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661 Kraus BM, Richardson DW, Sheridan G, Wilkins PA. Multiple rib fracture in a neonatal foal using a nylon strand suture repair technique. Vet Surg. 2005;34:399.

662 Bellezzo F, Hunt RJ, Provost P, et al. Surgical repair of rib fractures in 14 neonatal foals: case selection, surgical technique and results. Equine Vet J. 2004;36:557.

663 Everett KA, Chaffin MK, Brinsko SP. Diaphragmatic herniation as a cause of lethargy and exercise intolerance in a mare. Cornell Vet. 1992;82:217.

664 Edwards GB. Diaphragmatic hernia—a diagnostic and surgical challenge. Equine Vet Educ. 1993;5:267.

665 Bristol DG. Diaphragmatic hernias in horses and cattle. Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet). 1986;8:S407.

666 Orsini JA, Koch C, Stewart B. Peritoneopericardial hernia in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1981;179:907.

667 Goehring LS, Goodrich LR, Murray MJ. Tachypnoea associated with a diaphragmatic tear in a horse. Equine Vet J. 1999;31:443.

668 Santschi EM, Juzwiak JS, Moll HD, Slone DE. Diaphragmatic hernia repair in three young horses. Vet Surg. 1997;26:242.

669 Roelvink MEJ, van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MMS, Kalsbeek HC. Chronic diaphragmatic hernia in the horse. Equine Vet Educ. 1993;5:255.

670 Mellins RB, Stalcup SA. Pulmonary edema. In: Kendig EL, Chernick. Disorders of the respiratory tract in children. ed 4. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1983:458.

671 Kollias-Baker CA, Pipers FS, Heard D, et al. Pulmonary edema associated with transient airway obstruction in three horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1993;202:116.

672 Tute AS, Wilkins PA, Gleed RD, et al. Negative pressure pulmonary edema (NPPE) as a post-anesthetic complication associated with upper airway obstruction in a horse. Vet Surg. 1996;25:519.

673 Tobin T, Roberts BL, Swerczek TW, Chrisman M. The pharmacology of furosemide in the horse. III, Dose and time response relationships, effects of repeated dosing, and performance effects. J Equine Med Surg. 1978;2:216.

674 Muir WW, Milne DW, Sharda RT. Acute haemodynamic effects of furosemide administered intravenously in the horse. Am J Vet Res. 1976;37:1177.

675 Dixon PM. Effects of furosemide on pulmonary arterial pressures of normal horses and horses affected with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Equine Vet J. 1980;12:28.

676 Hinchcliff KW, Muir WW. Pharmacology of furosemide: a review. J Vet Intern Med. 1991;5:211.

677 Milne DW, Gabel AA, Muir WW, et al. Effects of furosemide on cardiovascular function and performance when given prior to simulated races: a double blind study. Am J Vet Res. 1980;41:1183.

678 Ernst A, Zibrak JD. Carbon monoxide poisoning. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1603.

679 Geor RJ, Ames TR. Smoke inhalation injury in horses. Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet). 1991;13:1162.

680 Kirkland KD, Goetz TE, Foreman JH, et al. Smoke inhalation injury in a pony. Vet Emerg Crit Care. 1992;3:83.

681 Murakami K, Tabor DL. Pathophysiological basis of smoke inhalation injury. News Physiol Sci. 2003;18:125.

682 Hanson RR. Management of burn injuries in the horse. Vet Clin Equine. 2005;21:105.

683 Demling RH. The burn edema process: current concepts. J Burn Care Rehabil. 2005;26:207.

685 Herndon DN, Tompkins RG. Support of the metabolic response to burn injury. Lancet. 2004;363:1895.

686 Norman TE, Chaffin MK, Johnson MC, et al. Intravascular hemolysis associated with severe cutaneous burn injuries in five horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2005;226:2039.

687 Kemper T, Spier S, Barratt-Boyes SM, Hoffman R. Treatment of smoke inhalation in five horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1993;202:91.

689 Robinson NE. International Workshop on Equine Chronic Airway Disease Michigan State University, June 16–18, 2000. Equine Vet J. 2001;33:5.

690 Robinson NE, Derksen FJ, Olszewski MA, et al. The pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease of horses. Br Vet J. 1996;152:283.

691 Ward MP, Couëtil LL. Climatic and aeroallergen risk factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in horses. Am J Vet Res. 2005;66:811.

692 Omland O. Exposure and respiratory health in farming in temperature zones—a review of the literature. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2002;9:119.

693 McGorum B. Environmental factors as aetiological agents. Equine Vet J. 2001;33:8.

694 McPherson EA, Lawson GHK, Murphy JR, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in horses. Aetiological studies: response to intradermal and inhalation antigenic challenge. Equine Vet J. 1979;11:159.

695 Derksen FJ, Robinson NE, Scott JS, et al. Aerosolised Micropolyspora faeni antigen as a cause of pulmonary dysfunction in ponies with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves). Am J Vet Res. 1988;49:933.

696 McGorum BC, Dixon PM, Halliwell RE. Responses of horses affected with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to inhalation challenges with mould antigens. Equine Vet J. 1993;25:261.

697 Pirie RS, Dixon PM, Collie DDS, et al. Pulmonary and systemic effects of inhaled endotoxin in control and heaves horses. Equine Vet J. 2001;33:311.

698 Pirie RS, Collie DDS, Dixon PM, et al. Inhaled endotoxin and organic dust particulates have synergistic proinflammatory effects in equine heaves (organic dust-induced asthma). Clin Exp Allergy. 2003;33:676.

699 Pirie RS, McLachlan G, McGorum BC. Evaluation of nebulised hay dust suspensions (HDS) for the diagnosis and investigation of heaves. 1: Preparation and composition of HDS. Equine Vet J. 2002;34:332.

700 Pirie RS, Collie DDS, Dixon PM, et al. Evaluation of nebulised hay dust suspensions (HDS) for the diagnosis and investigation of heaves. 2: Effects of inhaled HDS on control and heaves horses. Equine Vet J. 2002;34:337.

701 Pirie RS, Dixon PM, McGorum BC. Evaluation of nebulised hay dust suspensions (HDS) for the diagnosis and investigation of heaves. 3: Effect of fractionation of HDS. Equine Vet J. 2002;34:343.

702 Pirie RS, Dixon PM, McGorum BC. Endotoxin contamination contributes to the pulmonary inflammatory and functional response to Aspergillus fumigatus extract inhalation in heaves horses. Clin Exp Allergy. 2003;33:1289.

703 Fairbairn SM, Page CP, Lees P, et al. Early neutrophil but not eosinophils or platelet recruitment to the lungs of allergic horses following antigen exposure. Clin Exp Allergy. 1993;23:321.

704 Gerber V, Lindberg Å, Berney C, Robinson NE. Airway mucus in recurrent airway obstruction—short-term response to environmental challenge. J Vet Intern Med. 2004;18:92.

705 Laan TTJF, Bull S, Pirie R, et al. The role of alveolar macrophages in the pathogenesis of recurrent airway obstruction in horses. J Vet Intern Med. 2006;20:167.

706 Mambula SS, Sau K, Henneke P, et al. Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling in response to Aspergillus fumigatus. J Biol Chem. 2002;277:39320.

707 Meier A, Kirschning CJ, Nikolaus T, et al. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 are essential for Aspergillus-induced activation of murine macrophages. Cell Microbiol. 2003;5:561.

708 Braedel S, Radsak M, Einsele H, et al. Aspergillus fumigutus antigens activate innate immune cells via toll-like receptors 2 and 4. Br J Haematol. 2004;125:392.

709 Franchini M, Gill U, von Fellenberg R, et al. Interleukin-8 concentration and neutrophil chemotactic activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease following exposure to hay. Am J Vet Res. 2000;61:1369.

710 Giguère S, Viel L, Lee E, et al. Cytokine induction in pulmonary airways of horses with heaves and effect of therapy with inhaled fluticasone propionate. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2002;85:147.

711 Ainsworth DM, Grünig G, Matychak MB, et al. Recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) in horses is characterized by IFN-γ and IL-8 production in bronchoalveolar lavage cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2003;96:83.

712 Ainsworth DM, Wagner B, Franchini M, Grünig G, et al. Time-dependent alterations in gene expression of interleukin-8 in the bronchial epithelium of horses with recurrent airway obstruction. Am J Vet Res. 2006;67:669.

713 Debrue M, Hamilton E, Joubert P, et al. Chronic exacerbation of equine heaves is associated with an increased expression of interleukin-17 mRNA in bronchoalveolar lavage cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2005;105:25.

714 Eder C, Crameri R, Mayer C, et al. Allergen-specific IgE levels against crude mould and storage mite extracts and recombinant mould allergens in sera from horses affected with chronic bronchitis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2000;73:241.

715 Halliwell REW, McGorum BC, Irving P, et al. Local and systemic antibody production in horses affected with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 1993;38:201.

716 Schmallenbach KF, Rahman I, Sasse HHL, et al. Studies on pulmonary and systemic Aspergillus fumigatus–specific IgE and IgG antibodies in horses affected with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 1998;66:245.

717 Lavoie JP, Maghni K, Desnoyers M, et al. Neutrophilic airway inflammation in horses with heaves is characterized by a Th2-type cytokine profiles. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164:1410.

718 Cordeau ME, Joubert P, Dewachi O, et al. IL-4, IL-5 and IFN-γ mRNA expression in pulmonary lymphocytes in equine heaves. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2004;97:87.

719 Dewachi O, Joubert P, Hamid Q, Lavoie JP. Expression of interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-9 receptors on neutrophils of horses with heaves. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2006;109:31.

720 Soussi-Gounni A, Latifa K, Esra N, et al. Functional expression of IL-9 receptor by human neutrophils from asthmatic donors: role in IL-8 release. J Immunol. 2001;166:2768.

721 Van der Haegen A, Kunzle F, Gerber V, et al. Mast cells and IgE-bearing cells in lungs of RAO-affected horses. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2005;108:325.

722 Kleiber C, McGorum BC, Horohov DW, et al. Cytokine profiles of peripheral blood and airway CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes in horses with recurrent airway obstruction. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2005;104:91.

723 Couëtil LL, Art T, de Moffarts B, et al. DNA binding activity of transcription factors in bronchial cells of horses with recurrent airway obstruction. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2006;131(1–2):11.

724 Kamath AT, Sheasby CE, Tough DF. Dendritic cells and NK cells stimulate bystander T cell activation in response to TLR agonists through secretion of IFN-αβ and IFN-γ. J Immunol. 2005;174:767.

725 Zhao J, Kong HJ, Li H, et al. IRF-8/interferon (IFN) consensus sequence-binding protein is involved in toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling and contributes to the cross-talk between TLR and IFN-γ signaling pathways. J Biol Chem. 2006;281:10073.

726 McGorum BC, Dixon PM, Halliwell REW. Quantification of histamine in plasma and pulmonary fluids from horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, before and after “natural (hay and straw)” challenges. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 1993;36:223.

727 Watson ED, Mair TS, Sweeney CR. Immunoreactive prostaglandin production by equine monocytes and alveolar macrophages and concentrations of PGE2 and PGF in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Res Vet Sci. 1990;49:88.

728 Watson ED, Sweeney CR, Steensma KA. Arachidonate metabolites in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from horses with and without COPD. Equine Vet J. 1992;24:379.

729 Gray PR, Derksen FJ, Broadstone RV, et al. The role of cyclooxygenase products in the acute airway obstruction and airway hyyperreactivity of ponies with heaves. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989;140:154.

730 Lindberg A, Robinson NE, Nasman-Glaser B, et al. Assessment of leukotriene B4 production in leukocytes from horses with recurrent airway obstruction. Am J Vet Res. 2004;65:289.

731 Marr KA, Lees P, Page CP, Cunningham FM. Effects of inhaled LTD₄ and LTB₄ on bronchoconstriction and radiolabelled neutrophil accumulation in the horse. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;157:A825.

732 Marr KA, Lees P, Page CP, Cunningham FM. Effect of the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, fenleuton, on antigen-induced neutrophil accumulation and lung function changes in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 1998;21:241.

733 Lavoie JP, Léguillette R, Pasloske K, et al. Comparison of effects of dexamethasone and the leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist L-708, 738 on lung function and airway cytologic findings in horses with recurrent airway obstruction. Am J Vet Res. 2002;63:579.

734 Kolm G, Zappe H, Schmidt R, et al. Efficacy of montelukast in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in five horses. Vet Rec. 2003;152:804.

735 Art T, Kirschvink N, Smith N, Lekeux P. Indices of oxidative stress in blood and pulmonary epithelium lining fluid in horses suffering from recurrent airway obstruction. Equine Vet J. 1999;32:397.

736 Deaton CM, Marlin DJ, Smith NC, et al. Pulmonary epithelial lining fluid and plasma ascorbic acid concentrations in horses affected by recurrent airway obstruction. Am J Vet Res. 2004;65:80.

737 Kirschvink N, Smith N, Fiévez L, et al. Effect of chronic airway inflammation and exercise on pulmonary and systemic antioxidant status of healthy and heaves-affected horse. Equine Vet J. 2002;34:563.

738 Barns PJ, Karin M. Nuclear factor-κB: a pivotal transcription factor in chronic inflammatory diseases. N Engl J med. 1997;336:1066.

739 Bureau F, Bonizzi G, Kirschvink N, et al. Correlation between nuclear factor-kappaB activity in bronchial brushing samples and lung dysfunction in an animal model of asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161:1314.

740 Bureau F, Delhalle S, Bonizzi G, et al. Mechanisms of persistent NF-kappaB activity in the bronchi of an animal model of asthma. J Immunol. 2000;165:5822.

741 Koivunen A-L, Maisi P, Konttinen YT, Sandhold M. Gelatinolytic activity in the tracheal aspirates of horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Acta Vet Scand. 1997;38:17.

742 Koivunen A-L, Maisi P, Konttinen YT, Prikk K, et al. Collagenolytic activity and its sensitivity to doxycycline inhibition in tracheal aspirates of horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Acta Vet Scand. 1997;38:9.

743 Raulo SM, Sorsa T, Tervahartiala T, et al. MMP-9 as a marker of inflammation in tracheal epithelial lining fluid (TELF) and in bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF) of COPD horses. Equine Vet J. 2001;33:128.

744 Raulo SM, Sorsa T, Maisi P. In vitro inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase activity in tracheal epithelial lining fluid from horses with recurrent airway obstruction. Am J Vet Res. 1252, 2006.

745 Seahorn T, Beadle R. Summer pasture—associated obstructive pulmonary disease in horses: 32 cases (1983–1991). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1993;202:779.

746 Dixon PM, McGorum BC. Pasture associated seasonal respiratory disease in 2 horses. Vet Rec. 1990;126:9.

747 Mair TS. Obstructive pulmonary disease in 18 horses at summer pasture. Vet Rec. 1996;138:89.

748 Costa LRR, Seahorn TL, Moore RM, et al. Correlation of clinical score, intrapleural pressure, cytologic findings of bronchoalveolar fluid and histopathologic lesions of pulmonary tissue in horses with summer pasture—associated obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Vet Res. 2000;61:167.

749 Seahorn TL, Beadle RE, McGorum BC, Marley CL. Quantification of antigen-specific antibody concentrations in tracheal lavage fluid of horses with summer pasture—associated obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Vet Res. 1997;58:1408.

750 Beadle RE, Horohov DW, Gaunt SD. Interleukin-4 and interferon-gamma gene expression in summer pasture—associated obstructive pulmonary disease affected horses. Equine Vet J. 2002;34:389.

751 Bracher V, von Fellenberg R, Winder CN, et al. An investigation of the incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in random populations of Swiss horses. Equine Vet J. 1991;23:136.

752 McPherson EA, Lawson GHK, Murphy JP, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): identification of affected horses. Equine Vet J. 1978;10:47.

753 Marti E, Gerber H, Essich G, et al. The genetic basis of equine allergic disease. I. Chronic hypersensitivity bronchitis. Equine Vet J. 1991;23:457.

754 Ghio AJ, Mazan MR, Hoffman AM, Robinson NE. Correlates between human lung injury after particle exposure and recurrent airway obstruction in the horse. Equine Vet J. 2006;38:362.

755 Dixon PM, Railton DI, McGorum BC. Equine pulmonary disease: a cases control study of 300 referred cases. Part 2: Details of animals and historical and clinical findings. Equine Vet J. 1995;27:416.

756 Naylor JM, Clark EG, Clayton HM. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: usefulness of clinical signs, bronchoalveolar lavage, and lung biopsy as diagnostic and prognostic aids. Can Vet J. 1992;33:591.

757 Aviza GM, Ainsworth DM, Eicker SW, et al. Outcome of horses diagnosed with and treated for heaves. Equine Vet Educ. 2001;13:243.

758 Robinson NE, Berney C, Eberhart S, et al. Coughing, mucus accumulation, airway obstruction, and airway inflammation in control horses and horses affected with recurrent airway obstruction. Am J Vet Res. 2003;64:550.

759 Mair TS, Derksen FJ. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a review. Equine Vet Educ. 2000;12:35.

760 Beech J. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (chronic recurrent airway obstruction). In: Smith BP, editor. Large animal internal medicine. Philadelphia: Mosby, 2002.

761 Rush BR, Raub ES, Rhoads WS, et al. Pulmonary function in horses with recurrent airway obstruction after aerosol and parenteral administration of beclomethasone dipropionate and dexamethasone. Am J Vet Res. 1998;59:1039.

762 Robinson NE, Olszewski MA, Boehler D, et al. Relationship between clinical signs and lung function in horses with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves) during a bronchodilator trial. Equine Vet J. 2000;32:393.

763 Littlejohn A, Bowles F. Studies on the physiopathology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the horse. II, Right heart haemodynamics. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 1980;47:187.

764 Derksen FJ, Scott JS, Miller DC, et al. Broncho-alveolar lavage in ponies with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves). Am Rev Respir Dis. 1985;132:1066.

765 Dixon PM, Railton DI, McGorum BC. Equine pulmonary disease: a case control study of 300 referred cases. III. Ancillary diagnostic findings. Equine Vet J. 1995;27:428.

766 Kvart C, Carlsten J, Dahl L, et al. Changes in arterial oxygen tension in COPD horses after reduction of exposure to dust in the feed and environment. In Gillespie JR, Robinson NE, editors: Equine exercise physiology, ed 2, Davis: ICEEP Publications, 1987.

767 Lavoie JP, Dalle S, Breton L, Hélie P. Bronchiectasis in three adult horses with heaves. J Vet Intern Med. 2004;18:757.

768 Z Bakos, K Voros, H Kellokoski, J Reiczigel. Comparison of the caudal lung borders determined by percussion and ultrasonography in horses with recurrent airway obstruction. Acta Vet Hung 51: 249, 1003.

769 Sage AM, Valberg S, Hayden DW, et al. Echocardiography in a horse with cor pulmonale from recurrent airway obstruction. J Vet Intern Med. 2006;20:694.

770 Evans AG, Paradis MR, O’Callaghan M. Intradermal testing of horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and recurrent urticarial. Am J Vet Res. 1992;53:203.

771 Jose-Cunilleras E, Kohn CW, Hillier A, et al. Intradermal testing in healthy horses and horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, recurrent urticarial, or allergic dermatitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2001;219:1115.

772 Lowell FC. Observations on heaves. An asthma-like syndrome in the horse. J Allergy Immunol. 1964;35:322.

773 McGorum BC, Dixon PM, Halliwell REW. Evaluation of intradermal mould antigen testing in the diagnosis of equine chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Equine Vet J. 1993;25:273.

774 Lorch G, Hillier A, Kwochka KW, et al. Results of intradermal tests in horses without atopy and horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Vet Res. 2001;62:389.

775 Wong DM, Buechner-Maxwell VA, Manning TD, Ward DL. Comparison of results for intradermal testing between clinically normal horses and horses affected with recurrent airway obstruction. Am J Vet Res. 2005;66:1348.

776 Halliwell REW, Fleischman JB, Mackay-Smith M, et al. The role of allergy in chronic pulmonary disease of horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1979;174:277.

777 Lorch G, Hillier A, Kwochka KW, Saville WJ, et al. Comparison of immediate intradermal test reactivity with serum IgE quantitation by use of a radioallergosorbent test and two ELISA in horses with and without atopy. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2001;218:1314.

778 Gillespie JR, Tyler WS, Eberly VE. Pulmonary ventilation and resistance in emphysematous and control horses. J Appl Physiol. 1966;21:416.

779 Derksen FJ, Robinson NE, Armstrong PJ, et al. Airway reactivity in ponies with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves). J Appl Physiol. 1985;58:598.

780 Tesarwoski DB, Viel L, McDonell WN. Pulmonary function measurements during repeated environmental challenge of horses with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves). Am J Vet Res. 1996;57:1214.

781 Jean D, Vrins A, Lavoie JP. Monthly, daily, and circadian variations of measurements of pulmonary mechanics in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Vet Res. 1999;60:1341.

782 Stadler P, Deegen E. Diurnal variation of dynamic compliance, resistance and viscous work of breathing in normal horses and horses with lung disorders. Equine Vet J. 1986;18:171.

783 Vandenput S, Duvivier DH, Votion D, Art T, et al. Environmental control of maintain stabled COPD horses in clinical remission: effects on pulmonary function. Equine Vet J. 1998;30:93.

784 Couëtil LL, Rosenthal FS, Simpson CM. Forced expiration: a test for airflow obstruction in horses. J Appl Physiol. 2000;88:1870.

785 Matera MG, Amorena M, Lucisano A. Innervation of equine airways. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2002;15:503.

786 Olszweski MA, Robinson NE, Zhu FX, et al. Mediators of anaphylaxis but not activated neutrophils augment cholinergic responses of equine small airways. Am J Physiol. 1999;276:L522.

787 Broadstone RV, LeBlanc PH, Derksen FJ, Robinson NE. In vitro responses of airway smooth muscle from horses with recurrent airway obstruction. Pulm Pharmacol. 1991;4:191.

789 Gerber V, Robinson NE, Venta RJ, et al. Mucin genes in horse airways: MUC5AC but not MUC2 may play a role in recurrent airway obstruction. Equine Vet J. 2003;35:222.

790 Gerber V, King M, Schneider DA, Robinson NE. Tracheobronchial mucus transport during environmental challenge in horses with recurrent airway obstruction. Equine Vet J. 2000;32:411.

791 Jefcoat AM, Hotchkiss JA, Berber V, et al. Persistent mucin glycoprotein alterations in equine recurrent airway obstruction. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2001;281:704.

792 Kaup FJ, Drommer W, Deegen E. Ultrastructural findings in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) I: alterations of the larger conducting airways. Equine Vet J. 1990;22:343.

793 Kaup FJ, Drommer W, Damsch S, Deegen E. Ultrastructural findings in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) II: pathomorphological changes of the terminal airways and the alveolar region. Equine Vet J. 1990;22:349.

794 McPherson EA, Thomson JR. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the horse. 1: Nature of the disease. Equine Vet J. 1983;15:203.

795 Votion D, Ghafir Y, Vandenput S, et al. Analysis of scintigraphical lung images before and after treatment of horses suffering from chronic pulmonary disease. Vet Rec. 1999;144:232.

796 Nyman G, Lindbery R, Weckner D, et al. Pulmonary gas exchange correlated to clinical signs and lung pathology in horses with chronic bronchiolitis. Equine Vet J. 1991;23:153.

797 Mazan MR, Deveney EF, DeWitt S, Bedenice D. Energetic cost of breathing, body composition and pulmonary function in horses with recurrent airway obstruction. J Appl Physiol. 2004;97:91.

798 Breeze RG. The problem of disease definition. Vet Clin North Am Large Anim Pract. 1979;1:219.

800 Herszberg B, Ramos-Barbon D, Tamaoka M, et al. Heaves, an asthma-like equine disease, involves airway smooth muscle remodeling. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;118:382.

802 Dixon PM, Nicholls JR, McPherson EA, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease anatomical cardiac studies. Equine Vet J. 1982;4:80.

803 McGorum BC, Dixon PM, Halliwell REW. Responses of horses affected with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to inhalation challenges with mould antigens. Equine Vet J. 1993;25:261.

804 Brazil TJ, Dagleish MP, McGorum BC, et al. Kinetics of pulmonary neutrophil recruitment and clearance in a natural and spontaneously resolving model of airway inflammation. Clin Exp Allergy. 2005;35:854.

805 Kirschvink N, Di Silvestro F, Sbai I, et al. The use of cardboard bedding material as part of an environmental control regime for heaves-affected horses: in vitro assessment of airborne dust and aeroallergen concentration and in vivo effects on lung function. Vet J. 2002;163:319.

806 Vandenput S, Istasse L, Nicks B, Lekeux P. Airborne dust and aeroallergen concentrations in different sources of feed and bedding for horses. Vet Q. 1997;19:154.

807 Jackson CA, Berney C, Jefcoat AM, et al. Environment and prednisone interactions in the treatment of recurrent airway obstruction (heaves). Equine Vet J. 2000;32:432.

808 Vandenput S, Votion D, Duvivier DH, et al. Effect of a set stabled environmental control on pulmonary function and airway reactivity of COPD affected horses. Vet J. 1998;155:189.

809 Wyse CA, Skeldon K, Hotchkiss JW, et al. Effects of changes to the stable environment on the exhalation of ethane, carbon monoxide and hydrogen peroxide by horses with respiratory inflammation. Vet Rec. 2005;157:408.

810 Raidal SL, Love DN, Bailey GD. Inflammation and increased numbers of bacteria in the lower respiratory tract of horses within 6–12 hours of confinement with the head elevated. Aust Vet J. 1995;72:45.

811 Murphy JR, McPherson EA, Dixon PM. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): effects of bronchodilator drugs on normal and affected horses. Equine Vet J. 1980;12:10.

812 Pearson EG, Riebold TW. Comparison of bronchodilators in alleviating clinical signs in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1989;194:1287.

813 Ducharme N, Fubini S. Gastrointestinal complications associated with the use of atropine in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1984;182:229.

814 Robinson NE, Derksen FJ, Berney C, Gossens L. The airway response of horses with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves) to aerosol administration of ipratropium bromide. Equine Vet J. 1993;25:299.

815 Duvivier DH, Votion D, Vandenput S, et al. Technical validation of a face mask adapted for dry powder inhalation in the equine species. Equine Vet J. 1997;29:471.

816 Bayly WM, Duvivier DH, Votion D, et al. Effects of inhaled ipratropium bromide on breathing mechanics and gas exchange in exercising horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Equine Vet J. 2002;34:36.

817 Erichsen DF, Aviad AD, Schultz RH, Kennedy JJ. Clinical efficacy and safety of clenbuterol HCl when administered to effect in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Equine Vet J. 1994;26:331.

818 Traub-Dargatz JL, McKinnon AO, Thrall MA, et al. Evaluation of clinical signs of disease, bronchoalveolar and tracheal wash analyses and arterial blood gas tensions in 13 horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treated with prednisone, methyl sulfonmethane and clenbuterol hydrochloride. Am J Vet Res. 1992;53:1908.

819 Laan TTJM, Bull S, Pirie RS, Fink-Gremmels J. The anti-inflammatory effects of IV administered clenbuterol in horses with recurrent airway obstruction. Vet J. 2006;171:429.

820 Derksen FJ, Robinson NE, Berney C. Aerosol pirbuterol: bronchodilator activity and side effects in ponies with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves). Equine Vet J. 1992;24:107.

821 Derksen FJ, Loszewski MA, Robinson NE, Berney C, et al. Aerosolized albuterol sulfate used as a bronchodilator in horses with recurrent airway obstruction. Am J Vet Res. 1999;60:689.

822 Tesarowski DB, Viel L, McDonnell WN, Newhorse MT. The rapid and effective administration of a beta 2-agonist to horses with heaves using a compact inhalation device and metered dose inhalers. Can Vet J. 1994;35:170.

823 Henrikson SL, Rush BR. Efficacy of salmeterol xinafoate in horses with recurrent airway obstruction. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2001;218:1961.

824 Torphy TJ. Phosphodiesterase isozymes: molecular targets for novel anti-asthma agents. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;157:351.

825 Léguillette R, Désévaux C, Lavoie JP. Effects of pentoxifylline on pulmonary function and results of cytologic examination of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in horses with recurrent airway obstruction. Am J Vet Res. 2002;63:459.

826 Lavoie JP, Pasloske K, Joubert P, et al. Lack of clinical efficacy of a phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor for treatment of heaves in horses. J Vet Intern Med. 2006;20:175.

827 Robinson NE, Jackson C, Jefcoat A, et al. Efficacy of three corticosteroids for the treatment of heaves. Equine Vet J. 2002;34:17.

828 Peroni DL, Stanley S, Kollias-Baker C, Robinson NE. Prednisone per os is likely to have limited efficacy in horses. Equine Vet J. 2002;34:283.

829 Cornelisse CJ, Robinson NE, Berney CEA, et al. Efficacy of oral and intravenous dexamethasone in horses with recurrent airway obstruction. Equine Vet J. 2004;36:426.

830 Rush BR, Flaminio MJBF, Matson CH, et al. Cytologic evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from horses with recurrent airway obstruction after aerosol and parenteral administration of beclomethasone dipropionate and dexamethasone, respectively. Am J Vet Res. 1998;59:1033.

831 Couëtil LL, Art T, de Moffarts B, et al. Effect of beclomethasone dipropionate and dexamethasone isonicotinate on lung function, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology, and transcription factor expression in airways of horses with recurrent airway obstruction. J Vet Intern Med. 2006;20:399.

832 Lapointe JM, Lavoie JP, Vrins AA. Effects of triamcinolone acetonide on pulmonary function and bronchoalveolar lavage cytologic features in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Vet Res. 1993;54:1310.

833 Picandet V, Léguillette R, Lavoie JP. Comparison of efficacy and tolerability of isoflupredone and dexamethasone in the treatment of horses affected with recurrent airway obstruction (“heaves”). Equine Vet J. 2003;35:419.

834 Laan TTJM, Westermann CM, Dijkstra AV, et al. Biological availability of inhaled fluticasone propionate in horses. Vet Rec. 2004;155:361.

835 Rush BR, Hoskinson JJ, Davis EG, Matson CJ, et al. Pulmonary distribution of aerosolized technetium TC 99m pentetate after administration of a single dose of aerosolized albuterol sulfate in horses with recurrent airway obstruction. Am J Vet Res. 1999;60:764.

836 Rush BR, Worster AA, Flaminio MJBF, et al. Alteration in adrenocortical function in horses with recurrent airway obstruction after aerosol and parenteral administration of beclomethasone dipropionate and dexamethasone, respectively. Am J Vet Res. 1998;8:1044.

837 Wilson DV, Schott HC, Robinson NE, et al. Response to nasopharyngeal oxygen administration in horses with lung disease. Equine Vet J. 2006;38:219.

838 Broadstone RV, Robinson NE, Gray PR, et al. Effects of furosemide on ponies with recurrent airway obstruction. Pulm Pharmacol. 1991;4:203.

839 Rubie S, Robinson NE, Stoll M, et al. Flunixin meglumine blocks frusemide-induced bronchodilation in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Equine Vet J. 1993;25:138.

840 Wilson DV, Lankenau C, Berney CE, et al. The effects of a single acupuncture treatment in horses with severe recurrent airway obstruction. Equine Vet J. 2004;36:489.

841 Van den Hoven R, Zappe H, Zitterl-Eglseer K, et al. Study of the effect of Bronchipret on the lung function of five Austrian saddle horses suffering recurrent airway obstruction (heaves). Vet Rec. 2003;152:555.

842 Jean D, Vrins A, Lavoie JP. Respiratory and metabolic effects of massive administration of isotonic saline solution in heaves-affected and control horses. Equine Vet J. 2004;36:628.

843 Robinson NE. International Workshop on Equine Chronic Airway Disease. Michigan State University. June 16–18, 2000. Equine Vet J. 2001;33:5.

844 Viel L. Small airway disease as a vanguard for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 1997;13:549.

845 Hare JE, Viel L. Pulmonary eosinophilia associated with increased airway responsiveness in young racing horses. J Vet Intern Med. 1998;12:163.

846 Hoffman AM, Mazan MR, Ellenberg S. Association between bronchoalveolar lavage cytologic features and airway reactivity in horses with a history of exercise intolerance. Am J Vet Res. 1998;59:176.

847 Couetil LL, Denicola DB. Blood gas, plasma lactate and bronchoalveolar lavage cytology analyses in racehorses with respiratory disease. Equine Vet J Suppl. 1999;30:77.

848 Moore BR, Krakowka S, Robertson JT, et al. Cytologic evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained from standardbred racehorses with inflammatory airway disease. Am J Vet Res. 1995;56:562.

849 Fogarty U, Buckley T. Bronchoalveolar lavage findings in horses with exercise intolerance. Equine Vet J. 1991;23:434.

850 Hare JE, Viel L, O’Byrne PM, et al. Effect of sodium cromoglycate on light racehorses with elevated metachromatic cell numbers on bronchoalveolar lavage and reduced exercise tolerance. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 1994;17:237.

851 Vrins A, Doucet M, Nunez-Ochoa L. A retrospective study of bronchoalveolar lavage cytology in horses with clinical findings of small airway disease. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A. 1991;38:472.

852 Morris E. Application of clinical exercise testing for identification of respiratory fitness and disease in the equine athlete. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 1991;7:383.

853 Dixon PM, Railton DI, McGorum BC. Equine pulmonary disease: a case control study of 300 referred cases. Part 1: Examination techniques, diagnostic criteria and diagnoses. Equine Vet J. 1995;27:416.

854 MacNamara B, Bauer S, Iafe J. Endoscopic evaluation of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in association with poor performance in racing standardbreds. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1990;196:443.

855 Klein HJ, Deegen E. Histamine inhalation provocation test: method to identify nonspecific airway reactivity in equids. Am J Vet Res. 1986;47:1796.

856 Couetil LL, Rosenthal FS, DeNicola DB, et al. Clinical signs, evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and assessment of pulmonary function in horses with inflammatory respiratory disease. Am J Vet Res. 2001;62:538.

857 Hoffman AM, Robinson NE, Wade J. Proceedings of a Workshop on Inflammatory Airway Disease: Defining the Syndrome. Newmarket, UK: R&W Publications; 2002.

858 Sweeney CR, Humber KA, Roby KA. Cytologic findings of tracheobronchial aspirates from 66 thoroughbred racehorses. Am J Vet Res. 1992;53:1172.

859 Chapman PS, Green C, Main JP, et al. Retrospective study of the relationships between age, inflammation and the isolation of bacteria from the lower respiratory tract of thoroughbred horses. Vet Rec. 2000;146:91.

860 Winder NC, von Fellenberg R. Chronic small airway disease in the horse: immunohistochemical evaluation of lungs with mild, moderate and severe lesions. Vet Rec. 1988;122:181.

861 Mills PC, Roberts CA, Smith NC. Effects of ozone and airway inflammation on glutathione status and iron homeostasis in the lungs of horses. Am J Vet Res. 1996;57:1359.

862 Bracher V, von Fellenberg R, Winder CN, et al. An investigation of the incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in random populations of Swiss horses. Equine Vet J. 1991;23:136.

863 Robinson NE, Olszewski MA, Boehler D, et al. Relationship between clinical signs and lung function in horses with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves) during a bronchodilator trial. Equine Vet J. 2000;32:393.

864 Christley R, Rose R, Hodgson D. Attitudes of Australian veterinarians about the cause and treatment of lower-respiratory-tract disease in racehorses. Prev Vet Med. 2000;46:149.

865 Mazan MR, Hoffman AM, Macordes B. Inflammatory airway disease: the clinical picture and effect of discipline. Proceedings of a Workshop on Inflammatory Airway Disease: Defining the Syndrome. Newmarket, UK: R&W Publications; 2002:9.

866 Burrell MH, Wood JL, Whitwell KE, et al. Respiratory disease in thoroughbred horses in training: the relationships between disease and viruses, bacteria and environment. Vet Rec. 1996;139:308.

867 Dixon PM, Railton DI, McGorum BC. Equine pulmonary disease: a case control study of 300 referred cases. Part 2: Details of animals and of historical and clinical findings. Equine Vet J. 1995;27:422.

868 Persson SG, Lindberg R. Lung biopsy pathology and exercise tolerance in horses with chronic bronchiolitis. Equine Exerc Physiol. 3, 1991.

869 Couroucé-Malblanc A, Pronost S, Fortier G, et al. Physiological measurements and upper and lower respiratory tract evaluation in French Standardbred Trotters during a standardised exercise test on the treadmill. Equine Vet J. 402(Suppl), 2002. Sep

870 Robinson NE, Karmaus W, Holcombe SJ, et al. Airway inflammation in Michigan pleasure horses: prevalence and risk factors. Equine Vet J. 2006;38:293.

871 Martin BBJr, Beech J, Parente EJ. Cytologic examination of specimens obtained by means of tracheal washes performed before and after high-speed treadmill exercise in horses with a history of poor performance. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1999;214:673.

872 Derksen FJ, Brown CM, Sonea I, et al. Comparison of transtracheal aspirate and bronchoalveolar lavage cytology in 50 horses with chronic lung disease. Equine Vet J. 1989;21:23.

873 Viel L, Hewson J, Parsons D, et al. Tracheal aspirate and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cell differentials in poor performance racing horses. Proceedings of the 18th Symposium of the Comparative Respiratory Society. 2001.

874 McKane S, Canfield P, Rose R. Equine bronchoalveolar lavage cytology: survey of thoroughbred racehorses in training. Aust Vet J. 1993;70:401.

875 O’Callaghan MW, Pascoe JR, O’Brien TR, et al. Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage in the horse: results of a detailed clinical, post mortem and imaging study. VI. Radiological/pathological correlations. Equine Vet J. 1987;19:419.

876 Lakritz J, Wisner ER, Finucane T, et al. Morphologic and morphometric characterization of lung collagen content in clinically normal adult thoroughbreds in race training. Am J Vet Res. 1995;56:11.

877 Kaup FJ, Drommer W, Damsch S, et al. Ultrastructural findings in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). II: Pathomorphological changes of the terminal airways and the alveolar region. Equine Vet J. 1990;22:349.

878 Derksen FJ, Scott JS, Miller DC, et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage in ponies with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves). Am Rev Respir Dis. 1985;132:1066.

879 Hoffman A, Mazan M. Programme of lung function testing horses with suspected small airway disease. Equine Vet Educ. 1999;11:322.

880 van Noord JA, Clement J, van de Woestijne KP, et al. Total respiratory resistance and reactance as a measurement of response to bronchial challenge with histamine. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989;139:921.

881 Hoffman A. Elevated leukotriene C4 in BAL fluid from horses with cough and exercise intolerance. Proceedings of the World Equine Airways Symposium. 1998:25.

882 Doucet MY, Vrins AA, Ford-Hutchinson AW. Histamine inhalation challenge in normal horses and in horses with small airway disease. Can J Vet Res. 1991;55:285.

883 Wiggs BR, Bosken C, Pare PD, et al. A model of airway narrowing in asthma and in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992;145:1251.

884 Laprise C, Boulet LP. Asymptomatic airway hyperresponsiveness: a three-year follow. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;156:403.

885 Hoffman AM, Viel L, McDonell W, et al. Airway hyperresponsiveness in ponies following naturally acquired influenza infection. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992;145:432A.

886 Mazan MR, Vin R, Hoffman AM. Radiographic scoring lacks predictive value in inflammatory airway disease. Equine Vet J. 2005;37:541.

887 Holcombe SJ, Jackson C, Gerber V, et al. Stabling is associated with airway inflammation in young Arabian horses. Equine Vet J. 2001;33:244.

888 Woods PS, Robinson NE, Swanson MC, et al. Airborne dust and aeroallergen concentration in a horse stable under two different management systems. Equine Vet J. 1993;25:208.

889 Ghio AJ, Mazan MR, Hoffman AM, et al. Correlates between human lung injury after particle exposure and recurrent airway obstruction in the horse. Equine Vet J. 2006;38:362.

890 Pirie RS, Dixon PM, Collie DD, et al. Pulmonary and systemic effects of inhaled endotoxin in control and heaves horses. Equine Vet J. 2001;33:311.

891 McGorum BC, Dixon PM, Halliwell RE. Responses of horses affected with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to inhalation challenges with mould antigens. Equine Vet J. 1993;25:261.

892 Spendlove P, Hodgson J, Hodgson D, et al. Exposure of horses to total and respirable particle endotoxin concentrations generated by specific feed and bedding materials. Proceedings of the Twenty-second Symposium of the Veterinary and Comparative Respiratory Society. 2004:39.

893 Newton JR, Wood JL, Chanter N. A case control study of factors and infections associated with clinically apparent respiratory disease in UK thoroughbred racehorses. Prev Vet Med. 2003;60:107.

894 Mazan MR, Ghio AJ, Hoffman AM. Airay reactivity, inflammation, iron, and iron-associated proteins in urban v. rural horses. Proceedings of the 18th Symposium of the Comparative Respiratory Society. 2001.

895 Lavoie JP, Maghni K, Desnoyers M, et al. Neutrophilic airway inflammation in horses with heaves is characterized by a Th2-type cytokine profile. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164:1410.

896 Mazan MR, Hoffman AM. Effects of aerosolized albuterol on physiologic responses to exercise in standardbreds. Am J Vet Res. 2001;62:1812.

897 Kirschvink N, Di Silvestro F, Sbai I, et al. The use of cardboard bedding material as part of an environmental control regime for heaves-affected horses: in vitro assessment of airborne dust and aeroallergen concentration and in vivo effects on lung function. Vet J. 2002;163:319.

898 May M, Robinson NE. Indoor air quality in a riding stable. Proceedings of the Twenty-second Symposium of the Veterinary and Comparative Respiratory Society. 2004:42.

899 Couetil LL, Chilcoat CD, DeNicola DB, et al. Randomized, controlled study of inhaled fluticasone propionate, oral administration of prednisone, and environmental management of horses with recurrent airway obstruction. Am J Vet Res. 2005;66:1665.

900 Bergeron C, Boulet LP. Structural changes in airway diseases: characteristics, mechanisms, consequences, and pharmacologic modulation. Chest. 2006;129:1068.

901 Lee SY, Kim JS, Lee JM, et al. Inhaled corticosteroid prevents the thickening of airway smooth muscle in murine model of chronic asthma. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2006. Oct, [Epub ahead of print]

902 Rush BR, Worster AA, Flaminio MJ, et al. Alteration in adrenocortical function in horses with recurrent airway obstruction after aerosol and parenteral administration of beclomethasone dipropionate and dexamethasone, respectively. Am J Vet Res. 1998;59:1044.

903 Robinson NE, Jackson C, Jefcoat A, et al. Efficacy of three corticosteroids for the treatment of heaves. Equine Vet J. 2002;34:17.

904 Jackson CA, Berney C, Jefcoat AM, et al. Environment and prednisone interactions in the treatment of recurrent airway obstruction (heaves). Equine Vet J. 2000;32:432.

905 Mazan MR, Hoffman AM. Effect of albuterol on aerobic performance in 8 clinically normal standardbred horses. Proceedings of the Fifty-first Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners. 2005:p 202.

906 Sleeper MM, Kearns CF, McKeever KH. Chronic clenbuterol administration negatively alters cardiac function. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;34:643.

907 Leach CL, Davidson PJ, Hasselquist BE, et al. Influence of particle size and patient dosing technique on lung deposition of HFA-beclomethasone from a metered dose inhaler. J Aerosol Med. 2005;18:379.

908 Rush BR, Hoskinson JJ, Davis EG, et al. Pulmonary distribution of aerosolized technetium Tc 99m pentetate after administration of a single dose of aerosolized albuterol sulfate in horses with recurrent airway obstruction. Am J Vet Res. 1999;60:764.

909 Viel L, Tesarowski D. Radioaerosol deposition in equids. Proceedings of the Forty-first Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners. 1994:p 93.

910 Votion D, Ghafir Y, Munsters K, et al. Aerosol deposition in equine lungs following ultrasonic nebulisation versus jet aerosol delivery system. Equine Vet J. 1997;29:388.

911 Ammann VJ, Vrins AA, Lavoie JP. Effects of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate on respiratory function in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Equine Vet J. 1998;30:152.

912 Viel L, Celly C, Staempfli H. Therapeutic efficacy of inhaled fluticasone propionate in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 46th Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners. 1999.

913 Leifsson PS, Olsen SN, Larsen S. Ocular tuberculosis in a horse. Vet Rec. 1997;141:651.

914 Gunnes G, Nord K, Vatn S, et al. A case of generalized avian tuberculosis in a horse. Vet Rec. 1995;136:565.

915 Cline JM, Schlafer DW, Callihan DR, et al. Abortion and granulomatous colitis due to Mycobacterium avium complex infection in a horse. Vet Pathol. 1991;28:89.

916 Sills RC, Mullaney TP, Stickle RL, et al. Bilateral granulomatous guttural pouch infection due to Mycobacterium avium complex in a horse. Vet Pathol. 1990;27:133.

917 Monreal L, Segura D, Segales J, et al. Diagnosis of Mycobacterium bovis infection in a mare. Vet Rec. 2001;149:712.

918 Konyha LD, Kreier JP. The significance of tuberculin tests in the horse. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1971;103:91.

919 Roberts WD. Isoniazid in equine therapy. Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners. 1971:p 33.

920 Burrows GE, MacAlliater CG, Beckstrom DA, et al. Rifampin in the horse: comparison of IV, IM, and oral administration. Am J Vet Res. 1985;46:442.

921 Beckett WS. Occupational respiratory diseases. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:406.

922 Schwartz LW, Knight HD, Malloy RL, et al. Silicate pneumoconiosis and pulmonary fibrosis in horses from the Monterey-Carmel Peninsula. Chest. 1981;80:82S.

923 Berry CR, O’Brien TR, Madigan JE, et al. Thoracic radiographic features of silicosis in 19 horses. J Vet Intern Med. 1991;5:248.

924 Rimal B, Greenberg AK, Rom WN. Basic pathogenetic mechanisms in silicosis: current understanding. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2005;11:169.

925 Roperto F, Borzacchiello G, Ungaro R, et al. Silicate pneumoconiosis in hens. J Comp Pathol. 2000;122:249.

926 Banauch GI, Hall C, Weiden M, et al. Pulmonary function after exposure to the World Trade Center collapse in the New York City Fire Department. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;174:312.

927 Morley PS, Chirino-Trejo M, Petrie L, et al. Pericarditis and pleuritis caused by Mycoplasma felis in a horse. Equine Vet J. 1996;28:237.

928 Hoffman AM, Baird JD, Kloeze HJ, et al. Mycoplasma felis pleuritis in two show-jumper horses. Cornell Vet. 1992;82:155.

929 Ogilvie TH, Rosendal S, Blackwell TE, et al. Mycoplasma felis as a cause of pleuritis in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1983;182:1374.

930 Christley RM, Hodgson DR, Rose RJ, et al. A case-control study of respiratory disease in thoroughbred racehorses in Sydney, Australia. Equine Vet J. 2001;33:256.

931 Newton JR, Wood JLN, Chanter N. A case control study of factors and infections associated with clinically apparent respiratory disease in UK thoroughbred racehorses. Prev Vet Med. 2003;60:107.

932 Carmen S, Rosendal S, Huber L, et al. Infectious agents in acute respiratory disease in horses in Ontario. J Vet Diagn Invest. 1997;9:17.

933 Wood JL, Chanter JR, Newton MH, et al. An outbreak of respiratory disease in horses associated with Mycoplasma felis infection. Vet Rec. 1997;140:388.

934 Antal V, Antal T, Szabo I, et al. Epizootiological examination of a respiratory disease associated with mycoplasma infection in horses. Arch Exp Veterinarmed. 1989;43:751.

935 Rosendal S, Blackwell Te, Lumsden JH, et al. Detection of antibodies to Mycoplasma felis in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1986;188:292.

936 Carter GR, Chengappa MM. Essentials of veterinary bacteriology and mycology, ed 4. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1991.

937 Hinchcliff KW. Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract. 2005;51:342.

938 Akbar SJ, Derksen FJ, Billah AM, Werney U. Exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage in racing camels. Vet Rec. 1994;135:624.

939 King RR, Raskin RE, Rosbolt JP. Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in the racing greyhound dog. J Vet Intern Med. 1990;4:130.

940 Ghio AJ, Ghio C, Bassett M. Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage after running a marathon. Lung. 2006;184:331.

941 West JB, Mathieu-Costello O, Jones JH, et al. Stress failure of pulmonary capillaries in racehorses with exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage. J Appl Physiol. 1993;75:1097.

942 Pascoe JR. Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage: a unifying concept. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract. 1996;42:220.

943 Martin BBJr, Beech J, Parente EJ. Cytologic examination of specimens obtained by means of tracheal washes performed before and after high-speed treadmill exercise in horses with a history of poor performance. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1999;214:673.

944 McKane SA, Canfield PJ, Rose RJ. Equine bronchoalveolar lavage cytology: survey of thoroughbred racehorses in training. Aust Vet J. 1993;70:401.

945 Gunson DE, Sweeney CR, Soma LR. Sudden death attributable to exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in racehorses: nine cases (1981–1983). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1988;193:102.

946 Pascoe JR, Ferraro GL, Cannon JH, et al. Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in racing thoroughbreds: a preliminary study. Am J Vet Res. 1981;42:703.

947 Weideman M, Schoeman SJ, Jordaan GF, et al. Epistaxis related to exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage in South African Thoroughbreds. J S Afr Vet Assoc. 2003;74(4):127.

948 Raphel CF, Soma LR. Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in thoroughbreds after racing and breezing. Am J Vet Res. 1982;43:1123.

949 Birks EK, Shuler KM, Soma LR, et al. EIPH: postrace endoscopic evaluation of standardbreds and thoroughbred. Equine Vet J Suppl. 2002;34:375.

950 Mason DK, Collins EA, Watkins KL. Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage in horses. In: Snow DM, Persson SGB, Rose RJ, editors. Equine exercise physiology. Cambridge: Granta Publications; 1983:57.

951 Hinchcliff KW, Jackson MA, Morley PS, et al. Association between exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage and performance in thoroughbred racehorses. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2005;227:768.

952 Lapointe JM, Vrins A, McCarvill E. A survey of exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage in Quebec standardbred racehorses. Equine Vet J. 1994;26:482.

953 Speirs VC. Pulmonary hemorrhage in standardbred race horses. Aust Vet J. 1982;59:38.

954 Rohrbach BW. Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and racing performance. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1990;196:1563.

955 Christley RM, Hodgson DR, Rose RJ, et al. Coughing in thoroughbred racehorses: risk factors and tracheal endoscopic and cytological findings. Vet Rec. 2001;148:99.

956 O’Callaghan MW, Pascoe JR, Tyler WS, Mason DK. Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage in the horse: results of a detailed clinical, post mortem and imaging study. I. Clinical profile of horses. Equine Vet J. 1987;19:384.

958 Takahashi T, Hiraga A, Ohmura H, et al. Frequency of and risk factors for epistaxis associated with exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in horses: 251,609 race starts (1992–1997). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2001;218:1462.

959 Hinchcliff KW, Jackson MA, Brown JA, et al. Tracheobronchoscopic assessment of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in horses. Am J Vet Res. 2005;66:596.

960 Fogarty U, Buckley T. Bronchoalveolar lavage findings in horses with exercise intolerance. Equine Vet J. 1991;23:434.

961 Step DL, Freeman KP, Gleed RD, Hackett RP. Cytologic and endoscopic findings after intrapulmonary blood inoculations in horses. J Equine Vet Sci. 1991;11:340.

962 Meyer TS, Fedde MR, Gaughan EM, et al. Quantification of exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage with bronchoalveolar lavage. Equine Vet J. 1998;30:284.

963 Langsetmo I, Meyer MR, Erickson HH. Relationship of pulmonary arterial pressure to pulmonary haemorrhage in exercising horses. Equine Vet J. 2000;32:379.

964 Geor RJ, Ommundson L, Fenton G, Pagan JD. Effects of an external nasal strip and frusemide on pulmonary haemorrhage in thoroughbreds following high-intensity exercise. Equine Vet J. 2001;33:577.

965 Kindig CA, McDonough P, Fenton G, et al. Efficacy of nasal strip and furosemide in mitigating EIPH in thoroughbred horses. J Appl Physiol. 2001;91:1396.

966 Rossier Y, Sweeney CR, Ziemer EL. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytologic findings in horses with pneumonia or pleuropneumonia. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1991;198:1001.

967 Pascoe JR, O’Brien TR, Wheat JD, Meagher D. Radiographic aspects of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in racing horses. Vet Rad. 1983;24:85.

968 West JB, Mathieu-Costello O. Stress failure of pulmonary capillaries as a mechanism for exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage in the horse. Equine Vet J. 1994;26:441.

969 Birks EK, Mathieu-Costello O, Fu Z, et al. Very high pressures are required to cause stress failure of pulmonary capillaries in thoroughbred racehorses. J Appl Physiol. 1997;82:1584.

970 Manohar M, Hutchens E, Coney E. Pulmonary haemodynamics in the exercising horse and their relationship to exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage. Br Vet J. 1993;149:419.

971 Art T, Anderson L, Woakes AJ, et al. Mechanics of breathing during strenuous exercise in thoroughbred horses. Respir Physiol. 1990;82:279.

972 Birks EK, Mathieu-Costello O, Fu Z, Tyler WS, West JB. Comparative aspects of the strength of pulmonary capillaries in rabbit, dog, and horse. Respir Physiol. 1994;97:235.

973 Schroter RC, Marlin DJ, Denny E. Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) in horses results from locomotory impact induced trauma—a novel, unifying concept. Equine Vet J. 1998;30:186.

974 Cook WR. Hypotheses on exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1988;193:8.

975 Hackett RP, Ducharme NG, Ainsworth DM, et al. Effects of extrathoracic airway obstruction on intrathoracic pressure and pulmonary artery pressure in exercising horses. Am J Vet Res. 1999;60:485.

976 Ducharme NG, Hackett RP, Gleed RD, et al. Pulmonary capillary pressure in horses undergoing alteration of pleural pressure by imposition of various airway resistive loads. Equine Vet J Suppl. 1999;30:27.

977 Oikawa M. Exercise-induced haemorrhagic lesions in the dorsocaudal extremities of the caudal lobes of the lungs of young thoroughbred horses. J Comp Pathol. 1999;121:339.

978 O’Callaghan MW, Pascoe JR, Tyler WS, Mason DK. Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage in the horse: results of a detailed clinical, post mortem and imaging study. V. Microscopic observations. Equine Vet J. 1987;19:411.

979 Newton JR, Wood JLN. Evidence of an association between inflammatory airway disease and EIPH in young thoroughbreds in training. Equine Vet J Suppl. 2002;34:417.

980 McKane S, Slocombe R. Sequential changes in bronchoalveolar cytology after autologous blood inoculation. Equine Vet J Suppl. 1999;30:126.

981 Deaton C, Marlin D. A review of the effects of environmental pollution on the equine respiratory tract: considerations for the 2004 Athens Olympic Games. J Equine Comp Exerc Physiol. 2004;1:171.

982 Fedde MR, Erickson HH. Increase in blood-viscosity in the sprinting horse—can it account for the high pulmonary arterial-pressure. Equine Vet J. 1998;30:329.

983 Weiss DJ, Smith CM2nd. Haemorrheological alterations associated with competitive racing activity in horses: implications for exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH). Equine Vet J. 1998;30:7.

984 Jones JH, Cox TS, Takahashi T, et al. Heterogeneity of intrapleural pressures during exercise. Equine Vet J Suppl. 2002;34:391.

985 Newton JR, Rogers K, Marlin DJ, et al. Risk factors for epistaxis on British racecourses: evidence for locomotory impact-induced trauma contributing to the aetiology of exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage. Equine Vet J. 2005;37:402.

986 McKeever KH, Hinchcliff KW, Kociba GJ, et al. Exercise-induced changes in clotting time and fibrinolytic activity in horses. Am J Vet Res. 1990;51:1335.

987 Bayly WM, Meyers KM, Keck MT. Effects of furosemide on exercise-induced alterations in haemostasis in thoroughbred horses exhibiting post-exercise epistaxis. In: Rose RJ, editor. Equine exercise physiology. Cambridge: Granta Editions; 1983:64.

988 Johnstone IB, Viel L, Crane S, Whiting T. Hemostatic studies in racing standardbred horses with exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage. Hemostatic parameters at rest and after moderate exercise. Can J Vet Res. 1991;55:101.

989 Robinson NE, Derksen FJ. Small airway obstruction as a cause of exercise-associated pulmonary hemorrhage. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract. 1980;26:421.

990 Brackenhoff JE, Holcombe SJ, Hauptman JG, et al. The prevalence of laryngeal disease in a large population of competition draft horses. Vet Surg. 2006;35:579.

991 Pascoe J, Ferraro G, Cannon J, et al. Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in racing thoroughbreds: a preliminary study. Am J Vet Res. 1981;42:703.

992 Sweeney CR, Soma LR, Maxson AD, et al. Effects of furosemide on the racing times of thoroughbreds. Am J Vet Res. 1990;51:772.

993 MacNamara B, Bauer S, Iafe J. Endoscopic evaluation of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in association with poor performance in racing standardbreds. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1990;196:443.

994 Hillidge CJ, Lane TJ, Johnson E. Preliminary investigations of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in racing quarter horses. J Equine Vet Sci. 1984;4:21.

995 Hillidge CJ, Lane TJ, Whitlock TW. Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in the racing Appaloosa horse. J Equine Vet Sci. 1986;5:351.

996 Voynick BT, Sweeney CR. Exercised-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in polo and racing horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1986;188:301.

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998 Raphel CF, Soma LR. Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in thoroughbred after racing and breezing. Am J Vet Res. 1982;43:1123.

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1000 Weideman H, Schoeman S, Jordaan G, Kidd M. Epistaxis related to exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage in South African thoroughbreds. J South Afr Vet Assoc. 2003;74:127.

1001 Williams R, Harkins L, Hammond C, Wood JLN. Racehorse injuries, clinical problems and fatalities recorded on British racecourses from flat racing and National Hunt racing during 1996, 1997 and 1998. Equine Vet J. 2001;33:478.

1002 Weideman H, Schoeman SJ, Jordaan GF. The inheritance of liability to epistaxis in the southern African thoroughbred. J South Afr Vet Assoc. 2004;75:158.

1003 Gelberg HB, Zachary JF, Everitt JI, et al. Sudden death in training and racing thoroughbred horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1985;187:1354.

1004 Gunson DE, Sweeney CR, Soma LR. Sudden death attributable to exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in racehorses: nine cases (1981–1983). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1988;193:102.

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1006 O’Callaghan MW, Pascoe JR, Tyler WS, Mason DK. Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage in the horse: results of a detailed clinical, post mortem and imaging study. II. Gross lung pathology. Equine Vet J. 1987;19:389.

1007 O’Callaghan MW, Pascoe JR, Tyler WS, Mason DK. Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage in the horse: results of a detailed clinical, post mortem and imaging study. III. Subgross findings in lungs subjected to latex perfusions of the bronchial and pulmonary arteries. Equine Vet J. 1987;19:394.

1008 Anonymous. International agreement on breeding and racing and appendices. Paris: International Federation of Horse Racing Authorities; 2002;Vol 2002.

1009 Soma LR, Birks EK, Uboh CE, et al. The effects of frusemide on racing times of standardbred pacers. Equine Vet J. 2000;32:334.

1010 Soma LR, Uboh CE, Nann L. Prerace venous blood acid-base values in standardbred horses. Equine Vet J. 1996;28:390.

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1014 Manohar M. Furosemide attenuates the exercise-induced increase in pulmonary artery wedge pressure in horses. Am J Vet Res. 1993;54:952.

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1016 Gross DK, Morley PS, Hinchcliff KW, Wittum TE. Effect of furosemide on performance of thoroughbreds racing in the United States and Canada. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1999;215:670.

1017 Muir WW, Sams RA, Hubbell JAE, et al. Effects of enalaprilat on cardiorespiratory, hemodynamic, and hematologic variables in exercising horses. Am J Vet Res. 2001;62:1008.

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1019 Kindig CA, Erickson BK, Poole DC. Dissociation of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage and pulmonary artery pressure via nitric oxide synthase inhibition. J Equine Vet Sci. 2000;20:715.

1020 Manohar M, Goetz TE. L-NAME does not affect exercise-induced pulmonary-hypertension in thoroughbred horses. J Appl Physiol. 1998;84:1902.

1021 Weiss DJ, Geor RJ, Burger K. Effects of pentoxifylline on hemorheologic alterations induced by incremental treadmill exercise in thoroughbreds. Am J Vet Res. 1996;57:1364.

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1024 Manohar M, Goetz T, Rothenbaum P, Humphrey S. Intravenous pentoxifylline does not affect the exercise-induced pulmonary arterial, capillary or venous hypertension in thoroughbred horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2000;23:317.

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1033 Mason DK, Collins EA, Watkins KL. Effect of bedding on the incidence of exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage in racehorses in Hong Kong. Vet Rec. 1984;115:268.

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1080 Knight AP, Voss JL, McChesney AE, Bigbee HG. Experimentally induced Streptococcus equi infection in horses with resultant guttural pouch empyema. Vet Med Small Anim Clin. 1975;70:1194.

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1084 Platt H. The role of respiratory viruses in equine disease. Vet Rec. 1972;91:33.

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1089 McAllister ES, Blakeslee JR. Clinical observations of pharyngitis in the horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1977;170:739.

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1093 Raphel CF. Endoscopic findings in the upper respiratory tract of 479 horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1982;181:470.

1094 Burrell MH. Endoscopic and virological observations on respiratory disease in a group of young thoroughbred horses in training. Equine Vet J. 1985;17:99.

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1100 Hoffman AM, Viel L, Juniper E, Prescott JF. Clinical and endoscopic study to estimate the incidence of distal respiratory tract infection in thoroughbred foals on Ontario breeding farms. Am J Vet Res. 1993;54:1602.

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