I

IADT (International Association of Dental Traumatology), 622
IAN See inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) blocks
IANC (bifid inferior alveolar nerve canal), 435f
IANC (inferior alveolar nerve canal), 441–442, 442f, 455f
IASP (International Association for the Study of Pain), 60
iatrogenic root fractures, 25–26
ibuprofen, 686f
ibuprofen compared to acetaminophen, 686f
ID (interglobular dentin), 460, 460f
IEE (inner enamel epithelium), 454f, 456f
IKI (iodine potassium iodide), 227, 249, 253, 314
illumination
devices for, 153
fiberoptic, 171–172
transillumination, 19, 28, 168, 168f, 227–228, 228f
imaging instruments/systems See also cone-beam volumetric tomography (CBVT) See also radiography See also technology/digital technology See also ultrasonic equipment
digital, 108f, 966–967
complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) direct sensor, 985f
computer interface for, 992
cone-beam volumetric tomography See (cone-beam volumetric tomography (CBVT))
data quality, 985–987
DICOM compliant units, 994f
digital photography, 983–984, 984f
effective doses from x-ray procedures, 994t
fiberoptic imaging, 983
intraoral cameras, 978–983, 982f
markers/tags, 991–992
measurement, 991
microscopic imaging, 978
patient education systems, 989
quality assurance, 989
radiation protection, 987–989, 988f–989f
radiography, 21–22, 984–985, 989–991, 990f–991f, 993f
security of, 991
storage and compression of images, 991
visible light (VL) imaging, 982b
workflow improvement, 989
gap imaging, 264f–265f, 268f
Kodak 9000 3D extraoral imaging system, 994f
technology for, 966–967, 982b
immature roots See also pediatric endodontic treatment See also primary teeth
radiographic example of, 634f
revascularization of, 642f
immediate obturation, 381–382, 383f
immune response
adaptive, 532t, 533–534, 535f
bacterial toxins in activation of, 531
to caries, 506–508
innate, 532–533, 532t, 535f
immunocompromised patients, 5–6, 76–77
immunoglobulins, 533
implants, 267f, 760f
costs of, 896–897
endodontic therapy versus, 80
harpooned, 413f, 438f
into inferior alveolar nerve canal, 442f
neuropathic complications of mandibular, 59
periimplantitis, 896f
placement of, 443f, 524
prosthetic, 76–77
survival rate of, 80, 723
incisions
for drainage, 42–45
horizontal, 741–742
intrasulcular, 728–730, 742f
local anesthesia, 713
papillary-based, 742f
submarginal, 742f–743f
vertical, 741
incisive nerve block at mental foramen, 699
incremental filling technique, 780
indications for treatment See treatment methods
indirect composite restorations, 781
indirect foundation restorations, 785–786
indirect pulp therapy (IPT), in primary teeth, 821–822
infections See also microorganisms
abscesses See (abscesses)
after luxation injuries, 641f
apical periodontitis See (apical periodontitis)
archaea, 559, 579
bacterial See (bacteria/bacterial infections)
biofilm and community-based microbial pathogenesis in, 565–568, 566f
cellulitis, 594
control guidelines, 88–90
endodontic, 559–560, 657
extraradicular, 551–552, 584–587, 586f–587f, 892f
of fascial space, 590–594, 591f–592f
focal infection theory, 587–589
fungal, 579
furcal and periapical, 833
hematogenous, 97
high-risk patients, 76–77
host-parasite interactions and, 531–532
influence on outcomes of, 82
locating sources of, 13f
management of, 133b, 292f
of maxillary and mandibular molars, 12–13
mechanisms of pathogenicity, 562–565
as medical emergencies, 45
microbial flora of, 559–560, 560f, 571, 572f
microbial identification methods, 568–569, 568b, 570f–571f, 571b
microbial pathogenicity and virulence mechanisms, 563f–564f
nonvital infected teeth, 46f
odontogenic, 593
oral, 75
posttreatment, 124, 684
prevention of, 643
primary
geographic influence on, 573–574
intraradicular, 572–580
microbial composition and diversity, 572–573, 572f, 574f–576f
microbial ecology and, 577–579, 581f
nonbacterial microorganisms, 579–580
spatial distribution of microbiota, 574–577, 577f–580f
symptomatic infections, 573, 577f
prophylactic treatment for, 685
pulpal, and restorations/restorative procedures, 28f
with pulp necrosis, 37
of pulp space, 641–642
removal of infected tissue, 80–81, 287, 312f
routes of, 560–562, 561f–562f
secondary/persistent, 580–584
bacteria at the root canal-filling stage, 581–582
microbiota in root canal-treated teeth, 582–584, 583f–585f
treatment failure and, 581, 582f
systemic antibiotics for, 594–595
treatment rationale for, 589–590
types of, 569–571
viral, 579–580
infective endocarditis, 445
inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) blocks, 697, 699–700 See also anesthesia/anesthetics (in general)
failure of, 701, 705
for mandibular teeth, 713
plain solutions, 697–698
preventing nerve damage, 425
success of, 700, 709
inferior alveolar nerve canal (IANC), 441–442, 442f, 455f
infiltration injections, 699
duration of, 712
mandibular first molar, 699–700
solutions for
articaine/epinephrine, 703
bupivacaine/epinephrine, 703
mepivacaine/prilocaine, 703
prilocaine/epinephrine, 703
inflammation/inflammatory response, 52, 672–673, 683
abscesses with, 59
acute immunoinflammatory response, 540
of apical periodontitis, 538–540, 545, 548
bacterial causes of, 561
bacterial toxins in, 531
to caries, 506–507, 506f
circulation in inflamed pulp, 488–489
clinical signs of, 820–821
in coronal pulp, 824f
corticosteroid affects on, 683
hallmarks of pain perception due to, 673–674
inflamed interstitium, 472
inflammatory mediators, 482
inflammatory root resorption, 646f–647f
influence on pulp of periodontal, 657
innate immunoinflammatory response, 539t
interproximal inflammatory tissue, 635
management of, 679
neural response to, 673
neuritis, 59–60
neurogenic, 534
neuronal changes with, 673
noninflamed pulp, 620, 625
reduction of chemical mediators of, 676
sensitization of nerve fibers with, 54–55
subclinical, 861f
subepithelial, 645–646
inflammatory lesions, 744–745
inflammatory phase of healing, 723–725
informed consent, 95
adequate, 415
application of, 416–417
avoiding patient claims, 418
different schools of thought on, 417–418
endodontic informed consent, 418
forms, 397, 419f
forms for, 397
in general, 415
for older patients, 872–873
patient preparation/education, 95
for periradicular surgery, 734
principles of, 415–418
questionnaire form, 399f
restorative, 417–418
video-informed consent, 418
informed refusal, 965
infraorbital nerve blocks, 704
infraorbital (canine) space infections, 9, 9f, 593–594
inhibitory action (- sign), 675f
inhibitory neurons, 675
injection sites/techniques for local anesthesia, 700f, 705f
accuracy of injections, 701
Gow-Gates technique, 699
incisive nerve block at mental foramen, 699
inferior alveolar nerve blocks, 699–700
infiltration injections of, 699
mandibular first molar infiltration injections, 699–700
maxillary, 704–705
anterior middle superior alveolar (AMSA) nerve block, 705
infraorbital nerve block, 704
palatal-anterior superior alveolar (P-ASA) nerve block, 704
posterior superior alveolar (PSA) nerve block, 704
second division nerve block, 704
selection of, 709
speed of injections, 701
Vazirani-Akinosi technique, 699
injuries See traumatic injuries
inlays, recommendations for, 790f–791f
innate immune response, 532–533, 532t, 535f, 538–539
inner enamel epithelium (IEE), 454f, 456f
innervation of pulp See pulp innervation
innervators of inflamed tissue, 673
insoluble sealers, 913
instrumentation
errors of See (errors)
sequences for, 291, 320, 321f, 323f, 329f
of vital teeth, 80–81, 882f
Instrument Removal System kit, 933–934
instruments, 127f, 153–157, 325f, 891fSee also specific instruments by name, e.g. Greater Taper
broken See (separated/broken instruments)
burs See (burs)
canal identification and enlargement, 153f
carriers, 917f
chairside disinfection of, 132
cleaning See (cleaning and shaping of canal system)
coated root-end preparation, 751–752
corrosion of, 337f
crown/bridge removers, 901, 901f–902f
decontamination of, 134
deflection of, 160–161
deformation of, 299f
dental operating microscopes (DOMs), 145f
design of, 232–233, 236, 298f, 751–752, 752f
effectiveness and wear of, 240–241
explorers See (explorers)
files See (files)
forceps, 917f
fracture mechanisms of, 307–308, 310f
hand- and engine-driven, 290–308, 321–324, 326f, 937
handle movements, 325f
handpieces, 153, 744f
high versus slow speed, 158–159
illumination See (illumination; transillumination)
imaging See (cone-beam volumetric tomography (CBVT); imaging instruments/systems; radiography; ultrasonic equipment)
instrument management system (IMS), 126f
magnifying See (magnification devices)
manufacturing process of most, 295
measuring of root canal space, 230–243
motors/devices, 308–311
negotiating the canal, 173f
obstruction removal, 245
orascopes, 125f
orifice enlargement, 323f
penetration instruments, 173f
periapical dédebridement, 241–242
for periradicular surgery See (periradicular surgery)
pyramidal wires, 231f
recommended motion for, 310
removal of dentin/locating calcified canals, 173f
root canal obturation, 243–245
rotary See (rotary instruments)
for routine endodontic care, 125b
selection of, 124
separated See (separated/broken instruments)
shapers See (cleaning and shaping of canal system)
single-use, 134
spoons, 156, 157f, 230f
standards for, 239–240
stands/holders for instruments, 127f
sterilization/cleaning of See (sterilization)
swallowing/aspirating, 428–429, 429f
tensile strength, 440f
tips (cutting/noncutting), 232f, 297f
for tooth isolation See (rubber dams)
ultrasonic See (ultrasonic equipment)
usage guidelines, 152
using combination of, 330b
vision enhancers, 153
insurance
carrier warnings about articaine, 698–699
false claims/billing, 407–408
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), 91, 405–406
submitting claims, 967
intensity of symptoms, 6, 64
intentional replantation, 762–765, 767f, 898, 945
interactions, drug See See under medications
interactions of irrigants, 336f
interglobular dentin (ID), 460, 460f
intermediate restorative material (IRM), 753
internal ankylosis, 496–497
internal resorption, 623f
internal root resorption, 644, 646
International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP), 60
International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT), 622
International Headache Society, 56–57
Internet See Web sites
interpersonal skills, 1025
interpolaris, 674
interradicular pathosis, 285f
interstitium, inflamed, 472
intertubular dentin, 459, 460f
interviewing for dental history, 6, 957–958
interview protocols, 957–958
intracanal medication, 253–255
administration of analgesics, corticosteroids, 683
bioactive glass, 255
calcium hydroxide, 253–254
chlorhexidine (CHX), 248–249, 254
formaldehyde, 253
halogens, 253
Ledermix, 254–255
phenolic preparations, 253
triple-antibiotic paste, 255
intracoronal attachments, 872f
intracranial structures, 61
intraligamentary anesthesia, 702, 705–707
amount of solution delivered, 706
anesthetic solutions, 706
avulsion following, 706
back-pressure using, 705
discomfort with, 706
duration of anesthesia, 706
ligamental syringes for, 706
mechanism of action, 705
needle gauges for, 706
onset of anesthesia, 706
precautions for, 707
safety of, 706–707
selective anesthesia with, 706
success of, 705
systemic effects of, 706
The Wand (Compudent), 707, 707f
IntraLight ultraviolet disinfection, 259–260
intraoral examinations, 10–15
digital imaging for, 988
palpation, 14
percussion, 14
periodontal probing, 15
sinus tracts, 13–14
soft tissue, 10–11
swellings, 11–13
tooth mobility, 14
intraoral radiographs, 20–21
intraosseous route for local anesthesia, 707–711, 708f
cautious use of, 711
duration of, 710
onset of anesthesia, 709
perforator breakage, 709
plasma levels of lidocaine after, 711
postoperative problems, 711
repeating, 710
site selection, 709
Stabident and X-Tip systems, 707–709, 708f
success of, 709–710
systemic effects of, 710–711
timing of, 710
intrapulpal route for local anesthesia, 512, 711–712
intraradicular infections, 569–580, 892f
intrasulcular incisions, 728–730, 741
intratubular dentin, 459
intratubular nerve endings, 477
intrusive luxation, 637–639
in vitro fibers, 780–781
in vivo/in vitro cleaning/shaping, 292f
iodine, povidone, 248
iodine combinations, 261–262
iodine potassium iodide (IKI), 227, 249, 253, 314
iodoform paste, 836
ionizing radiation, 989f
IPT (indirect pulp therapy), in primary teeth, 821–822
irradiation methods, laser, 272–275
irreversible pulpitis, 16f, 36–37, 40–41
anesthesia with, 705, 712–713
asymptomatic teeth, 713
intraosseous, 709–710
mandibular teeth, 712
maxillary teeth, 712–713
solution deposition with, 708–709
success of, 710
symptomatic teeth, 713
antibiotics, for emergent, 41
asymptomatic, 37
medical conditions influencing, 75f
pain management strategies for, 714
pretreatment of tooth, 320f
single-visit treatment for, 42
straight-line access example, 324f
symptomatic, 36–37, 41–42
with vital teeth, 41–42
irrigation/irrigants See also disinfection/disinfectants
benefits of using, 315b
calcium hydroxide, 315–316
chlorhexidine (CHX), 247–251, 312–314
choosing the ideal irrigant, 253
into dentinal tubules, 315f
effectiveness studies on, 250
efficacy in deactivating microorganisms of, 313t
ethylenediamine Tetra-acetic Acid (EDTA), 252, 252f, 314–316
heating syringes for, 337f
hydrodynamics of, 245–246
hydrogen peroxide, 252–253, 316
ideal characteristics of, 246b, 311–312
importance of, 835
interactions between, 250
interactions with dentin of, 777
iodine potassium iodide (IKI), 253, 314
modes and devices, 331–334
manually activated, 333
negative and positive pressure, 334
sonically activated, 333
syringe delivery, 331–333
ultrasonically activated, 334
movement/distribution of, 317f
MTAD and Tetraclean, 251–252, 314
needle sizes and manufacturers, 246t, 335f
new techniques and devices, 255–260
noninstrumentation technique, 339
oxidative potential water, 316
properties of ideal, 336b
in regeneration of smear layer, 609
replacement of fluid, 258f
Safety-Irrigator, 257f
sodium hypochlorite, 156
for treatment of apical periodontitis, 589–590
ultrasonically activated, 339
IRS instrument, 934f
isolated bone loss, 29–30
isolation of teeth See rubber dams
ISO-normed instruments, 290
isthmus classifications/types, 149–150, 150f