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  Page 627 

Index

Note: Page numbers followed by b indicate boxes, f indicate figures and t indicate tables.To save space in the index, the following abbreviations have been used:    ACE - angiotensin-converting enzyme    NSAIDs - non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

A

Abacavir, 218
immune-mediated drug reactions, 102, 102t
pharmacogenetics, 104t
Abatacept, 254–255
Abbreviations, 28, 28t
Abciximab, 493–494
Abdominal paracentesis, 550
Abelcet, 224–225
Abortion induction, 613
Abrupt withdrawal, 99
Abscesses, bacterial infections, 210
Absence seizures, 350
Absolute risks, 414
clinical trials, 50–51
Absorbent sunscreens, 265
Absorption, 85–89
bioavailability, 86–87
in disease, 106
dosing schedules, 97
drug interactions, 108
elderly, 105
enterohepatic circulation, 86
ethanol, 142
from gastrointestinal tract, 85–86
biological factors, 87
presystemic (first-pass) elimination, 87
iron deficiency, 497
in pregnancy, 106
systemic availability, 86–87
zero-order (saturation kinetics) process, 83
Abuse, drugs See Drug dependence (abuse)
Acamprosate, 147
Acarbose, 579t, 580
Accelerated phase hypertension, 417
Acceptable risk, 11–12
Accidental overdose, adrenaline (epinephrine), 387
Accidental poisoning, 122–123
ACE See Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
Acebutolol, 405t
ACE inhibitors See Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
Acenocoumarol (nicoumalone), 488
Acetaminophen See Paracetamol (acetaminophen)
Acetazolamide, 459–460
adverse effects, 460
enzyme inhibition, 94t
Acetylcholine (ACh), 374
gastric acid secretion, 529
Acetylcholine antagonists, 379–381
antimuscarinic drugs, 379–381
neuromuscular blocking drugs, 302 see also specific drugs
Acetylcholine receptors, 373
Acetylcysteine, 128t
Acetylsalicylic acid See Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)
ACh See Acetylcholine (ACh)
Aciclovir, 213–215
metabolism, 92t
Acid–base disturbance, aspirin overdose, 247
Acidification, poisoning therapy, 126
Acidosis
lactic, 580
poisoning supportive treatment, 124
Acid salts, local anaesthetics, 305
Acipimox, 450
Acne, 273
bacterial infections, 210
drug adverse effects, 268
mild keratolytic, 273
vitamin A (retinol), 616
Acrivastine, 472
Acromegaly, 598
ACSs (acute coronary syndromes), 411–412
ACTH See Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH, corticotropin)
Actinomycosis, 210
Activated charcoal
aspirin overdose, 247
poisoning therapy, 125, 126
Activated protein C (APC), recombinant, 390
Active immunisations, immunosuppression, 524
Activity prolongation, dosing schedules, 97
Actrapid, 575t
ACTs (artemisinin-based combination therapies), 235
Acute adrenocortical insufficiency, 566
Acute coronary syndromes (ACSs), 411–412
Acute hepatic porphyrias, 114
Acute left ventricular failure, 425
Acute mountain/altitude sickness, 568
Acute overdose, aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), 247
  Page 628 
Acute pain, 280–281
Acute pancreatitis, 555
drug-induced, 555
Acute promyelocytic leukaemia, 616
Acute renal failure, drug-induced, 462
Acute severe asthma, 477–478
Acute stress disorder, 334
Acute tachycardia, 439f
Acute urticaria, 273
Acute variceal haemorrhage, 549
Adalimumab, 253, 254f
inflammatory bowel disease therapy, 543
Adaptive immune response, 241–242
activation, 241, 242f
Addisonian crisis, 566
Addison's disease, 559, 566
Addison, Thomas, 558
Adefovir, 218
hepatitis B virus, 553
Adenosine
antiarrhythmia, 431t, 436
plasma half-life, 84t
ADH See Vasopressin
ADHD (attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder), 345–346
Adjustment disorder, 334
Adjuvant therapy, neoplastic disease, 509–510
Administration routes
antiepilepsy drugs, 351
antimicrobial drugs, 166
drug dependence (abuse), 139
intramuscular See Intramuscular administration
intravenous See Intravenous administration
vagina See Vaginal administration see also specific routes
Adrenal gland, 558, 559f
Adrenaline (epinephrine), 387
anaphylactic shock (type I), 116
coagulation disorders, 485
endogenous, 382
synthesis, 382–383
Adrenal steroids, 557–570
administration routes, 565–566
topical application, 565
adverse effects, 564
application precautions, 565
competitive antagonism, 570
contraindications, 565–566
dosage schedules, 563–564, 565–566
drug interactions
anaesthesia, 308
diabetes drugs, 581
historical aspects, 558
indications, 559, 566–569
hypercalcaemia treatment, 620
neoplastic therapy, 518
paediatric patients, 566
skin conditions, 263–265
tuberculosis, 206
mechanism of action, 559–562
pregnancy, 564
relative potencies, 562t
replacement therapy, 559, 566–567
shock, 390
synthesis inhibition, 569–570
synthetic pathways, 558, 560f
withdrawal of, 569 see also specific steroids
Adrenergic mechanisms, 382
historical aspects, 382
Adrenoceptor(s)
activation, 384
agonists see below
α, 383–384
antagonists see below
β, 383–384
blockers see below
classification, 384, 384t
selectivity for, 384–387
Adrenoceptor agonists, 385
adverse effects, 386–387
non selective, 385
α2-Adrenoceptor agonists, 70
CNS, 410
β1-Adrenoceptor agonists, 70
β2-Adrenoceptor agonists, 70
asthma treatment, 474, 476
overuse, 478–479
uterine relaxants, 613
β-Adrenoceptor agonists, nonselective, 70
Adrenoceptor blockers, 402–409
autonomic ganglion-blocking drugs, 410
central nervous system, 410
neurone-blocking, 409
nomenclature, 70
α-Adrenoceptor blockers, 402–403
α1-adrenoceptors, 402
α2-adrenoceptors, 402
benign prostatic hyperplasia, 464
indications, 403b
phaeochromocytomas, 419–420
β1-Adrenoceptor blockers, 411
β-Adrenoceptor blockers, 403–409
adverse reactions, 407–408
breast feeding, 96
classification, 406
drug interactions, 408
anaesthesia, 308
antithyroid drugs, 590–591
diabetes drugs, 581
effects, 404
indications, 406–407
angina pectoris, 411
antiarrhythmia, 433
chronic heart failure therapy, 423, 424
myocardial infarction secondary prevention, 413
pregnancy hypertension, 417
variceal bleeding therapy, 549–550
intrinsic heart rate, 403–404
lipid-soluble, 406
overdose, 408
partial agonists, 404
pharmacokinetics, 405–406
pregnancy, 408
selectivity, 404–405, 405t
therapeutic doses, 405t
water-soluble, 406
withdrawal, 404, 407 see also specific drugs
Adrenocortical insufficiency
acute, 566
chronic primary, 566
chronic secondary, 566
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH, corticotropin), 570, 596
actions, 570
natural, 570
synthetic, 570
ADRs See Adverse drug reactions (ADRs)
Adult advanced life support, 440f
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs)
age, 114
attribution, 111–112
definition, 111
degrees of certainty, 111–112
detection, 112, 112t
drug-induced illness, 112–113
environmental effects, 115
genetic constitution, 114–115
male reproductive function, 121
pharmacoepidemiology, 112–114
pharmacovigilance, 112–114
post-licensing (marketing) studies, 65
prescribing drugs, 6
reproductive effects, 119–121
sex, 114
skilled tasks, 113–114
social habits, 115
sources, 114–115 See also Unwanted effects specific drugs
Aerosols, 88
AF See Atrial fibrillation (AF)
Affective flattening, schizophrenia, 324t
Afferent cough, 467
African trypanosomiasis, 236t
  Page 629 
Afterload, 421
reduction in heart failure, 423
Age
adverse drug reactions, 114
drug effects, 103–106 See also Elderly Paediatric patients
Agomelatine, 318
Agonists, receptors, 75
AIH (autoimmune hepatitis), 551
Airway maintenance, 124
Airway patency, general anaesthesia, 296
Airway resistance, tobacco smoking, 150
Akathisia, 325
Albendazole, 236
Albumin, drug binding, 90–91
Alcohol
antihypertensive effects, 417
zero-order (saturation kinetics) process, 82–83, 82f
Alcohol consumption, 145, 146t
antihypertensive therapy, 414
breast feeding, 148
car-driving, 145
drug interactions, 148
physiological effects, 144, 144t
pregnancy, 148
safe limits, 147–148
tolerance, 145
withdrawal, 146–147
Alcohol dependence/alcoholism, 136, 142–148
neuropathies, 369
treatment, 147
Alcohol-dependence syndrome, 145–148
Alcoholic hepatitis, 552
Alcohol-induced acute pancreatitis, 555
Aldactone See Spironolactone (Aldactone)
Aldosterone, 558–559, 563
relative potencies, 562t
Alemtuzumab (MabCampath), 368
Alendronate, 621
osteoporosis, 622
Alfacalcidol See 1α-Hydroxycalciferol (alfacalcidol)
Alfentanil, 287
Alfuzosin, 403
Alginate, 532
Alimemazine, 472
Alimentary tract See Gastrointestinal tract
Aliskiren, 400
Alkalinisation, poisoning therapy, 126
Alkaloids, 372, 374–375
Alkylating agents, 512t, 514
Allergen exposure prevention, 474
Allergic interstitial nephritis, 462
Allergic rhinitis See Hay fever (allergic rhinitis)
Allergic vasculitis, 268
Allergies, 470–473
adrenal steroids, 568
aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), 247
asthma, 473
drugs See Drug allergy
glucocorticoid therapy, 561
insulin, 574
management, 472–473
penicillins, 174
topical corticosteroids, 265
Allodynia, 281
Allopurinol
enzyme inhibition, 94t
gout, 256
immune-mediated drug reactions, 102t
nephrolithiasis, 463
All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), 519
Allyamines, 226–227
Aloes, 539
Alogia, 324t
Alopecia
androgenic, 269t
cytotoxic drugs, 514
drug adverse effects, 268
Alopecia areata, 269t
α1-Acid glycoprotein, 91
α2-Antiplasmin, 491
Alprazolam
insomnia treatment, 340t
panic disorder, 331
Alprostadil, 401, 465
Alteplase (recombinant tissue plasminogen activator), 491
myocardial infarction, 412
Alternative medicine See Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)
Altitude sickness, acute, 568
Aluminium hydroxide
hypocalcaemia, 620
renal bone disease, 623
Aluminium salts, 531
Alverine, 544
Alzheimer's disease, 344–345
Amantadine
influenza A, 220
Parkinson's disease, 365–366
AmBisome, 224–225
Ambrisentan, 419
Amenorrhoea, 611
American trypanosomiasis, 236t
Ames test, 33–34
Amfetamines, 158
narcolepsy, 343
sympathomimetic effects, 389
Amide local anaesthetics, 305
Amikacin, 181, 208
Amiloride, 456
efficacy, 454
site of action, 453f, 454
therapeutic efficacy, 78
Aminoglutethimide, 569–570
Aminogluthimide, 518
Aminoglycosides, 180–181
adverse effects, 181
antibacterial activity, 180
mode of action, 180
pharmacokinetics, 180
protein synthesis inhibition, 173
Aminophylline, 154–155
cough, 469
4-Aminoquibolone, 230t
5-Aminosalicylate (5-ASA)
Crohn's disease therapy, 542
inflammatory bowel disease therapy, 541
ulcerative colitis management, 541
Aminosalicylates, 541
Amiodarone
antiarrhythmia, 431t, 433–434
drug-induced hypothyroidism, 594–595, 594f, 594t
thyrotoxicosis, 595
Amisulpiride, 326t
Amitriptyline, 403
adjuvant analgesics, 290
adverse effects, 318
irritable bowel syndrome therapy, 544
micturition, 464
plasma protein binding, 91t
therapeutic efficacy, 316
Amlodipine, 397
Amnesia, general anaesthesia, 296
Amobarbital, 325
Amoebiasis, 235–236
bowel lumen, 235
tissue-invading, 235
Amoxicillin, 176
distribution volume, 90t
endocarditis prophylaxis, 196
half-life, 462t
Helicobacter pylori infection treatment, 533
plasma half-life, 84t
plasma protein binding, 91t
Amphocil, 224–225
Amphotericin, 223–225
lipid-associated, 224–225
Ampicillin, 176
Amputation, antimicrobial chemoprophylaxis, 168
Anabolic steroids, 602 see also specific steroids
Anaemia
aplastic See Aplastic anaemia
  Page 630 
autoimmune haemolytic, 503–504
chronic disease, 499
chronic haemolytic, 503
haemolytic See Haemolytic anaemia
megaloblastic, 501
pernicious, vitamin B12 deficiency, 501
Anaemia of chronic renal failure
cancer chemotherapy, 507
recombinant human erythropoietin (epoetin), 507
Anaerobic microorganisms, pneumonias, 195
Anaesthesia, 295–309
analgesia, 307–308
concurrent drug use, 308
dissociative, 297
drug interactions, 308
general See General anaesthesia
infiltration, 305
inhalational See Inhalational anaesthesia
intravenous See Intravenous anaesthesia
local See Local anaesthetics
mode of action, 297–298
obstetrics, 307–308
regional, 305, 306
special groups, 309–310 see also specific anaesthetics
Anagrelide, 506
Anakira, 255
Anal fissures, 545
Analgesics, 277–293
acute pancreatitis, 555
anaesthesia, 307–308
anticoagulant drug interactions, 487
co-analgesics, 290–292
definition, 281
general anaesthesia, 296, 297
liver disease, 547
non-opioids, 281–283
opioids, 281, 283–285 see also specific drugs
Anaphylactic shock (type I), 116–117
adrenaline (epinephrine), 387
drug adverse effects, 268
histamine actions, 471
muscle relaxants, 304
Anaphylactoid reactions, 118
Anastrozole
adrenal steroid inhibition, 570
breast cancer, 518
Ancylostoma braziliense, 237t
Ancylostoma caninum, 237t
Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm), 237t
Androgenic alopecia, 269t
Androgens, 601–602
choice of, 601
indications, 601
preparations, 601 see also specific types
Angel dust (phenycycline), 153
Angina, unstable, 412
Angina pectoris, 393–426
β-adrenoceptor-blocking drugs, 406
calcium channel blockers, 396
drug mode of action, 393–394
Angioedema
ACE inhibitors, 399
allergic reactions, 116
hereditary, 274, 602
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
contraindications, 399
definition, 397
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, 397–400
adverse effects, 399
drug interactions, 245
indications, 398–399
chronic heart failure therapy, 423, 424
diabetes mellitus, 584
myocardial infarction secondary prevention, 413
pregnancy hypertension, 417
nomenclature, 70 see also specific drugs
Angiotensin II
definition, 397
receptors, 398
Angiotensin (AT) II receptor blockers, 397–400
adverse effects, 399
indications, 398–399
chronic heart failure therapy, 423
diabetes mellitus, 584
pregnancy hypertension, 417
Anhedonia, schizophrenia, 324t
Anidulafungin, 227
Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986, 35
Animal studies
drug discovery and development, 32, 33–34
public support, 35
Anion-exchange resins, 449
Ankylosing spondylitis, 258
Antacids, 531
liver disease, 547
Antagonism, drug interactions, 107
Antagonists
benzodiazepines, 341
competitive See Competitive antagonists
receptors, 75
Anterior pituitary hormones, 596–599 see also specific hormones
Anthracyclines, 512t, 515
Anthraquinones, 539
Antiandrogens, 602 see also specific agents
Anti-arrhythmic drugs, 430–437, 431t
anticoagulant drug interactions, 487
breast feeding, 95
class I: sodium channel blockade, 430–433
class II: catecholamine blockade, 430, 433
class III refractoriness lengthening, 430, 433–435
class IV: calcium channel blockade See Calcium channel blockers (CCBs)
classification, 429–430
Vaughan–Williams classification see also specific types
proarrhythmic effects, 437
Vaughan–Williams classification, 430
Anti-asthma drugs
breast feeding, 95 see also specific drugs
Antibacterial drugs, 173–189
aminoglycosides, 180
bactericidal, 163
bacteriostatic, 163
cell membrane function, 179–180
cell wall inhibition, 173, 174–180
classification, 173–174
nucleic acid synthesis, 173–174, 187
protein synthesis inhibition, 173, 180–186 see also specific drugs
Antibiotic-associated colitis, 170
vancomycin, 179
Antibiotics
Crohn's disease therapy, 542
drug interactions, anaesthesia, 308
polypeptide, 189–190 see also specific drugs
Antibodies
glucocorticoids, effects of, 561
insulin, 574
Anticancer drugs
breast feeding, 95
efficacy variation, 102 see also specific drugs
Anticholinergic drugs See Antimuscarinic (anticholinergic) drugs
Anticholinesterases, 372–373, 375–377
drug interactions, anaesthesia, 308
myasthenia gravis treatment, 378
poisoning, 376–377
  Page 631 
Anticoagulant drugs, 485–490
drug interactions, 245, 487
parenteral, 488–490
reversal of, 487
withdrawal, 487 see also specific drugs
Anticonvulsant drugs
adjuvant analgesics, 290–291
anticoagulant drug interactions, 487 see also specific drugs
Antidepressant drugs, 312–322
adjuvant analgesics, 290
adverse effects, 318–319
augmentation, 317–318
breast feeding, 95
cessation, 316–317
changing, 316–317
classification, 312, 312t, 315t
discontinuation syndromes, 317
drug interactions, 319–321
anaesthesia, 308
anticoagulant drugs, 487
historical aspects, 312
indications, 318, 347t
anxiety disorders, 336t
ethanol withdrawal, 147
insomnia, 342
liver disease, 547
mechanism of action, 313–314
mode of use, 316
overdose, 319
pharmacokinetics, 314–316, 315t
selection, 316
therapeutic efficacy, 316 see also specific drugs
Antidiarrhoeal drugs, 541 see also specific drugs
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) See Vasopressin
Antiepilepsy drugs, 350–351, 354–359, 355t
administration routes, 351
breast feeding, 95
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, 359
choice of, 350
circumstantial seizures, 351
dosage, 351
drug interactions
anaesthesia, 308
hormonal contraception, 610
oral contraceptives, 353
excitatory neurotransmitters, 354
failure to respond, 351
liver disease, 547
modes of action, 354
electrical excitability reduction, 354
GABA transmission, 354, 357–358
monotherapy, 350
paediatric patients, 351, 353
polytherapy, 351
synaptic vesicle release, 354
when to use, 350
withdrawal, 351–352
women, 351 see also specific drugs
Antifibrinolytics, 492 see also specific drugs
Antifungal agents, 223b, 224t
cell membrane disruption, 223–227
cell wall disruption, 227 see also specific agents
Antigen-presenting cells (APC), 241
Antihelminthic drugs, 236–238, 237t see also specific drugs
Antihistamines, 470–473
definition, 471
insomnia, 342 see also specific drugs
Antihypertensive drugs
chronic pharmacology, 98
compliance, 416
drug interactions, 245, 417–418
anaesthesia, 308
mode of action, 414–415, 414f
monitoring, 416
sexual function, 418
therapy principles, 414 see also specific drugs
Anti-inflammatory drugs, 242–248
breast feeding, 96
indications, 240
asthma treatment, 476–477 see also specific drugs
Anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody, 255
Antilymphocyte immunoglobulin, as immunosuppressant, 524
Antimalarial drugs, 230t, 232–235
drug interactions, 232
photosensitivity, 266
pregnancy, 232 see also specific drugs
Antimetabolites, 512t, 514–515
immunomodulatory drugs, 248
pregnancy, effects in, 120 see also specific drugs
Antimicrobial drugs, 161–171
administration route, 166
breast feeding, 96
chemoprophylaxis, 167
surgery, 167–168
choice of, 165–166
classification, 163–164
combinations, 166–167
concentration-dependence, 163
diagnosis, 164
drug interactions
anticoagulant drugs, 487
hormonal contraception, 610
drug selection, 165
drugs of choice, 171
historical aspects, 162–163
indications, 165–168
drug-induced diarrhoea, 538
induced neuromuscular transmission disorders, 378
pre-emptive suppressive therapy, 167
septic shock, 390
infection masking, 171
mechanism of action, 164
minimum inhibitory concentration, 163, 164f
minor, 189
pro-antibiotic effect, 163
problems with, 170–171
prophylaxis, 165
resistance, 168–170
limitation of, 169–170
mechanisms, 169
superinfection, 170–171
time-dependence, 163 See also Antibacterial drugs specific drugs
Antimotility drugs
diarrhoea, 537 see also specific drugs
Antimuscarinic bronchodilators
asthma treatment, 475
oesophagus effects, 530
Antimuscarinic (anticholinergic) drugs
acetylcholine antagonists, 379–381 see also specific drugs
indications, 380b
irritable bowel syndrome therapy, 544
micturition, 464
Parkinson's disease, 365
Anti-oestrogens, 604–605
Antiplatelet drugs, 493–494
angina pectoris, 411
indications, 494–495
myocardial infarction, 412
NSAIDs, 244 see also specific drugs
Antiprogestogens, 605–606
Antiprotozoal drugs, 235–236, 236t see also specific drugs
Antipruritic drugs, 263 see also specific drugs
Antipseudomonal penicillins, 176
Antipsychotic drugs, 322–328, 322t
administration routes, 324
adverse reactions, 325–328, 326t
akathisia, 325
cardiovascular system, 327
  Page 632 
extrapyramidal symptoms, 325
prolactin increase, 327
sedation, 327
tardive dyskinesia, 325–327
atypical See Atypical antipsychotic drugs
atypical antipsychotics vs., 328
breast feeding, 96
classification, 322
efficacy, 323
historical aspects, 322
indications, 322–323, 347t
drug-induced parkinsonism, 366
mechanisms of action, 323
mode of use, 323–325
pharmacokinetics, 323
rapid tranquillisation, 325 see also specific drugs
Antipyretic actions, NSAIDs, 244
Antiretroviral therapy, 214t, 216t
breast feeding, 216
entry inhibitors, 216t, 219–220
fixed-dose combinations, 220, 220t
HIV infection, 215
integrase inhibitors, 216t, 220
non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, 219
nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, 217–218
pregnancy, 216
protease inhibitors, 216t, 218–219
reverse transcriptase inhibitors, 216t see also specific drugs
Antisense drugs, 31–32
Antistaphylococcal penicillins, 175
Anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG), 505–506
Antithyroid drugs, 589–593
adverse reactions, 590
control, 590–591
immunosuppression, 589 see also specific drugs
Antituberculosis drug-induced hepatitis, 208
Anti-tumour necrosis factor-α (THF-α) therapies, monoclonal antibodies, 543
Anti-tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) therapies, 253–254
Antitussives
central, 468
peripheral, 467–468
Anxiety disorders, 311, 331–344
antidepressant drugs, 318
classification, 326t, 331–336
treatment, 332t, 335–336 see also specific diseases/disorders
Anxiolytics
anticoagulant drug interactions, 487
breast feeding, 96
indications, 347t
Aortic dissection, 406
Aortic stenosis, 399
Apathy, schizophrenia, 324t
APC (activated protein C), recombinant, 390
APCs (antigen-presenting cells), 241
Aphthous ulcers, 568
Apidra (Insulin Glulisine), 575t
Apixaban, 490
Aplastic anaemia, 505–506
allergic reactions, 117
anabolic steroids, 602
Apnoea, cough, 469
Apolipoprotein E receptors, 444
Apomorphine, 364
Apoptosis, cytotoxic drugs, 511
Appetite control, 585
Applications of drugs, 9 see also specific drugs
Appropriate prescribing, 20
APPROVE trial, 245
Aprotinin, 492
Arabinosides, 515
Arecoline, 375
Argatroban, 490
Aripiprazole
administration routes, 324
adverse reactions, 326t
Aromatase inhibitors, 512t
breast cancer, 518
Arrhythmias See Cardiac arrhythmias
Artemether, 230t, 234–235
Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), 235
Arterial hypertension, 413–418
targets, 413–414
thresholds, 413–414
treatment aims, 413
Arterial occlusion, 492
Artesunate, 230, 230t, 234–235
Arthritis, septic, 202
5-ASA See 5-Aminosalicylate (5-ASA)
Ascariasis, 237t
Ascites, 550
hepatic, 457
management, 550
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C), 617
Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), 246–247, 293
antiplatelet effects, 493, 494
ionisation, 80
myocardial infarction, 412, 413
Asthma, 473–478
acute severe, 477–478
allergic reactions, 117, 473
chest infections, 477
COPD association, 473
exercise-induced, 473
non-allergic reactions, 473
NSAID effects, 245
pathophysiology, 473
pharmacodynamics, 106
treatment, 474–475, 476f
allergen exposure prevention, 474
bronchial inflammation reduction, 474
bronchi dilatation, 474–475
constant asthma, 476–477
drugs, 476–478
inhalation, 475–476
intermittent asthma, 476–477
Astringents, pruritus, 263
Asymptomatic cardiac arrhythmias, 428
Asymptomatic urinary tract infection, 200
Atazanavir, 218–219
Atenolol, 409
half-life, 462t
myocardial infarction, 412
plasma half-life, 84t
pregnancy hypertension, 417
therapeutic dose, 405t
ATG (anti-thymocyte globulin), 505–506
Atherosclerosis, 444–445
Atomoxetine, 340t, 346
Atopic dermatitis, 274
Atovaquone, 235
proguanil and See Malarone
ATRA (all-trans-retinoic acid), 519
Atracurium, 303
Atrial ectopic beats, 438
Atrial fibrillation (AF), 439–440, 441f
digoxin, 435
Atrial flutter, 440–441
digoxin, 436
Atrial tachycardia with variable AV block, 441
Atrioventricular (AV) node, 429
Atropine, 379–380
as antidote, 128t
β-adrenoceptor-blocking drug overdose, 408
anticholinesterase poisoning treatment, 376
dosages, 380
eye drops, 376
Atrovent See Ipratropium (Atrovent)
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 345–346
Atypical antipsychotic drugs
adverse effects, 327–328
antipsychotics vs., 328
  Page 633 
augmentation, 317
mood stabiliser, 330
Atypical pseudocholinesterase, 309
Augmentin See Co-amoxiclav (Augmentin)
Auranofin, 253
Autoimmune active chronic hepatitis, 568
Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, 503–504
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), 551
Automation, drug discovery and development, 30
Autonomic ganglion-blocking drugs, 410
Autonomic nervous system
cardiac effects, 436–437
cholinergic drugs, 373
Autonomy, human studies, 38
Auxiliary therapy, definition, 9
Avastin (bevacizumab), 520, 520t
Avicenna, 34–35
Avolution, schizophrenia, 324t
Azatadine, 472
Azathioprine
autoimmune hepatitis, 551
as immunosuppressant, 250, 523
inflammatory bowel disease therapy, 543
myasthenia gravis treatment, 378
neoplasm therapy, 515
pharmacogenetics, 104t
Azithromycin, 184
endocarditis prophylaxis, 196
Azoles, 188–189, 225–226
nucleic acid synthesis, 173
AZT See Zidovudine (AZT, Retrovir)
Aztreonam, 176