1. An imaginary horizontal line drawn posteriorly, connecting the iliac crests, will pass through what vertebral level?
2. Why is the line connecting the iliac crests clinically important?
3. What are the lay terms for the following accentuated curvatures?
- Lordosis
- Kyphosis
- Scoliosis
4. Two laminae fuse to form what vertebral feature?
5. What are the craniovertebral joints?
6. Most herniated intervertebral discs occur at which vertebral levels?
7. What embryonic structure gives rise to the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc?
8. A herniated disc at the L4-L5 level that impinges on a spinal nerve root will most likely involve components of which spinal nerve?
9. Which vertebral joint allows for turning the head side-to-side, to indicate “no”?
10. Which vertebral ligament connects adjacent laminae?
11. How can the back muscles be grouped functionally?
12. Which of the back muscles are innervated by dorsal primary rami of spinal nerves?
13. What are the three major groups of erector spinae muscles?
14. What important artery passes through the transverse foramina of C1-C6 and appears in the suboccipital triangle?
15. How are the 31 pairs of spinal nerves distributed regionally?
16. Each peripheral nerve arising from the spinal cord may contain hundreds of three types of axons. What are these types of axons?
17. What is the term for the region of skin innervated by cutaneous fibers from a single spinal cord segment?
18. Where is CSF found?
19. What arteries run the length of the spinal cord, and where are they situated?
20. What portion of the embryonic somite gives rise to the cartilaginous precursor of the axial skeleton?
21. What is a common neural tube defect that leads to incomplete development of the vertebral arch?
22. What ectodermal derivative gives rise to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)?
