S

Sabril See Vigabatrin (Sabril)
Safety (of drugs), 14
drug regulation, 62
Safety surveillance methods, 43
Salbutamol (Ventolin), 388
β-adrenoceptor-blocking drug overdose, 408
asthma treatment, 474, 476, 477
uterine relaxants, 613
Salicylate
diabetes drug interactions, 581
distribution volume, 90t
Salicylism, 247
Salmeterol (Serevent), 388
asthma treatment, 474, 476
Salmonella intestinal infection, 198
SA (sinoatrial) node, 429
Sarcoidosis, 619
adrenal steroids, 568, 569
Sarcoptes scabei, 269t
Sarin (GB), 376
Sativex®, 292
Saturation kinetics See Zero-order (saturation kinetics) process
Scabies, 269t
Schistosoma haematobium, 237t
Schistosoma japonicum, 237t
Schistosoma mansoni, 237t
Schistosomiasis, 237t
Schizophrenia
antipsychotic drugs, 322–323
symptoms, 324t
Scleral thinning, adrenal steroids, 564
Scleroderma-like adverse reactions, 268
Sclerosing agents, coagulation disorders, 485
Scopolamine (hyoscine), 380–381
Scurvy, 616–617
Seborrheic dermatitis, 269t
Secondary adrenocortical insufficiency, chronic, 566
Secondary hyperlipidaemia, 445–446
Secondary hypertension, 419
Secondary prevention, 9
Secondary syphilis, 201
Secretory diarrhoea, 536–537, 538
Sedation/sedatives
anaesthesia, 297
anticoagulant drug interactions, 487
antipsychotics, 327
breast feeding, 96
cough, 468
liver disease, 547
poisoning, 123
Segmental pneumonias, 194
Seizures
absence, 350
antipsychotics, 327
circumstantial, 351
definitions, 349
generalised, 350
partial, 350
Selective 5-HT1 agonists, 293–294
Selective delivery, 77
Selective distribution, 90
Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
anxiety disorders, 336t
augmentation, 317
generalised anxiety disorder, 335
Selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMS), 603
osteoporosis, 623
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
adverse effects, 318
anxiety disorders, 336t
augmentation, 317
classification, 312, 312t
dose titration, 316
generalised anxiety disorder, 335
historical aspects, 312
mode of action, 313
obsessive-compulsive disorder, 335
social anxiety disorder, 334
Selectivity of drugs, 11, 77
drug discovery and development, 29
highly-selective, 11
lack of, 11
Selegiline
enzyme inhibition, 94t
Parkinson's disease, 364–365
Self-regulating systems, chronic pharmacology, 98–100
Senna, 539
Sensitivity, clinical trials, 49
Septicaemia, 191–192
neonatal, 191
Septic arthritis, 202
Septic shock, 390
fluid resuscitation, 390
Sequential designs, clinical trials, 48–49
Serevent See Salmeterol (Serevent)
Sermorelin, 597
SERMs See Selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMS)
Serotonin, antidepressant drug mode of action, 313
Serotonin receptors, antipsychotic drugs, 323
Serotonin syndrome, 318
Sertraline, 335
Serum sickness syndrome
allergic reactions, 117
drug adverse effects, 268
Sevelamer, 623
Sevoflurane, 299
Sex hormones, 600–601
anticoagulant drug interactions, 487
pharmacokinetics, 600–601
selectivity, 600 see also specific hormones
Sexual function/dysfunction
β-adrenoceptor-blocking drugs, 407
antihypertensive effects, 418
antipsychotics, 327
Shigella intestinal infection, 198
Shock, 389–391
central circulatory failure, 390
definition, 389
fluid resuscitation, 391
poisoning, 390
treatment, 389–390
Short duration insulin preparations, 574
SIADH See Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)
Sickle cell anaemia, 505
Sickle cell disease, 309
Signal transduction inhibitors, 521
Sildenafil (Viagra), 465
Silver sulfadiazine, 187
Simple phobia, 335
treatment, 332t
Simpson, James Y, 295
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 101–102
Sinoatrial (SA) node, 429
Sinus bradycardia, 437, 438f
Sinusitis, 192
Sinus tachycardia, 319
Sirolimus (rapamycin), 251
Sitagliptin, 579
Sitaxsentan, 419
Skeletal muscle, methylxanthines, 154
Skilled tasks
adverse drug reactions, 113–114
cannabis, 156
Skin, 265
drug reactions, 267–269, 267b
safety monitoring, 269
histamine actions, 471
pharmacokinetics, 260–267, 261f
vehicles (drug bases), 260, 262 See also Topical applications specific diseases/disorders
  Page 662 
Skin diseases/disorders, 269–275, 269t
adrenal steroids, 568
antipsychotics, 327 see also specific diseases/disorders
Skin infections, 274–275
bacterial infections, 274
fungal infections, 274–275
parasitic infections, 275
viral infections, 275
Skin patch testing, 118
SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus), 258
Sleep
methylxanthines, 154
normal, 336–337
Sleep disorders, 336–344
types, 337 see also specific types
Sleeping sickness, 236t
Sleep-related breathing disorders, 342
Sleep scheduling disorders, 344
Sleep-walking, 343
Slow release formulations, 498
Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), 31–32
Smoking See Tobacco smoking
Smooth muscle
atropine effects, 379
histamine actions, 471
methylxanthines, 154
relaxants, 544
SNRIs See Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
Social anxiety disorder, 331–334
treatment, 332t, 334
Social assessment, poisoning, 127–129
Social habits, adverse drug reactions, 115
Sodium aurothiomalate, 253
Sodium bicarbonate, 531
Sodium calcium edetate, 129
as antidote, 128t
Sodium cellulose phosphate (Calisorb), 463
Sodium cellulose powder, 621
Sodium channel blockers, 354–357
Sodium cromoglicate (cromolyn, Intal), 474, 476–477
Sodium fusidate, 185
Sodium nitrite, 130
Sodium nitroprusside, 400–401
Sodium picosulfate, 539
Sodium ranelate, 623
Sodium stibogluconate (Pentostam), 236
Sodium thiosulphate, 130
Sodium valproate
adjuvant analgesics, 291
antiepilepsy drugs, 357–358
dosages, 355t
mode of action, 354
mood stabiliser, 330
pharmacogenetics, 104t
Soft drugs, 137
Solid preparations, topical drugs, 262
Soluble fibre, 539
Soluble insulin, 583
Solvent–detergent virally inactivated fresh frozen plasma (Octapla), 484
Soman (GD), 376
Somatostatin, 597
Somatrophin, 597–598
Sorafenib, 520t
Sotalol
antiarrhythmia, 431t
therapeutic dose, 405t
Spasticity, 366
SPC (Summary of Product Characteristics), 42, 64–65
Special groups, human studies, 42
Special risk groups, prescribing, 100
Specific organ damage, cytotoxic drugs, 514
Spectinomycin, 181
Spermatogenesis, 121
SPF (sun protection factor), 265–266
Sphingolimod, 368
Spinal anaesthesia
obstetrics, 308
regional anaesthesia, 306
Spindle poisons, 515
Spiriva See Tiotropium (Spiriva)
Spironolactone, 563
Spironolactone (Aldactone), 456
as antiandrogen, 602
ascites therapy, 550
chronic heart failure therapy, 423, 424–425
competitive antagonism, 570
efficacy, 454
site of action, 453f, 454
Splenectomies, septicaemia, 192
Spontaneous mutations, antimicrobial resistance, 169
Sporozoites, 228, 228f
Sports
drug abuse, 136, 141, 142t
performance enhancement, 141, 142t
SSRIs See Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
SSZ See Sulfasalazine (SSZ)
Staff hazards, cytotoxic drugs, 517
Standard difference, 44f, 48
Standardisation, pharmacodynamics, 79
Staphylococcal septicaemia, 192
Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome, 192
Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis, 195, 196
Staphylococcus epidermis endocarditis, 196
Starling curve, 421–422, 422f
Statins, 448–449
myopathy, 103
stroke, 447
Statistical significance, 43, 44
Statistics, 43–45
confidence intervals, 43, 44–45, 44f
errors, 45
hypothesis of no difference (null hypothesis), 43–45
power, 45
precision, 45
statistical significance, 43, 44
Status asthmaticus, 477–478
Status epilepticus, 353, 353t
Stavudine, 218
Stem cells, drug discovery and development, 32
STEMI, 412
Stereoselectivity, 77
Steroid hormone receptors, 600
Stevens–Johnson syndrome, 268
Stilboestrol See Diethylstilbestrol (stilboestrol)
Stimulant drugs, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 340t
Stimulant laxatives, 539
Stimulatory effects, ethanol consumption, 144
Stimulus–secretion coupling, secretory diarrhoea, 536
St John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum), 67, 321
adverse effects, 321
enzyme interactions, 16
Stomach
absorption, 86
gastric acid secretion, 528–530, 530f
mucosal protection mechanisms, 529
drugs, 531–532 see also specific drugs
Stool bulking agents, 539
Streptococcus aureus pneumonias, 194
Streptococcus pneumoniae
bronchitis, 193
meningitis, 197
pneumonias, 194
Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A) pharyngitis, 192
Streptokinase, 491
myocardial infarction, 412
Streptomycin, 181
Stroke, statins, 447
Strongyloides stercoralis (strongyloidiasis), 237t
Structural biology, drug discovery and development, 31
Student's t-test, 44
Subacute bacterial peritonitis, 550
  Page 663 
Subarachnoid block See Spinal anaesthesia
Subclinical hyperthyroidism, 593
Subclinical hypothyroidism, 588
Subcutaneous administration, 88
oestrogens, 603
Subdermal implantations, progestogen-only contraception, 610
Sublingual administration, 88
Substance addiction, 137
Substance habituation, 137
Succinylcholine See Suxamethonium (succinylcholine)
Sucralfate, 531–532
Sugammadex, 303
Sulconazole, 225
Sulfadiazine, 187
Sulfadoxine
malaria therapy, 230t, 234
pyrimethamine and, 234
Sulfasalazine (SSZ), 187
immunomodulation, 252, 252f
metabolism, 92t
ulcerative colitis management, 541
Sulfinpyrazone, 256
Sulfonamides, 187
nucleic acid synthesis, 173
systemic use, 187
trimethoprim combination See Co-trimoxazole
Sulfonylureas, 578, 579t
diabetes drug interactions, 581
Sulindac, 92t
Sulphonylureas, 579t
Sulpiride, 326t
Sumatriptan, 293–294
Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC), 42, 64–65
Summation, drug interactions, 108
Sunburn, 265–267
Sun protection factor (SPF), 265–266
Sunscreens, 265–267
absorbent, 265
reflectant, 265–266
Superficial mycoses, 223
Superiority, clinical trials, 46
Supply, drug regulation, 62
Suppositories, constipation, 540
Suppression of disease, 9
Supraventricular tachycardia, paroxysmal, 438–439
Suramin, 236
Surface anaesthesia, 305
Surface area calculation, dosing schedules, 97
Surgery
adrenal steroid effects, 565
anaesthesia, 418
antimicrobial chemoprophylaxis, 167–168
diabetes mellitus, 582–583
diabetes mellitus type 1, 582
diabetes mellitus type 2, 583
hyperthyroidism, 592–593
oral combined contraceptive, 608
vitamin K antagonists, 487–488
Surrogate effects, 42
Surveillance studies, human studies, 37
Surveillance systems, pharmacoepidemiology, 52–53
Sustained-release preparations, 97
Sustanon, 601
Suxamethonium (succinylcholine), 303–304
pharmacogenetics, 104t
Swallowing, 87–88
Sydenham, Thomas, 8
Sympathetic nervous system, 373
cardiac effects, 436–437
peripheral terminals See Peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals
Sympathomimetics
adverse effects, 384t, 386–387, 386f
classification, 382–387
mode of action, 382–384, 383f
effects of, 385–386
historical aspects, 383–384
hypokalaemia, 387
monitoring, 391
non-catecholamines, 388–389
overdose, 387
pharmacokinetics, 386
tachyphylaxis, 382
types, 387–389 see also specific types See also Catecholamines
Synaptic vesicle release, antiepilepsy drugs, 354
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH), 600
diuretic drugs, 457
tetracyclines, 182
Synercid (quinupristin-dalfopristin), 185, 186
Synergism, drug interactions, 108
Synthesis, drug discovery and development, 30
Synthetic non-catecholamines, 386
Synthetic oxytocin (Syntocinon), 612
Syntocinon (synthetic oxytocin), 612
Syntometrine See Oxytocin (Syntometrine)
Syphilis, 201
congenital, 201
secondary, 201
Syrups, 468
Systematic reviews, meta-analyses, 49
Systemic availability, absorption, 86–87
Systemic Candida infections, 223
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 258
Systemic mycoses, 223