D

Dabigatran, 488, 490
Dalbavancin, 180
Dale, Henry, 373
Danaparinoid sodium, 490
Danazol (Danol), 606
Dandruff, 269t
Danol (danazol), 606
Danthron, 539
Dantrolene
malignant hyperthermia, 309
muscle relaxant, 304
3,4-DAP (3,4-Diaminopyridine), 378
Dapsone
immunomodulation, 253
leprosy, 209
malaria therapy, 230t
pyrimethamine and, malaria therapy, 234
Daptomycin, 179–180
Darbepoetin, 507
Data analysis, clinical effectiveness, 56–58
da Vinci, Leonardo, 34–35
DDAVP (desmopressin), 485, 599
Deamdetamine, 343
Decaffeinated coffee, 155
Decongestants, mucosal, 389
Decreased bladder activity, 463
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT), 492
Deferasirox, 500
Deferiprone, 500
Deficient pseudocholinesterase, 309
Definite conviction, adverse drug reactions, 111
Definition (of clinical pharmacology), 2
Dehydroemetine, 235
amoebiasis, 235
Deliberate choice, risks, 11
Deliberate self-poisoning, 122
Delusions, schizophrenia, 324t
Demeclocycline, 600
Demyelinating polyneuropathies, inflammatory, 369
Denosumab, 623
Dental enamel hypoplasia, 182
Deoxyformycin, 515
Dependency, 27–28
benzodiazepines, 339–340
opioids, 289
Depolarisation, cardiac arrhythmias, 429
Depolarising neuromuscular blockers, 303–304
Depot (injectable) preparations, 97
Depression, 311
adrenal steroids, 564
ethanol consumption, 144, 144f
de Quervain's thyroiditis, 595
  Page 639 
Dermatitis
atopic, 274
seborrheic, 269t
Dermatitis herpetiformis, 269t
Dermatophyte infections, 223
Desensitization, drug allergy, 118
Desferrioxamine
as antidote, 128t
chronic iron overload, 500
Desflurane, 299
Design, drug discovery and development, 30
Deslorelin, 598
Desmopressin (DDAVP), 485, 599
Desmopressin-replacement therapy, diabetes insipidus, 600
Desogestrel, 609
Developmental toxicity, animal studies, 34
Dexamethasone, 197, 563
relative potencies, 562t
Dexamethasone suppression test, 569
Dexamfetamine
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 340t, 345–346
sympathomimetic effects, 389
Dextrans
antiplatelet effects, 494
shock fluid resuscitation, 391
Dextromethorphan, 468
DHF (dihydrofolic acid) synthase, 187
Diabetes insipidus, 599–600
Diabetes ketoacidosis, 583
Diabetes ketosis, 583
Diabetes mellitus, 572–585
complication prevention, 584
diet, 581
drug-induced, 582
oral antidiabetic drugs See Oral antidiabetic drugs specific drugs
pregnancy, 582
surgery, 582–583
type 1, 577
surgery, 582
type 2, 577
obesity, 585
oral antidiabetic drugs, 580–581
surgery, 583 See also Insulin
Diabetic nephropathy, 398–399
Diabetic neuropathy, 369
Dialysis, 621
3,4-Diaminopyridine (3,4-DAP), 378
Diamorphine, 285–286
bioavailability, 285t
myocardial infarction, 412
Diarrhoea, 536–538
bile acid malabsorption, 538
cytotoxic drugs, 514
drug-induced, 538
drug treatment, 537 see also specific drugs
electrolyte treatment, 537
fluid treatment, 537
gut transit time, 537
infectious, 537–538
irritable bowel syndrome, 544
leflunomide, 250
mechanisms, 536–537
microscopic colitis, 538
osmotic, 536
penicillin adverse effects, 174–175
physiology, 536
secretory, 536–537, 538
Diazepam
anticholinesterase poisoning treatment, 376
antiepilepsy effects, 358
cocaine therapy, 158
insomnia treatment, 340t
nomenclature, 70
pharmacogenetics, 104t
plasma half-life, 84t
plasma protein binding, 91t
pregnancy, effects in, 120
Diazoxide, 401
diabetes mellitus, 582
Dibenzoxazepine, 133
Dichlorphenamide, 460
Dicobalt edetate, 130
as antidote, 128t
cyanide poisoning, 130
Dicyclomine, 381
Didanosine, 217
Diet
Crohn's disease therapy, 542
diabetes mellitus, 581
fibre, 580
iron, 496
iron deficiency, 497
vitamin B12 deficiency, 501 See also Food(s)
Diethylcarbamazine
antihypertensive therapy, 414
helminthic infections, 236
Diethylstilbestrol (stilboestrol), 603
pregnancy, effects in, 120
Digestive enzymes, pancreas, 555
Digoxin
amiodarone interactions, 434
antiarrhythmia, 431t, 435–436
chronic heart failure therapy, 424
half-life, 462t
overdose, 436
plasma protein binding, 91t
Digoxin-specific antibody fragments, 128t
Dihydrocodeine, 286
analgesic equivalent, 289t
Dihydrofolic acid (DHF) synthase, 187
Dihydropyridines, 396
Dihydrotachysterol, 619
Diloxandinr furoate, 235
Diltiazem, 397
oesophagus effects, 530
Dimercaprol, 129
as antidote, 128t
lead poisoning, 131
Dinitro-compounds, 132
Dinoprost, 612–613
Dinoprostone, 612–613
labour induction, 613
Dipeptyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, 579
Diphenhydramine, 472
Diphenoxylate, 537
Diphenylpyraline, 472
Diphtheria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae), 193
Diphyllobothrium latum (fish tapeworm), 237t
Dipyridamole, 493
Diquat, 133
Direct-acting cholinergic drugs, 372
Directly observed therapy (DOT)
compliance, 22–23
tuberculosis therapy, 204
Discontinuation (withdrawal) syndrome, 137
antidepressant drugs, 317
missed dose importance, 24
Disease(s)
drug metabolism, 94
pharmacokinetic effects, 106
resurgence after abrupt withdrawal, 99
Disease-modifying drugs, multiple sclerosis, 367–368
Disopyramide, 431t, 432
Dissociative anaesthesia, 297
Distal convoluted tubule, 454
Distigmine, 375
Distribution, 89–91
in disease, 106
distribution volume, 89–90, 90t
drug interactions, 108
elderly, 105
ethanol, 142–143
paediatric patient, 103
plasma protein, 90–91
in pregnancy, 106
tissue binding, 90–91
Distribution volume, 89–90, 90t
  Page 640 
Disulfiram
alcohol dependence treatment, 147
enzyme inhibition, 94t
Diuresis, 126
Diuretic drugs, 394, 452–454
abuse, 459
adverse effects, 457–459
classification, 454
definition, 452
drug interactions, 246, 459
anaesthesia, 308
high efficacy, 454–455
hyperkalaemia, 458
indications, 456–459
chronic heart failure therapy, 424
loop See Loop diuretics
low efficacy, 454, 456
mode of action, 423
moderate efficacy, 454, 455–456
modes of action, 452–454
monitoring, 416
osmotic See Osmotic diuretic drugs
potassium, 416
site of action, 454
sites of action, 452–454
Divalent metal transport 1 (DMT1), 496
Diverticular disease, 544–545
DMT1 (divalent metal transport 1), 496
DNA
alterations, 119
synthesis, vitamin B12, 500–501
transcription, glucocorticoids, 559
Dobutamine, 388
plasma half-life, 84t
septic shock, 390
shock, 390
Doctor compliance, 23–24
Docusate sodium, 540
Domagk, Gerhard, 162
Domperidone
migraine therapy, 293
oesophagus effects, 530
Donepezil, 344, 345
Dopa decarboxylase inhibitors, 361–363
Dopamine, 388
ethanol consumption, 143
Parkinson's disease, 360
Dopamine agonists, 363–364
pregnancy, 599
Dopamine receptors, 363
Dopamine receptors type 1 (D1), 388
Dopamine receptors type 2 (D2), 388
antipsychotic drugs, 323, 323f
Dopaminergic drugs, Parkinson's disease, 361–365
Dopexamine, 388
Dornase, 468
Dorsal horn neurones, nociception, 279
Dose, 96–98
definition, 42
drug discovery and development, 29
fixed, 96
maximum tolerated, 96
minimum tolerated, 96
paediatric patient, 103–104
proprietary (brand) name, 71
renal impairment, 462–463
variable, 96
Dose–response relationships, 77, 77f
Dose–response trials, 46
Dose schedules, 96–98
absorption, 97
absorption reduction, 97
activity prolongation, 97
body-weight calculation, 97
development, 76
fixed-dose combinations, 98
initial dose, 96
maintenance dose, 96–97
surface area calculation, 97
Dosulepin, 84t
DOT See Directly observed therapy (DOT)
Double-blinding, 46–47
Doubtful conviction, adverse drug reactions, 111
Doxapram, 469
Doxazosin, 403
Doxercalciferol, 619
Doxycycline, 182
Chlamydia endocarditis, 196
Coxiella endocarditis, 196
malaria, 230, 230t, 231, 232
Doxylamine, 472
DPP-4 (dipeptyl peptidase-4) inhibitors, 579
Dracunculus medinensis (Guinea worm), 237t
Driving regulations, epilepsy, 352
Dronabinol, 156
Dronedarone, 431t, 434–435
Drospirenone, 605
Drug abuse See Drug dependence (abuse)
Drug allergy, 110, 115–119
clinical manifestations, 116–118
cross-allergy, 116
desensitization, 118
diagnosis, 118
prevention, 118
type I (immediate) hypersensitivity, 115
type II (antibody-dependent cytotoxicity) hypersensitivity, 115–116
type III (immune complex mediated) hypersensitivity, 116
type IV (lymphocyte-mediated) hypersensitivity, 116
Drug dependence (abuse), 136–158
definition, 137
diuretic drugs, 459
drives for, 138
escalation, 141
gratification, 137–138
mechanism of action, 138–139, 140f
mortality, 140
prescribing, 139
route of administration, 139
sites, 138–139
sport, 141
treatment, 139–140
types of, 141–142
use patterns, 138, 138t, 139t see also Controlled substances; specific drugs
Drug discontinuation syndromes, 99
Drug discovery and development, 29–35, 40–43
animal studies, 32, 33–34
antisense approaches, 31–32
automation, 30
candidate selection, 29
clinical development phases, 40–41, 41f see also specific phases
clinical experiments, 29
design, 30
dose, 29
drug quality, 33
ethics, 34–35
fragments, 31
gene therapy, 32
high throughput screening, 31
human studies, 30
idea/hypothesis, 30
immunopharmacology, 32
known drug modification, 33
legislation, 34–35
licensing, 30
molecular medicine, 29–30
molecular modelling, 31
molecular signalling, 30
molecular target, 29
natural products, 32
neoplastic disease, 519
novelty, 30
novel uses, 33
pharmacogenetics, 30
phase 1 development (human pharmacology), 40
phase 2 development (therapeutic exploration), 41
phase 3 development (therapeutic conformation), 41
phase 4 development (therapeutic use), 41
post-licensing (marketing) studies, 30
  Page 641 
production line approach, 30
proteins, 31
random screening, 33
safety prediction, 35–36
selectivity, 29
stem cells, 32
structural biology, 31
synthesis, 30
techniques, 31–33, 32f see also specific techniques
tissue studies, 30
traditional medicine, 33
transgenic animals, 31
translational (experimental) medicine, 30
whole animal studies, 30
Drug efficacy
pharmacogenomics, 102
regulation, 62
Drug histories, 19–20
Drug holidays, 99
Drug-induced acute pancreatitis, 555
Drug-induced diabetes mellitus, 582
Drug-induced diarrhoea, 538
Drug-induced dystonic reactions, 366
Drug-induced folic acid deficiency, 503
Drug-induced glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, 505t
Drug-induced haemolytic anaemia, 504, 504t
Drug-induced hypothyroidism, 593–595
Drug-induced illnesses, 112–113 see also specific diseases/disorders
Drug-induced injury, 13–14
negligence, 13–14
no-fault liability, 13–14
Drug-induced parkinsonism, 366
Drug-induced renal disease, 461–462
Drug-induced vitamin B12 deficiency, 501
Drug interactions, 107–108
absorption, 108
ACE inhibitors, 399
before administration, 108
β-adrenoceptor-blocking drugs, 408
anaesthesia, 308
angiotensin II receptor blockers, 399
antagonism, 107
anticoagulant drugs, 487
antimalarial drugs, 232
azathioprine, 250
benzodiazepines, 341
calcium channel blockers, 397
chronic pharmacology, 99
ciclosporin, 524
clinical importance, 107
cytotoxic drugs, 517
diabetes mellitus, 581
digoxin, 437–442
distribution, 108
diuretic drugs, 459
drug metabolism, 94
ethanol consumption, 148
histamine H2 receptor antagonists, 531
hormonal contraception, 610
iron, 499
itraconazole, 226
ketoconazole, 225
levodopa, 363
lithium, 330
metabolism, 108
methotrexate, 249
monoamine oxidase inhibitors, 321
NSAIDs, 245–246
pharmacodynamics, 107
pharmacokinetics, 107
potentiation, 108
prescribing drugs, 6, 7
protease inhibitors, 219
proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), 530
receptors, 108
renin inhibitors, 400
rifampicin, 207
sucralfate, 531–532
summation, 108
sympathomimetics, 383
synergism, 108
tobacco smoking, 151
vasodilators, 395
Drug quality, 33
Drug regimen, compliance effects, 22
Drug-resistance, malaria, 217
Drug safety definition, 42
Drug structure, selectivity, 77
Dry powder inhalers, 476
Duloxetine
adjuvant analgesics, 290
adverse effects, 318
bulimia nervosa, 318
generalised anxiety disorder, 335
Dutasteride, 602
DVT (deep vein thrombosis), 492
Dysaesthesia, 281
Dyskinesia, 362
Dysmenorrhoea, 612
Dyspepsia, 244
Dysphagia, 528
Dystonia, 366
drug-induced, 366
Dytac See Triamterene (Dytac)