L

Labetalol, 403, 409, 417
therapeutic dose, 405t
Labour induction, 613
Lack of knowledge, prescribing drugs, 6–7
Lacosamide (Vimpat), 357
dosages, 355t
mode of action, 354
β-Lactamase inhibitors, 173
β-Lactams, 174–176
cell wall inhibition, 173
Lactic acidosis, 580
Lactulose
constipation therapy, 540
hepatic encephalopathy, 551
Lambert–Eaton syndrome, 378
Lamictal See Lamotrigine (Lamictal)
Lamivudine, 218
hepatitis B virus, 553
Lamotrigine (Lamictal), 357
dosages, 355t
mode of action, 354
mood stabiliser, 330
Lansoprazole, 530
Lanthanum carbonate, 623
Lantus (Insulin Glargine), 575t
Lapatinib, 102t
Laquinimod, 368
Large molecule incorporation, drug mechanisms, 75
Larva migrans, 269t
Laxatives
osmotic, 540
stimulant, 539
LDLs See Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
Lead poisoning, 131
Leflunomide, 250–251
Left ventricular failure, acute, 425
Leg amputation, antimicrobial chemoprophylaxis, 168
Legionnaire's disease, 195
Legislation
drug discovery and development, 34–35
prescribing, 21 See also Regulation of drugs
Leg ulcer infection, 274
Leishmaniasis, 236t
Leprosy, 209
Leptin, 585
Leptospirosis, 210
Letrozole
adrenal steroid inhibition, 570
breast cancer, 518
Leukotriene receptor antagonists, 475
Leuprorelin, 512t, 598
prostate cancer, 518
Levamisole, 236
Levemir (Insulin Detemir), 575t
Levetiracetam (Keppra)
antiepilepsy effects, 359
dosages, 355t
mode of action, 354
Levobupivacaine, 306
Levodopa
adverse effects, 362–363
benserazide with, 362
carbidopa with, 362
dose management, 362
drug interactions, 363
metabolism, 92t
Parkinson's disease, 361–363
Levofloxacin, 188
tuberculosis therapy, 209
Levonorgestrel, 610
Levorphanol, 285t
Levothyroxine, 588
LH (luteinising hormone), 598
Libido, oral combined contraceptive, 607
Lice (pediculosis), 269t
Licences
clinical indications, 62
reclassification, 65–66
unlicensed indications, 66
variations to, 62, 65 See also Regulation of drugs
Licensing of drugs
drug discovery and development, 30
health technology assessment, 56
trials, 14
Lichenoid eruptions, 268
Lichen planus, 269t
Lichen simplex, 269t
Lidocaine
as adjuvant analgesics, 291
antiarrhythmia, 431t, 432
dosage, 307t
local anaesthesia, 306
Lifestyle changes
angina pectoris, 411
antihypertensive therapy, 414
hyperlipidaemia, 446
Ligand-gated ion channels, 75
Linctus, 468
Linezolid, 185–186
tuberculosis therapy, 209
Lipid(s)
hormone replacement therapy, 604
xanthine-containing drinks, 155
Lipid-associated amphotericin, 224–225
Lipid disorders, 444–446 see also specific diseases/disorders
Lipid-lowering drugs, 487 see also specific drugs
Lipid solubility, metabolism of drugs, 91
Lipid-soluble β-Adrenoceptor-blocking drugs, 406
Lipodystrophy syndrome, 216
Lipohypertrophy, 578
Lipoprotein(s)
drug binding, 91
oral combined contraceptive, 608
plasma, β-adrenoceptor-blocking drugs, 407
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL), 444
Liquid iron preparations, 498
Liquid topical drug formulations, 261
Liraglutide, 579
Lisinopril, 400
Liskonum, 329
Liston, Robert, 295
Lisuride, 363
Literature searches, 56
Lithium, 328–330
adverse effects, 329–330
drug interactions, 246, 330
indications, 329, 347t
mode of action, 329
monitoring, 329
overdose, 330
pharmacokinetics, 329
preparations, 329
Lithium carbonate, 317
Liver, 546–555
drug-induced damage, 547–548, 548t see also under hepatic
Liver disease, 547
acute variceal haemorrhage, 549
  Page 650 
alcoholic hepatitis, 552
blood flow changes, 546–547
hepatic encephalopathy, 550–551
hepatocellular carcinoma, 551
hepatorenal syndrome, 550, 551f
immune-mediated, 551–552
metabolic disease, 546–547
metabolic diseases, 552–553
pharmacodynamic effects, 546
pharmacokinetic effects, 546–547
prescribing, 547
renal impairment, 547
subacute bacterial peritonitis, 550
viral hepatitis, 553–555 see also specific diseases/disorders
Liver enzymes, antiepilepsy drugs, 352
Liver failure, chronic, 91
Liver function
chronic drug effects, 119
prescribing drugs, 6
LMWH (low molecular weight heparins) See Heparin
Lobar pneumonias, 194
Local anaesthetics, 304–307
acid salts, 305
as adjuvant analgesics, 291
adverse reactions, 306
amide compounds, 305
amides, 306–307
cough, 468
dosage, 307t
ester compounds, 305
esters, 307
indications, 305–306
mode of action, 304–305
pharmacokinetics, 305
topical applications, 262–263
vasoconstrictor effects, 305 see also specific drugs
Local extravasation, cytotoxic drugs, 514
Localised pruritus, 263
Local tolerance, animal studies, 34
Locked nucleic acids, drug discovery and development, 31–32
Locke, John, 2
Long-acting depots, antipsychotics, 324–325
Longer duration insulin preparations, 574, 576f
Long QT syndromes, 442
Long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT), 470
Loop diuretics
adverse effects, 457
ascites therapy, 550
site of action, 453f
Loop of Henle, 453–454, 453f
Loperamide, 537
Loprazolam, 340t
Loratadine, 472
Lorazepam
antiepilepsy effects, 358
insomnia treatment, 340t
panic disorder, 331
Lormetazepam, 340t
LOS See Lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS)
Losartan, 400
Low-concentration oxygen therapy, 470
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 445
Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), 444
disorders, 444
Lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS), 528
drug effects, 530
Lower urinary tract infection, 199
Low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) See Heparin
Lozenges, 468
LPL (lipoprotein lipase), 444
LSD (lysergide), 153–154
LTOT (long-term oxygen therapy), 470
Lubricants, oil-based, 610
Lumefantrine, 230t, 233
Lumiracoxib, 102t
Lungs
bacterial infections, 193–195
chronic disease See Chronic lung disease
chronic drug effects, 119
Lupus erythematosus, 269t
drug adverse effects, 268, 462
Luteinising hormone (LH), 598
Lyme disease, 210
Lymphatic filariasis, 237t
Lymph nodes, tuberculosis, 206
Lymphocyte-mediated hypersensitivity, 116
Lymphoid system diseases, allergic reactions, 116
Lymphoid tissue, glucocorticoid therapy, 561
Lyrica See Pregabalin (Lyrica)
Lysergide (LSD), 153–154