M

macrophages, 469, 469f, 533, 537–538, 542, 725
MacSpadden factor (torsional load), 310b
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), indications for, 61
magnification devices, 226–227
with illumination, 153
loupes, 125f, 226
microscopes, 125f, 226–228, 226f See also (dental operating microscopes (DOMs))
major apical diameter, 146f
malignancies See cancer
malingering, 61
malocclusion, 82
malpractice, 964 See also legal responsibilities/issues See also prophylactic endodontic practice
current use of silver points, 431
defective restorations, 432
defenses against, 964
disclosure errors, 433
electrosurgical problems, 427
errors in judgment, 427–432
incidents of, 425–426
incorrect tooth, 427
leakage of seals, 427
negligence See (negligence)
N2 (Sargenti paste) overfills, 431–432
overfills/overfills, 429–431
paresthesia prevention, 425–426
post retrieval, 427
prophylaxis-related, 408–425, 432–445
screw posts, 425
slips of the drill, 427
statue of limitations for lawsuits, 966
swallowing/aspirating an instrument, 428–429
treatment failure, 426
unretrieved broken files, 427–428
management See pain management strategies; practice management; treatment methods; pain entries; specific tooth, problem, or treatment method
mandibular anesthesia, 697
duration, 697
enhancement of, 702
mannitol use, 702
supplemental intraligamentary injection, 702
supplemental intraosseous injection, 702
noncontinuous, 697
slow onset, 697
success/failure of, 697
mandibular buccal vestibule, 590
mandibular implant surgery, 59
mandibular pain, 61
mandibular teeth
canines
access cavity preparation, 202b
apical canal configurations, 202t
eruption and calcification ages, 202f
root canals of, 816
central and lateral incisors
access cavity preparation, 199b
eruption and calcification ages, 201f
classification and percentage of root canals in, 143t
cuspid/bicuspid cysts, 662
first molars, 355f, 369f–370f
access cavity preparation, 208b–210b
apical canal configurations, 209t–210t
calcification of pulp chamber, 172f
class 1 restorations, 172f
eruption and calcification ages, 211f
with furcation canal, 138f
furcation radiolucencies, 141f
lateral canal lesions, 355f
primary endodontic lesions of, 659f
pulp chamber floor of, 140f
trifurcating roots, 141f
first premolars
access cavity preparation, 204b
access cavity starting location, 163f
apical canal configurations, 204t
eruption and calcification ages, 205f
first primary molars, 817
foramina in, 138–139
incisors
apical canal configurations, 200t
root canals of, 815–816
local anesthesia with, 712
median canal diameters, 148t
molars
clinical views of, 322f
infections of, 12–13
permanent, morphology of, 140t
posterior teeth, referred pain from, 32
premolars, Vertucci type V configuration, 145f
second molars
access cavity preparation, 213b–214b
apical canal configurations, 213t
eruption and calcification ages, 214f
with two canals, 145f
second premolars
access cavity preparation, 206b
access cavity starting location, 163f
apical canal configurations, 206t
eruption and calcification ages, 207f
second primary molars, 817
third molars
access cavity preparation, 215b
apical canal configurations, 216t
eruption and calcification ages, 216f
mannitol, 702
mantle bundle, 701f
mantle dentin, 458
manually operated instruments, 230–233
marginal periodontitis, 656–657
margins, restorative, 162
marketing, 963, 1024
masticatory muscle pain, 55–56, 65
Masserann kit, 926f, 931–932
mast cells, 469, 537
mastication, 83f, 458, 862
material disclosure, 390
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs), 133b
matrix development See scaffolds
matrix material, 942
maturation phase of healing, 726
maturogenesis, 608
maxillary anesthesia
injection techniques for, 704–705
anterior middle superior alveolar (AMSA) nerve block, 705
extending duration of infiltrations, 703–704
increasing solution volume, 703–704
infraorbital nerve block, 704
palatal-anterior superior alveolar (P-ASA) nerve block, 704
posterior superior alveolar (PSA) nerve block, 704
second division nerve block, 704
with lidocaine and epinephrine, 702–703
duration of anesthesia, 703
lip numbness, 703
onset of anesthesia, 702
success rate of, 702
time course of pulpal anesthesia, 703
maxillary injection techniques, 704–705
infraorbital nerve block, 704
posterior superior alveolar (PSA) nerve block, 704
second division nerve block, 704
maxillary sinus, 731
maxillary teeth
anatomic preparations of, 293f
anterior, 146
anterior teeth, local anesthesia with, 712–713
canines
access cavity preparation, 182b, 182f
apical canal configurations, 182t
eruption and calcification ages, 181f
primary, 816f
root canals of, 816
root curvatures, 182f
central incisors
access cavity preparation, 177b, 179f
apical canal configurations, 178t
eruption and calcification ages, 178f
first molars
access cavity preparation, 188b–191b
apical canal configurations, 188t–190t
eruption and calcification ages, 187f, 191f
time course of pulpal anesthesia for, 703
first premolars
access cavity preparation, 182f, 184b
apical canal configurations, 184t
eruption and calcification ages, 185f
first primary molars, 817
foramina in, 138–139
incisors, root canals of, 815
infections of, 12–13
lateral incisors
access cavity preparation, 180b, 181f
apical canal configurations, 180t
eruption and calcification ages, 181f
palatogingival groove, 663f
root curvatures, 181f
local anesthesia for, 712
median canal diameters, 148t
molars, infections of, 12–13
permanent teeth, morphology of, 139t
premolars
access cavity preparation, 186b
apical canal configurations, 186t
eruption and calcification ages, 185f, 187f
root curvatures, 187f
root canal detection in molars, 159
second molars
access cavity preparation, 194b–195b
apical canal configurations, 189t, 195t
eruption and calcification ages, 196f
second primary molars, 817
third molars
access cavity preparation, 198b
apical canal configurations, 195t
eruption and calcification ages, 198f
MB (mesiobuccal) canal, 148
MDH (medullary dorsal horn), 674–675, 675f
measurement systems, 992–993
measuring point standards (ANSI), 240f
mechanical allodynia, 674–679
mechanical irritants, and pulpal reaction, 523
mechanical loading, 782
mechanical phases of access cavity preparation, 153–157
mechanical properties of root dentin, 462–463
mechanisms of action
of intraligamentary injection, 692–693, 705
of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), 672–674
of prostaglandins (PGs), 672–673
mechanisms of pathogenicity, 563f–564f
mechanoreceptors, 55
medial pterygoids, 65
medical considerations, 72–77, 130–132, 694–695, 728–730
behavioral and psychiatric, 77
bisphosphonate therapy, 75–76
cardiovascular See (cardiovascular conditions/events)
diabetes, 73–74
end-stage renal disease/dialysis, 76
of geriatric patients, 882
HIV and AIDS, 76
malignancies, 74–75
medically compromised patients, 71
pregnancy, 74
prosthetic implants, 76–77
psychosocial evaluation, 77
medical history, 5–6, 390–393, 398–402, 438
cardiac status, 73
conditions needing dental care modification with, 5, 5b
for determination of vertical root fractures, 27
for geriatric patients, 882
heart disease, 405–408
Medical History form, 392f
oral manifestations of medical conditions, 5
systemic diseases/conditions, effects of local anesthesia on, 694–695
medical waste disposal, 133
medicated sealers, 362
medication errors, 442
medication logs, 398f
medications
adverse effects of, COX-2 inhibitors, 680
antimicrobials/antibacterials, 17
intracanal, 253–255
ceiling effect, 734–737
combining
dexamethasone with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, 604
nonnarcotic analgesics, 680
NSAIDs, 685–687
drug history, 402
drug interactions, 402
analgesics, 682t
local anesthetics with patients’ medications, 695
nonnarcotic analgesics, 680
NSAIDs, 680
potential for, 729
triazolam with grapefruit juice, 676
with vasoconstrictors, 695t
drug reactions, 402
drug-seeking behavior, 687
intracanal, 253–255
new drug patents, 403
newly marketed, 402
nonprescription, 730
PMA trials, 402–403
potential side effects of, 860
systemic medications for wound healing, 727–728
bisphosphonates, 727
cyclooxyngenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, 728
glucocorticoids, 727–728
nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), 728
medullary dorsal horn (MDH), 674–675, 675f
MedWatch, 404–405
membrane materials, 760–761, 764t
mental foramen, 730, 730f
incisive nerve block at, 699
neuroma formation in, 58–59
overestimating distances, 429
mental nerve avoidance, 442
meperidine, 700
mepivacaine, 693t, 697–698, 703
mepivacaine/prilocaine solutions, 703
Merck Manual, 5
mercury separators, 133
mesenchymal (ectomesenchymal) stem cells, 603
pulpal, 603
sources of, 609
types of, 603–604
mesenchymal stem cells of the apical papilla (SCAP), 611f
mesenchyme development, 455f
mesial root, formation of, 814f
mesial root, 23, 209t, 327f, 665f
mesial tooth surface, perforation of, 176f
mesiobuccal (MB) canal, 148
mesiobuccal root amputations, 67f
mesiodistal diameter, 146
mesiodistal plane, 814
messing gun-type syringes, 727–728
metabolism
of local anesthetics, 694
of pulp, 469–471
metal alloy instruments, 233
metal restorations, 155
metal veneer crowns, 168–169
methemoglobinemia, 694
methylchloroform, 911–912
methylene blue dye, 725f
methylprednisolone, 683
MHC class II molecule-expressing cells, 471f
microbial composition and diversity, 572–573, 572f, 574f–576f, 577–579
microbial ecology, 577–579, 581f
microbial flora of infections, 559–560, 560f
diversity of, 571, 572f
microbial identification methods, 568–569, 568b, 570f–571f, 571b
microbial pathogenicity and virulence mechanisms, 562–565, 563f–564f, 566f
microbiota See microorganisms
microcondensers, 739f
microhardness values (dentin), 778
microinstruments, 229
Micro-Openers, 152
microorganisms, 559–560, 560f See also infections
airborne transmission of, 131
of apical periodontitis, 532–534, 532t, 535f
canal disinfection regimes for, 939
cariogenic, 822
definition, 571
dentin dust as source of irritation, 315f
diagnosis of, 50
diversity of, 571, 572f
efficacy of irrigants in deactivating, 313t
eradication of, 312–314, 334–337
intraradicular/extraradicular, 892f
of lesions, 77
mechanisms of, 562–565
normal inhabitants of, 563
persistent or reintroduced, 891
presence in root canal and dentinal tubules, 291f
in root canal-treated teeth, 582–584, 583f–585f
sealing off escape routes of, 721
spatial distribution of, 574–577, 577f–580f
microscopes, 929f
dental operating microscopes (DOMs), 28, 137f, 226–228
widening of access with, 145f
EndoRez environmental scanning electron microscope (ESM), 264f
instrument removal with, 932–933
magnification, 125f, 226–228
magnification of, 226f
sterilization of, 131f
microscopic endodontics, 420
middle superior alveolar (MSA) nerve, 704f
midface swelling, 593
mid-root perforations, 944f–946f
migraine headaches, 57
Miller, Willoughby Dayton, 560
mineral density, 777–778
mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), 382f, 611–614, 613f, 631–635, 632f, 755, 907–909
apexification with, 611–614, 631–635, 632f
barrier technique, 850–851
clinical studies on, 830–831
delivery systems for, 728, 756f
direct pulp capping with, pulpal reaction to, 518
hard-tissue formation promotion by, 492
for perforation repairs, 941
perforation repairs with, 940f–943f
placement of, 382, 740f
properties of, 382
pulpal response to, 813f
as pulp-capping agent, 843
pulp capping with, 626–627
pulpotomies in primary teeth using, 830–831
pulp responses to, 812–813
radiographic examples of, 842f, 850f
success with, 841–842, 844
minor apical diameter, 146f
− sign (inhibitory action), 675f
mirrors/micromirrors, 739f
misdiagnoses, 893f
of resorptive defects, 647
missing teeth, 861–862, 862f
mission statements, 1021
mixture of tetracycline, acid, and detergent (MTAD), 249, 251–252, 251f, 314
mobility, normal/abnormal, 14
mobility testing, 14, 14f
with children, 818
recording results of, 15b
Modified Dental Anxiety Scale, 436
moisture content of teeth, 777
molars
mandibular second and third, 9–10, 12–13
maxillary, 12–13
molecular biology methods, 569, 571b
molecular mechanisms, in central sensitization, 676
monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, 695t
monomers, 784
morphine, intraligamentary injections, 682
morphology See also anatomy/anatomic considerations
apical, 146f, 1012–1013
morphologic zones of pulp, 86, 463–466, 464f
of permanent teeth, 139t–140t
of primary versus permanent teeth, 813–817
of root canals, 136, 142–144, 814
variations of, 816–817
Morrell Crown Remover, 901f
motor-evoked potential (MEP), 700
Mounce instrument, 932–933, 933f
mouse hole effect, 163–164, 166f
MP (myofascial pain), 55–56
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), indications for, 61
MSA (middle superior alveolar) nerve, 704f
MTA See mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)
MTAD (mixture of tetracycline, acid, and detergent), 249, 251–252, 251f, 314
mucobuccal fold, swelling of, 10f, 12–13
multilineage differentiation capacity of human dental pulp cells, 604f
multiple canals, 86f
multiple foramina, 218f
multiple sclerosis, 58
multipotent stem cells, 603
muscular pain, 56, 64t, 65
musculoskeletal pain, 55–56
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (tuberculosis), 124, 130
myelinated nerve fibers, 474–475, 475f–476f
mylohyoid muscle, 12–13
myocardial infarction (MI), 61
myofascial pain (MP), 55–56
myofascial trigger points, 55–56
myofibroblasts, 725