L

labial infiltrations, 699
labial perforations, 176f
labiolingual diameter, 146
laboratory diagnostic adjuncts, 46
lamellar bone formation, 726–727
lamina dura, 103, 643f, 870
laminar bone, 764t
lasers/laser treatment
caries prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, pulpal reaction to, 519–521, 520f–521f
CO2 laser, 519
diode lasers, 275
doped-doped yttrium scandium gallium garnet lasers, 275
erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet lasers, 274–275
Er:YAG laser, 519
GaAlAs (gallium-aluminum-arsenide) laser, 519
for gutta-percha removal, 914
HeNe (helium neon) laser, 519
Ho:YAG laser, 519
laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF), 18, 225–226, 484, 621, 622f
laser irradiation methods, 272–275
Nd:YAG laser, 519, 914
neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet lasers, 273–274
for protection of dentin, 521
pulpal reactions to, 519–521, 519f–520f
for pulpotomies, 520–521
pulpotomies in primary teeth using, 831
types of, 519
lateral canals, 139t–140t, 355f, 656
lateral compaction, 367–368
lateral luxation, 637
lateral periodontal cysts, 662
lateral root resorption, 645
latex allergies, 694
laws (guidelines) of pulp chamber anatomy, 151–152
lawsuits See See under legal responsibilities/issues
LC (locus ceruleus), 52
leakage
caries related to, 789
coronal, 164, 881–882
prevention with reverse filling of, 150f
retarding, 382
of rubber dams, 114
of seals, 150f, 364f, 427
through dentinal tubules, 150f
Ledermix, 254–255
ledged canals, 160–161, 936–937, 936f, 938f
ledge errors, 318f, 937f
legal responsibilities/issues, 408–425 See also documentation/records See also practice management
abandonment of patients, 423–424
ability to foresee unreasonable risk, 414–415
avenues of exposure, 964–966
computer records, 966
confidentiality, 444f, 965–966
continuing education requirements, 413, 442–443
customary practice versus negligence, 412–413
documentation/records See (documentation/records)
ethical guidelines, 410–412
evidence-based endodontics, 413–414
expert testimony, 424
false claims/billing, 407–408
FDA approval/clearance of drugs, 414
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure, 424
fraudulent concealment, 431–432
identity of entry authors, 406
informed consent See (informed consent)
informed refusal, 965
lawsuits
complications-related, 964
statute of limitations for, 966
locality rule, 410
malpractice See (malpractice)
microscopic endodontics, 420
misuse of technology, 964
National Practitioner Data Bank, 424
negligence See (negligence)
new product use, 414, 420–421
ordinary care (prudent care), 412
prescription drug administration, 421–422
referrals to other specialists, 420
scientific research, 413
separated (broken) instruments, 421 See also (separated/broken instruments)
simple consent, 415–416
spoliation, 407
standards of care, 408–412
surgical versus nonsurgical endodontics, 420
treatment of patients with HIV, 444–445
use/care of equipment and supplies, 421
using alternative technique choices, 418–420
warranties, 964–965
webpages, 965
legislation
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 424
Dietary Supplements Health and Education (DSHE) Act, 404
Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA), 409, 425
Federal False Claims Act, 407–408
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), 405–406
Managed care and Employment Retirement Income Security Act, 425
Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA), 404
Third Millennium Electronic Commerce Act, 405
Wiesgram v. Marley Company, 424
length change, root, 613f, 792–793
length control, 432f, 919f–920f
lengthening of buccal crown, 792–793
length parameters, posts, 794
Lentulo spiral, 363f
LEOs (lesions of endodontic origin), 1010–1011
lesions of endodontic origin (LEOs), 1010–1011
leukemia, 5–6
leukotriene B4, 482–483
levobupivacaine, 699
levonordefrin, 698
liability
general/premises, 964
for staff acts or omissions, 423
lidocaine, 693t, 697, 699, 711
articaine compared to, 699
cardiovascular effects of, 710–711
and epinephrine, 702–703
duration of anesthesia, 703
lip numbness, 703
onset of anesthesia, 702
success rate of, 702
time course of pulpal anesthesia, 703
mean plasma concentrations for, 711f
plasma levels after use of, 711
sodium channel resistance to, 673
ligaments See intraligamentary anesthesia; periodontal ligament (PDL)
light-curing luting cements, 786
LightSpeed/LightSpeed LSX files, 296, 299f, 307, 325–326, 327f–328f, 334f
lingual shoulder, 159–160, 160f, 164
lip numbness, 703, 712
liquefaction necrosis, 812
liquid medical waste disposal, 133
listening skills, 957
liver injury/failure, acetaminophen and, 680–682
local anesthesia, 98, 674–675
administration of, 694
adverse effects, 693–694
allergic reactions, 694
cardiovascular reactions, 693–694
to sulfite antioxidant formulations, 694
systemic, 694
confirming, 695–696, 696f–704f, 708f
distribution of maxillary division of trigeminal nerve, 704f
enhancement of mandibular, 702, 713
mannitol use, 702
supplemental intraligamentary injection, 702
supplemental intraosseous injection, 702
ensuring profound, 738–741
extending duration of maxillary infiltrations, 703–704
failure to achieve, 696, 700–701
accessory innervation, 700
accuracy of injection, 701
cross-innervation, 701
needle bevel and success, 701
needle deflection, 701
speed of injection, 701
future considerations for, 714
future directions for, 714
inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) blocks, 697
plain solutions, 697–698
success of, 709
theory on failure of, 701
injection sites, 700f, 705f
Gow-Gates technique, 699
incisive nerve block at mental foramen, 699
inferior alveolar nerve blocks, 699–700
increasing success of, 700
infiltration injections of, 699
mandibular first molar infiltration injections, 699–700
Vazirani-Akinosi technique, 699
intraligamentary, 707f
intraosseous route, 707–711, 708f
cautious use of, 711
duration of, 710
onset of anesthesia, 709
perforator breakage, 709
plasma levels of lidocaine after, 711
postoperative problems, 711
repeating, 710
site selection, 709
Stabident and X-Tip systems, 707–709, 708f
success of, 709–710
systemic effects of, 710–711
timing of, 710
intrapulpal route, 711–712
with irreversible pulpitis, 712–713
asymptomatic teeth, 713
mandibular teeth, 712
maxillary anterior teeth, 712–713
maxillary molars and premolars, 712
symptomatic teeth, 713
mandibular, 697
duration, 697
noncontinuous, 697
slow onset, 697
success/failure of, 697
maxillary, 702–705
anterior middle superior alveolar (AMSA) nerve block, 705
duration of anesthesia, 703
infraorbital nerve block, 704
lip numbness, 703
onset of anesthesia, 702
palatal-anterior superior alveolar (P-ASA) nerve block, 704
posterior superior alveolar (PSA) nerve block, 704
second division nerve block, 704
success rate of, 702
time course of pulpal anesthesia, 703
supplemental, 705–707
amount of solution delivered, 706
anesthetic solutions, 706
for apprehensive patients, 696
articaine after failed inferior alveolar nerve block, 705
articaine infiltrations, 705
back-pressure using, 705
mechanism of action, 705
success of, 705
The Wand (Compudent), 707f
for surgical procedures, 728–729
vasoconstriction with, 693t
voltage-gated sodium channels and pain, 692t
local circuit interneurons, 675
local control of blood flow, 486
locality rule, 410
localization of pain, 14
assessment interview questions for, 6
determining, 63–64
difficulty of, 671–672
heat/cold sensitivity See (thermal testing)
locating pain sources, 66f–67f
ontogenic, 62
periradicular pain, 55
to primary and secondary pain sources, 674–675
pulpal, 31
pulpal pain, 55
pulp testing methods, 19–20
localized hemostasis, 745–747
locus ceruleus (LC), 52
long-acting local anesthesia, 676, 699, 738
long-cone technique, 99
loose connective tissue, regeneration of, 603
low-speed rotary instruments, 233
lubricants, 152–153, 311–316, 935–936
luting cements, 786–787
glass ionomer, 786
resin-based, 786–787
self-adhesive, 787–793
traditional cements, 786
luxation injuries, 496–497, 497f, 621, 637–647
biologic consequences of injuries, 639–647
infections after, 641f
pulpal calcifications after, 497f, 641, 641f
radiographic examples, 622f
treatment methods for, 637
types of, 637
lymphadenopathy, 10
lymphatic capillaries, 486–487, 487f
lymphatic system, 487f
lymph nodes, palpation of, 9
lymphocytes, 469, 471f, 542 See also B lymphocytes (B-cells) See also T lymphocytes (T-cells)
lymphomas, 5–6