H

HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy), 215
Haemochromatosis, 552
hereditary, 499
Haemodialysis, 126
Haemodynamics, heart failure therapy, 422–423
Haemofiltration, 127
Haemoglobin
carbon monoxide binding, 130
iron, 496
Haemoglobinopathies, 505 see also specific diseases/disorders
Haemolytic anaemia, 503–505
autoimmune, 503–504
chronic, 503
drug-induced, 504, 504t
Haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS), 198
Haemophilia A
coagulation factor concentrates, 484
desmopressin, 599
Haemophilia B (Christmas disease), 484
Haemophilus influenzae
bronchitis, 193
meningitis, 197, 198
pneumonias, 194
Haemopoietic growth factors, 507–508
erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, 507 see also specific factors
Haemorrhage
coagulation factor concentrates, 484
iron deficiency, 497
NSAIDs effects, 244
uterine, 613
variceal bleeding See Variceal bleeding
vitamin K, 484
Haemorrhagic disease of the newborn, 484
Haemostasis, 481–494 See also Coagulation system
Hahnemann, Samuel, 16
Half-life, order of reaction, 83
Hallucinations, schizophrenia, 324t
Halofantrine, 230t, 233
Halogenated anaesthetics, 299 see also specific anaesthetics
Haloperidol
administration routes, 324
cocaine therapy, 158
Halothane, 299
Hard drugs, 137
Hashimoto's thyroiditis, 595
HAV (hepatitis A virus), 553
Hay fever (allergic rhinitis)
adrenal steroids, 568
management, 472–473
HBV (hepatitis B virus), 553–554
HCAIs (health-care-associated infections), 210
HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma), 551
HCV (hepatitis C virus), 554–555
HDV (hepatitis D virus), 554
Headache, 186
Health-care-associated infections (HCAIs), 210
Health technology, 55
Health technology assessment, 55–60
clinical outcomes, 56
cost-effectiveness, 55
licensing, 56
scope definition, 55–56
Health utilities, 59
Heart
parasympathetic nervous system, 373 see also under cardiac
Heart block, 441
Heart failure, 420–426
ACE inhibitor contraindications, 399
chronic, 421
drug management, 424–425
natural history, 422, 422f
digoxin, 436
drug management, 424–425
pathophysiology, 420–421
Starling curve, 421–422, 422f
surgery, 426
treatment objectives, 422–423
drug classification, 423–424
Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) study, 400
Heart Protection Study, 584
Helicobacter pylori infections, 529
treatment, 533
Helminth infestations, 213, 236–238
Helper T-cells, 241
Hemolysis, allergic reactions, 117
Heparin, 488–490
adverse effects, 489
distribution volume, 90t
historical aspects, 488
indications, 489–490
monitoring, 489
pharmacodynamics, 488
pharmacokinetics, 488
reversal, 489
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), 489
Hepatic ascites, 457
Hepatic blood flow, 404
β-adrenoceptor-blocking drugs, 407
Hepatic disease, anaesthesia, 309
Hepatic encephalopathy, 550–551
Hepatic enzyme inducers, 581
Hepatic metabolism, in pregnancy, 106
Hepatic porphyrias, acute, 114
Hepatic portal hypertension, β-adrenoceptor-blocking drugs, 406
Hepatitis
allergic reactions, 118
autoimmune hepatitis, 551
Hepatitis A virus (HAV), 553
Hepatitis B virus (HBV), 553–554
Hepatitis C virus (HCV), 554–555
Hepatitis D virus (HDV), 554
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 551
Hepatorenal syndrome, 550, 551f
Hepcidin, 496
Herbal preparations, insomnia, 342
Herbicides, 132–133
Herceptin See Trastuzumab (Herceptin)
Hereditary angioedema, 274, 602
Hereditary haemochromatosis, 499
Herpes simplex virus infection, 213–215
Herxheimer (Jarisch–Herxheimer) reaction, 201
Hexamethonium, 410
High-altitude (mountain) sickness, 460
High-concentration oxygen therapy, 470
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), 215
High throughput screening, 31
Hirudin, 490
Histamine, 470–473
actions, 470–471
antagonism, 471–472 See also Antihistamines
gastric acid secretion, 529
Histamine receptors, 471
H1 receptors, 471
antagonists, 116, 471–472
H2 receptors, 471
antagonists, 471–472, 531
H3 receptors, 471
  Page 646 
Historical aspects, 2, 8
Historical controls, clinical trials, 48
HIT (heparin-induced thrombocytopenia), 489
HIV infection, 215–220
antiretroviral therapy, 215
CD4 cell count, 215
combination therapy, 215
highly active antiretroviral therapy, 215
opportunistic infections, 216
HMG CoA reductase inhibitors See Statins
Holistic care, 16
Holotranscobalamin, 500–501
Homatropine, 381
Homeopathy, 16–17
Hookworm (Ancylostoma duodenale), 237t
HOPE (Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation) study, 400
Hormonal agents
benign prostatic hypertrophy, 518
breast cancer, 518
prostate cancer, 518
Hormonal contraception, 607–611
chronic pharmacology, 98
drug interactions, 610 see also specific drugs
Hormonal effects, chronic drug effects, 119
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), 603–604, 605
adverse effects, 604
Hormones, 596–613
acne therapy, 273
breast feeding, 96 see also specific hormones
Hospital-acquired pneumonias, 194
Hospital patients, antimicrobial resistance, 168
HRT See Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
Humalog (Insulin Lispro®), 575t
Humalog Mix25, 575t
Humalog Mix50, 575t
Human insulin, 573
Human studies, 37–53
autonomy, 38
drug discovery and development, 30
ethics, 37, 38–39
healthy volunteers, 37
informed consent, 38
injury to subjects, 40
new vs. old drugs, 38
payment, 40
primary endpoint, 43
regulatory requirements, 41–42
bioavailability, 41
bioequivalence, 41
fixed-dose combinations, 42
interaction studies, 42
special groups, 42
statistics, 43–45 See also Statistics
surveillance studies, 37
therapeutic investigations, 42–43, 43t
types of, 45–49 See also Clinical trials specific types of trial
Humatrope, 597
Humulin I, 575t
Humulin M3, 575t
Humulin S, 575t
HUS (haemolytic uraemic syndrome), 198
Hydatid disease (Echinococcus granulosus), 237t
Hydralazine, 401
mode of action, 423
pharmacogenetics, 104t
Hydrocarbon poisoning, 132
Hydrochlorothiazide, 456
Hydrocortisone (cortisol), 558–559, 562–563
acute adrenocortical insufficiency, 566
chronic primary adrenocortical insufficiency, 566, 567f
relative potencies, 562t
Hydroflumethiazide, 456
Hydrolysis, drug metabolism, 92
Hydromorphone, 286
analgesic equivalent, 289t
bioavailability, 285t
relative potency, 288t
1α-Hydroxycalciferol (alfacalcidol), 619
pharmacokinetics, 619
vitamin D deficiency, 619
Hydroxycarbamide (hydroxyurea), 506
Hydroxychloroquine
immunomodulation, 251
rheumatoid arthritis, 257
Hydroxycobalamin
cyanide poisoning, 130
vitamin B12 deficiency management, 502
Hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase inhibitors See Statins
Hydroxyurea, 506
Hydroxyzine, 472
Hyoscine (scopolamine), 380–381
Hyoscine butylbromide, 381
Hyperalgesia, 281
Hyperandrogenism, 606
Hypercalcaemia
adrenal steroids, 569
diuretic drugs, 457
treatment, 621
Hypercalciuria, 621
idiopathic, 457
Hyperhidrosis, 269t
Hypericum perforatum See St John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum)
Hyperkalaemia
cation-exchange resins, 460
diuretic drugs adverse effects, 458
treatment, 458b
Hyperlipidaemia, 444–450, 445f
diabetes mellitus, 584
drug action sites, 446
drug treatment, 448–450 see also specific drugs
investigation, 446
management, 446–448
pathophysiology, 444
prevalence, 446
secondary, 445–446 see also specific diseases/disorders
Hyperosmolar diabetic coma, 583
Hyperprolactinaemia, 598
Hypersensitivity
cytotoxic drugs, 514
heparin adverse effects, 489
type I (immediate), 115
type II (antibody-dependent cytotoxicity) hypersensitivity, 115–116
type III (immune complex mediated) hypersensitivity, 116
type IV (lymphocyte-mediated) hypersensitivity, 116
Hypersexuality, male, 602
Hypersomnia, 337, 342–343
Hypertension, 393–426
accelerated phase, 417
β-adrenoceptor-blocking drugs, 406, 407
arterial See Arterial hypertension
calcium channel blockers, 396
diabetes mellitus, 584
diuretic drugs, 457
drug mode of action, 393
emergency treatment, 416–417, 416f
hepatic portal, β-adrenoceptor-blocking drugs, 406
monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), 320
pregnancy, 417
pulmonary, 418–419
secondary, 419
therapy, 398
treatment, 415–416, 415f See also Antihypertensive drugs
  Page 647 
Hyperthyroidism, 589–593
β-adrenoceptor-blocking drugs, 406
radioiodine (131I), 592
subclinical, 593
surgery, 592–593 See also Antithyroid drugs
Hypertrichosis, 268
Hypnotic drugs
indications, 347t
non-benzodiazepines, 341
Hypoalbuminaemia, 106
Hypoaldosteronism, 457
Hypocalcaemia, 620
Hypoglycaemia
β-adrenoceptor-blocking drugs, 407
insulin adverse effect, 577–578
lipohypertrophy, 578
prevention, 578
treatment, 578
Hypokalaemia
diuretic drugs, 457–458
hypoaldosteronism, 457
sympathomimetics, 387
vitamin B12 deficiency management, 502
Hyponatraemia
ACE inhibitors, 399
diuretic drugs adverse effects, 458
emergency treatment, 600
Hypo-oestrogenaemia, 603
Hypoparathyroidism, 619
Hypopituitarism, 599
Hyposensitization, 473
Hypotension
β-adrenoceptor-blocking drugs, 407
chronic orthostatic, 391–392
poisoning supportive treatment, 124
Hypothalamic hormones, 596–599, 597f see also specific hormones
Hypothermia, 124
Hypothesis, drug discovery and development, 30
Hypothyroidism, 588–589
drug-induced, 593–595
pregnancy, 589
subclinical, 588
treatment, 588–589
Hypovolaemia
acute pancreatitis, 555
cirrhosis, 548–549
diuretic drugs adverse effects, 458
Hypoxia, 124
Hypurin Bovine Isophane, 575t
Hypurin Bovine Lente, 575t
Hypurin Bovine Neutral, 575t
Hypurin Bovine Protamine Zinc, 575t
Hypurin Porcine 30/70, 575t
Hypurin Porcine Isophane, 575t
Hypurin Porcine Neutral, 575t