INDEX

Principal page numbers are highlighted in bold.

A

Adult respiratory distress syndrome, 189–191
Age fifty and older, data on normal
appearances, 236–243
AIDS, HIV related infections, 138–139
Air bronchogram, 146, 208, 210, 227, 265
Allergic bronchopulmonary
aspergillosis, 340–341
Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, 289
Alveolar
anatomy, 32
cell carcinoma, 140, 146
pulmonary oedema, 38, 160
rupture, 123–124, 129, 209
shadowing, 34
Alveolar disease vs interstitial disease, 32–41
Analysis
blacker lung, 254–263
multiple nodules, 276–281
solitary nodule, 268–275
white out, 265–267
Anatomy, normal
alveolus, 32
arteries, lungs, 342–343

B

Batson’s venous plexus, 307
cardiac conducting system, 164
cardiac valves, 156–157
diaphragm, 18, 369
heart, 150, 156, 157
hila, 19, 56, 70, 240
interstitium, 32
lateral CXR, 16–25
lobes of lung, viii, 16, 20, 81
mediastinum, 108–116
mitral valve, 156–157
neonatal circulation, 215
paravertebral lines, 112–113
pleura, 80–81
pulmonary arteries, 56, 70–71, 162
Aneurysm
aortic, 302–303
left ventricular, 154
Anterior junction line, 99, 114–115
Aorta
age related unfolding, 68, 26–27, 240, 302
aneurysm, 302–303
calcification, 300–301
coarctation, 352–356
dissection, 298–305, 327
pseudo–coarctation, 357
traumatic rupture, 364–365, 370
Aortic dissection, 298–305
calcium sign, 300–301
chest pain, and, 304, 325, 327
CXR findings, 300–301, 304
probability estimates, 248–249, 298
Stanford Types A and B, 299
usefulness of CXR, 249, 304
Apical pleural thickening, 88–89, 142, 230, 238
ARDS, 189–191
Arteries
bronchial, 342–344
coarctation, in, 354
pulmonary, 70–73, 342–344
subclavian, laceration, 359
Asbestos
bronchial carcinoma, and, 147
lung changes, 40
mesothelioma, and, 92, 147
pleural plaques, 90–91
Asthma, 125, 200, 318–319, 332, 338–341
acute attack, 125, 338–341
allergic bronchopulmonary
aspergillosis, 340–341
what to look for, 339–341
Atelectasis. See Collapse
Atrial Septal Defect (ASD), 161, 163
Azygos
fissure or lobe, 67
vein, 67, 176, 178, 220, 241
Batson’s venous plexus, 307
Beam angulation artefact, 9, 49, 174
Blacker lung, a, 7, 243, 254–263, 294
causes, 243, 257, 262
over-fifties, in, 243
step–by–step analysis, 258–261
Blunt trauma, 358–371
aortic rupture, 364–365, 370
arterial injury, 359, 364–365, 370
cardiac injury, 368
diaphragm, tear, 368–369
eight questions, 358
facts and figures, 370
flail segment, 360–361
fractures, 12, 358–361
lung contusion, 367, 370
mediastinal widening, 364–365
pleural effusion, 370
pneumomediastinum, 363, 366
pneumothorax, 362, 363, 366, 370
tracheo–bronchial injury, 124, 366
Bornholm disease, 325
Breathlessness. See Dyspnoea
Bronchial carcinoma, 140–147
apical lesion, 88–89, 142–143, 230, 238
bronchioloalveolar cell carcin-oma, 140, 146, 247, 277
doubling time, 271
facts and figures, 140, 147
Golden’s S sign, 64, 147
missed lung cancers, 140
tricky, hidden areas, 13, 143
what to look for, 140–146
Bronchiectasis, 204, 316–319, 322, 346, 348, 349
Bronchiolitis, 198, 200, 261, 262
Bronchioloalveolar cell carcinoma, 140, 146, 247, 277
Bronchitis, 42, 282, 284, 289
Bronchogenic carcinoma. See Bronchial carcinoma
Bronchopneumonia
definition, 42–43
vs lobar pneumonia, 44, 131–133
Bullae, 261, 285, 286

C

Calcification
aortic dissection, in, 300–301
cardiac, 154, 156–157
metastases, in, 309
mitral valve, 156–157
pleural plaques, in, 90–91
popcorn, 270, 274
solitary pulmonary nodule, in, 270–272, 274
tuberculosis, 137
Cardiac borders
abnormal, 46–50, 119, 238
normal, 150, 238
Cardiac density, 117–118, 121, 142, 228
Cardiac disease, 148–163, 325
acquired, 148–160
atrial septal defect, 161
calcification, 154, 156–157
chamber enlargement, 148–149, 152–153, 155
congenital, 161
failure, 38, 158–160
mitral valve, 156–157
pericardial effusion, 155
ventricular aneurysm, 154
Cardiac incisura, 26–27, 116
Cardiac size
adults, 148–149, 152–153, 158
cardio–thoracic ratio, 10, 148
children, 148–149, 195
magnification, 5
normal variation, 148
Cardiac valves, position, 156
calcification, 156–157
Carina
angle, 119–120, 152–153, 235
identification, in ITU, 186
Catamenial pneumothorax, 106
Catheters, tubes, lines
position, ITU, 175–188
position, neonatal, 214–224
Cavities
infection, 132, 134, 137, 271
lung contusion, 367
tumour, 147, 271, 273, 309
Cervicothoracic sign, 234–235
Check lists
frontal CXR, 10
intensive therapy unit, 175
lateral CXR, 28
Chest pain, 304, 324–329
causes, 129, 304, 324–325
facts and figures, 304, 328
normal CXR, significance of, 304, 327
rule out aortic dissection, 304
Chickenpox, 278, 280–281
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 282–289
bullae, 261, 286, 287
causes, 282, 289
chronic bronchitis, 282, 284, 289
CXR findings, 283–287
definition, 282
domes of diaphragm, and, 285
emphysema, 285–287
facts and figures, 289
indications for CXR, 288
saber (sabre) sheath trachea, 285, 287
vascular changes, 286
Clinical decision making, 246–253
definitions, terminology, 250–251
impact of CXR, 246, 249
normal CXR, value of, 247, 249
post-test probability, 248–251
pre-test probability, 248–251
rule out aortic dissection, 249
Coarctation of aorta, 353–356
aortic knuckle configurations, 355–356
pseudo-coarctation, 357
rib notching, 354, 356
Cocaine, effects, 38, 289, 332, 345
chest pain, 325, 332
pneumomediastinum, pneumo-thorax, 95, 123, 129, 328
Coin lesion. See solitary pulmonary
nodule
Coins, swallowed, 202–203
Collapse, lung, 52–69, 264–267
atelectasis, 52–69
definitions, 52–54
imposters, 67–68
lobar, 52–69
white out, and, 264–267
Congenital cardiovascular disease
atrial septal defect, 161
coarctation of the aorta, 352–356
Congenital lobar emphysema, 203, 206, 213, 259, 262
Consolidation, definition, 42
COPD. See Chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease
Costal cartilages
flail segment, 361
invisible fractures, 361
Costochondritis, 324, 328
Cough, chronic, 316–323
ace inhibitors, and, 316, 321
bronchiectasis, and, 316–319, 322
causes, 316, 321
CXR findings, 318–321
four common causes, 318, 321
GORD, 316, 317, 320
investigation, 318, 321
rib fracture, and, 328
Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis, 38, 40
Cystic fibrosis, 204, 346, 348

D

Decubitus CXR, 231
pleural fluid, 86, 231
pneumothorax, 97, 127
Deep sulcus sign, 97–98
Diagnostic tests, 250–251
Diaphragm
anatomy, 18, 237, 369
continuous, sign, 125
COPD, in, 285
good inspiration, and, 6, 237
lack of definition, 45–47, 49, 237
lateral CXR, on viii, 18, 29
over-fifties, normal, 237
rupture, 368–369
silhouette sign, and, 45–47
tension pneumothorax, and, 100–102
Doubling time
benign vs malignant lesions, 270–271
Dyspnoea, 330–337
acute, 330, 332
causes, 332–333
chronic, 330, 333
CXR normal but helpful, 336
facts and figures, 337
role of the CXR, 334–336

E

Easy reference, normal CXRs, viii, 2, 19, 25
normal lobes, viii, 20
Edema. See: oedema
Effusions, pleural, 82–88
cardiac failure, in, 158, 160
empyema, 88
encysted, 82–85
lamellar, 82–83
size, estimates, 82–83
subpulmonary, 82, 84, 85, 242
white out, 87, 264–267
Emphysema, 282–289
bullae, 106, 261, 285, 286, 287
compensatory, 57, 262
congenital lobar, 262
COPD, 262, 282–289
mediastinal, 123–129, 210
Empyema, 88
Endotracheal tube, position, 186–187, 221, 370
movement up and down, 186, 221
Esophagus. See oesophagus
Extrapleural lesion, 92–93, 229
vs intrapleural, 93, 229
vs pulmonary, 93, 229

F

Facts and Figures
bronchial carcinoma, 147
chest pain, 328
COPD, 289
dyspnoea, 337
haemoptysis, 350
patients in ITU, 192
pulmonary embolism, 296
trauma, blunt, 370
Fat embolism, 296
Fat, epicardial, 26–27, 49, 68, 151, 238–239
Fibrosing alveolitis, 38, 40, 335
Fissures, lung
anatomy, viii, 55, 81
azygos, 67
horizontal, viii, 16, 20, 55, 81, 241
oblique, viii, 16, 20, 55, 81
Flail segment, 360–361, 362
Foreign body
aspiration, 53, 201, 262, 338
ingestion, 202–203

G

Golden’s S sign, 64, 147
Gold Standard, 250, 290
Granuloma, 269, 271

H

Haemoptysis, 296, 342–351
causes, 344–345
facts and figures, 350
investigation, 346–347
massive, 342, 346
mild, 342, 347
role of the CXR, 347–350
unexplained, 345, 350
Hamartoma, 269, 274
Hampton’s hump, 295
Heart. See Cardiac
Hemoptysis. See Haemoptysis
Hiatus hernia, 30, 67, 122, 320, 327
Hidden, tricky areas, 10, 13, 143, 333
Hila, 19, 24, 28, 70–79, 199, 240
abnormal, 57–66, 74–79, 121, 141, 306–310
anatomy, normal, 56, 70–71
assessment rules, 76
causes of enlargement, 78
convergence sign, 233
density, 76, 141
enlarged, 30, 76–79, 141, 197, 199, 306, 310
enlarged arteries, 76–78, 162–163
equivocal, 76
hilar point, 72
horizontal vees, 56, 73, 76, 240
large nodes, 77–79, 141, 145, 147, 197, 199
lateral CXR, and, 19, 24, 28, 30
lobar collapse, in, 57–66, 74
normal components, 56, 70
overlay sign, 118, 233
position, in the over-fifties, 240
relative levels, 56, 70, 240
HIV. See Infection
Honeycomb lung, 34, 40
Horizontal hilar vees, 56, 73–74, 76, 240
Hyperlucent
hemithorax or lung, 7, 243, 254–263
Hypertension, 352–356
normal blood pressure, 352
pulmonary arterial, 77, 78, 162–163, 204
pulmonary venous, 158–160
Hypertransradiant
hemithorax or lung, 7, 243, 254–263, 294

I

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis, 38, 40
Incisura, cardiac, 26–27, 116
Infection
children, in, 198–199
HIV related, 138–139, 289
pneumocystis carinii (PCP), 139
pneumonia, 42–51, 130–133, 199
tuberculosis, 134–138
21st Century, 130–139
Inhaled foreign body, 201, 262, 338
Inspiration, adequate, 6, 237
Intensive Therapy Unit, 174–193
assessing the CXR, 175
diffuse lung shadows, 189–191
doppler probe, 188
facts and figures, 192
lines, tubes, wires, 175–188
three film rule, 175
Intercostal tube, drain, 100–101, 184–185, 192
Interesting condition/lesion
allergic bronchopulmonary
aspergillosis, 340
bronchiectasis, 322
catamenial pneumothorax, 106
chickenpox nodules, 280
congenital lobar emphysema, 203
cystic fibrosis, 204
fat embolism, 296
hamartoma, 274
oesophageal spasm, 328
pseudocoarctation, 357
rounded atelectasis, 69
spontaneous pneumo-mediastinum, 129
subclavian crush syndrome, 173
twiddler’s syndrome, 172
Interstitial fibrosis, 37, 38, 40
acronyms, numerous, 40
diagnosis, an approach to, 40
Interstitium
anatomy, 32
disease, 34–40
(vs alveolar disease), 32–41
shadowing, 34–36, 36–37

K

Kerley B lines, 34, 158–159

L

Lateral chest radiograph, 14–31
anatomy, 16–25
assessment, 28–31
bronchial rings, 24
cardiac chambers, 22
cardiac density rule, 22
cardiac incisura, 26–27, 116
checklist, 28
domes of diaphragm, normal, 18
fissures, lung, viii, 16, 20, 81
hilar shadows, 19, 30
lobes, of lung, viii, 16, 20, 81
mediastinal compartments, and, 108–109
ready reference, normal, viii, 15, 20, 25
retrosternal line, 21
usefulness of, 14
Lines and Stripes. See mediastinal
stripes, lines
Lines and Tubes. See tubes, lines, wires
Little finger, analogy, 59, 71, 230, 239
Lobar collapse, 52–69, 230
analysis of the CXR, 55–68
lung lobes, normal, viii, 16, 20, 81
types of, 54
Lobar pneumonia, 42–44
appearance, 35, 43–44, 47
causative organisms, 44
vs bronchopneumonia, 44, 131–133
Lobes of lung, viii, 16, 20, 81
Lower lobes
anatomy, viii, 16, 20, 81
beam angulation artefact, 9, 49
collapse, 58–61, 145
Luftsichel sign, 65–66
Lung
apex, 88–89, 142, 230, 238
blood supply, 342–343
collapse, 52–69, 264–267
consolidation, 42
contusion, 367
fissures, viii, 16, 20, 55, 81
lobes, normal, viii, 16, 20, 81
markings, 36, 286
reference normal CXRs, viii, 2, 15
tricky hidden areas, 13, 143
unilateral hypertransradiancy, 254–263, 294
venous confluence, 151, 239
Lymphangitis carcinomatosa, 38, 306, 310–311

M

Mach band, 126, 128
Meconium aspiration syndrome, 207
Mediastinal emphysema, 123–129, 208
angel wing sign, 125–126, 210
causes, 123–124, 129, 208
coexisting pneumothorax, and, 104–105
continuous diaphragm sign, 125
CXR appearances, 125–127
vs pneumothorax, 126–127
vs pneumopericardium, 126–127
Mach effect, and, 126, 128
neonatal, 126, 210
ring around the artery sign, 125
spontaneous, 123, 129
Mediastinal masses, 117–122
causes, 119
density, 117
helpful hints, 122
lateral CXR, 121–122
silhouette sign, and, 119
Mediastinal stripes, lines, 112–118
anterior junction, 114–115
aorto–pulmonary, 114–115
azygo–oesophageal, 114
paratracheal, 112, 242
paravertebral, 112–113, 117–119, 232
posterior junction, 114–115
posterior tracheal, 116
retrosternal, 21, 116
Mediastinum, 108–129
anatomy, 108–109
boundaries, 109
cardiac incisura, 26–27, 116
compartments, 108–109, 121–122
contents, 109, 111
fat collections, 110–111, 116, 239
lateral CXR, and, 108–109, 121–122
masses, 117–122
normal appearances, 110–116
Mesothelioma, 92, 147
Metastatic disease, 306–315
at hilum, 310
Batson’s venous plexus, 307
bone lesions, 312–314
cannonball secondaries, 309
common primaries, 308–309
lung lesions, 277–279, 309
lymphangitic, 307, 310–311
miliary, 278, 309
patterns of spread, 307
pleura, 92–93, 307, 311
rib fracture, and, 314
solitary lesion, 269, 309
spreading and seeding, 306–307
tumour routes, 306–307
Middle lobe
anatomy, viii, 20, 55, 81
collapse, 62–63
Miliary nodules, 135–136, 278, 280, 309
Mitral valve
anatomy, 156–157
calcification, 156–157
disease, 152
Multiple pulmonary nodules, 276–281
calcified, 278
causes, 277
cavitating, 278
chickenpox, 277, 280–281
miliary, 135, 278, 280, 309
Myeloma, 314

N

Neonatal CXR, 206–225
air bronchogram, 208, 210
bronchopulmonary dysplasia, 208, 210
catheter, tube, complications, 217–223
chronic lung disease of
prematurity, 208, 210
congenital lobar emphysema, 203, 206, 213
cystic adenomatoid malformation, 206, 213
diaphragmatic hernia, 213
endotracheal tube, 221
feeding tubes, 214, 222–223
hyaline membrane disease, 208–211
long line, 220
meconium aspiration syndrome, 207
nasogastric tube, 222–223
neonatal circulation, normal, 215
oesophageal atresia, 206, 213, 222
pneumomediastinum, 126, 208, 210
pneumothorax, 211–212
pulmonary interstitial
emphysema, 208–209
respiratory distress syndrome, 208–211
surface monitors, various, 224
surfactant deficiency, 208
transient tachypnoea, 207–208
tubes and lines, 206, 214–224
which catheter is which?, 215
Normal CXR
clinical decision making, and, 246–249
diagnostic importance, 247, 248, 249, 327
frontal, for reference, viii, 10
in the over-fifties, data, 236–243
lateral, for reference viii, 25
probability assessments, value in, 247–249
reassurance and guidance, 247–249, 304, 321, 327, 336, 350

O

Oesophagus
anatomy, 182, 369
chest pain, and, 324, 327, 328
nutcracker, 328
perforation, rupture, 123–124, 222, 223
swallowed coins, 202–203
Over fifty years old
aortic unfolding, 26–27, 302
normal appearances, 236–243

P

Pacemaker assessment, 164–173
electrodes, position of, 166–171
post–placement check lists, 168, 170
redundant leads, 167
subclavian crush syndrome, 173
twiddler’s syndrome, 172
Paediatric, 194–205
asthma, 200, 338–341
bronchiolitis, 198, 200, 261–262
cardiothoracic ratio, 148, 195
congenital lobar emphysema, 203, 213
cystic adenomatoid malformation, 206, 213
cystic fibrosis, 204
inhaled foreign body, 201, 338
neonatal CXR, 206–225
pneumonia, 42–47, 199
swallowed foreign body, 202–203
thymus, 125–126, 194–195, 210
tuberculosis, 134–136, 197
wheezing—is it asthma?, 200, 338
Pain, chest, 324–329
Pancoast tumour
apical pleural cap, and, 88–89, 142–143, 230, 238
Paratracheal stripe, 232, 242
Paravertebral stripe, 112–113, 117–119, 232
Pectus excavatum, 67–68, 238
Pediatric. See Paediatric
Peribronchial cuffing, 198, 204, 284
Pericardial
air, 126–127
effusion, 155
Pitfalls
beam angulation artefact, 9, 49, 174
bedside radiography, 4, 9, 49, 174
blurred heart border, 49, 238
cardiac incisura, 26–27, 116
fat collections, 111, 239
imposters, mimicking lobar
collapse, 67
ITU CXRs, 174
lobar collapse, 67–68
Mach effect, 126, 128
pneumothorax in an infant, 211–212
rotation, effects of, 7, 10
silhouette sign, and, 49
small inspiration, and, 10
tension pneumothorax, 102
tracheo–bronchial laceration, 366
tuberculosis, patterns, 134
venous confluence, 151, 239
Pleura, 80–107
anatomy, 80–81
asbestos, and, 90–91, 147
bleb, pleural, 94
calcification, 91
extrapleural lesion, 93, 229
fibrosis, 88–89
mesothelioma, 92, 147
metastases, 92, 311
plaques, 90–91
Pleural drainage tubes, 101, 184–185, 192
Pleural effusion, 82–88, 134, 370
effect on gastric air bubble, 82, 85, 242
empyema, 88–89, 192
encysted, 82–84
lamellar, 82–83
on supine CXR, 86–87
subpulmonary, 82, 84–85
volume estimation, 82–83, 86
white out, a, 87, 264–267
Pneumatocoele, 131, 133, 370
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, 138, 139
Pneumomediastinum See mediastinal
emphysema
Pneumonectomy, 264–266
Pneumonia, 42–51, 130–133, 199
aspiration, 132
atypical, 131
bronchopneumonia, 42–44, 131, 133
cavitation, and, 132
community acquired, 130
definitions, 42
hospital acquired, 130
in children, 199
lobar expansion, and, 44, 131
lobar pneumonia, 42–44, 131, 132
lymphocytic interstitial, 40, 138
mycoplasma, 131
pneumococcal, 44, 131
pneumocystis carinii, 138, 139
round, 199
silhouette sign, and, 45–47, 49
six week rule, 51
staphylococcal, 44, 131
viral, 132–133
Pneumopericardium, 126–127
Pneumothorax, 94–107, 211–212, 362
cardinal features, 96
catamenial, 106
causes, 94–95, 208, 288, 362
decubitus radiograph, 97
deep sulcus sign, 97–98
expiration radiograph, 97
haemo- or hydro-, 103
imposters, 106
mediastinal emphysema, and, 104–105, 126–127
ruptured bronchus, and, 124, 366
size, rim measurement, 105
supine radiograph, 97–99, 211–212, 362
tension, 100–102, 211–212
triangle of safety, 100–101
Posterior junction line, 114–115
Post-test probability, CXR and, 247–251
Pre-test probability, CXR and, 247–251, 290
Pseudocoarctation, 357
Pseudo-haemoptysis, 342, 350
Pulmonary arterial hypertension, 77–78, 162–163, 204
Pulmonary arteries
anatomy, normal, 71, 230, 239–240, 342–343, 344
normal diameters, 162
hilar vee, 56, 73–74, 240
hypoplasia, 257, 263
little finger, analogy, 56, 59, 71, 230
Pulmonary embolism, 290–297
CXR findings, 257, 259, 263, 291–295
D-dimer assay, 290, 291
facts and figures, 296
Hampton’s hump, 295
investigation, 291, 292
role of the CXR, 291–292
V/Q, isotope scan, 292
Westermark sign, 263, 294–295
Pulmonary fibrosis, idiopathic, 38, 40
Pulmonary interstitial emphysema, 208–209
Pulmonary nodules
multiple, 276–281
solitary, 268–275
Pulmonary oedema
cardiac, 158–160
non-cardiac, 38–39
Pulmonary venous
confluence, 151, 239
hypertension, 158–160, 163

R

Radiography
a coin grows bigger, 5
basic basics, 2–9
beam angulation artefact, 9, 49, 174
bedside, 3, 4–5, 9, 49
decubitus, lateral, 86, 99, 231
lateral CXR, 15
Radiologist’s Toolbox, 226–243
basic tools, 226–231
normal findings in the over-fifties, 236–243
power tools, 232–235
Reference, normal CXRs
frontal CXR, viii, 2, 17
lateral CXR, viii, 17, 25
Respiratory distress syndrome, 208–212
adult respiratory distress
syndrome, 189–191
Reticulo-nodular shadowing, 34
Rheumatoid nodule, 269, 279
Ribs
coarctation of the aorta, 354, 356
erosion, 142
extra-pleural lesion, 93, 229
flail segment, 360–362
fracture, trauma, 12, 326, 358–361
fracture, cough, 328
fracture, invisible, 361
fracture, pathological?, 314
fracture, through cartilage, 361
fracture, unexpected, 314
metastasis, 306, 312, 314
myeloma, 314
notching, 354, 356
tricks for ribs, 231, 312
Rotation, of patient, 7, 257–258
Rounded atelectasis, 69
Round pneumonia, 199
Rules of thumb
bronchiolitis, 198, 261, 262
bronchopneumonia, 44
calcification, aortic dissection, 300–301
cardiac density, 22
carina, position, 186
epicardial fat, 151
ETT position in an adult, 186
ETT position in a neonate, 221
heart size, adults, 148, 149
heart size, children, 148, 195
hilum, density, 10
hilum, position, 10
identifying the carina, ITU, 186
lobar pneumonia, 44
lymphangitis carcinomatosa, 310
mass at cardiac apex, 151
mitral vs aortic valve calcification, 156
multiple pulmonary nodules, 279
one side is blacker, 254
pericardial effusion, 155
pneumopericardium vs
pneumomediastinum, 127
pulmonary arteries, size of, 162
small inspiration, 6
widened mediastinum, 300
Rules to follow
apical pleural cap, 230
azygos vein, diameter, 241
best next step, 270
cardiac density, 228
CXR clinical impact, five rules, 246–248
dyspnoea, three golden rules, 330–331
hila positions, 70
interstitial shadowing, 36
little finger, visible, 71
lower lobe pulmonary artery, visible, 71
lung apices, 230
lung metastases, search, 308
nasogastric tube, in infants, 223
one side is blacker, 258
paratracheal stripe, normal width, 242
paravertebral stripe, 232
peripheral opacity, 229
pulmonary artery catheter, 181
sharp dome of diaphragm, 237
six-week, 51
three film, in ITU, 175
throw away the vessels, 36

S

Saber (sabre) sheath trachea, 285, 287
Sarcoidosis, 35, 38, 39, 78, 269, 277
Segments, lung, 44
Selecting a diagnostic test: definitions, explanations, 246, 250–251
Sensitivity and specificity, 251
Septal lines, 34, 158–159
Signs
angel wing, 126, 210
cervico-thoracic, 234–235
continuous diaphragm, 125
deep sulcus, 97–98
Golden’s S, 64, 147
hilum convergence, 233
hilum overlay, 118, 233
luftsichel, 65–66
ring around the artery, 125
silhouette, 45–50, 226
thoraco-abdominal, 234
Silhouette sign, 45–50, 226
clinical applications, 46–50
common pitfalls, 9, 49
hidden pneumonia, and, 45–47
Solitary pulmonary nodule, 268–275
benign characteristics, 270
calcification, in, 270–271, 274
causes, 146, 269
doubling time, 271
is CT necessary?, 272
malignant characteristics, 271
size, 268
unreliable characteristics, 271
Stanford classification, aortic
dissection, 298–299
Sternum
depressed, 67–68, 238
fracture, 21, 361, 368
Stomach, gas bubble, 82, 85, 242
Superior vena cava, commencement, 176
Syndromes
adult respiratory distress, 189–191
Boerhaave’s, 327
meconium aspiration, 207
MacLeod’s, 259, 261, 262
Poland, 260
respiratory distress, 208–212
subclavian crush, 173
Swyer–James, 259, 261, 262
Tietze’s, 324, 328
twiddler’s, 172

T

Thymus
angel wing sign, 125–126, 210
normal, 194–195
Thyroid, enlargement, 119, 122, 316–317, 320
Tietze’s syndrome, 324, 328
Toolbox. See Radiologist’s Toolbox
Trachea
compression, 317
rupture, 123–124, 366
saber (sabre) sheath, 285, 287
Transient tachypnoea of the newborn, 207
Trauma. See blunt trauma
Triangle of safety, 100–101
Tricky hidden areas, 13, 143, 321, 333
Tuberculosis, 79, 134–137, 138
active : inactive, 137
HIV related, 138
miliary, 135–136
post-primary, 134–137, 138
primary, 134–136, 138
Tubes, lines, wires
ITU, 175–188
NICU, 214–224
pacemakers, 164–173
Twenty-first century lung infections, 130–139

U

Umbilical artery catheter, 214, 215, 218–219
Umbilical vein catheter, 214–217
Upper lobes
anatomy, viii, 20, 81
blood diversion, 158–159
collapse, 64–66

V

Veins
azygos, 67, 176, 178, 220, 241
Batson’s venous plexus, 307
inferior vena cava, 23
internal jugular, 176–179, 220
portal, 215, 217
subclavian, 176–179, 220
superior vena cava, commencement, 176
umbilical, 214–217
valves, in, 176
Venous confluence, pulmonary, 151, 239
Ventricular aneurysm, 154
Viral pneumonia, 132, 133
V/Q isotope scan, 292

W

Wegener’s granuloma, 269, 277, 278, 345, 349
Westermark sign, 263, 294, 295
White out, a, 87, 264–267

X

X-ray beam (basic principles), 2–5
angulation artefact, 9, 49
divergent, 3, 5
effect on radiograph, 2

Z

Zones, of lung, 9