M

MabCampath (Alemtuzumab), 368
MabThera (rituximab), 254, 512t, 519, 520t
MAC (minimum alveolar concentration), anaesthesia, 298
Macrolides, 183–184
protein synthesis inhibition, 173
Macrophages, inflammation, 241
Maculopapular reactions, 268
Magnesium deficiency, 459
Magnesium salts, 531
Magnitude, clinical trials, 48
MAHs (Marketing Authorisation Holders), 62
Maintenance
drug dependence treatment, 140
general anaesthesia, 297
ketamine, 301
Maintenance dose, 96–97
Malabsorption, vitamin D deficiency, 619
Malabsorption syndromes, 501
Malaria, 227–235
acute chemotherapy, 229–231
chemoprophylaxis, 231–232
drug-resistance, 217
falciparum type, 229–231
life cycle, 228–229, 228f
non-falciparum, 231 See also Antimalarial drugs
Malarone
acute malaria, 230
malaria prophylaxis, 231, 232
Male hypersexuality, cyproterone, 602
Malignant hyperthermia (MH), anaesthesia, 309
Mannitol, 459
MAOIs See Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
Maraviroc, 219–220
pharmacogenetics, 104t
Marketing Authorisation Holders (MAHs), 62
Marketing studies See Post-licensing (marketing) studies
Mast cells, histamine, 470
Maxepa (omega-3 marine triglycerides), 450
Maximum tolerated dosage, 96
McKenzie skin-blanching test, 264–265
MDMA, 153
MDR (multiple drug resistance), cytotoxic drugs, 516–517
MDR-TB (multidrug-resistant tuberculosis), 205, 205f
Mebendazole, 238
Mebeverine, 544
Mechanical ventilation, 376
Mecillinam, 176
Mecysteine, 468
MEDAL trial, 245
Medical records, 21
pharmacovigilance, 53
Medicine containers, 27
Medicines for Human Use (Clinical Trial) Regulations, 64
Medicines Monitoring Unit (MEMO), 65
Medroxyprogesterone acetate, 512t
contraception, 609
endometriosis, 611
  Page 651 
Mefenamic acid, 611
Mefloquine, 230, 230t, 231, 232, 233
Mefruside, 454
Megaloblastic anaemia, vitamin B12 deficiency, 501
Megestrol, 605
Meglitinide, 579, 579t
Meglumine antimonate, 235
Melarsoprol, 235
Melatonin, 342
Memantine, 344, 345
MEMO (Medicines Monitoring Unit), 65
Menadiol, 484
Meningeal tuberculosis, 205
Meningitis, 197–198
pneumococcal, 198
Menorrhalgia, 611
Menstrual disorders, 611–613 see also specific diseases/disorders
Menstrual regulation
oral combined contraceptive, 607
polycystic ovary syndrome, 606
Menstrual timing, 611
Mepacrine, 162, 235
Meperidine See Pethidine (meperidine)
Meptazinol, 287, 289t
Mercaptopurine, 515
Meropenem, 177
Merozoites, malaria, 228–229, 228f
Mesalazine, 541
Mescaline, 153
Mesolimbal system, antipsychotic drugs, 323
Mesterolone, 601
Meta-analyses, 49–50, 50f
Metabolic disorders, atypical antipsychotics, 327
Metabolic rate, nicotine effects, 151
Metabolism, 91–94
biological activity, 91–92, 92t
in disease, 106
drug interactions, 108
elderly, 105
enzyme induction, 93–94
enzyme inhibition, 94, 94t
ethanol, 143, 143f
lipid solubility, 91
liver disease, 546–547
paediatric patient, 103
phase I, 92–93
phase II, 93
transporters, 93
Metabolism effects
antidepressant drugs, 320
chronic pharmacology, 99
drug action prolongation, 97
drug mechanisms, 75
Meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG), 409
phaeochromocytomas, 420
Metformin, 579–580, 579t
guidelines, 580–581
Methadone, 139–140, 286
analgesic equivalent, 289t
bioavailability, 285t
pharmacokinetics, 284
relative potency, 288t
Methaemoglobinaemia, 617–620
Methanol poisoning, 131
Methicillin, 175
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), 166
Methimazole, 589, 590
Methionine, 128t
Method definition, clinical effectiveness, 56
Methohexitone, 301
Methotrexate, 248–250
inflammatory bowel disease therapy, 543
neoplasm therapy, 514–515
Methyldopa, 410
Methylene blue, 617
Methylenedioxymethamfetamine, 153
Methylphenidate
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 340t, 345–346
narcolepsy, 343
Methylprednisolone, 563
relative potencies, 562t
Methylxanthines, 154
as diuretic drug, 459
Metirosine, 410
phaeochromocytomas, 420
Metoclopramide
migraine therapy, 293
oesophagus effects, 530
Metolazone, 456
efficacy, 454
Metoprolol, 405t
Metriphonate, 238
Metronidazole, 188, 189
Clostridium difficile- associated diarrhoea, 538
Helicobacter pylori infection treatment, 533
hepatic encephalopathy, 551
Metyrapone
adrenal steroid inhibition, 569
as antiandrogen, 602
Mexiletine, 431t
MH (malignant hyperthermia), anaesthesia, 309
MI See Myocardial infarction (MI)
MIBG See Meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG)
MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration), antimicrobial drugs, 163, 164f
Micafungin, 227
Miconazole, 225
MicroRNAs, drug discovery and development, 31–32
Microscopic colitis, 538
Micturition, 463–464
antimuscarinic drugs, 464
decreased bladder activity, 463
physiology, 463
unstable bladder, 463
urethral sphincter dysfunction, 463
Midazolam, 84t
Mifepristone, 606
Migraine, 292–294
abortive treatment, 293
preventable treatment, 294
Mild keratolytic acne, 273
Miltefosine, 236
Mini-mental state examination (MMSE), 344, 345
Minimum alveolar concentration (MAC), anaesthesia, 298
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), antimicrobial drugs, 163, 164f
Minimum tolerated dosage, 96
Minocycline, 182–183
malaria therapy, 230t
Minoxidil, 400
Miosis, opioid effects, 284
Mirtazapine
adverse effects, 318
mode of action, 313
Misoprostol
labour induction, 613
mucosal protection mechanisms, 532
pregnancy, effects in, 120
Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, 138t
Mitotic spindle inhibitors, 512t
Mivacurium, 303
Mixed agonist–antagonist opioids, 287
Mixed-function oxidases, drug metabolism, 92
MMSE (mini-mental state examination), 344, 345
Moclobemide
drug interactions, 321
enzyme inhibition, 94t
Modafinil, 343
Model List of Essential Medicines, WHO, 19
Mode of action, 35–36
Modified-release formulations, 86
Moexipril, 400
  Page 652 
Molecular medicine, drug discovery and development, 29–30
Molecular modelling, drug discovery and development, 31
Molecular signalling, drug discovery and development, 30
Molecular structure changes, drug action prolongation, 97
Molecular target, drug discovery and development, 29
Mometasone, 563
Monitoring, antimicrobial drug resistance, 169
Monoamine hypothesis, antidepressant drug mode of action, 313
Monoamine oxidase(s), isoforms, 364, 365t
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
adverse effects, 319, 320–321
classification, 312, 312t
diabetes drug interactions, 581
historical aspects, 312
mode of action, 313–314, 315t
overdoses, 321
Parkinson's disease, 364–365
social anxiety disorder, 334
therapeutic efficacy, 316
Monobactams, 176
cell wall inhibition, 173
Monoclonal antibodies
multiple sclerosis, 368 see also specific therapy
Monotherapy, antiepilepsy drugs, 350
Montelukast, 475
Mood stabilizers, 328–330
indications, 347t see also specific drugs
Moraxella catarrhalis pneumonia, 195
Morbilliform reactions, 268
Morgagni, Giovanni, 8
Morning-after pill, 610
Morphine, 285
bioavailability, 285t
myocardial infarction, 412
plasma protein binding, 91t
relative potency, 288t
Mortality, adverse drug reactions, 113
Morton, William, 295
Motility patterns, gastrointestinal tract, 537
Motor endplate depolarisation, neuromuscular blocking drugs, 303
Motor fluctuations, levodopa, 362
Motor neurone disease, 369
Mountain sickness, acute, 568
Mouth cancer, tobacco smoking, 151
Mouth ulcers, cytotoxic drugs, 514
Movement disorders, 366–367
Moxifloxacin, 188, 209
Moxisylyte (thymoxamine), 403
MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), 166
Mucolytics, 468
Mucosal decongestants, 389
Mucus hypersecretion, chronic, 151
Multicentre clinical trials, 47
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), 205, 205f
Multiple drug resistance (MDR), cytotoxic drugs, 516–517
Multiple sclerosis, 367–369
injectable drugs, 367–368
intravenous therapies, 368
oral drugs, 368
symptomatic therapies, 368–369
Mupirocin, 189
Muscarine, 375
Muscarinic receptors, 373
Muscle disease, anaesthesia, 309
Muscle relaxants, 302–304
anaphylaxis, 304
competitive antagonists, 303
depolarising neuromuscular blockers, 303–304
indications, 304
neuromuscular blocking drugs, 302–303 see also specific drugs
Musculoskeletal system, adrenal steroid effects, 564
Myasthenia gravis, 377–378
pharmacodynamics, 106
Mycobacteria infections, 202–210 See also Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium leprae, 209
Mycophenolate mofetil
autoimmune hepatitis, 551
immunomodulation, 250
as immunosuppressant, 524
Mycoses
superficial, 223
systemic, 223
Mydriacyl (tropicamide), 381
Myocardial infarction (MI), 411–413
β-adrenoceptor-blocking drugs, 406
pharmacodynamics, 106
secondary prevention, 413
therapy, 399
Myocardial muscle, cardiac arrhythmias, 429
Myometrium, 612–613
Myopathy
proximal, 564
statins, 103
Myotonia, 367