P
Packaging, compliance,
22
PAE (pro-antibiotic effect), antimicrobial drugs,
163
PAF (platelet-activating factor), inflammation,
241,
241f
Paget's disease of bone,
624
PAI-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor 1),
491
Palliative therapy, neoplastic disease,
510
Pamidronate,
621
hypercalcaemia treatment,
619
Paget's disease of bone,
624
Pancreatin (Cotazym/Nutrizyme),
555
Para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS),
209
Paracentesis, abdominal,
550
Paracetamol (acetaminophen),
246,
282
Parallel-group clinical trials,
47
Parallel groups, placebo-controlled trials,
39
Paranasal sinus bacterial infections,
192
Parasympathetic nervous system,
373
Parasympathomimetic drugs,
464
Parathyroid hormone (PTH),
621
Parenteral administration,
85,
88–89
Parkinsonism, drug-induced,
366
Parkinson's disease,
359–366
conservative therapy,
361
dopaminergic neurotransmission,
360
drug therapy,
361–366
dopaminergic drugs,
361–365 see also specific drugs
Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia,
438–439
PASS (post-authorisation surveillance studies),
65
Passive diffusion, cell membrane passage,
79–80
Patient compliance,
21–23
Patient–doctor relationship, non-compliance,
22
Payment, human studies,
40
PBC (primary biliary cirrhosis),
551–552
PCI (primary coronary angioplasty), STEMI,
412
PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome),
606
Pegylated interferons,
222
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID),
201
PEM (Prescription Event Monitoring),
65
Pemphigus,
269t
drug adverse effects,
268
Penicillamine,
130
induced neuromuscular transmission disorders,
379
Penicillin, procaine,
175
Penicillins,
174–175
cell wall inhibition,
173
cephalosporin cross-allergy,
177
endocarditis prophylaxis,
196
pharmacokinetics,
174 see also specific penicillins
Pentaerithrityl tetranitrate (Peritrate),
396
Pentostam (sodium stibogluconate),
236
Pentoxifylline (Trental)
intermittent claudication,
402
Peripheral arterial occlusion,
490
Peripheral blood flow, β-adrenoceptor-blocking drugs,
407
Peripheral decarboxylase inhibitors,
362
Peripheral neuropathies,
369
Peripheral sites, cough,
467
Peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals,
409–410
neurotransmitter synthesis inhibition,
410
Peripheral tissues, levodopa,
362
Peripheral vascular resistance,
404
Peritrate (pentaerithrityl tetranitrate),
396
Permanently ionised drugs,
80–81
Pernicious anaemia, vitamin B
12 deficiency,
501
PET (positron emission tomography),
18
Phaeochromocytomas,
419–420
β-adrenoceptor-blocking drugs,
407
Phagocytes, inflammation,
241
Pharmaceutical Affairs Bureau (Japan),
63–64
Pharmacodynamics,
74–79
dose–response relationships,
77,
77f
qualitative aspects,
74–77
quantitative aspects,
77–79
Pharmacoeconomics,
24–26
economists' objective,
25
Pharmacoepidemiology,
51–53
observational cohort studies,
51–52
prescription event monitoring,
51
surveillance systems,
52–53
Pharmacogenetics
drug discovery and development,
30
Pharmacogenomics,
42
genome-wide association studies,
101–102
immune-mediated drug reactions,
102,
102t
single nucleotide polymorphisms,
101–102
Pharmacokinetics,
79–85
cell membrane passage,
79–81
carrier-mediated transport,
81
ionisation at environmental pH,
80
permanently ionised drugs,
80–81
concentration time course,
83–85
missed dose importance,
24
order of reaction,
81–83
first-order (exponential) process,
81–82
zero-order (saturation kinetics) process,
82–83,
82f
plasma half-life,
83–84
change of dosing,
83f,
84
intravenous bolus injection,
82f,
83
steady-state concentration,
83–84 see also specific processes
Pharmacological efficacy,
78
Pharyngeal gonorrhoea,
201
Phase 1 drug discovery and development,
40
Phase I metabolism,
92–93
Phase 2 drug discovery and development,
41
Phase 3 drug discovery and development,
41
Phase 4 drug discovery and development,
41
Phenobarbital
antiepilepsy effects,
358
Phenoxy herbicide poisoning,
132
Phenoxymethylpenicillin,
193
Phenycycline (angel dust),
153
Phenylpropanolamine (norephedrine),
389
Phenytoin
hormonal contraception interactions,
610
plasma protein binding,
91t
Phosphate
hypercalcaemia treatment,
621
Photophobia, chloroquine,
232
pH partition hypothesis,
80
Physical (physiological) dependence
Physical examination, pain evaluation,
281
Physical factors, insomnia,
338b
Physician-induced (iatrogenic) disease,
9–10
Physiological (functional) antagonism, receptors,
76
Phytomenadione (Konakion),
484
PID (pelvic inflammatory disease),
201
Pigmentation, drug adverse effects,
268
Pindolol
chronic orthostatic hypotension,
391
Pivmecillinam,
176
urinary tract infections,
200
Placebo-controlled trials
Placebos,
17–18
positron emission tomography,
18
psychological component,
17
Placenta, ionised drug pharmacokinetics,
81
Plasma concentration
poisoning resuscitation,
124
therapeutic drug monitoring,
84–85
Plasma lipoproteins, β-adrenoceptor-blocking drugs,
407
Plasma proteins
oral combined contraceptive,
608
Plasma pseudocholinesterase,
304
Plasminogen activator(s),
483f
Plasminogen activator inhibitor(s),
491
Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1),
491
Plasmodium falciparum infection
See Malaria
Platelet-activating factor (PAF), inflammation,
241,
241f
Pleura, bacterial infections,
193–195
Pneumococcal meningitis,
198
Pneumonias,
194–195
anaerobic microorganisms,
195
immunocompromised patient,
195
Poisoning
biological substances,
133
deliberate self-harm,
122
incapacitating agents,
133
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS),
606
Polymyalgia rheumatica,
258
Polyneuropathies, inflammatory demyelinating,
369
Polypeptide antibiotics,
189–190 see also specific drugs
Polytherapy, antiepilepsy drugs,
351
PONV (postoperative nausea and vomiting), general anaesthesia,
297
Pork tapeworm
(Taenia solium),
237t
Porphyrias, adverse drug reactions,
114
Portal hypertension, hepatic,
406
Portal pressure, cirrhosis,
548
Positron emission tomography (PET),
18
Possible conviction, adverse drug reactions,
111
Post-authorisation surveillance studies (PASS),
65
Postcoital contraception,
610
Posterior pituitary hormones,
599
Posterior subcapsular cataract,
564
Post-licensing (marketing) studies,
65–66
drug discovery and development,
30
Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), general anaesthesia,
297
Post-registration phase, therapeutic evaluation,
42,
43t
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD),
334
Postural hypotension, labetalol,
409
Potassium
diabetes ketoacidosis,
583
Potassium citrate, nephrolithiasis,
463
Potentiation, drug interactions,
108
Powders, inhalational administration,
88–89
Practolol, withdrawal,
63
Praxilene (naftidrofuryl),
402
Precision, statistics,
45
Preclinical trials, regulatory reviews,
64
Prednisolone,
563
myasthenia gravis treatment,
378
Pre-emptive suppressive therapy, antimicrobial drugs,
167
Pregnancy
β-adrenoceptor-blocking drugs,
408
antiretroviral therapy,
216
folic acid deficiency,
503
oral combined contraceptive,
607
tuberculosis therapy,
205
Preload,
420
reduction in heart failure,
423
Prematurity, folic acid deficiency,
503
Premenstrual tension,
612
Pre-registration phase, therapeutic evaluation,
42,
43t
Prescribing,
6–7
computer-issued prescriptions,
27
drug dependence (abuse),
139
problems/incorrect methods,
6–7,
7t
Prescription event monitoring
Prescription Event Monitoring (PEM),
65
Presystemic (first-pass) elimination, gastrointestinal system,
87
Primaquine
non-falciparum malaria,
231
Primary adrenocortical insufficiency, chronic,
566
Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC),
551–552
Primary coronary angioplasty (PCI), STEMI,
412
Primary endpoint, human studies,
43
Primary infections, antimicrobial chemoprophylaxis,
167
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC),
552
Pro-antibiotic effect (PAE), antimicrobial drugs,
163
Probable conviction, adverse drug reactions,
111
Pro-Banthine (propantheline),
381
Procoagulant drugs,
483–485 see also specific drugs
Production line approach, drug discovery and development,
30
Progestogen-only contraception,
609–610
Proguanil (chloroguanide)
Prolonged-release melatonin, insomnia treatment,
340t
Promotion (of drugs), restraint in,
12
Propantheline (Pro-Banthine),
381
Proprietary (brand) name,
70,
71
Propylthiouracil (PTU),
589,
590
Prostaglandins,
612–613
gastric acid secretion,
529
Prostaglandin synthesis, antihypertensive effects,
417
Prostheses insertion, antimicrobial chemoprophylaxis,
168
Protease inhibitors
neoplastic disease,
521 see also specific drugs
Protein(s), drug discovery and development,
31
Protein binding, disease effects,
91,
91t
Protein kinase receptors, drug mechanisms,
75
Protein malnutrition, pharmacokinetics,
107
Protein metabolism, adrenal steroids,
559
Protein restriction, hepatic encephalopathy,
551
Protein synthesis inhibition
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs),
530
NSAIDs with,
245 see also specific drugs
Protozoal infections,
213,
227–236 see also specific infections
Proximal myopathy, adrenal steroid effects,
564
Pruritus,
263
drug adverse effects,
268
PSC (primary sclerosing cholangitis),
552
Pseudocholinesterases,
309,
375
Pseudomonads, superinfection,
170
Psoralens, photosensitivity,
266
Psychiatric assessment, poisoning,
127–129
Psychiatric disorders
insomnia,
338b see also specific diseases/disorders
Psychodysleptic dependence,
152–157
experiences,
153 see also specific drugs
Psychological dependence,
137
Psychoses, adrenal steroids,
564
Psychotropic drugs,
311–347
anaesthesia interactions,
308
psychological treatment
vs.,
311–312 see also specific drugs
PTU (propylthiouracil),
589,
590
Public view (of drugs),
12
Pulmonary abscess, pneumonia,
195
Pulmonary arterial hypertension, idiopathic (primary),
419
Pulmonary elimination,
95
Pulmonary embolism, thrombolytic drugs,
491
Pulmonary surfactant,
470
Purpura, drug adverse effects,
268
Pyoderma gangrenosum,
269t
Pyridoxine (vitamin B
6),
616
Pyrimidine antagonists,
515