C

Cabergoline
hyperprolactinaemia, 598–599
Parkinson's disease, 363
Caffeine, 154
pharmacological uses, 155
CAH (congenital adrenal hyperplasia), 568
Calamine, 263
Calcareous stones, nephrolithiasis, 463
Calcineurin inhibitors, 251
Calcipotriol, 272, 619
Calcitonin, 621
hypercalcaemia treatment, 619
osteoporosis, 623
Paget's disease of bone, 624
Calcitriol
osteoporosis, 619
vitamin D deficiency, 619
Calcium
cardiac cells, 435
homeostasis, diuretic drugs, 459
Calcium acetate, 623
Calcium carbonate, 623
Calcium channel blockers (CCBs), 396–397, 430, 435
angina pectoris, 411
antiepilepsy drugs, 358
mode of action, 354, 435
oesophagus effects, 530
vascular smooth muscle cells, 396 see also specific drugs
Calcium gluconate
as antidote, 128t
hypocalcaemia, 620
Calcium Resonium, 460
Calisorb (sodium cellulose phosphate), 463
CAM See Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)
Camcolit, 329
Campylobacter jejuni infection, 198
Cancer See Neoplastic disease
Cancer-related pain, 281
Candida albicans superinfection, 170
Candida infections, 223
alimentary tract, 223
systemic, 223
vaginal, 223
Candidate selection, drug discovery and development, 29
Cannabinoids, 291–292
Cannabis, 155–156
acute effects, 156–157
adverse effects, 156–157
chronic effects, 157
pharmacodynamics, 156
pharmacokinetics, 155–156
pharmacology, 156–157
psychological reactions, 156
skilled tasks, 156
Capreomycin, 208
CAPS (cyopyrin-associated periodic syndromes), 255
Capsaicin, 291
Captopril (Capoten), 399
half-life, 462t
  Page 635 
Captoten See Captopril (Capoten)
Carbachol, 374
Carbamazepine (Tegretol), 354–356
adjuvant analgesics, 291
diabetes insipidus, 600
dosages, 355t
immune-mediated drug reactions, 102t
mode of action, 354
mood stabiliser, 330
pharmacogenetics, 104t
Carbapenems, 177
cell wall inhibition, 173
Carbaryl, 376
Carbazepine, 610
Carbidopa, 76
levodopa with, 362
Parkinson's disease, 362
Carbimazole, 589, 590
Carbocysteine, 468
Carbohydrate metabolism
adrenal steroids, 559
diuretic drugs adverse effects, 459
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, 459–460
antiepilepsy drugs, 359
Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning, 130–131
tobacco smoking, 150
Carboprost, 613
Carboxypenicillins, 176
Carcinogenicity
animal studies, 34
chronic drug effects, 119
cytotoxic drugs, 514 See also Neoplastic disease
Carcinomas See Neoplastic disease
Cardiac arrhythmias, 428–442
asymptomatic, 428
calcium channel blockers, 396
cellular ionic movements, 429, 429f
electroconversion, 437
pathophysiology, 428, 429
poisoning supportive treatment, 124
treatment objectives, 428 See also Anti-arrhythmic drugs
Cardiac cells, calcium, 435
Cardiac compression, poisoning resuscitation, 123–124
Cardiac cycle
classification, 429–430, 429f see also specific types
phase 0, 429
phase 1, 429
phase 2, 429
phase 3, 429
phase 4, 429
Cardiac disease
anaesthesia, 309
heparin, 490
Cardiac failure
β-adrenoceptor-blocking drugs, 406, 407
therapy, 398
Cardiac glycosides, 435–436
Cardiac output (CO), 420–421
Cardiogenic shock, 390
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, 116
Cardiovascular drugs
atypical antipsychotics, 327
induced neuromuscular transmission disorders, 378
NSAIDs, 243, 245 see also specific drugs
Cardiovascular system
antimuscarinic drug therapy, 380
antipsychotics, 327
atropine effects, 379
isoflurane effects, 299
methylxanthines, 154
nicotine effects, 151
opioid effects, 284
oral combined contraceptive, 607–608
propofol effects, 300
thiopental effects, 301
Car-driving
drug effects, 113
ethanol, 145
Carlisle, Sir Anthony, 113
Carotid sinus massage, 437
Carrier-mediated transport, 81, 93
Carvedilol, 405t
Case–control studies, pharmacoepidemiology, 52
Caspofungin, 227
Cataplexy, 343
Cataracts, posterior subcapsular, 564
Catecholamines, 387–388
pharmacokinetics, 386 See also Adrenaline (epinephrine) Noradrenaline
Cation-exchange resins, 460
CBG (cortisol-binding globulin), 563
CBT (cognitive behavioural therapy), 337
CCBs See Calcium channel blockers (CCBs)
CD4 cell count, HIV infection, 215
Cedocard (isosorbide dinitrate), 396
Cefaclor, 178t
Cefadroxil, 178t
Cefalexin, 178t
Cefazolin, 178t
Cefixime, 178t
Cefotaxime, 178t
Cefoxitin, 178t
Cefpirome, 178t
Cefpodoxime, 178t
Cefprozil, 178t
Cefradine, 178t
Ceftazidime, 178t
Ceftobiprole, 177
Ceftriaxone, 178t, 197
Cefuroxime, 178t
Celecoxib, 104t
Celiprolol, 405t
Cell cycle
cytotoxic drugs See Cytotoxic drugs
neoplastic disease targets, 521
synchronicity, 516
Cell injury, chronic pharmacology, 99
Cell membrane(s)
antibacterial drugs, 179–180
antifungal agents, 223–227
antimicrobial drugs, 164
pharmacokinetics See Pharmacokinetics
structure, 79
Cellular ionic movements, cardiac arrhythmias, 429, 429f
Cellulitis
bacterial infections, 209–210
septicaemia, 192
Cell walls
antibacterial drugs, 173, 179–180
antimicrobial drugs, 164
Central antitussives, cough, 468
Central circulatory failure, shock, 390
Central nervous system (CNS)
adrenal steroid effects, 564
adrenoceptor-blocking drugs, 410
antidepressant effects, 319
atropine effects, 380
bleeding, warfarin, 486
cholinergic drugs, 373, 374
cough, 467
opioid effects, 284
propofol effects, 300
thiopental effects, 301
Cephalosporins, 176–177, 178t
cell wall inhibition, 173
penicillin cross-allergy, 177
Cephamycins, 173
Certolizumab, 543
Cervagem See Gemeprost (Cervagem)
Cetirizine, 472
CETP (cholesterol-ester transport protein), 444
Cetrorelix, 598
Cetuximab (Erbitux), 520, 520t
Chagas disease, 236t
Chain, Ernest Boris, 163
Chalk, 537
Chancroid, 201
Charcoal See Activated charcoal
Chemical interactions, drug mechanisms, 75
Chemical name, 69, 70
Chemo-immunotherapy, 521
  Page 636 
Chemoprevention, 521–523
Chemoprophylaxis
antimicrobial drugs See Antimicrobial drugs
pharyngitis, 193
tuberculosis, 205
urinary tract infections, 200
Chemoresistance, 510
Chest infections, asthma, 477
Children See Paediatric patients
Chi-squared (χ2) test4, 44
Chlamydia infections
conjunctivitis, 202
endocarditis, 196
Chloral betaine, 340t
Chloral hydrate
GABAA–benzodiazepine receptor complex, 341–342
insomnia treatment, 340t
Chloramphenicol, 184–185
Chlordiazepoxide, 146–147
Chloroacetophenone (CN), 133
2-Chloroadenosine, 515
Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CN), 133
Chloroguanide See Proguanil (chloroguanide)
Chloroquine
malaria prophylaxis, 231, 232
malaria therapy, 230t, 232–233
non-falciparum malaria, 231
pharmacogenetics, 104t
Chlorothiazide, 456
Chlorphenamine, 472
Chlorpromazine, 403
adverse reactions, 326t
Chlorthalidone, 456
diabetes insipidus, 600
efficacy, 454
Cholecalciferol, 92t
Cholestatic jaundice, 118
Cholesterol
absorption, 444
synthesis, 444
Cholesterol-ester transport protein (CETP), 444
Cholestyramine, 449, 552
Choline esters, 372, 374
Cholinergic drugs (cholinomimetics), 372–379
alkaloids, 372, 374–375
atropine antagonism, 380
autonomic nervous system, 373
blood vessels, 374
choline esters, 372, 374
classification, 372–373
CNS, 373, 374
direct-acting, 372
indications, 372b
indirect-acting, 372–373 See also Anticholinesterases
neuromuscular junctions, 373, 374
non-innervated sites, 373
Parkinson's disease, 361
pharmacology, 373–377
sites of action, 373, 373f see also specific drugs
Cholinergic transmission, Alzheimer's disease, 344
Cholinesterase inhibitors See Anticholinesterases Cholinergic drugs (cholinomimetics)
Cholinomimetics See Cholinergic drugs (cholinomimetics)
CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisolone), 516
Chorea, 366
Chorionic gonadotrophin, 598
Christmas disease (haemophilia B), 484
Chronic consumption, ethanol, 145, 146t
Chronic haemolytic anaemia, 503
Chronic heart failure See Heart failure
Chronic liver failure, 91
Chronic lung disease
cough, 469
pneumonias, 194–195
tobacco smoking, 151
Chronic mucus hypersecretion, tobacco smoking, 151
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 478–479
asthma association, 473
tobacco smoking, 151
Chronic orthostatic hypotension, 391–392
Chronic pain, 281
Chronic pharmacology, 98–100, 119
feedback systems, 98
receptor regulation, 98–99
self-regulating systems, 98–100
Chronic primary adrenocortical insufficiency, 566
Chronic renal failure
drug distribution effects, 91
vitamin D deficiency, 619
Chronic secondary adrenocortical insufficiency, 566
Chronic urticaria, 273–274
Churg–Strauss syndrome, 369
Chylomicrons, 444
Ciclesonide, 563
Ciclosporin, 523–524
drug interactions, 245
psoriasis therapy, 272
ulcerative colitis management, 542
Cidofovir, 221
Cilazapril, 400
Ciliary activity, tobacco smoking, 150
Cimetidine, 471
Cinacalcet, 623–624
Ciprofibrate, 449
Ciprofloxacin, 188
Chlamydia endocarditis, 196
Coxiella endocarditis, 196
tuberculosis therapy, 209
Circadian rhythms, cytotoxic drugs, 517
Circumstantial seizures, 351
Cirrhosis, 106
complications, 548–550
variceal bleeding, 548–549
Cisatracurium, 303
Citrus flavinoids, 107
Cladribine, 368
Clarithromycin, 183–184
Helicobacter pylori infection treatment, 533
tuberculosis therapy, 209
Clarke, W E, 295
Class I antiarrhythmic drugs, 430–433
Class II antiarrhythmic drugs, 430, 433
Class III antiarrhythmic drugs, 430, 433–435
Class IV antiarrhythmic drugs See Calcium channel blockers (CCBs)
Classification of drugs, 69
Clavudine, 553
Clearance, elimination, 95
Clemastine, 472
Clindamycin, 184
acute malaria, 230
endocarditis prophylaxis, 196
falciparum malaria, 229
Clinical effectiveness, 56–58
data analysis, 56–58
method definition, 56
protocol development, 56
qualitative synthesis, 57
quantitative synthesis (meta-analysis), 57–58
Clinical experiments, drug discovery and development, 29
Clinical outcomes, health technology assessment, 56
Clinical Trial Authorisation (CTA), 64
Clinical trials
absolute risk, 50–51
authorisation, 64
bias avoidance, 46–47
blinding, 46–47
crossover, 47
design, 46–47
factorial design, 47
fixed sample size, 48–49
historical controls, 48
implementation, 50–51
  Page 637 
multicentre, 47
N-of-1, 47–48
parallel-group, 47
randomisation, 46–47
relative risk, 50–51
sensitivity, 49
sequential designs, 48–49
size, 48–49 See also Human studies specific types
Clobazam, 358
Clodronate, 621
hypercalcaemia treatment, 619
Clofazimine, 209
Clomethiazole
abuse, 148
ethanol withdrawal, 147
GABAA–benzodiazepine receptor complex, 342
insomnia treatment, 340t
Clomifene, 605
Clomipramine, 335
Clonazepam (Ritovil)
antiepilepsy effects, 358
dosages, 355t
insomnia treatment, 340t
Clonidine, 410
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 346
chronic orthostatic hypotension, 391
Clopamide, 454
Clopidogrel, 493
Clostridium difficile infections
colitis, 170
diarrhoea, 538
Clotrimazole, 225
Cloxacillin, 175
Clozapine
adverse reactions, 326t, 327–328
schizophrenia, 324
CMV (cytomegalovirus), 221
CNS See Central nervous system (CNS)
CO (cardiac output), 420–421
Coagulation factor concentrates, 484–485
Coagulation system, 482–490, 483f
extrinsic pathway, 482–483
intrinsic pathway, 482–483 see also specific proteins
Co-amoxiclav (Augmentin), 176
immune-mediated drug reactions, 102t
Co-beneldopa, 362
Cocaine, 157–158
local anaesthesia, 307
Co-careldopa, 362
Codeine, 286
analgesic equivalent, 289t
bioavailability, 285t
diarrhoea therapy, 537
relative potency, 288t
Coffee, decaffeinated, 155
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), 337
Colchicine, 247–248
Colesevelam, 449
Colestipol, 449
Colistin, 189–190
Colitis
antibiotic-associated See Antibiotic-associated colitis
microscopic, 538
Collagen diseases, 118
Collecting ducts, drug sites of action, 454
Collodions, 262
Colloids, 391
Colonic motility drugs, 539–540
Colorectal cancer, NSAIDs, 244
Colorectal surgery, 168
Combination therapy, HIV infection, 215
Committee on Safety of Medicines 1971, 63
Community-acquired pneumonias, 191, 194
Co-morbid medical conditions, 6
Compassionate drug use, 66
Compatibility, insulin, 574
Competitive antagonists
muscle relaxants, 303
receptors, 76
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), 14–17
common features, 15
controlled trials, 16
false beliefs, 15–16
growth of, 15
regulation, 67–68 see also specific therapies
Compliance, 21–24
doctor compliance, 23–24
missed dose importance, 24
patient See Patient compliance
Computer-issued prescriptions, 27
Concentration-dependence, antimicrobial drugs, 163
Conditional conviction, adverse drug reactions, 111
Confidence intervals, statistics, 43, 44–45, 44f
Confusing names, 71
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), 568
Congenital syphilis, 201
Congestive cardiac failure, 457
Conjugated oestrogens, 603
Connective tissue disease, 568
Conn's syndrome, 420, 421f
CONSENSUS study, 423
Consent, informed See Informed consent
Constant dosing, plasma half-life, 83, 83f
Constipation, 539–540
colonic motility drugs, 539–540
enemas, 540
faecal softeners (emollients), 540
irritable bowel syndrome, 544
osmotic laxatives, 540
stool bulking agents, 539
suppositories, 540
Consumer Protection Acts, 14
Continuous long-term domiciliary oxygen therapy (LTOT), 470
Contraception, 610
hormone-related See Oral combined contraceptive
hormone replacement therapy, 604
risks of, 611
Contractility, 421
Contributory negligence, 14
Controlled substances, 137–138 See also Drug dependence (abuse)
Convenience, non-proprietary (brand) name, 70–71
Convulsions, poisoning supportive treatment, 124
COPD See Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
CO poisoning See Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning
Copper intrauterine devices, 610
Corneal thinning, 564
Coronary artery thrombolysis, 491
Coronary heart disease, tobacco smoking, 151
Corticosteroids
adrenal See Adrenal steroids
alcoholic hepatitis, 552
co-analgesics, 290
Crohn's disease therapy, 542
fluorinated, 563
inflammatory bowel disease therapy, 541, 543
multiple sclerosis, 368–369
osteoporosis induction, 623
pharmacokinetics, 563
sports medicine, 141
topical, 264, 264b, 264t, 563
adverse effects, 265
pruritus, 263
ulcerative colitis management, 541–542 See also Glucocorticoids
Corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH), 570, 596
Corticotropin See Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH, corticotropin)
  Page 638 
Cortisol See Hydrocortisone (cortisol)
Cortisol-binding globulin (CBG), 563
Cortisone, 562t
Corvisart, Jean Nicholas, 3
Corynebacterium diphtheriae infection, 193
Cost–benefit analysis, 25
Cost-containment, 19
Cost-effectiveness analysis, 25, 58–60
costs, 59
Cost–utility analysis, 25, 60
Cotazym (pancreatin/Nutrizyme), 555
Co-trimoxazole, 187
Cough, 467–469
ACE inhibitors, 399
afferent, 467
central antitussives, 468
central nervous system, 467
cough mixtures, 469
drug therapy, 469b
efferent, 467
expectorants, 469
mucolytics, 468
opioid effects, 284
peripheral antitussives, 467–468
sites of action, 467
Cough mixtures, 469
Coumarins, 483–484
Counterfeit drugs, 67
Counterirritants, 262
Coxiella endocarditis, 196
C-reactive protein (CRP), 166
Creams, 261
CRH (corticotrophin releasing hormone), 570, 596
Critical care units, anaesthesia, 309–310
Criticisms (of drugs), 13
Crohn's disease
management, 542–543
surgery, 544 See also Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
Cromolyn, 474, 476–477
Cross-allergy, 116
penicillins, 174
Crossover clinical trials, 47
placebo-controlled trials, 39
Cross-resistance, cytotoxic drugs, 516
Crystalloids, shock fluid resuscitation, 391
CTA (Clinical Trial Authorisation), 64
Culture-negative endocarditis, 196
Curare, 302
Cure
definition, 9
by suggestion, 18
Cutaneous larva migrans, 237t
Cyanide poisoning, 130
Cyclical breast pain, 612
Cyclo-oxygenase(s) (COX), 244
Cyclo-oxygenase-1 (COX-1), 244, 282
Cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2), 244, 282
Cyclopenthiazide, 456
Cyclophosphamide
immunomodulation, 251
metabolism, 92t
Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisolone (CHOP), 516
Cycloserine, 180, 208
Cyopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS), 255
Cyproheptadine, 472
Cyproterone, 602
Cysticercosis (Taenia solium), 237t
Cytochrome P450 enzymes
antidepressant drugs, 314–316, 315t
antipsychotic drugs, 323
drug metabolism, 92
erythromycin interference, 183
ritonavir, 219
variants in, 101
Cytokines, inflammation, 241
Cytomegalovirus (CMV), 221
Cytosine arabinoside, 515
Cytosolic receptors, 75
Cytotoxic drugs, 512t
adverse effects, 511–514
alkylating agents, 514
anthracyclines, 515
antimetabolites, 514–515
cell cycle, 511f
non-specific, 511
specific, 511
synchronicity, 516
classes, 511
clinical practice, 515–517
cross-resistance, 516
drug interactions, 245, 517
efficacy improvement, 517
indications, 515–516
mode of action, 511, 516
multiple drug resistance, 516–517
non-overlapping toxicity, 516
platinum drugs, 515
rationale of, 511
resistance, 516–517
selection of, 516
spindle poisons, 515
staff hazards, 517
topoisomerase inhibitors, 515
tumour cell kinetics, 515–516 see also specific drugs