Table of Contents

Acknowledgments

Explanations for Use

Inside Front Cover

Chapter 1: Chest

Chest—Positioning Considerations and Radiation Protection*

Digital Imaging Considerations*

Lateral, Wheelchair or Stretcher*

Lateral Decubitus*

Lateral Decubitus Chest—AP (PA)

AP Lordotic Chest

Anterior Oblique Chest (RAO and LAO)*

Anterior Oblique Chest—RAO and LAO

AP and Lateral Upper Airway (Trachea and Larynx)*

AP and Lateral Upper Airway

AP Pediatric Chest*

Erect PA Pediatric Chest (with Pigg-O-Stat)*

Lateral Pediatric Chest*

Erect Lateral Pediatric Chest (with Pigg-O-Stat)*

PA (AP) Pediatric Chest

Lateral Pediatric Chest

Chapter 2: Upper Limb (Extremity)

Upper Limb (Extremity)*

PA Oblique Fingers*

PA Oblique Finger

Lateral Fingers*

Lateral Fingers

PA Oblique Thumb*

PA Oblique Thumb

AP Axial Thumb*

AP Axial Thumb (Modified Roberts)

PA Oblique Hand*

Lateral Hand (Fan and Extension Lateral)*

PA Oblique Hand

“Fan” Lateral Hand

AP Oblique Bilateral Hand*

AP Bilateral Oblique Hands (Norgaard Method)

PA Oblique Wrist*

PA Oblique Wrist

PA Axial Wrist—UInar Deviation and Modified Stecher (Scaphoid)*

PA Axial Scaphoid (Ulnar Deviation with 15° and Modified Stecher)

PA Wrist—Radial Deviation*

PA Wrist—Radial Deviation

Wrist—Carpal Canal*

Tangential (Gaynor-Hart) Carpal Canal

Lateral Forearm*

Lateral Forearm

AP Elbow—Fully Extended

AP—Partially Flexed Elbow

Oblique Elbow (Medial and Lateral Rotation)*

Medial (Internal) Oblique Elbow

Lateral (External) Oblique Elbow

Trauma Axial Lateral Elbow*

Trauma Axial Lateral Elbow

Pediatric AP Upper Limb*

Pediatric Lateral Upper Limb*

Chapter 3: Humerus and Shoulder Girdle

Rotational Lateral Humerus*

Trauma Lateral Humerus*

AP and Lateral Humerus

Trauma Transthoracic Lateral Humerus*

Transthoracic Lateral Proximal Humerus

AP Shoulder—External and Internal Rotation

Inferosuperior Axial*

Inferosuperior Axial

PA Transaxillary Projection*

PA Transaxillary Projection

Inferosuperior Axial*

Inferosuperior Axial

Posterior Oblique*

Posterior Oblique

Tangential Projection—Intertubercular (Bicipital) Groove*

Tangential Projection Intertubercular (Bicipital) Groove

Scapular Y Lateral—Anterior Oblique Position and Neer Method*

Scapular Y Lateral—Anterior Oblique Position and Neer Method

AP Shoulder Trauma Projection*

Lateral Shoulder Trauma Projection*

Transthoracic Lateral Shoulder Projection

AP Apical Oblique Axial Shoulder*

AP Apical Oblique Axial Projection

AP and AP Axial Clavicle*

AP and AP Axial Clavicle Projection

Lateral Scapula*

AP and Lateral Scapula Projections

Acromioclavicular (AC) Joints*

AP AC Joint Projections—Bilateral with and without Weights

Chapter 4: Lower Limb (Extremity)

Lower Limb (Extremity)

AP Oblique Toes*

AP and AP Oblique Toes

Toes—Sesamoids*

Tangential Projection

AP Oblique Foot*

AP and AP (Medial) Oblique Foot

Weight-Bearing Feet AP and Lateral*

Weight-Bearing AP and Lateral Foot

Plantodorsal Calcaneus*

Lateral Calcaneus*

Plantodorsal (Axial) and Lateral Calcaneus

AP Mortise Ankle*

AP Oblique Ankle*

AP, AP Mortise, and 45° Oblique Ankle

AP Ankle—Stress Views*

AP Leg (Tibia-Fibula)*

Lateral Leg (Tibia-Fibula)*

AP and Lateral Leg (Tibia-Fibula)

AP Oblique Knee*

AP and AP Medial and Lateral Oblique Knee

Knees—AP or PA Weight-Bearing*

PA Axial Weight-Bearing Bilateral Knees*

PA Axial Weight-Bearing Bilateral Knees

Knee for Intercondylar Fossa*

Lateral Patella*

Intercondylar Fossa, PA and Lateral Patella

Patella—Tangential Projection*

Patella—Tangential Projection*

Patella—Superoinferior Sitting Tangential*

Tangential Bilateral Patella

Pediatric AP Lower Limb*

Pediatric Lateral Lower Limb*

Pediatric—AP and Lateral Foot*

Chapter 5: Femur and Pelvic Girdle

Femur and Pelvic Girdle

Location of Femoral Head and Neck

AP and Lateral Midfemur and Distal Femur

Horizontal Beam Lateral Femur*

AP Bilateral Hips*

AP Unilateral Hip*

AP Unilateral Hip

Lateral Hip (Nontrauma)*

Lateral Hips (Nontrauma)*

AP Bilateral “Frog-Leg”

Lateral Hip (Trauma Method)*

Axiolateral Inferosuperior Hip

AP Axial Pelvis*

AP Axial Pelvis

Acetabulum—Posterior Oblique Pelvis*

Pediatric AP and Lateral Hips*

Chapter 6: Vertebral Column

Intervertebral Foramina and Zygapophyseal Joints

AP for Dens (Odontoid Process)*

AP Open Mouth and AP (PA) Dens

AP Axial Cervical Spine*

Oblique Projections, Cervical Spine*

AP Axial and Oblique Cervical Spine

Lateral Cervical Spine*

Lateral Cervicothoracic Spine*

Erect Lateral and Cervicothoracic (Swimmer’s) Lateral

Lateral Cervical Spine Hyperflexion—Hyperextension*

Hyperflexion and Hyperextension Laterals

Cervical Spine—Trauma Series*

AP Thoracic Spine*

Lateral Thoracic Spine*

AP and Lateral Thoracic Spine

Oblique Thoracic Spine*

AP (PA) Lumbar Spine*

AP (PA) Lumbar Spine

Lateral Lumbar Spine*

Lateral L5-S1, Lumbar Spine*

Lateral and Lateral L5-S1 Lumbar Spine

Oblique Lumbar Spine*

Oblique Lumbar Spine

Scoliosis Series*

Lateral Hyperflexion and Hyperextension

AP Axial Sacrum*

AP Axial Coccyx*

AP Axial Sacrum and Coccyx

Lateral Sacrum (and Coccyx)*

Lateral Coccyx*

Lateral Sacrum and Coccyx

Sacroiliac Joints*

Sacroiliac Joints*

Posterior Oblique SI Joint

Chapter 7: Bony Thorax

Bony Thorax—Positioning Considerations

Right Anterior Oblique (RAO) Sternum*

Lateral Sternum*

Oblique (RAO) Sternum

Lateral Sternum

Sternoclavicular Joints PA and Anterior Oblique Projections*

Sternoclavicular (SC) Joints—PA

SC Joints—Anterior Oblique

AP or PA (Bilateral) Ribs—Above Diaphragm*

AP Ribs (Bilateral)—Below Diaphragm*

Ribs—AP or PA

Anterior Oblique Upper Axillary Ribs—RAO*

Posterior Oblique Lower Axillary Ribs—LPO*

Anterior or Posterior Oblique Axillary Ribs

Chapter 8: Skull, Facial Bones, and Paranasal Sinuses

AP (PA) Axial Skull*

PA (0° and 15°) Caldwell Skull*

PA (0°) and PA Axial Caldwell (15° Caudad)

Submentovertex (SMV) Skull*

Submentovertex (SMV) Skull

Lateral Trauma Skull*

AP Trauma Skull Series*

Lateral Trauma Skull

Trauma AP (0°) and AP Axial (15° Cephalad) Projections

Facial Bones—Lateral*

Lateral Facial Bones

Facial Bones—Parietoacanthial*

Parietoacanthial and Modified Parietoacanthial

Facial Bones—PA Axial (Caldwell)*

PA Axial (15° Caudad) Caldwell

Facial Bones—Trauma Series*

Optic Foramina—Parieto-orbital Oblique*

Zygomatic Arches—Bilateral*

Zygomatic Arches—Tangential*

Submentovertex (SMV) and Oblique Tangential Zygomatic Arches

Bilateral Zygomatic Arches—AP Axial*

Nasal Bones—Lateral*

Lateral Nasal Bones

Mandible—PA and PA Axial*

Mandible—Axiolateral Obliques*

Mandible—Trauma Axiolateral Oblique*

PA and Axiolateral Oblique Mandible

AP Axial Mandible*

Temporomandibular Joints*

Temporomandibular Joints*

Axiolateral Oblique (Modified Law Method) and Axiolateral (Schuller method) TMJ Projections

Lateral Paranasal Sinuses*

PA Paranasal Sinuses*

Lateral and PA Caldwell Sinuses

Paranasal Sinuses*

Paranasal Sinuses*

Parietoacanthial (Waters Method) Sinuses and Submentovertex (SMV)

Chapter 9: Abdomen and Common Contrast Media Procedures

Abdomen and Common Contrast Media Procedures

AP Abdomen (KUB)*

Erect AP Abdomen*

AP Supine and AP Erect Abdomen

Lateral and Dorsal Decubitus Abdomen

AP Pediatric Abdomen (KUB)*

AP Erect Pediatric Abdomen*

AP Supine and Erect Pediatric Abdomen

Esophagogram—RAO*

Esophagogram—Lateral*

RAO and Lateral Esophagogram

Esophagogram—AP (PA)*

Upper GI—RAO*

PA and RAO Upper GI

Upper GI—Lateral*

Lateral and AP Upper GI

Upper GI—LPO*

Small Bowel Series—PA*

Barium Enema—PA or AP*

PA (AP) Barium Enema

Barium Enema—RAO and LAO*

Oblique Barium Enema

Barium Enema—Lateral Rectum (Ventral Decubitus)*

Barium Enema—Lateral Decubitus*

Barium Enema—AP (PA)*

Lateral Decubitus and AP/PA Axial Barium Enema

Intravenous Urogram*

Intravenous Urogram*

AP and Posterior Oblique IVU

Intravenous Urogram*

Cystogram—AP*

Cystogram—Posterior Obliques*

AP and Posterior Oblique Cystogram

Chapter 10: Mobile (Portables) and Surgical Procedures

Mobile—AP Chest*

Mobile—AP Abdomen (KUB)*

Mobile—Lateral Decubitus*

Mobile—AP Pelvis or Hip*

Mobile—Axiolateral Hip*

Mobile—Modified Axiolateral Hip and Proximal Femur*

Surgical (Mobile) C-Arm

C-Arm Lateral Hip

Surgical or Mobile Procedures

Reducing Patient Dose

Time-mA (mAs) Chart

Exposure–Distance Conversion Chart

Density–Collimation Field Size Conversions

Cast Conversion Rule

Screen Speed Conversion Chart

Grid Ratio Conversion Chart

Initials (Abbreviations), Technical Terms, and Acronyms

Table of Film Image Receptors