesota dairy veterinarians on the occurrence of and potential risk factors for jejunal hemorrhage syndrome in adult dairy cows. Bovine Pract. 2001;35:97.

819 Kirkpatrick MA, Timms LL, et al. Case report—jejunal hemorrhage syndrome of dairy cattle. Bovine Pract. 2001;35:104.

820 Puntenney SB, Wang Y, et al. Mycotic infections in livestock: recent insights on etiology, diagnostics and prevention of hemorrhagic bowel syndrome. Southwest Anim Nutr Manage Conf. 2003.

821 Dennison AC, Van Metre DC, Morley PS, et al. Comparison of the odds of isolation, genotypes, and in vivo production of major toxins by Clostridium perfringens obtained from the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows with hemorrhagic bowel syndrome or left-displaced abomasum. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2005;227:132.

822 Ewoldt JM, Anderson DE. Determination of the effect of single abomasal or jejunal inoculation of Clostridium perfringens type A in dairy cows. Can Vet J. 2005;46:821.

823 Berghaus RD, McCluskey BJ, Callan RJ. Risk factors associated with hemorrhagic bowel syndrome in dairy cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2005;226:1700.

824 Pearson H, Pinsent PM. Intestinal obstruction in cattle. Vet Rec. 1977;101:162.

825 Manteca C, Daube G, Jauniaux T, et al. A role for Clostridium perfringens β2 toxin in bovine entero-toxemia? Vet Microbiol. 2002;86:191.

826 McDonel JL. Toxins of Clostridium perfringens type A, B, C, D and E. In: Dorner F, Drews J, editors. Pharmacology of bacterial toxins, International encyclopedia of pharmacology and therapeutics. Oxford, England: Pergamon; 1986:477.

827 Bueschel D, Walker R, Woods L, et al. Enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens type A necrotic enteritis in a foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1998;213:1305.

828 Donaldson MT, Palmer JE. Prevalence of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin and Clostridium difficile toxin A in feces of horses with diarrhea and colic. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1999;215:358.

829 Tzipori S. The relative importance of enteric pathogens affecting neonates of domestic animals. Adv Vet Sci Comp Med. 1985;29:103.

830 Meer RR, Songer JG. Multiplex PCR method for genotyping Clostridium perfringens. Am J Vet Res. 1997;58:702.

831 Songer JG. Molecular and immunological methods for the diagnosis of clostridial diseases. In: Rood JI, et al, editors. The clostridia: molecular biology and pathogenesis. London: Academic, 1997.

832 Dray T. Clostridium perfringens type A and β2 toxin associated with enterotoxemia in a 5-week-old goat. Can Vet J. 2004;45:251.

833 Callan RJ, VanMetre DC. New insight into hemorrhagic bowel syndrome. Proceedings of the 22nd American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Forum. 2004:299.

834 Kirkpatrick MA, Timms LL, Kersting KW, et al. Case report—jejunal hemorrhage syndrome of dairy cattle. Bovine Pract. 2001;35:104.

835 Dennison AC, VanMetre DC, Callan RJ, et al. Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome in dairy cattle: 22 cases (1997–2000). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002;221:686.

836 Ewoldt JM, Anderson DE. Determination of the effect of single abomasal or jejunal inoculation of Clostridium perfringens type A in dairy cows. Can Vet J. 2005;46:821.

837 Roeder BL, Chengappa MM, Nagaraja TG. Isolation of Clostridium perfringens from neonatal calves with ruminal and abomasal tympany, abomasitis and abomasal ulceration. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1987;190:1550.

838 Lindsay JA. Clostridium perfringens type A enterotoxin (CPE): more than just explosive diarrhea. Crit Rev Microbiol. 1996;22:257.

839 Sims LD, Tzipori GH, Hazard GH. Haemorrhagic necrotizing enteritis in foals associated with Clostridium perfringens. Aust Vet J. 1985;62:194.

840 Niilo L. Experimental production of hemorrhagic enterotoxemia by Clostridium perfringens type C in maturing lambs. Can J Vet Res. 1986;50:32.

841 East LM, Dargatz DA, Traub-Dargatz JL, Savage CJ. Foaling management practices associated with the occurrence of enterocolitis attributed to C. perfringens infection in the equine neonate. Prev Vet Med. 2000;46:61.

842 Madigan JE. Manual of equine neonatal medicine. Woodland, Calif: Live Oak Publishing, 1997.

843 Pearson EG, Hedstrom OR, Sonn R. Hemorrhagic enteritis caused by Clostridium perfringens type C in a foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1986;188:1309.

844 Itodo AE, Adesiyun AA, Adekeye JO, Umoh JU. Toxin types of Clostridium perfringens strains isolated from sheep, cattle, and paddock soils in Nigeria. Vet Microbiol. 1986;12:93.

845 Uzal FA, Kelly WR, Morris WE, et al. Effects of intravenous injection of Clostridium perfringens type d epsilon toxin in calves. J Comp Pathol. 2002;126:71.

846 Miyakawa MEF, Uzal FA. The early effects of Clostridium perfringens type d epsilon toxin in ligated intestinal loops of goats and sheep. Vet Res Commun. 2003;27:231.

847 Uzal FA, Kelly WR, Morris WE, et al. The pathology of peracute experimental Clostridium perfringens type D enterotoxemia in sheep. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2004;16:403.

848 Blackwell TE. Enteritis and diarrhea. Vet Clin North Am Large Anim Pract. 1983;5:557.

849 Green DS, Green MJ, Hillyer MH, Morgan KL. Injection site reactions and antibody responses in sheep and goats after the use of multivalent clostridial vaccines. Vet Rec. 1987;120:435.

850 Clarkson MJ, Faull WB, Kerry JB. Vaccination of cows with clostridial antigens and passive transfer of clostridial antibodies from bovine colostrum to lambs. Vet Rec. 1985;116:467.

851 de la Rosa C, Hogue DE, Thonney ML. Vaccination schedules to raise antibody concentrations against epsilon toxin of Clostridium perfringens in ewes and their triplet lambs. J Anim Sci. 1997;75:2328.

852 Herholz C, Miserez R, Nicolet J, et al. Prevalence of β₂-toxigenic C. perfringens in horses with intestinal disorders. J Clin Microbiol. 1999;37:358.

853 Garmory HS, Chanter N, French NP, et al. Occurrence of C. perfringens β₂-toxin amongst animals, determined using genotyping and subtyping PCR assays. Epidemiol Infect. 2000;124:61.

854 Spier SJ, Smith BP, Seawright AA, et al. Oak toxicosis in cattle in northern California: clinical and pathological findings. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1987;191:958.

855 Kasari TR, Pearson EG, Hultgren BD. Oak (Quercus garryana) poisoning of range cattle in southern Oregon. Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet). 1986;8:F17.

856 Anderson GA, Mount ME, Vrins AA, Ziemer EL. Fatal acorn poisoning in a horse: pathological findings and diagnostic considerations. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1983;182:1105.

857 Basden KW, Dalvi RR. Determination of total phenolics in acorns from different species of oak trees in conjunction with acorn poisoning in cattle. Vet Human Toxicol. 1987;29:305.

858 Merrill LB, Schuster JL. Grazing management practices affect livestock losses from poisonous plants. J Range Manage. 1978;31:351.

859 Dollahite JW, Houshoulder BS, Camp BJ. Effect of calcium hydroxide on the toxicity of post oak (Quercus stellata) in calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1966;148:908.

860 MacPherson LW. Bovine virus enteritis (winter dysentery). Can J Comp Med. 1957;16:149.

861 Takahashi E, et al. Epizootic diarrhoea of adult cattle associated with a coronavirus-like agent. Vet Microbiol. 1980;5:151.

862 Espinasse J, Viso M, Laval A, et al. Winter dysentery: a coronavirus-like agent in the faeces of beef and dairy cattle with diarrhoea. Vet Rec. 1982;110:385.

863 Broes A, Van Opdenbosch E, Wellemans G. Isolement d’un coronavirus chez des bovins atteints d’enterite hemorragique hivernale (winter dysentery) en Belgique. Ann Med Vet. 1984;128:299.

864 Van Kruiningen HJ, Khairallah LH, Sasseville VG, et al. Calfhood coronavirus enterocolitis: a clue to the etiology of winter dysentery. Vet Pathol. 1987;24:564.

865 Saif LJ, Redman DR, Brock KV, et al. Winter dysentery in adult dairy cattle: detection of coronavirus in the faeces. Vet Rec. 1988;123:300.

866 Van Kruiningen HJ, et al. Winter dysentery in dairy cattle: recent findings. Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet). 1985;7:S591.

867 Campbell SG, Cookingham CA. The enigma of winter dysentery. Cornell Vet. 1978;68:423.

868 Kahrs RF, Scott FW, Hillman RB. Epidemiologic observations on bovine winter dysentery. Bovine Pract. 1973;8:36.

869 Roberts SJ. Winter dysentery in dairy cattle. Cornell Vet. 1957;47:373.

870 Smith BP, Da Roden L, Thurmond MC, et al. Prevalence of Salmonella on California dairies. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1994;205:467.

871 Callaway TR, Keen JE, Edrington TS, et al. Fecal prevalence and diversity of Salmonella species in lactating dairy cattle in four states. J Dairy Sci. 2005;88:3603.

872 Cobbold RN, Rice DH, Davis MA, et al. Long-term persistence of multi-drug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Newport in two dairy herds. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2006;228:588.

873 Personal communication Dr. Brenda R. Flugrad, APHIS, USDA, NVSL, Ames, Ia, 2006

874 Wray C, Sojka WJ. Bovine salmonellosis. J Dairy Res. 1977;44:383.

875 Gibson EA. Salmonella infection in cattle. J Dairy Res. 1965;32:97.

876 Anderson M, Blanchard P. The clinical syndromes caused by Salmonella infection. Vet Med. 1989;84:816.

877 Loeb E, Toussaint MJM, Rutten VP MG, et al. Dry gangrene of the extremities in calves associated with Salmonella Dublin infection; a possible immune-mediated reaction. J Comp Pathol. 2006;134:366.

878 Smith BP, Habasha FG, Reina-Guierra M, Hardy AJ. Immunization of calves against salmonellosis. Am J Vet Res. 1980;41:1947.

879 Smith BP. Understanding the role of endotoxins in gram-negative septicemia. Vet Med. 1986;81:1148.

880 Smith BP, Oliver DG, Singh P, et al. Detection of Salmonella Dublin mammary gland infection in carrier cows using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibody in milk and serum. Am J Vet Res. 1989;50:1352.

881 Jones GW, Richardson LA. The attachment to and invasion of HeLa cells by S. Typhimurium: the contribution of mannose-sensitive and mannose-resistant hemagglutinating antibodies. J Gen Microbiol. 1981;127:361.

882 Takeuchi A. Electron microscope studies of experimental Salmonella infection. I. Penetration into the intestinal epithelium by S. Typhimurium. Am J Pathol. 1967;50:109.

883 Takeuchi A, Sprinz H. Electron microscope studies of experimental Salmonella infections in the preconditioned guinea pig. II. Response of the intestinal mucosa to invasion by S. Typhimurium. Am J Pathol. 1967;51:137.

884 Clarke RC. Virulence of wild and mutant strains of S. Typhimuriumin ligated intestinal segments of calves, pigs, and rabbits. AJVR. 1987;48:504.

885 Collins FM, Campbell SG. Immunity to intracellular bacteria. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 1982;3:5.

886 Berge ACB, Moore DA, Sischo WM. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella enterica in preweaned calves from dairies and calf ranches. Am J Vet Res. 2006;67:1580.

887 Nielsen LR, Schukken YH, Gröhn YT, et al. Salmonella Dublin infection in dairy cattle: risk factors for becoming a carrier. Prev Vet Med. 2004;65:47.

888 Forshell LP, Ekesbo I. Salmonella Dublin survival in dry feces in a cow barn and the implications thereof. Dtsch Veterinarmed Ges. 1990:229.

889 Daniels EK, et al. Salmonella viability in frozen bovine feces. Bovine Pract. 1993;27:166.

890 Kinde H, Adelson M, Ardans A, et al. Prevalence of Salmonella in municipal sewage treatment plant effluents in Southern California. Avian Dis. 1997;41:392.

891 Anderson RJ, House JK, Smith BP, et al. Epidemiologic and biological characteristics of salmonellosis in three dairy herds. JAVMA. 2001;219:310.

892 Fedorka-Cray PJ, Dargatz DA, Thomas LA, Gray JT. Survey of Salmonella serotypes in feedlot cattle. J Food Protect. 1998;61:525.

893 Galland JC, House JK, Hyatt DR, et al. Prevalence of Salmonella in beef feeder steers as determined by bacterial culture and ELISA serology. Vet Microbiol. 2000;76:143.

894 Purdy CW, Straus DC, Clark RN. Diversity of Salmonella serovars in feedyard and nonfeedyard playas of the southern high plains in the summer and winter. Am J Vet Res. 2004;65:40.

895 Ravary B, Fecteau G, Higgins R, et al. Prevalence of Salmonella spp. infections in cattle and horses from the veterinary teaching hospital, University of Montreal. Can Vet J. 1998;39:566.

896 Fossler CP, Wells SJ, Kaneene JB, et al. Cattle and environmental sample-level factors associated with the presence of Salmonella in a multi-state study of conventional and organic dairy farms. Prev Vet Med. 2005;67:39.

897 Hoorfar J, Bitsch V. Evaluation of an O antigen ELISA for screening cattle herds for S. Typhimurium. Vet Rec. 1995;137:374.

898 Gay JM, Rice DH, Steiger JH. Prevalence of fecal Salmonella shedding by cull dairy cattle marketed in Washington state. J Food Protect. 1994;57:195.

899 Smith BP, House JK. Prospects for Salmonella control in cattle. Proc XVII World Buiatrics Congr. 1992;67:73.

900 House JK, Smith BP, Dilling GW, Roden LD. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serologic detection of Salmonella Dublin carriers on a large dairy. Am J Vet Res. 1993;54:1391.

901 Nielsen BB, Vestergaard EM. Use of ELISA in the eradication of Salmonella Dublin infection. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Salmonella. France: Ploufragan; 1992.

902 Hoorfar J, Wedderkopp A, Lind P. Comparison between persisting antilipopolysaccharide antibodies and culture at postmortem in Salmonella-infected cattle herds. Vet Microbiol. 1996;50:81.

903 Nielsen LR, Toft N, Ersbøll AK. Evaluation of an indirect serum ELISA and a bacteriological faecal culture test for diagnosis of Salmonella serotype Dublin in cattle using latent class models. J Appl Microbiol. 2004;96:311.

904 Davies RH. A 2-year study of S. Typhimurium DT104 infection and contamination on cattle farms. Cattle Pract. 1997;5:189.

905 Tublante NL, Lane VM. Wild mice as potential reservoirs of Salmonella Dublin in a closed dairy herd. Can Vet J. 1989;30:590.

906 Evans SJ. A case control study of multiple-resistant S. Typhimurium DT104 infection of cattle in Great Britain. Cattle Pract. 1996;4:259.

907 Habasha FG, Smith BP, Schwartz L, et al. Correlation of macrophage migration inhibition factor and protection from challenge exposure in calves vaccinated with S. Typhimurium. Am J Vet Res. 1985;46:1415.

908 Johnson E, Hietala S, Smith BP. Chemiluminescence of bovine alveolar macrophages as an indicator of developing immunity in calves vaccinated with aromatic-dependent Salmonella. Vet Microbiol. 1985;10:451.

909 Clarke RC, Gyles CL. Salmonella. In: Gyles CL, Thoen CO, editors. Pathogenesis of bacterial infections in animals. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 1986.

910 Smith BP, Reina-Guerra M, Hoiseth SK, et al. Aromatic-dependent Salmonella Typhimurium as modified live vaccines for calves. Am J Vet Res. 1984;45:59.

911 Smith BP, Reina-Guerra M, Stocker BA, et al. Aromatic-dependent Salmonella Dublin as parenteral modified live vaccine for calves. Am J Vet Res. 1984;45:2231.

912 Cullor J, et al. Decreased mortality and severity of infection from salmonellosis in calves immunized with E. coli (J5). Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases, Chicago, November, 1985. 1985.

913 Bairey M. Immunization of calves against salmonellosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1978;173:610.

914 Da Roden L, Smith BP, Spier SJ, Dilling GW. Effects of calf age and Salmonella bacterin type on ability to produce immunoglobulins directed against Salmonella whole cells or lipopolysaccharide. Am J Vet Res. 1992;53:1895.

915 Spier SJ, Smith BP, Tyler JW, et al. Use of ELISA for detection of immunoglobulins G and M that recognize Salmonella Dublin lipopolysaccharide for prediction of carrier status in cattle. Am J Vet Res. 1990;51:1900.

916 Mohler VL, Heithoff DM, Mahan MJ, et al. Cross-protective immunity in calves conferred by a DNA adenine methylase deficient Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium vaccine. Vaccine. 2006;24:1339.

917 Fox BC, Roof MB, Carter DP, et al. Safety and efficacy of an avirulent live Salmonella choleraesuis vaccine for protection of calves against S. dublin infection. Am J Vet Res. 1997;58:265.

918 Dargatz DA, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Ladely SR, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Salmonella isolates from cattle in feedlots. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002;221:268.

919 Fecteau ME, House JK, Kotarski SE, et al. Efficacy of ceftiofur for treatment of experimental salmonellosis in neonatal calves. Am J Vet Res. 2003;65:918.

920 Smith BP, House JK, Magdesian KG, et al. Principles of an infectious disease control program for preventing nosocomial gastrointestinal and respiratory tract diseases in large animal veterinary hospitals. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2004;225:1186.

921 Greig A, Stevenson K, Perez V, et al. Paratuberculosis in wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Vet Rec. 1997;140:141.

922 Greig A, Stevenson K, Henderson D, et al. Epidemiological study of paratuberculosis in wild rabbits in Scotland. J Clin Microbiol. 1999;37:1746.

923 Beard PM, Rhind SM, Buxton D, et al. Natural paratuberculosis infection in rabbits in Scotland. J Comp Pathol. 2001;124:290.

924 Beard PM, et al. Evidence of paratuberculosis in fox (Vulpes vulpes) and stoat (Mustela erminea). Vet Rec. 1999;145:612.

925 Kopecna M, Ondrus S, Literak I, et al. Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in two brown bears in the central European Carpathians. J Wildl Dis. 2006;42:691.

926 Beard PM, Daniels MJ, Henderson D, et al. Paratuberculosis infection of nonruminant wildlife in Scotland. J Clin Microbiol. 2001;39:1517.

927 Chiodini RJ, Vankruiningen HJ. Eastern white-tailed deer as a reservoir of ruminant paratuberculosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1983;182:168.

928 Machackova M, et al. Wild boar (Sus scrofa) as a possible vector of mycobacterial infections: review of literature and critical analysis of data from Central Europe between 1983 to 2001. Veterinarni Medicina. 2003;48:51.

929 Machackova M, Svastova P, Lamka J, et al. Paratuberculosis in farmed and free-living wild ruminants in the Czech Republic in the years 1999–2001. Vet Microbiol. 2004;101:225.

930 Trcka I, et al. Mycobacterial infections in European wild boars (Sus scrofa) in the Czech Republic during the years 2002 to 2005. Veterinarni Medicina. 2006;51:320.

931 Jessup DA, Abbas B, Behymer D. Paratuberculosis in Tule elk in California. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1981;179:1252.

932 Williams ES, Spraker TR, Schoonveld GG. Paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease) in bighorn sheep and a rocky mountain goat in Colorado. J Wildl Dis. 1979;15:221.

933 Krieg NR, editor. Bergey’s manual of systemic bacteriology. London: Williams & Wilkins; 1986;vol 2.

934 Barrow GI, Feltham RKA, editors. Cowan and Steel’s manual for the identification of medical bacteria. ed 3. Cambridge University Press; 1993:923.

935 Thorel MF, Krichevsky M, Levy-Frebault VV. Numerical taxonomy of mycobactin-dependent mycobacteria, emended description of Mycobacterium avium, and description of Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium subsp. nov., Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis subsp. nov., and Mycobacterium avium subsp. silvaticum subsp. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1990;40:254.

936 Collins DM, de Lisle GW. Restriction endonuclease analysis of various strains of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis isolated from cattle. Am J Vet Res. 1986;47:2226.

937 Ellingson JL, Bolin CA, Stabel JR. Identification of a gene unique to Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and application to diagnosis of paratuberculosis. Mol Cell Probes. 1998;3:133.

938 Collins DM, Gabric DM, de Lisle GW. Identification of two groups of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis strains by restriction endonuclease analysis and DNA hybridization. J Clin Microbiol. 1990;28:1591.

939 Cousins DV, Williams SN, Hope A, Eamens GJ. DNA fingerprinting of Australian isolates of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis using IS900 RFLP. Aust Vet J. 2000;78:184.

940 Moreira AR, Paolicchi F, Morsella C, et al. Distribution of IS900 restriction fragment length polymorphism types among animal Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates from Argentina and Europe. Vet Microbiol. 1999;70:251.

941 Pavlík I, Bejcková L, Pavlas M, et al. Characterization by restriction endonuclease analysis and DNA hybridization using IS900 of bovine, ovine, caprine and human dependent strains of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis isolated in various localities. Vet Microbiol. 1995;45:311.

942 Whittington RJ, Marsh I, Whitlock RH. Typing of IS 1311 polymorphisms confirms that bison (Bison bison) with paratuberculosis in Montana are infected with a strain of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis distinct from that occurring in cattle and other livestock. J Mol Cell Probes. 2001;15:139.

943 Momotani E, Whipple DL, Thiermann AB, Cheville NF. Role of M-cells and macrophages in the entrance on Mycobacterium paratuberculosis into dome of ileal Peyer’s patches in calves. Vet Pathol. 1988;25:131.

944 Whitlock RH. Preclinical and clinical manifestations of paratuberculosis (including pathology). Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 1996;12:345.

945 Sherman DM, Markham RJF, Bates F. Agar gel immunodiffusion test for diagnosis of clinical paratuberculosis in cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1984;185:179.

946 Sherman DM, Bray B, Gay JM, Bates F. Evaluation of the agar gel immunodiffusion test for diagnosis of subclinical paratuberculosis in cattle. Am J Vet Res. 1989;50:525.

947 Collins MT, Wells SJ, Petrini KR, et al. Evaluation of five antibody detection tests for bovine paratuberculosis. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2005;12:685.

948 Sweeney RW, Whitlock RH, Buckley CL, Spencer PA. Evaluation of a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the diagnosis of paratuberculosis in dairy cattle. J Vet Diagn Invest. 1995;7:488.

949 Collins MT. Interpretation of a commercial bovine paratuberculosis enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay by using likelihood ratios. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2002;9:1367.

950 Nielsen SS, Grønbaek C, Agger JF, Houe H. Maximum-likelihood estimation of sensitivity and specificity of ELISAs and faecal culture for diagnosis of paratuberculosis. Prev Vet Med. 2002;53:191.

951 Collins MT, Sockett DC, Ridge S, Cox JC. Evaluation of a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Johne’s disease. J Clin Microbiol. 1991;29:272.

952 Sockett DC, Conrad TA, Thomas CB, Collins MT. Evaluation of four serological tests for bovine paratuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol. 1992;30:1134.

953 Bech-Nielsen S, Jorgensen JB, Ahrens P, Feld NC. Diagnostic accuracy of a Mycobacterium phlei absorbed serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of bovine paratuberculosis in dairy cows. J Clin Microbiol. 1992;30:613.

954 Collins MT, Sockett DC. Accuracy and economics of the USDA-licensed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for bovine paratuberculosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1993;203:1456.

955 Dargatz DA, Byrum BA, Barber LK, et al. Evaluation of a commercial ELISA for diagnosis of paratuberculosis in cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2001;218:1163.

956 Wells SJ, Whitlock RH, Wagner BA, et al. Sensitivity of ELISA test strategies for herd-level detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in dairy cattle herds. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002;220:1053.

957 Adaska JM, Munoz-Zanzi CA, Hietala SK. Evaluation of result variability with a commercial Johne’s disease enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit and repeat testing of samples. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2002;14:423.

958 Carpenter TE, Gardner IA, Collins MT, Whitlock RH. Effects of prevalence and testing by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and fecal culture on the risk of introduction of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis–infected cows into dairy herds. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2004;16:31.

959 Elzo MA, Rae DO, Lanhart SE, et al. Factors associated with ELISA scores for paratuberculosis in an Angus-Brahman multibreed herd of beef cattle. J Anim Sci. 2006;84:41.

960 Nielsen SS, Toft N. Age-specific characteristics of ELISA and fecal culture for purpose-specific testing for paratuberculosis. J Dairy Sci. 2006;89:569.

961 Hardin LE, Thorne JG. Comparison of milk with serum ELISA for the detection of paratuberculosis in dairy cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1996;209:120.

962 Sweeney RW, Whitlock RH, Buckley CL, et al. Diagnosis of paratuberculosis in dairy cattle, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies against Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in milk. Am J Vet Res. 1994;55:905.

963 Hendrick SH, Duffield TE, Kelton DE, et al. Evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays performed on milk and serum samples for detection of paratuberculosis in lactating dairy cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2005;226:424.

964 Lombard JE, Byrem TM, Wagner BA, McCluskey BJ. Comparison of milk and serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for diagnosis of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in dairy cattle. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2006;18:448.

965 Nielsen SS, Enevoldsen C, Grohn YT. The Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis ELISA response by parity and stage of lactation. Prev Vet Med. 2002;54:1.

966 Nielsen SS, Grohn YT, Enevoldsen C. Variation of the milk antibody response to paratuberculosis in naturally infected dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2002;85:2795.

967 Nielsen SS. Variance components of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of IgG antibodies in milk samples to Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in dairy cattle. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health. 2002;49:384.

968 Kudahl A, Nielsen SS, Sorensen JT. Relationship between antibodies against Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in milk and shape of lactation curves. Prev Vet Med. 2004;62:119.

969 Stabel JR, Wells SJ, Wagner BA. Relationships between fecal culture, ELISA, and bulk tank milk test results for Johne’s disease in US dairy herds. J Dairy Sci. 2002;85:525.

970 Sherman DM, Gay JM, Bouley DS, Nelson GH. Comparison of the complement-fixation and agar gel immunodiffusion tests for the diagnosis of subclinical bovine paratuberculosis. Am J Vet Res. 1990;51:461.

971 Kalis CH, Barkema HW, Hesselink JW, et al. Evaluation of two absorbed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and a complement fixation test as replacements for fecal culture in the detection of cows shedding Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2002;14:219.

972 Fang Y, Wu WH, Pepper JL, et al. Comparison of real-time, quantitative PCR with molecular beacons to nested PCR and culture methods for detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in bovine fecal samples. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40:287.

973 Kim SG, Shin SJ, Jacobson RH, et al. Development and application of quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay based on the ABI 7700 system (TaqMan) for detection and quantification of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, J Vet Diagn Invest. 2002;14:126.

974 Christopher-Hennings J, Dammen MA, Weeks SR, et al. Comparison of two DNA extractions and nested PCR, real-time PCR, a new commercial PCR assay, and bacterial culture for detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in bovine feces. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2003;15:87.

975 Stabel JR, Bannantine JP. Development of a nested PCR method targeting a unique multicopy element, ISMap02, for detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in fecal samples. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:4744.

976 Tasara T, Stephan R. Development of an F57 sequence-based real-time PCR assay for detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in milk. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005;71:5957.

977 Whipple DL, Kapke PA, Andersen PR. Comparison of a commercial DNA probe test and three cultivation procedures for detection of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in bovine feces. J Vet Diagn Invest. 1992;4:23.

978 Sockett DC, Carr DJ, Collins MT. Evaluation of conventional and radiometric fecal culture and a commercial DNA probe for diagnosis of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infections in cattle. Can J Vet Res. 1992;56:148.

979 Wells SJ, Collins MT, Faaberg KS, et al. Evaluation of a rapid fecal PCR test for detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in dairy cattle. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2006;13:1125.

980 Whitlock RH, et al. RT-PCR and serial dilution of fecal samples to detect MAP supershedders (SS), Poster #10. In: Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Conference, Johne’s Disease Integrated Program Meeting. College Station, Tex; 2007:34. January 19, 2007

981 Buergelt CD, Hall C, McEntee K, Duncan JR. Pathological evaluation of paratuberculosis in naturally infected cattle. Vet Pathol. 1978;15:196.

982 Benedictus G, Bosha J. Paratuberculosis: a surgical method of diagnosis in practice. Vet Q. 1985;7:217.

983 Whipple DL, Callihan DR, Jarnagin JL. Cultivation of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis from bovine fecal specimens and a suggested standardized procedure. J Vet Diagn Invest. 1991;3:368.

984 Stabel JR. An improved method for cultivation of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis from bovine fecal samples and comparison to three other methods. J Vet Diagn Invest. 1997;9:375.

985 Whitlock RH, Wells SJ, Sweeney RW, Van Tiem J. ELISA and fecal culture for paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease): sensitivity and specificity of each method. Vet Microbiol. 2000;77:387.

986 Eamens GJ, Whittington RJ, Marsh IB, et al. Comparative sensitivity of various faecal culture methods and ELISA in dairy cattle herds with endemic Johne’s disease. Vet Microbiol. 2000;77:357.

987 Collins MT, Kenefick KB, Sockett DC, et al. Enhanced radiometric detection of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis using filter concentrated fecal specimens. J Clin Microbiol. 1990;28:2514.

988 Whittington RJ, Marsh I, Turner MJ, et al. Rapid detection of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in clinical samples from ruminants and in spiked environmental samples by modified BACTEC 12B radiometric culture and direct confirmation by IS900 PCR. J Clin Microbiol. 1998;36:701.

989 Whittington RJ, Marsh I, McAllister S, et al. Evaluation of modified BACTEC 12B radiometric medium and solid media for culture of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from sheep. J Clin Microbiol. 1999;37:1077.

990 Sweeney RW, Whitlock RH, Hamir AN, et al. Isolation of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis after oral inoculation in infected cattle. Am J Vet Res. 1992;53:1312.

991 Crossley BM, Zagmutt-Vergara FJ, Fyock TL, et al. Fecal shedding of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by dairy cows. Vet Microbiol. 2005;107:257.

992 Zurbrick BG, Czuprynski CJ. Ingestion and intracellular growth of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis within bovine blood monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages. Infect Immun. 1987;55:1588.

993 Wood PR, Corner LA, Rothel JS, et al. Field comparison of the interferon-gamma assay and the intradermal tuberculin test for the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis. Aust Vet J. 1991;68:286.

994 Stabel JR. Transitions in immune responses to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Vet Microbiol. 2000;77:465.

995 Whittington RJ, Fell S, Walker D, et al. Use of pooled fecal culture for sensitive and economic detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis infection in flocks of sheep. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38:2550.

996 Wells SJ, Whitlock RH, Lindeman CJ, Fyock T. Evaluation of bacteriologic culture of pooled fecal samples for detection of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Am J Vet Res. 2002;63:1207.

997 Kalis CH, Hesselink JW, Barkema HW, Collins MT. Culture of strategically pooled bovine fecal samples as a method to screen herds for paratuberculosis. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2000;12:547.

998 Raizman EA, Wells SJ, Godden SM, et al. The distribution of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in the environment surrounding Minnesota dairy farms. J Dairy Sci. 2004;87:2959.

999 Wells SJ, Godden SM, Lindeman CJ, Collins JE. Evaluation of bacteriologic culture of individual and pooled fecal samples for detection of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in dairy cattle herds. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2003;223:1022.

1000 Tavornpanich S, Gardner IA, Anderson RJ, et al. Evaluation of microbial culture of pooled fecal samples for detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis in large dairy herds. Am J Vet Res. 2004;65:1061.

1001 van Schaik G, Stehman SM, Schukken YH, et al. Pooled fecal culture sampling for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis at different herd sizes and prevalence. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2003;15:233.

1002 Berghaus RD, Farver TB, Anderson RJ, et al. Environmental sampling for detection of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis on large California dairies. J Dairy Sci. 2006;89:963.

1003 Lombard JE, Wagner BA, Smith RL, et al. Evaluation of environmental sampling and culture to determine Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis distribution and herd infection status on U.S. dairy operations. J Dairy Sci. 2006;89:4163.

1004 Jorgensen JB. Survival of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in slurry. Nord Vet Med. 1977;29:267.

1005 Richards WD, Thoen CO. Effect of freezing on the viability of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in bovine feces. J Clin Microbiol. 1977;6:392-395.

1006 Whittington RJ, Marsh IB, Taylor PJ, et al. Isolation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from environmental samples collected from farms before and after destocking sheep with paratuberculosis. Aust Vet J. 2003;81:559.

1007 Whittington RJ, Marshall DJ, Nicholls PJ, et al. Survival and dormancy of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in the environment. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004;70:2989.

1008 Tessema MZ, Koets AP, Rutten VP, Gruys E. How does Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis resist intracellular degradation? Vet Q. 2001;23:153.

1009 Stabel JR. Transitions in immune responses to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Vet Microbiol. 2000;77:465.

1010 Clarke CJ. The pathology and pathogenesis of paratuberculosis in ruminants and other species. J Comp Pathol. 1997;116:217.

1011 Wood PR, Corner LA, Rothel JS, et al. Field comparison of the interferon-gamma assay and the intradermal tuberculin test for the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis. Aust Vet J. 1991;68:286.

1012 Kreeger JM. Ruminant paratuberculosis—a century of progress and frustration. J Vet Diagn Invest. 1991;3:373.

1013 Sweeney RW. Transmission of paratuberculosis. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 1996;12:305.

1014 Sweeney RW, Whitlock RH, Rosenberger AE. Mycobacterium paratuberculosis isolated from fetuses of infected cows not manifesting signs of the disease. Am J Vet Res. 1992;53:477.

1015 Seitz SE, Heider LE, Heuston WD, et al. Bovine fetal infection with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1989;194:1423.

1016 Rhode RF, Shulaw WP. Isolation of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis from the uterine flush fluids of cows with clinical paratuberculosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1990;197:1482.

1017 Sweeney RW, Whitlock RH, Rosenberger AE. Mycobacterium paratuberculosis cultured from milk and supramammary lymph nodes of infected asymptomatic cattle. J Clin Microbiol. 1992;30:166.

1018 Streeter RN, Hoffsis GF, Bech-Nielsen S, et al. Isolation of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis from colostrum and milk of subclinically infected cows. Am J Vet Res. 1995;56:1322.

1019 Daniels MJ, Hutchings MR, Greig A. The risk of disease transmission to livestock posed by contamination of farm stored feed by wildlife excreta. Epidemiol Infect. 2003;130:561.

1020 Whitlock RH, et al. Prevalence and economic considerations of Johne’s disease in the northeastern USA. In: Proceedings of the 89th U.S. Animal Health Association. Milwaukee, Wis; 1985:484.

1021 Chiodini RJ, van Kruiningen HJ. The prevalence of paratuberculosis in culled New England cattle. Cornell Vet. 1986;76:91.

1022 Merkal RS, Whipple DL, Sacks JM, Snyder GR. Prevalence of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in ileocecal lymph nodes of cattle culled in the United States. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1987;190:676.

1023 Muskens J, Barkema HW, Russchen E, et al. Prevalence and regional distribution of paratuberculosis in dairy herds in The Netherlands. Vet Microbiol. 2000;77:253.

1024 Nielsen SS, Thamsborg SM, Houe H, Bitsch V. Bulk-tank milk ELISA antibodies for estimating the prevalence of paratuberculosis in Danish dairy herds. Prev Vet Med. 2000;44:1.

1025 McKenna SL, Keefe GP, Barkema HW, et al. Cow-level prevalence of paratuberculosis in culled dairy cows in Atlantic Canada and Maine. J Dairy Sci. 2004;87:3770.

1026 Wells SJ, Wagner BA. Herd-level risk factors for infection with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in U.S. dairies and association between familiarity of the herd manager with the disease or prior diagnosis of the disease in that herd and use of preventive measures. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2000;216:1450.

1027 Dargatz DA, Byrum BA, Hennager SG, et al. Prevalence of antibodies against Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis among beef cow-calf herds. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2001;219:497.

1028 Hoffsis GF, et al. Therapy for Johne’s disease. Proc Am Assoc Bovine Pract. 1990;25:55.

1029 St-Jean G, Jernigan AD. Treatment of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection in ruminants. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 1991;7:793.

1030 Brumbaugh GW, Frelier PF, Roussel AJJr, Thomson TD. Prophylactic effect of monensin sodium against experimentally induced paratuberculosis in mice. Am J Vet Res. 1992;53:544.

1031 Brumbaugh GW, Edwards JF, Roussel AJJr, Thomson TD. Effects of monensin sodium on histological lesions of naturally occurring bovine paratuberculosis. J Comp Pathol. 2000;123:22.

1032 Whitlock RH, et al. Johne’s disease: the effect of feeding monensin to reduce the bioburden of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in neonatal calves. Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners. 2005:191.

1033 Collins MT, Morgan IR. Economic decision analysis model of a paratuberculosis test and cull program. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1991;199:1724.

1034 Johnson-Ifearulundu YJ, Kaneene JB, Sprecher DJ, et al. The effect of subclinical Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection on days open in Michigan, USA, dairy cows. Prev Vet Med. 2000;46:171.

1035 Wilson DJ, Rossiter C, Han HR, Sears PM. Association of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection with reduced mastitis, but with decreased milk production and increased cull rate in clinically normal dairy cows. Am J Vet Res. 1993;54:1851.

1036 Benedictus G, Dijkhuizen AA, Stelwagen J. Economic losses due to paratuberculosis in dairy cattle. Vet Rec. 1987;121:142.

1037 Nordlund KV, Goodger WJ, Pelletier J, Collins MT. Associations between subclinical paratuberculosis and milk production, milk components, and somatic cell counts in dairy herds. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1996;208:1872.

1038 Hutchinson LJ. Economic impact of paratuberculosis. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 1996;12:373.

1039 Groenendaal H, Galligan DT. Economic consequences of control programs for paratuberculosis in midsize dairy farms in the United States. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2003;223:1757.

1040 Johnson YJ, Kaneene JB, Gardiner JC, et al. The effect of subclinical Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection on milk production in Michigan dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2001;84:2188.

1041 Johnson-Ifearulundu Y, Kaneene JB, Lloyd JW. Herd-level economic analysis of the impact of paratuberculosis on dairy herds. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1999;214:822.

1042 Lombard JE, Garry FB, McCluskey BJ, Wagner BA. Risk of removal and effects on milk production associated with paratuberculosis status in dairy cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2005;227:1975.

1043 Ott SL, Wells SJ, Wagner BA. Herd-level economic losses associated with Johne’s disease on US dairy operations. Prev Vet Med. 1999;40:179.

1044 Rossiter CA, Burhans W. Farm specific approach to paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease) control. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 1996;12:383.

1045 McKenna SL, Keefe GP, Tiwari A, et al. Johne’s disease in Canada part II: disease impacts, risk factors, and control programs for dairy producers. Can Vet J. 2006;47:1089.

1046 National Institute for Animal Agriculture. Johne’s Information Central: How to do risk assessment and management plans for Johne’s disease; dairy manual, beef manual. 2007. Available at: www.johnesdisease.org/Resources/resources.htm Accessed February 10

1047 U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS): Uniform Program Standards for the Voluntary Bovine Johne’s Disease Control Program, APHIS Pub. 91-45-016, Ruminant Health Programs, Riverdale, Md, 2005, National Center for Animal Health Programs, USDA-APHIS

1048 United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Veterinary Services: Disease eradication, Johne’s disease, Uniform Standards for the Voluntary U.S. Johne’s Control Program, c 2002. Available at: www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/nahps/johnes/johnes-umr.pdf. Accessed February 11, 2007

1049 Bulaga LL. U.S. Voluntary Johne’s disease herd status program for cattle. Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the U.S. Animal Health Association, Minneapolis, MN, Oct 3–9, 1988. 1988:p 420.

1050 Animal Health Australia. National Johne’s Disease Program: Standard definitions and rules for cattle—2003. 2007. Available at: www.animalhealthaustralia.com.au/programs/jd/njdcp.cfm Accessed February 10

1051 Animal Health Australia. The New Market Assurance Programs for Johne’s Disease—2003. 2007. Available at: www.animalhealthaustralia.com.au/programs/jd/maps.cfm Accessed February 10

1052 Benedictus G, Kalis CJ. Paratuberculosis: eradication, control and diagnostic methods. Acta Vet Scand. 2003;44:231.

1053 McKenna SL, Vanleeuwen JA, Barkema HW, et al. Proposed Canadian Voluntary National Johne’s Disease Prevention and Control Program. Can Vet J. 2006;47:539.

1054 Larsen AB, Merkal RS, Kopecky KE, Boothe AD. Hypersensitivity and serologic responses in cattle vaccinated with disrupted Mycobacterium paratuberculosis cells and subsequently infected with Mycobacterium bovis. Am J Vet Res. 1969;30:2167.

1055 Larsen AB, Moyle AI, Himes EM. Experimental vaccination of cattle against paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease) with killed bacterial vaccines: a controlled field study. Am J Vet Res. 1978;39:65.

1056 Wentink GH, Bongers JH, Zeeuwen AA, Jaartsveld FH. Incidence of paratuberculosis after vaccination against M. paratuberculosis in two infected dairy herds. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B. 1994;41:517.

1057 Kalis CH, Hesselink JW, Barkema HW, Collins MT. Use of long-term vaccination with a killed vaccine to prevent fecal shedding of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis in dairy herds. Am J Vet Res. 2001;62:270.

1058 Muskens J, van Zijderveld F, Eger A, Bakker D. Evaluation of the long-term immune response in cattle after vaccination against paratuberculosis in two Dutch dairy herds. Vet Microbiol. 2002;86:269.

1059 Koo HC, Park YH, Hamilton MJ, et al. Analysis of the immune response to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in experimentally infected calves. Infect Immun. 2004;72:6870.

1060 Koets A, Hoek A, Langelaar M, et al. Mycobacterial 70 kD heat-shock protein is an effective subunit vaccine against bovine paratuberculosis. Vaccine. 2006;24:2550.

1061 Nedrow AJ, Gavalchin J, Smith MC, et al. Antibody and skin-test responses of sheep vaccinated against Johne’s disease. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2007;116:109.

1062 Hines ME2nd, Stiver S, Giri D, et al. Efficacy of spheroplastic and cell-wall competent vaccines for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in experimentally-challenged baby goats. Vet Microbiol. 2007;120:261.

1063 Reddacliff L, Eppleston J, Windsor P, et al. Efficacy of a killed vaccine for the control of paratuberculosis in Australian sheep flocks. Vet Microbiol. 2006;115:77.

1064 Patterson CJ, LaVenture M, Hurley SS, Davis JP. Accidental self-inoculation with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis bacterin (Johne’s bacterin) by veterinarians in Wisconsin. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1988;192:1197.

1065 Chiodini RJ. Crohn’s disease and the mycobacteriosis: a review and comparison of two disease entities. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1989;2:90.

1066 Thompson DE. The role of Mycobacterium in Crohn’s disease. J Med Microbiol. 1994;41:74.

1067 Millar D, Ford J, Sanderson J, et al. IS900 PCR to detect Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in retail supplies of whole pasteurized cows’ milk in England and Wales. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1996;62:3446.

1068 Sung N, Collins MT. Thermal tolerance of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1998;4:999.

1069 Lund BM, Gould GW, Rampling AM. Pasteurization of milk and the heat resistance of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis: a critical review of the data. Int J Food Microbiol. 2002;77:135.

1070 Grant IR, Ball HJ, Rowe MT. Incidence of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in bulk raw and commercially pasteurized cows’ milk from approved dairy processing establishments in the United Kingdom. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002;68:2428.

1071 Stabel JR, Lambertz A. Efficacy of pasteurization conditions for the inactivation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in milk. J Food Prot. 2004;67:2719.

1072 Donaghy JA, Totton NL, Rowe MT. Persistence of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis during manufacture and ripening of cheddar cheese. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004;70:4899.

1073 Ellingson JL, Anderson JL, Koziczkowski JJ, et al. Detection of viable Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in retail pasteurized whole milk by two culture methods and PCR. J Food Prot. 2005;68:966.

1074 Clark DLJr, Anderson JL, Koziczkowski JJ, Ellingson JL. Detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis genetic components in retail cheese curds purchased in Wisconsin and Minnesota by PCR. Mol Cell Probes. 2006;20:197.

1075 Harris JE, Lammerding AM. Crohn’s disease and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis: current issues. J Food Prot. 2001;64:2103.

1076 Hermon-Taylor J, Bull TJ. Crohn’s disease caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis: a public health tragedy whose resolution is long overdue. J Med Microbiol. 2002;51:3.

1077 Greenstein RJ. Is Crohn’s disease caused by a mycobacterium? Comparisons with leprosy, tuberculosis, and Johne’s disease. Lancet Infect Dis. 2003;3:507.

1078 Sechi LA, Mura M, Tanda E, et al. Mycobacterium avium sub. paratuberculosis in tissue samples of Crohn’s disease patients. New Microbiol. 2004;27:75.

1079 Ghadiali AH, Strother M, Naser SA, et al. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis strains isolated from Crohn’s disease patients and animal species exhibit similar polymorphic locus patterns. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42:5345.

1080 Naser SA, Ghobrial G, Romero C, Valentine JF. Culture of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis from the blood of patients with Crohn’s disease. Lancet. 2004;364:1039.

1081 Van Kruiningen HJ. Lack of support for a common etiology in Johne’s disease of animals and Crohn’s disease in humans. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 1999;3:183.

1082 Rideout BA, et al. The diagnosis and control of Johne’s disease: Committee on the Diagnosis and Control of Johne’s Disease. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, National Academies Press, 2003.

1083 National Research Council. Nutrient requirements of beef cattle. Washington DC: National Academy of Sciences, 1996;62.

1084 National Research Council. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. Washington DC: National Academy of Sciences, 1978;14.

1085 National Research Council. Nutrient requirements of sheep. Washington DC: National Academy of Sciences, 1975;10.

1086 Blood DC, Radostits OM, Henderson JA. Veterinary medicine, ed 6, London: Baillière Tindall; 1983:1021.

1087 Smith BP, Fisher GL, Poulos PW, et al. Abnormal bone development and lameness associated with secondary copper deficiency in young cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1975;166:682.

1088 Schalm OW, Jain NC, Carrol EJ. Veterinary hematology, ed 3, Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1975:422.

1089 Weiner G, Sales DI, Field AC. Libido and fertility in rams in relation to plasma copper levels. Vet Rec. 1976;19:115.

1090 Jones DG, Suttle NF. Some effects of copper deficiency on leucocyte function in sheep and cattle. Res Vet Sci. 1981;31:151.

1091 Boyne R, Arthur JR. Effects of molybdenum or iron induced copper deficiency on the viability and function of neutrophils from cattle. Res Vet Sci. 1986;41:417.

1092 Suttle NF. Copper deficiency in ruminants: recent developments. Vet Rec. 1986;119:519.

1093 Phillippo M, Humphries WR, Lawrence CB, et al. The effect of dietary molybdenum and iron on copper status, puberty, fertility and estrous cycles in cattle. J Agric Sci Camb. 1987;109:321.

1094 Campbell AG, Coup MR, Bishop WH, et al. Effect of elevated iron intake on the copper status of grazing cattle. N Z J Agric Res. 1974;17:393.

1095 Mills CF, Dalgarno AC. Copper and zinc status of ewes and lambs receiving increased dietary concentrations of cadmium. Nature. 1972;239:171.

1096 Brenner I, Young BW, Mills CF. Protective effect of zinc supplementation against copper toxicosis in sheep. Br J Nutr. 1976;36:551.

1097 Maas J, Peauroi JR, Weber DW, et al. Safety, efficacy, and effects on copper metabolism of intrareticularly placed selenium boluses in beef heifer calves. Am J Vet Res. 1994;55:247.

1098 Lehninger AL. Principles of biochemistry. New York: Worth, 1982;271.

1099 Gay CC, Pritchett LC, Madson W. Selenium and copper deficiencies in cattle. Lenexa, Kansas: Veterinary Medicine Publishing, 1988;10.

1100 Puls R. Veterinary trace mineral deficiency and toxicity information. Ottowa, Canada: Agriculture Canada, 1981;28.

1101 Claypool DW, Adams FW, Pendell HW, et al. Relationship between the level of copper in the blood plasma and liver of cattle. J Anim Sci. 1975;41:911.

1102 Kincaid RL, Gay CC, Krieger RI. Relationship of serum and plasma copper and ceruloplasmin concentrations of cattle and the effects of whole blood sample storage. Am J Vet Res. 1986;47:1157.

1103 Rogers GM, Capucille DJ, Poore MH, et al. Growth performance of cattle following percutaneous biopsy utilizing a Schackelford-Courtney biopsy instrument. Bovine Pract. 2001;35:177.

1104 Underwood EJ. Copper. In Trace elements in human and animal nutrition, ed 4, New York: Academic Press; 1977:56.

1105 Bingley JB, Dufty JH. Distribution of copper in the tissues of the bovine neonate and dam. Res Vet Sci. 1972;13:8.

1106 Huber JT, Price NO, Engel RW. Response of lactating dairy cows to high levels of dietary molybdenum. J Anim Sci. 1971;32:364.

1107 Bulgin MS, Maas J, Anderson BC, et al. Death associated with parenteral administration of copper disodium edetate in calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1986;188:406.

1108 Langlands JP, Bowles JE, Donald GE, et al. Copper oxide particles for grazing sheep. Aust J Agri Res. 1983;34:751.

1109 Inglis DM, Gilmour JS, Murray IS. A farm investigation into swayback in a herd of goats and the result of administration of copper needles. Vet Rec. 1986;118:657.

1110 Kennedy DG, Kennedy S, Blanchflower WJ, et al. Cobalt—vitamin B₁₂ deficiency causes accumulation of odd-numbered, branched-chain fatty acids in the tissues of sheep. Brit J Nutr. 1994;71:67.

1111 Kennedy DG, Young PB, Blanchflower WJ, et al. Cobalt—vitamin B₁₂ deficiency causes lipid accumulation, lipid peroxidation, and decreased alpha-tocopherol concentrations in the liver of sheep. Int J Vitam Nutr. 1994;64:270.

1112 Kennedy S, McConnell S, Anderson H, et al. Histopathologic and ultrastructural alterations of white liver disease in sheep experimentally depleted of cobalt. Vet Pathol. 1997;34:575.

1113 MacPherson A, Gray D, Mitchell GBB, et al. Ostertagia infection and neutrophil function in cobalt-deficient and cobalt-supplemented cattle. Br Vet J. 1987;143:348.

1114 Andrews ED, Hart LI. A comparison of vitamin B₁₂ concentrations in liver and kidneys from cobalt-treated and mildly cobalt-deficient lambs. N Z J Agri Res. 1962;5:403.

1115 Andrews Ed, Hart LI, Stephenson BJ. A comparison of the vitamin B₁₂ and cobalt content of livers from normal lambs, cobalt-dosed lambs, and others with a recent history of mild cobalt deficiency disease. N Z J Agri Res. 1959;2:274.

1116 Somers M, Gawthorne JM. The effect of dietary cobalt intake on the plasma vitamin B₁₂ concentration of sheep. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci. 1969;47:227.

1117 Andrews ED, Stephenson BJ. Vitamin B₁₂ in the blood of grazing cobalt-deficient sheep. N Z J Agri Res. 1966;9:491.

1118 Gawthrone JM. The excretion of methylmalonic and formiminoglutamic acids during the induction and remission of vitamin B₁₂ deficiency in sheep. Aust J Biol Sci. 1968;21:789.

1119 Smith RM, Marston HR. Production, absorption, distribution and excretion of vitamin B₁₂ in sheep. Br J Nutr. 1970;24:857.

1120 Kercher CJ, Smith SE. The response of cobalt-deficient lambs to orally administered vitamin B₁₂. J Anim Sci. 1955;14:458.

1121 Lehninger AL. Biochemistry, ed 2, New York: Worth; 1975:555.

1122 Marston HR, Allen SH, Smith RM. Primary metabolic defect supervening on vitamin B₁₂ deficiency in the sheep. Nature. 1961;190:1085.

1123 Marston HR, Allen SH, Smith RM. Production within the rumen and removal from the bloodstream of volatile fatty acids in sheep given a diet deficient in cobalt. Br J Nutr. 1972;27:147.

1124 Judson GJ, Gifford KE. Hematological values in vitamin B₁₂ responsive calves. Aust Vet J. 1979;55:504.

1125 Gawthorne JM, Smith RM. Folic acid metabolism in vitamin B₁₂-deficient sheep. Effects of injected methionine on methotrexate transport and the activity of enzymes associated with folate metabolism in liver. Biochem J. 1974;142:119.

1126 Kubota J. Distribution of colbalt deficiency in grazing animals in relation to soils and forage plants of the United States. Soil Sci. 1968;106:122.

1127 Poole DBR, Fleming GA, Kiely J. Cobalt deficiency in Ireland—soil, plant and animal. Ir Vet J. 1972;26:109.

1128 National Research Council. Nutrient requirements of beef cattle, ed 6, Washington DC: National Academy of Sciences; 1984:13.

1129 National Research Council. Nutrient requirements of sheep, ed 5, Washington DC: National Academy of Sciences; 1985:18.

1130 National Research Council. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle, ed 5, National Academy of Sciences: Washington DC; 1978:13.

1131 Lee HJ, Marston HR. The requirement for cobalt of sheep grazed on cobalt-deficient pastures. Aust J Agri Res. 1969;20:905.

1132 Andrews ED, Anderson JP. Responses of cobalt-deficient lambs to cobalt and to vitamin B₁₂. N Z J Sci Tech. 1954;35:483.

1133 Adams SN, Honeysett JL, Tiller KG, et al. Factors controlling the increase of cobalt in plants following the addition of a cobalt fertilizer. Aust J Soil Res. 1919;7:29.

1134 Poole DBR, Connolly JF. Some observations on the use of the cobalt heavy pellet in sheep. Ir J Agri Res. 1967;6:281.

1135 Lee HJ, Kuchel RE. The etiology of Phalaris staggers in sheep. 1. Preliminary observations on the preventive role of cobalt. Aust J Agri Res. 1953;4:88.

1136 Welker B, Modransky M. Rectal prolapse in food animals. I. Cause and conservative management. Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet). 1991;13:1869.

1137 Turner T. Rectal prolapse. In Robinson NE, editor: Current therapy in equine medicine, ed 2, Philadelphia: Saunders, 1987.

1138 Thomas D, Waldron D, Lowe G, et al. Length of docked tail and the incidence of rectal prolapse in lambs. J Anim Sci. 2003;81:2725.

1139 Whitlock RH. Colitis and proctitis. In Howards JL, editor: Current veterinary therapy: food animal practice, ed 2, Philadelphia: Saunders, 1986.

1140 Fubini S. Surgery of the bovine large intestine. Agri Pract. 1993;14:40.

1141 Freeman DE, Martin BB. Rectum and anus. In: Auer JA, editor. Equine surgery. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1992.

1142 Moll H. Using an epidural catheter for equine pain management. Proceedings of the Western Veterinary Conference. 2002.