E

Echinocandins, 227
Echinococcus granulosus (hydatid disease), 237t
Econazole, 225
Economics See Pharmacoeconomics
Ecstasy, 153
ECT (electroconvulsive therapy), 322
Eczema, 268
ED (erectile dysfunction), 465–466
Edrophonium, 375
Efalizumab, 262
Efavirenz, 219
Efferent cough, 467
Efficacy See Drug efficacy
Efflux transporters, 93
Eflornithine, 235
Eformoterol, 474
Ehrlich, Paul, 162
Eicanosoids, 241, 241f
Elantan (isosorbide mononitrate), 396
Elderly
anaesthesia, 309
pharmacodynamics, 105
pharmacokinetics, 105
prescribing, 105–106
Electrical excitability reduction, 354
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), 322
Electrolyte disturbances, 124
Electrolyte treatment, 537
Elimination, 94–96
biliary excretion, 95
breast milk, 95–96
clearance, 95
in disease, 106
elderly, 105
faecal elimination, 95
paediatric patient, 103
in pregnancy, 106
pulmonary elimination, 95
renal, 94–95
Embryo, drug effects, 120
Emesis, poisoning therapy, 125
Emollients, 262, 540
Empyema, 195
Emtricitabine, 218
hepatitis B virus, 553
ENaC (epithelial sodium channel), 454
Enalapril (Innovace), 400
enzyme inhibition, 76, 94t
Encephalopathy, hepatic, 550–551
Endocarditis, 195–197
bacterial, 181
culture-negative, 196
dosages, 196
prophylaxis, 196–197
treatment, 195
Endocrine system
adrenal steroid effects, 564
β-adrenoceptor-blocking drugs, 406–407
neoplastic disease, 517–518
Endometriosis, 611–612
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Enemas, 540
Enfuvirtide, 219
Entacapone, 365
Entecavir, 553
Enteral administration, 85
advantages, 87–88
buccal administration, 88
disadvantages, 87–88
rectal administration, 88
sublingual administration, 88
swallowing, 87–88
Enterobius stercoralis (threadworm), 237t
Enterococcus faecalis endocarditis, 196
Enterohepatic circulation, absorption, 86
Entonox, 297
obstetric anaesthesia, 308
Entry inhibitors, antiretroviral therapy, 216t, 219–220
Environmental effects, 103–107
adverse drug reactions, 115
Enzyme induction
antidepressant drugs, 320
hormonal contraception, 610
metabolism, 93–94
Enzyme inhibition
antidepressant drugs, 320
antihypertensive effects, 417
drug mechanisms, 75, 76
irreversible, 76
metabolism, 94, 94t
Enzyme reactivation, anticholinesterase poisoning treatment, 376
Eosinophilic bronchitis, 467
Eosinophilic oesophagitis management, 532
Ephedrine, 388–389
Epidural administration, opioids, 285
Epidural anaesthesia, 297, 308
Epidural regional anaesthesia, 306
Epilepsy, 349–359
breast feeding, 352
definitions, 349–350
driving regulations, 352
management, 350–353 See also Antiepilepsy drugs
pathology, 349–350
pregnancy, 352
seizure types, 349–350
status epilepticus, 353, 353t
Epilim See Sodium valproate
Epinephrine See Adrenaline (epinephrine)
Epithelia
histamine, 470
leaky, 79
Epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), 454
Eplerenone, 456
EPO See Erythropoietin (EPO)
Epoetin, 507
Epoprostenol, 493
Epoxides, 92
Eprosartan, 400
Eptifibatide, 494
Equivalence, clinical trials, 46
Erbitux (cetuximab), 520, 520t
Erectile dysfunction (ED), 465–466
Ergometrine, 612
uterine haemorrhage, 613
Ergot alkaloids, 120
Ergotamine, 294
Ergot derivatives, 363
Erlotinib (Tarceva), 520t, 521
Ertapenem, 177–178
Eruptions, fixed, 268
Erythema multiforme, 268
Erythema nodosum, 268
Erythroderma, 268
Erythromycin, 183–184
Erythropoietin (EPO), 507
chronic orthostatic hypotension, 392
recombinant human (epoetin), 507
Escherichia coli, 198
verotoxic, 198
Escitalopram
generalised anxiety disorder, 335
therapeutic efficacy, 316
Esilcarbazepine, 356
Esmolol
antiarrhythmia, 431t
therapeutic dose, 405t
Essential drugs
definition, 19
prescribing, 18–21
Essential tremor, 366
Ester local anaesthetics, 305
Estradiol, 603
Estriol, 603
Estrole, 603
Estropipate (piperazine estrone sulphate), 603
Etanercept, 253–254, 254f
Ethacrynic acid, 455
loop of Henle, 453–454
Ethambutol, 207–208
Ethanol, 142–148
as antidote, 128t
enzyme inhibition, 76
methanol poisoning, 131
pharmacodynamics, 143–145
pharmacokinetics, 142–143
poisoning, 123, 144–145 See also Alcohol dependence/alcoholism
Ethics
beneficence, 38
drug discovery and development, 34–35
human studies, 37, 38–39
placebo-controlled trials, 39
randomised controlled trials (RCTs), 39
Ethinylestradiol, 603
Ethionamide, 208
leprosy, 209
Ethosuximide (Zarontin)
antiepilepsy drugs, 358
dosages, 355t
plasma half-life, 84t
plasma protein binding, 91t
Ethyl alcohol See Ethanol
Ethylene glycol poisoning, 132
Etidronate, 621
hypercalcaemia treatment, 619
Paget's disease of bone, 624
Etomidate, 301
Etravirine, 219
EU Clinical Trial Directive 2001/20/EC, 64
European Medicine Agency (EMA), 63–64
European Union, drug licensing, 64
Everolimus, 520t
Exanthematic reactions, 268
Excitatory neurotransmitters, 354
Excretion delay, drug action prolongation, 97
Exemestane
adrenal steroid inhibition, 570
breast cancer, 518
Exenatide, 579
Exercise incapacity
β-adrenoceptor-blocking drugs, 407
Exercise-induced asthma, 473
Exfoliative erythroderma, 268
Exocrine glands
atropine effects, 379
parasympathetic nervous system, 373
Expectorants, 469
Experimental studies, adverse drug reactions, 112
Experimental therapeutics See Human studies
Explanatory trials, 42
Exponential pharmacokinetics, 81–82
Extradural regional anaesthesia, 306
Extrapulmonary tuberculosis, 205
Extrapyramidal symptoms
antipsychotics, 325
atypical antipsychotics, 327
Extrinsic coagulation pathway, 482–483
Eyes
adrenal steroids, 564, 568
atropine effects, 379
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bacterial infections, 202
chronic drug effects, 119
parasympathetic nervous system, 373
Ezetimibe, 449–450
mode of action, 446