T

Tabun (GA), 376
Tacalcitol, 272, 619
Tachycardia
acute, 439f
β-adrenoceptor-blocking drugs, 406
paroxysmal supraventricular, 438–439
phaeochromocytomas, 419
ventricular, 442
Tachyphylaxis, 382
Tacrolimus
atopic dermatitis, 274
drug interactions, 245
as immunosuppressant, 524
Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm), 237t
Taenia solium infection (cysticercosis/pork tapeworm), 237t
TAFI (thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor), 491
Tamiflu (oseltamivir), 220–221
Tamoxifen, 512t, 605
neoplastic disease prevention, 523
pharmacogenetics, 104t
Tangier disease See Familial hypoalphalipoproteinaemia (FHA, Tangier disease)
Tarceva (erlotinib), 520t, 521
Tardive dyskinesia
antipsychotics, 325–327
drug-induced parkinsonism, 366
Targeted biological therapy, neoplastic disease, 519–521, 520t
TARGET trial, 245
Tars, 267
Taxanes, 512t
Tazarotine, 615
TBG (thyroxine binding globulin), 587
TCAs See Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
T-cell activation inhibition, immunomodulatory drugs, 254–255
Tegretol See Carbamazepine (Tegretol)
Teicoplanin, 179
Telavancin, 180
Telbivudine, 553
Telithromycin, 184
Telmisartan, 400
Temazepam, 340t
Temperature regulation, antipsychotics, 327
  Page 664 
Temsolimus, 520t
Tenamfetamine, 153
Tendon rupture, adrenal steroid effects, 564
Tenecteplase, 491
Tenofovir, 218
hepatitis B virus, 553–554
Teratogenicity
detection of, 120–121
vitamin A (retinol), 616
Terazosin, 403
Terbinafine, 226–227
Terbutaline
asthma treatment, 474, 476
uterine relaxants, 613
Terfenadine, 472
Terizidone, 208
Terlipressin, 549
Tertiary syphilis, 201
Testosterone, 601
implants, 601
Testosterone enanthate, 601
Testosterone epionate, 601
Testosterone undecanoate, 601
Tetanus, 369
Tetracosactide (tetracosactrin), 570
Tetracosactrin (tetracosactide), 570
Tetracyclines, 182–183
malaria therapy, 230t
mechanism of action, 228
protein synthesis inhibition, 173
Tetrahydric folic acid (THF), 187
TF (tissue factor), 482
Thalassaemias, 505
Thalidomide
'disaster', 63
immunomodulation, 253
leprosy, 209
neoplastic disease, 519
Theobromine, 154
Theophylline, 154
asthma treatment, 474–475
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 479
oesophagus effects, 530
plasma protein binding, 91t
Therapeutic drug monitoring, 84–85
Therapeutic effects, 42
Therapeutic efficacy, 78
Therapeutic index, 78
Therapeutic substitution, cost-containment, 19
THF (tetrahydric folic acid), 187
Thiacetazone, 208
Thiamine See Vitamin B1 (thiamine)
Thiazide diuretic drugs, 394, 455–456
diabetes drug interactions, 581
diabetes insipidus, 600
efficacy, 454
nephrolithiasis, 463
site of action, 453f see also specific drugs
Thiazolidinediones, 579t, 580–581
Thioamides, 208, 589–590
hypothyroidism, 589
mode of action, 589, 589f
Thiopental, 300–301
Thought disorder, schizophrenia, 324t
Threadworm (Enterobius stercoralis), 237t
Three-ion co-transporter system, loop of Henle, 453
Throat, bacterial infections, 192–193
Throat cancer, 151
Thrombin
coagulation system, 483
inhibitors, 488
Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI), 491
Thrombocytopenia, 117
Thromboembolism, venous See Venous thromboembolism
Thrombolytic drugs, 491–492
choice of, 412
contraindications, 412b
indications, 491–492 see also specific drugs
Thymectomy, 378
Thymoxamine (moxisylyte), 403
Thyroglobulin, 587
Thyroid hormones, 587–588
diabetes drug interactions, 581
pharmacodynamics, 588
pharmacokinetics, 587–588
physiology, 587–588 see also specific hormones
Thyroiditis, 595
de Quervain's, 595
Hashimoto's, 595
Thyroid storm, 593
lio-l-Thyronine (T3/tri-iodo-L-thyronine), 587, 588
Thyrotoxicosis, amiodarone-caused, 595
Thyrotrophin, 597
Thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH), 596–597
L-Thyroxine (T4/tetra-iodo-L-thyronine), 587 See also Levothyroxine
Thyroxine binding globulin (TBG), 587
Tiabendazole, 238
Tiagabine, 354
Ticarcillin, 176
Tigecycline, 183
Tiludronate, 621
Paget's disease of bone, 624
Time-dependence, antimicrobial drugs, 163
Time sequence, adverse drug reactions, 111
Timing, general anaesthesia, 296
Timolol, 405t
Tinea, 223
Tinea capitis, 269t
Tinea pedis, 269t
Tinidazole, 188, 189
Tioconazole, 225
Tioguanine, 515
Tiotropium (Spiriva), 381
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 478–479
TIPS (transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt), 549
Tissue binding, distribution, 90–91
Tissue factor (TF), 482
Tissue-invading amoebiasis, 235
Tissue studies, drug discovery and development, 30
Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), 491
recombinant See Alteplase (recombinant tissue plasminogen activator)
TKIs (tyrosine kinase inhibitors), 521
Tobacco, 148–152
composition, 149–150
Tobacco smoking, 150
acute effects, 150–151
anaesthesia, 309
cessation, 152
chronic effects, 151
drug interactions, 151
physical (physiological) dependence, 150
tolerance, 150
women, 152 See also Nicotine
Tobacco smoking cessation
antihypertensive therapy, 414
cough, 467
neoplastic disease prevention, 521–522
nicotine replacement, 374–375
Tobramycin, 181
Tocilizumab, 255
Tocopherol see Vitamin E (tocopherol)
Tolbutamide
plasma half-life, 84t
plasma protein binding, 91t
Tolcapone, 365
Tolerance, 137
benzodiazepines, 339
drug metabolism, 94
ethanol, 145
  Page 665 
nicotine, 151
opioids, 289
pharmacodynamics, 78
tobacco smoking, 150
Tolfenamic acid, 293
Tolterodine, 381, 464
Tonic–clonic seizures, 350
Tonics, 18
Topamax See Topiramate (Topamax)
Topical applications, 89
adrenal corticosteroids, 272
adrenal steroids, 565
aminoglycosides, 181
corticosteroids, 563 See also Transdermal preparations specific drugs
Topiramate, 354
Topiramate (Topamax)
antiepilepsy effects, 359
dosages, 355t
migraine therapy, 294
Topoisomerase I inhibitors, 512t
Topoisomerase inhibitors, 515
Torsades se pointes, quinidine, 431
Torsemide, 453–454
Total intravenous anaesthesia, 297
TOXBASE, 124
Toxicity
definition, 111
drug metabolism, 94
pharmacogenomics, 102–103
vitamin A (retinol), 616
Toxicological testing, 36
Toxicology, animal studies, 33, 34t
Toxidromes, 123, 123t
Toxocara canis, 237t
Toxocara cati, 237t
Toxoplasmosis, 236t
Traditional medicine, drug discovery and development, 33
Tramadol, 288
analgesic equivalent, 289t
bioavailability, 285t
pharmacogenetics, 104t
Trandolapril, 400
Tranexamic acid, 492
menorrhalgia, 611
Transcobalamin, 500–501
Transdermal preparations
androgens, 601
oestrogens, 603 See also Topical applications
Transferrin, 496
Transfusion haemosiderosis, 499
Transgenic animals, 31
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS), 549
Translational (experimental) medicine, drug discovery and development, 30
Transphenoidal surgery, 599
Transporter processes, drug mechanisms, 75
Transporters, metabolism, 93
Transthyretin (TTR), 587
Trastuzumab (Herceptin), 512t, 520, 520t
efficacy variation, 102
pharmacogenetics, 104t
Trazodone
adverse effects, 318, 319
mode of action, 313
Tremor, essential, 366
Trental See Pentoxifylline (Trental)
Treponema pallidum See Syphilis
Tretinoin
acute promyelocytic leukaemia, 616
pharmacogenetics, 104t
TRH (thyrotrophin releasing hormone), 596–597
Triamcinolone, 563
relative potencies, 562t
Triamterene, 453f
Triamterene (Dytac), 456
efficacy, 454
plasma protein binding, 91t
site of action, 454
Triazoles, 225
Trichinellosis (Trichinella spiralis), 237t
Trichomoniasis, 236t
Trichuris trichiura (whipworm), 237t
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
adverse effects, 318–319
anxiety disorders, 336t
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 346
classification, 312, 312t
historical aspects, 312
irritable bowel syndrome therapy, 544
micturition, 464
mode of action, 313
monoamine oxidase inhibitor interactions, 321
panic disorder, 331
Trifluoroperazine, 326t
Triglycerides, disorders, 444
Tri-iodothyronine (T3), 317–318
Trilostane, 569
Trimethaphan, 410
Trimethoprim, 187
plasma protein binding, 91t
Trimipramine, 318
Tripotassium dicitrobismuthate, 532
Triprolidine, 472
Triptans, 293–294
Triptorelin, 518
Tropicamide (Mydriacyl), 381
Trospium, 381
micturition, 464
Trousseau, Alfred, 290–291
Trypanosomiasis, 236t
TSH (tyroid-stimulating hormone/thyrotrophin), 597
TTR (transthyretin), 587
Tuberculosis
bones and joints, 203f, 205
chemoprophylaxis, 205
drug-resistant organisms, 204–206, 204t, 205f
drug therapy, 206–208
extrapulmonary, 205
genitourinary tract, 200
immunocompromised patient, 206
joints, 203f, 205
lymph nodes, 206
meningeal, 205
multidrug-resistant, 205, 205f
pulmonary, 202–206
therapy, 202–204, 203f
Tubocurarine, 303
Tumour cell kinetics, cytotoxic drugs, 515–516
Type I error (α), 45
Type I (immediate) hypersensitivity, 115
Type II error (β), 45
Type III (immune complex mediated) hypersensitivity, 116
Type IV (lymphocyte-mediated) hypersensitivity, 116
Typhoid fever, 198
Tyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH/thyrotrophin), 597
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), 521
Tysabri (natalizumab), 368