S

S. I. R. (Separated Instrument Retrieval) System, 934
safety drills, 320
Safety-Irrigator, 256, 257f
safety issues
for employees, 973b
exposure plans, 133b
future considerations for, 134
medical waste disposal, 133
personal safety clothing and protection, 131
radiation safety, 95, 132, 987b
National Council of Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP), 989f
safety of ligamental anesthesia to pulp, 706–707
sharps hygiene, 133, 133b
universal precautions, 17
use of sodium hypochlorite, 875f
safety needles, 246f
SAFs (self-adjusting files), 236–238, 237f, 257, 257f
sagittal slice images, 1015f–1016f
salivary gland pain, 56
same lingual, opposite buccal (SLOB) rule, 103, 106f
sample forms See forms (samples)
Sargenti Opposition Society (SOS), 429
Sargenti (N2) paste treatment, 358f, 362f, 431–432, 432f
scaffolds, 602, 604–606
classification of, 605
development of, 608–609
generation of, 95
resorbable polylactic-coglycolic acid (PLGA), 606f
scalpel blades, 738f
scanning methods, 229 See also cone-beam volumetric tomography (CBVT) See also radiography
SCAP (mesenchymal stem cells of the apical papilla), 611f
SCAP (stem cells of the apical papilla), 603–604
scars, sinus tract stoma area, 10
scheduling considerations, 86, 1022–1023
schools of thought, disclosure of, 417–418
Schwann cells, 477f
sclerotic dentin, 459–460
screw posts, 425
SCT (spiral computerized tomography), 193f
Sealapex, 266b
sealers/sealants, 615f–616f See also adhesives/cements See also obturation
AH26, 266–267
AH Plus sealer, 361f
bioceramic (BC), 361
biologic properties of, 269
calcium hydroxide, 359–360
calcium hydroxide-based, 264–266
chloropercha, 264
composition of, 266b
coronal orifice, 381–382
coronal seals, 153, 369f–370f
EndoRez, 268, 268f
Epiphany, 267
extrusion of, 360f
filling materials, 263–269
formaldehyde additives, 268–269
glass ionomer, 360, 913
for gutta-percha, 260
leakage of, 150f, 364f, 427
luting cements, 786–787
glass ionomer, 786
resin-based, 786–787
self-adhesive, 787–793
traditional cements, 786
medicated, 362
noneugenol, 360
physical properties of, 269
placement of, 362, 363f
polymers, 266
properties of ideal, 359b
radiopacity of, 359
resin, 361, 361f
retrograde seals, 417f
Sargenti (N2) paste treatment, 358f, 362f, 431–432, 432f
sealing putty, 900f
silicone-based, 268, 361
soft, 633f
standards and properties, 269
temporary, 81
types of, 359–362
zinc-oxide-Eugenol formula, 269, 359–362, 359b–360b
sealing putty, 900f
seals, bacteria-tight, 626
secondary dentin, 285, 458, 489–490
secondary hyperalgesia, 52
secondary infections, 569–571, 580–584 See also infections See also retreatment
bacteria at the root canal-filling stage, 581–582
microbiota in root canal-treated teeth, 582–584, 583f–585f
treatment failure and, 581, 582f
second division nerve blocks, 704
second-order (projection) neurons, 42–45, 51–52, 674
secretory function, 467–468
sectioned teeth, 664
security
of digital images, 991
of documentation, 965–966
hardware/software, 972
passwords, 975
sedation
conscious, 734–737
for patients with psychiatric disorders, 77
seizure-induced injuries, 27f
selective anesthesia, 19–20
selective inhibitors, 680
selective sensitivity evaluation, 27
self-adjusting files (SAFs), 236–238, 237f, 257, 257f
self-curing luting cements, 786
self-etch adhesive systems, 794
sensitivity assessment, 14, 650–651 See also thermal testing
bite sticks, 19f
cold, 15–16, 172f
of dentin, 478–480
electric pulp test (EPT), 225
heat, 15–17
innervation of pulp, 478–480
with pulpitis, 41
selective sensitivity evaluation, 27
sweet, 172f
sensitization
central, 53, 675–676
of nerves, 60
peripheral, 53, 672
sensory fibers, 50–51, 475t
sensory information, 473–474, 473f
sensory neurons, responsiveness of pulpal, 15
sensory trigeminal axons, 455f
separated/broken instruments, 177f, 421f, 927f–928f
avoiding, 310, 330f
causes of, 924–926
files, 428f, 929, 931f–932f, 945f
legal issues of, 421
needle tips, 441f
nickel-titanium rotary instruments, 310b
prevention of, 926
prognosis with, 926–928
removal of, 311f, 709, 924, 924f, 927–928, 928f–934f
removal techniques, 924–934
with separated canals, 145
Separated Instrument Retrieval System, 926f
with torsional load, 310b
unretrieved broken files, 427–428
with/without perforations, 440f
sepsis, oral, 587
Septocaine, 698–699
serotonin, 52, 675f
sex steroid deficiency, 728
shape memory, 230b
shapers See also cleaning and shaping of canal system
access cavity preparation, 162f, 166f
finishing files, 327f
HERO 642/Hero Shaper, 298–299
nickel-titanium (NiTi) files, 783–784
orifice, 323f
shaping waves, 328f
sharps hygiene, 89–90, 133, 133b
SHED (stem cells of human exfoliated deciduous teeth), 603–604
shortfilled canals, 435f
silent nerve fibers, 483
silicon-base sealers, 268
silicone-based sealers, 361
Silker-Glickman clamp, 900f
silver-glass-ionomer cores, 784–785
silver points/cones, 431, 922f
application of indirect ultrasonic energy to, 923f
corrosion of, 364f, 921
elevating, 923f
history of treatment with, 363, 861
removal of, 921–924, 923f–924f, 927f
twist-off obturation technique, 925f
simple consent, 415–416
SimpliFill system, 328f, 380–381, 381f
single-use instruments, 132, 441
single-visit treatment, 42, 81–82, 679, 870
sinus exposure, 767–768
sinus/nasal mucosal pain, 56
sinus perforation, 429–430
sinus tracts, 13–14, 868f
chronic apical abscess causing, 295f
differentiation of, 13–14
drainage from, 12f, 13
examination of, 866
extraoral, 11f
lining of, 13
multiple, 28
odontogenic, 10
radiographic example of, 634f
revascularization protocols with, 615f–616f
stoma area scars, 10
tracing, 13
site selection for injections See injection sites/techniques for local anesthesia
skin refrigerant, 15–16
SL (successional laminal), 454f
SLOB (same lingual, opposite buccal) rule, 103, 106f
slow onset of anesthesia, 697
smear layer, 356f, 750
definition, 461–462
formation of, 480
generation of, 609
management of, 337–339, 338f–339f
as physical barrier to bacteria, 356–357
removal of, 251, 315f, 356–358
SMP (sympathetically maintained pain), 60
SNODED (systematized nomenclature of medicine), 995
SNODENT (systematized nomenclature of dentistry), 995
S.O.A.P. (Subjective Objective Appraisal Plan) format, 6
sodium channels, 673, 692t
sodium hypochlorite (NaOCI), 132, 159, 246–247, 250f, 312–313, 325f–326f, 336f, 494f, 777
abscesses related to, 336f
activation of, 256
delivery and evacuation systems, 256f
overextension of, 941–942
safe use of, 875f
toxic effects of, 336f
soft sealers, 633f
soft tissue
examination of, 10–11
injuries to, 649–650
laceration of, 622
loss of, 659
removal of, 745
surgical access, 741
flap design, 742
horizontal incisions, 741–742
tissue reflection and elevation, 742–744
tissue retraction, 744
vertical incisions, 741
traumatic injuries to, 623f
wound healing patterns, 723–726
inflammatory, 723–725
maturation phase, 726
proliferative, 725–726
soft-tissue anesthesia, 697
software packages, 8f
solid core obturators, 914–919
solutions for infiltration injections
articaine/epinephrine, 703
bupivacaine/epinephrine, 703
effectiveness of vasoconstrictor, 706
mepivacaine/prilocaine, 703
prilocaine/epinephrine, 703
solvents, 911–912
for carrier removal, 916
gutta-percha, 266t
introduction of, 912–913
resin, 914
solvent techniques, 350
somatic pain, 55–58
somatosensory system, 53
sonic cleaning devices, 239, 834
SOS (Sargenti Opposition Society), 429
SP (substance P), 508, 672, 675, 675f
space maintainers, 832–833
space of the body of the mandible, 590
spatial distribution of microorganisms, 574–577, 577f–580f
specific immune response See adaptive immune response
specimen collection, drainage from extraoral sinus tract, 12f
spiral computerized tomography (SCT), 193f
splints/splinting
avulsed teeth, 649
composite, 639f
titanium trauma splint (TTS), 649f
split-dam technique, 112–113, 114f
split/divided canals, 187f
split/divided teeth, 29, 35f, 866f
split roots, 24–25, 34f, 921f
spoliation, 407
spoons, 156, 157f, 230f
sports-related injuries, 27f
spray and stretch muscle relaxation, 56
spreaders, 243–244, 372f
sprouting process, 673
squamous shape (apical) cells, 603–604
SR (stellate reticulum), 454f, 458–459
S-shaped canal curvature, 138
Stabident System, 708f, 709
stabilization during tissue reflection, 743
staff issues See also practice management
assisting geriatric patients, 874f
clinician liability for staff’s acts/omissions, 423
Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA), 409, 425
eye protection and masks for, 131
implant training, 80
infection control, 88
leadership, 1024–1026
decision making, 1025–1026
by example, 1026
interpersonal communication, 1025
pregnant workers, 96
privacy of e-mails, 967
protective clothing for, 131
protocols
clinician and staff initials log, 406f
documentation entries, 406
radiation monitoring, 989
staff meetings, 132
training/development, 1021–1022 See also (patient preparation/education)
computer training, 972
continuing education requirements, 413, 442–443
education for barrier placement, 133b See also (rubber dams)
health and safety factors, 973b
motivation of staff, 1026
pursuit of knowledge, 1026
teamwork, 1026
technology policies, 963–964
waste disposal, 133b
tuberculosis skin tests, 133b
vaccinations for staff, 133–134, 133b
Stafne defect, 25f
staging platforms, 929f
staining and transillumination, 19
staining dyes, 227, 272f
delivery methods/penetration of, 267f
evaluation of cracks with, 28
stainless steel, 306f, 825f
standards and properties, 240t, 269
standards of care, 408–412, 963, 965
changes in, 966–967
cleaning and shaping techniques, 321
failure to meet, 964–965
general clinicians’ versus endodontists’, 411f
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), 964
rubber dam placement, 109
Staphylococcus aureus, 567
statins, 604–605
statistical research, 443–444
Steiglitz forceps, 916, 917f, 921
stellate reticulum (SR), 454f, 458–459
stem cells, 468–469, 602–604
stem cells of human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED), 603–604
stem cells of the apical papilla (SCAP), 603–604
step-back technique, 293–294, 320–322
step-down technique, 293–294, 322
sterilization, 124, 132
autoclave preparation, 126f
autoclaves/sterilizers, 128f
computers in sterilization area, 993
considerations and guidelines for, 132–134
dry heat sterilizers, 127–129
elements of sterilization plan, 126b
flash sterilization, 127
guidelines for, 124–125, 441
independent water sources, 130f
in-operatory sterilizers, 129
log of monitoring sterilizers, 133b
microscope covers, 131f
of microscopes, 131f
operatory film barriers, 129f
pretreatment, 124–130
prion decontamination before, 134
of root canal system, 275
sterile technique, 132
sterilizer monitoring service, 128f
technology for, 993
treatment planning and, 130–132
waterline monitoring service, 131f
steroids, 727–728
sticky spots, 935–937
stiffness, tooth, 778, 782
stimuli
firing thresholds to, 672
graded response to, 55
noxious, responses to, 50–51
perception of, 54
responsiveness to, 673–674
stomata, 13–14
storage phosphor plate technology, 984–985
straight-line canal access, 161–162, 324f
strain behavior (mechanical), 230b, 306f
stress behavior (mechanical), 230b
causative stresses, vertical root fractures/cracks, 31f
nickel-titanium alloys, 306f
of poorly fitting restorative procedures, 26f
stress concentration point, 230b
stress distribution studies, 783f
stress distribution studies, 783f
stress response (behavioral), 953–955 See also anxiety/fear
Stropko syringes, 756f
structure of dentin, 604–605
structure of teeth See tooth structure
Subjective Objective Appraisal Plan (S.O.A.P.) format, 6
subjective symptoms, 861
sublingual space, 12–13, 590
subluxation, 637
submandibular space, 590–593
submarginal flaps, 741–742, 742f
submasseteric space, 593
submental space, 10f, 590
subnuclei interpolaris, 674–675
subnuclei oralis, 674–675
subnucleus caudalis neurons, 674–675
subodontoblastic nerve plexus, 455f
subodontoblastic terminal capillary network (TCN), 485f
subondontoblast region of pulpal cells, 464f
substance P (SP), 508, 672, 675, 675f
substance P inhibitor, 486f
substance P-positive nerve fibers, 484f
substandard treatment, other clinicians’, 444
substantivity, 132
Successfil system, 380, 380f
successful anesthesia, 697
successional laminal (SL), 454f
success of local anesthesia, increasing, 700
success rate of local anesthesia, 702
sulcal bacteria, 645–646, 666–667, 894
sulfite antioxidant formulations, 694
sulfite-induced reactions, 694
SuperEBA, 753
superoxidized water, 258
supplemental anesthesia See See under local anesthesia
surface modifiers, 311–316
surface textures of unprepared root canal, 314f
surgery, periradicular See periradicular surgery
surgical access, 741–744
with chronic apical periodontitis, 876–877
for deep root caries, 863f
hard-tissue access, 744
soft-tissue access, 741
flap design, 742
horizontal incisions, 741–742
tissue reflection and elevation, 742–744
tissue retraction, 744
vertical incisions, 741
for visualizing root fractures, 28, 32f, 35f
surgical versus nonsurgical endodontics, 420
Surgicel, 745–746
suture removal, 766
suturing/closure of surgical site, 756–757
swallowed instruments, 429f
swellings
drainage of fluctuant, 81f
intraoral, 11–13
of lateral face and cheek, 593
midface, 593
switch recombination, 533–534
symmetry, laws of, 151, 151f
sympathetically maintained pain (SMP), 60
sympathetic innervation of teeth, 474
sympathetic nervous system (SNS), 52, 474f
symptomatic infections, 573, 577f
apical periodontitis, 37, 536–542, 536f
cell biology of, 536–538
clinical features of, 540
histopathology of, 540
inflammatory mediators of, 538–540, 539t
outcomes, 540–542, 541f
irreversible pulpitis, 36–37
symptomatic teeth
local anesthesia with, 713
partial pulpotomies on, 844
with previous treatment, 45
symptoms See clinical presentations; diagnostic processes; pain entries
syndromes, 25
Synergistes clone BA121, 573, 584
synthetic grafts, 764t
synthetic scaffolds, 605–606
syringe delivery systems, 331–333, 727–728
syringes
heating, 337f
ligamental, 706
messing gun-type, 727–728
Stropko, 756f
systematized nomenclature of dentistry (SNODENT), 995
systematized nomenclature of medicine (SNODED), 995
System B unit, 366, 374f–375f, 919f
systemic accumulation of formaldehyde, 826
systemic administration of medication, antibiotics, 594–595
systemic administration of medications, corticosteroids, 683–684
systemic disease
apical periodontitis and, 552
and periapical wound healing, 554–555
periradicular disease associated with, 588, 745
and periradicular healing, 722
systemic effects, of local anesthesia, 694
systemic medications for wound healing, 727–728
bisphosphonates, 727
cyclooxyngenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, 728
glucocorticoids, 727–728
nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), 728
systemic steroid administration, 684