R

Radioimmunotherapy, neoplastic disease, 521
Radioiodine (131I), 592
hypothyroidism, 589, 591–592
Radioisotope tests, thyroid function, 592
Radioligand binding studies, 75
Raised intracranial pressure
adrenal steroids, 569
anaesthesia, 309
RALES trial, 424–425
Raloxifene, 622
Raltegravir, 220
Ramipril, 400
Randomisation, clinical trials, 46–47
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), 45–46
ethics, 39
Random screening, drug discovery and development, 33
Ranitidine, 471
Rapamycin (sirolimus), 251
Rapid diagnostic tests, micro-organisms, 166
Rapid tranquillisation, antipsychotics, 325
RAS (renal artery stenosis), 399
Rasagiline, 364–365
Rasburicase, 256
Rashes, non-urticarial, 116
Raynaud's disease, 396
Raynaud's phenomenon, 402
RCTs See Randomised controlled trials (RCTs)
Rebound phenomenon, chronic pharmacology, 99
Reboxetine
adverse effects, 319
mode of action, 313
Receptor(s)
competitive antagonism, 76
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drug interactions, 108
irreversible binding, 76
pharmacodynamics, 75
physiological (functional) antagonism, 76
regulation, 98–99
reversible binding, 76 see also specific receptors
Reclassification, licences, 65–66
Recombinant activated protein C (APC), 390
Recombinant factor VIIa (NovoSeven), 485
Recombinant factor VIII, 484
Recombinant factor IX, 484
Recombinant human erythropoietin (epoetin), 507
Recombinant interleukin-1 receptor, 255
Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator See Alteplase (recombinant tissue plasminogen activator)
Recovery, ketamine, 301
Rectal administration, 88
Rectifying outer medullary potassium (ROMK) channel, loop of Henle, 453
Recurrent urinary tract infection, 199–200
Red blood cell disorders, 496–507 see also specific diseases/disorders
Re-entrant excitation, antiarrhythmic drugs, 429–430
Reflectant sunscreens, 265–266
Regimen choice, insulin, 576–577
Regional administration, cytotoxic drugs, 517
Regional anaesthesia, 305, 306
Regret avoidance, 67
Regulation of drugs, 62–67
accelerated licensing, 66
basis for, 62–63
clinical trial authorisation, 64
complementary and alternative medicine, 67–68
current authorities, 63–64
decision-taking, 67
future work, 68
historical aspects, 63
regulatory reviews, 64–66 See also Legislation
Regulatory reviews, 64–66
Relative refractory period, antiarrhythmic drugs, 429–430
Relative risks, 414
clinical trials, 50–51
Relaxation therapy, 414
Relenza (zanamivir), 220
REM behaviour problems, 343–344
Remifentanil, 287
Remnant removal disease (RRD), 445
treatment, 448
Renal artery stenosis (RAS), 399
Renal bone disease, 624
Renal disease
anaesthesia, 309
chronic failure See Chronic renal failure
drug-induced, 461–462
prescribing, 462–463
Renal function
ACE inhibitors, 399
liver disease, 547
Renal oedema, diuretic drugs, 457
Renal tubular elimination, 95
Renal tubular transport, 95
Renin, 397
Renin inhibitors, 397–400
indications, 398–399
Repaglinide, 579, 579t
Repeat prescriptions, 20
Repolarisation, cardiac arrhythmias, 429
Reproductive toxicity
animal studies, 34
cytotoxic drugs, 514
Reserpine, 409
Resins, anion-exchange, 449
Resistance genes, antimicrobials, 168
Resonium A, 460
Respiratory depression, opioid effects, 284
Respiratory disease, anaesthesia, 309
Respiratory stimulants, 469–470
indications, 469–470
methylxanthines, 154
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), 222
Respiratory system, 467–478
isoflurane effects, 299
propofol effects, 300
thiopental effects, 301 see alsoindividual anatomical features; specific diseases/disorders
Response to drugs, 8–9
good responses, 9
harmful responses, 9
Restless leg syndrome (RLS), 344, 367
Restriction, antimicrobial drug resistance, 169
Resuscitation, poisoning, 123–124
Retapamulin, 189
Reteplase, 491
Retinal pigmentation, antipsychotics, 327
Retinol See Vitamin A (retinol)
Retrovir See Zidovudine (AZT, Retrovir)
Reverse transcriptase inhibitors, 216t
Reversible binding, receptors, 76
Reye's syndrome, 247
Rhabdomyolysis, 124
Rheumatoid arthritis, 256–257
Rhinitis, allergic See Hay fever (allergic rhinitis)
Rhubarb, 539
Riamet, 230, 235
Ribavirin
adverse effects, 555
hepatitis C virus, 554
respiratory syncytial virus, 222
Rifabutin, 207
Rifampicin, 104t, 206–207
drug-induced liver damage, 547
leprosy, 209
Neisseria meningitidis meningitis, 197
Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis, 197
tuberculosis, 202
Rifaximin, 207
Ringworm, 223
Risedronate, 621
osteoporosis, 622
Risk:benefit assessment, 66
Risks of drugs, 10–12
acceptable, 11–12
acceptable risk, 11–12
categories, 11
elements of, 11
negligible risk, 11–12
reduction of, 11
unacceptable risk, 11–12
unavoidable risks, 10–11
universality, 12
Risperidone
administration routes, 324
adverse reactions, 326t
Ritodrine, 613
Ritovil See Clonazepam (Ritovil)
Rituximab (MabThera), 254, 512t, 519, 520t
Rivaroxaban, 488, 490
Rivastigmine, 344, 345
River blindness, 237t
RLS (restless leg syndrome), 344, 367
Rocuronium, 303
Rodenticides, poisoning, 132
ROMK (rectifying outer medullary potassium) channel, loop of Henle, 453
Ropinirole, 363–364
Ropivacaine, 306–307
Rosacea, 269t
Rotigotine, 363–364
Routes of administration See Administration routes
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RRD See Remnant removal disease (RRD)
RSV (respiratory syncytial virus), 222
Rubefacients, 262