R

RaCe/Bio Race, 303, 304f
Racellets, 746
racemic epinephrine, 746f
racial groups, canal morphology among, 142–144
rack angles, positive and negative, 229–245
radiation absorbed dose, 733–734
radiation-induced valvular disease, 73
radiation safety, 95, 132
ALARA principles, 95–96, 987
National Council of Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP), 989f
pregnant workers, 96
reduction claims, 433
terminology used in, 987–988
radiation sources, 988f
radiation therapy, patients undergoing, 74–75
radicular cysts, 288f, 545–551, 554
radicular flaring, 147–148
radicular pulp, 484f
radiographic sensors, 90
radiography, 21f See also cone-beam volumetric tomography (CBVT) See also imaging instruments/systems
ALARA principles, 95–96, 987
angled radiographs, 136, 166, 939–941
of apical periodontitis, 534–535
assessment of images, 228–229
bite-wings, 82–83
bone density and exposure time, 870f
buccal object rule (cone shift), 103–106
with children, 818–820
cleaning and shaping (examples), 340f
cone-beam volumetric tomography See (cone-beam volumetric tomography (CBVT))
decontamination of radiographs, 132
in diagnostic process, 819–820
digital, 106–109, 433–435, 966–967, 984–985
documentation of, 393
exposure and film qualities, 102
factors influencing quality of, 21
film holders and aiming devices, 100–102, 101f–102f
film placement and cone angulation, 99–100
film processing, 102–103, 103f
functions/requirements/limitations of, 98–99
halo effect, 656
internal root resorption, 644
interpretation of, 103, 870
lamina dura (presence/absence of), 103
limitations of, 99
misleading results, 83f, 395f, 411f, 434f
paralleling (right-angle) technique, 100f–101f
patient refusal of, 416
for periradicular surgery, 732–734
pre- and postoperative examples, 757f–760f, 762f–763f, 765f–766f
preoperative/postoperative, 433
preparation of radiographs for treatment, 98–109
pretreatment films, 116f, 166f–167f
for pulp vitality testing, 894
radiation safety, 95, 987b
radiographic examinations and interpretations, 20–23
cone-beam volumetric tomography, 22–23
digital radiography, 21–22
intraoral radiographs, 20–21
root canal examples/illustrations, 93f–94f, 104f–105f
three-dimensional, 20
two-dimensional, 20, 24f
universal collimator, 96f
vertical angulations, 731
vertical root fractures, 28–30
view choices/techniques, 106f–107f
bite-wing views, 107f
radiopacity of sealers, 359
radiotherapy, osteonecrosis of jawbone and, 555
rapport/relationship with patients, 436–437, 956–957
communication skills, 437
eye contact, 958
trust-building, 959
rasps, barbed, 231, 232f
ratio measurement method, 243
rationale for, 722
RC-Prep, 835
RDT (remaining dentin thickness), 811
reactionary dentin, 505–506
reactive bone formation, 551
reactive (tertiary) dentinogenesis, 285, 504–506, 506f, 810f, 811
reamers, 234f
recall cards, 965–966
receded pulp chambers, 155
racemic epinephrine, 746
receptor-blocking agents, 60
reciprocating files, 242–243
recommendations, physician forms, 445f
records See documentation/records
rectified turpentine, 912f
reductionism, 565
referral marketing, 1024, 1025f
referrals/consults, 58
consultation letters (sample), 72f
documentation of, 406–407
expertise, 1024
legal aspects of, 420
to mental health professionals, 960
for periodontal disease, 411
for psychogenic pain, 61
referred pain
and convergence, 674
definition/description, 53
diagnostic process for, 31–32
and differential diagnosis, 32
from distant sources, 61–62
heterotopic, 55–56
mandibular, from chest lesions, 61
from mandibular posterior teeth, 32
muscles that refer pain to teeth, 56
from neck structures, 61–62
perception of, 53f–54f
phenomenon of, 56–57
refrigerant spray, 16, 17f
regenerative dentin, 603, 606f
regenerative dentistry/endodontics
bioroot engineering, 838
bone regeneration, 666f, 668f
clinical studies on, 607–615
collagen bundles in pulp space, 607f
historical development of, 607–608
nonsurgical treatment outcomes, 614–615
pulp tissue regeneration, 606f
related clinical procedures, 608–609
revascularization cases, 609–614, 610t, 611f–613f, 615f–616f
summary of, 615–616
dentinal wall thickness change, 613f
growth factor effects on differentiation of odontoblast-like cells, 605t
guided tissue regeneration, 758–762
historical perspectives on, 602
multilineage differentiation capacity of human dental pulp cells, 604f
overview of, 602–603
preclinical studies on, 603–607
delivery systems, 606
growth factors/morphogens, 604–605
scaffolds, 605–606
stem cells, 603–604
summary of, 606–607
pulp regeneration, 851–852, 852f
regeneration of attachment apparatus by periodontium, 657
versus repair, 723
root length change, 613f
tooth regeneration, approaches to, 603
reinforcement of fragile teeth, 789–792
reintroduced microorganisms, 891
relaxation techniques, 959
hypnosis/guided imagery, 959–960
massage, 56
releasing incisions, 728–730
remaining dentin thickness (RDT), 811
removal of dentin, 325f, 330–331, 335f
removal of restorations, 78–79, 152, 157–158, 162
removal/retrieval of posts, 427, 901–909, 904f–908f, 911f, 946f
complications of, 907–909
techniques for, 903–905
removing/locating calcified canals, 173f
renal disease, 5b, 76
repair material, placement of, 942–943
repairs
immediate versus delayed, 941
objectives and principles of, 943
reparative dentin, 285–286, 490, 490f–491f, 493, 493f, 505–506, 812, 864f
pulpal reaction to caries and, 505–506, 506f
replacement resorption, 647
replantation See also avulsed teeth
intentional, 762–765, 767f, 945
on-site, 647
outcomes, 647
treatment before, 651f
unintentional, 901f
repositioning of luxated teeth, 637–639
resection methods, 662–664
residual bacteria, 582
Resilon, 261, 364–366, 366f, 909, 914
Resilon/Epiphany cone, 262f–263f
Resilon obturation system, 632f
resin-based luting cements, 786–787, 811
resin composites, 780
resin-ionomer hybrids, 754–755, 941f
resin-ionomer suspension (Geristore), 754–755
resin-modified glass ionomer cements, 786
resins, chemical irritants in, pulpal response to, 515
resin sealers, 361, 361f
resorbable membrane materials, 764t
resorbable polylactic-coglycolic acid (PLGA), 606f
resorbable suture materials, 757
resorption
apical periodontitis-related, 870
with chronic apical periodontitis, 871f
effects on canal anatomy and apical foramina of, 832
external root, 639–643, 886f
furcal radiolucencies with, 819f
internal, 646, 819
pathologic, 838
in primary molars, 817
repair of, 880f
root, 354, 814, 814f, 832b, 832f
early detection of, 622
resorptive defects, 85f, 104f–105f, 355f, 376f, 1017f
external root resorption, 639–643, 646f, 1016
healed, 640f, 643f
inflammatory stimuli causing, 641, 642f
internal root, histopathology of, 644
internal root resorption, 639f, 643–645, 644f–645f, 1016
misdiagnosis of, 647
radiographic examples, 623f
restorability of teeth, 887
restorations
avulsed teeth and, 651–652
class 1, 172f
class V, 170f
composite, 613f, 790f–791f
direct, 795f–796f
crowns See (crown restorations (caps))
defective, 432
direct composite, 780
excavation of restoration and base material, 172f
ferrule for, 778
foundation, 781–782
intracoronal, 824f
justifying, 788
metal, 155
multiple, 861f, 864
partial coronal, 794
poorly fitting, 26f
to posterior teeth, 794
protocols for nonvital teeth, 793t
removal of, 78–79, 152, 157–158, 162, 168
versus replacements, 899–900
teeth without proper, 350
restorative diagnoses in children, 820–821
restorative materials and options
access restoration, 887f
core materials, 784–785
amalgam, 785
composite resin core, 784–785
glass ionomer and modified glass ionomer core, 785
direct composite, 780–781
direct foundation, 783–785
with endodontically treated teeth, 780–787
full crowns, 781–786
indirect composite or ceramic onlays/overlays, 781
indirect foundation restorations, 785–786
for posterior teeth with root canal therapy, 164
posts, 783–784
fiber, 784
prefabricated metallic, 783–784
zirconia, 784
reasons for root fractures, 782–783
restorative procedures, 777–780, 793–805 See also crown restorations (caps)
adhesive procedures, 794
amalgam core, 800f
composite core, 801f–803f
compositional changes in nonvital teeth, 777
conservative and protective approaches, 790f–791f
crown preparation and temporary restorations, 801–805
dentin structure/properties in nonvital teeth, 777–778
devitalization due to, 27–28
endocrown procedure, 799f
esthetic changes in nonvital teeth, 780
failure of prosthetic foundations, 788f
foundation restorations under full crowns, 794–801
fracture resistance/tooth stiffness of nonvital teeth, 778
indirect foundation restorations, 785–786
large-scale, 289f
luting cements, 786–793
glass ionomer, 786
traditional cements, 786
nonvital teeth, 804f
onlays/overlays, 798f
partial restorations, 794
permanent, 651–652
post placement, 794
pretreatment evaluations, 779f, 787–789
biomechanical status, 788
esthetic requirements, 788–789
protocols for, 793t
pulpal reaction to, 512–516
materials, 516–518, 518f
patient age and, 516
permeability of dentin/odontoblastic layer and, 516, 517f
physical irritation from procedure and, 513–515, 513f–514f
pretreatment pulp inflammation and, 512–513
pulp proximity and surface area of exposed dentin and, 515–516, 515f–516f
pulp infections and, 28f
for rubber dam placement problems, 115
stress distribution studies, 783f
stress of poorly fitting restorations, 26f
temporary, 271–272, 651
tooth preparation, 794
on treated teeth
crown lengthening, 792–793
nonvital posterior teeth, 789
principles and guidelines for, 789
structurally compromised teeth, 789–792
structurally sound anterior teeth, 789
treatment strategies, 789–793
principles and guidelines for, 789
for vertical root fractures, 27–28
restored teeth, access cavity preparation with, 166–169
retention of tooth, 945
reticulin fibers, 468–469
retractors, 739f
retreatment, 684, 886f
considerations for, 82, 83f
files for, 915f
mechanical challenges of, 82–83
metal carrier, 917f
misdiagnosis and, 81f
nonsurgical
access for, 900f
apical area access, 909–924
apical periodontitis, 896f
broken posts, 903f–905f
canal impediments, 935–937
clinical presentations of posttreatment disease, 891f
coronal access cavity preparation, 899–901
etiology of, 890–892, 892f
finishing, 939
heat generation during, 934–935
instruments, 891f
perforation repairs, 939–944
persistent lesions, 893f
prognosis of, 944–945
removal of separated instruments, 924–934
separated instruments, 926–928
unintentional replantation, 901f
unsuccessful, 948f
untreated canal, 899f
untreated mesiobuccal canal, 895f
vertical fracture, 894f
periapical lesions, 84f
response to, 85f
successful, 83f
surgical
crown-lengthening, 897f
versus nonsurgical, 77, 897f
vertical root fractures, 899f
unsuccessful, 927f
retrocavity preparation, 886f
retrofilling, 886f
retrograde fillings, 882
retrograde periodontitis, 656–657
retrograde seals, 417f
retropharyngeal space, 593
Retroplast, 754
retrovisceral space, 593
return visits, unscheduled, 133b
revascularization, 650
advantages/limitations, 609
case studies, 609–614, 610t, 611f–613f, 615f–616f
control cases, 611–614
of immature roots, 642f
of necrotic pulp, 633–635
protocol example, 614
protocols for, 608, 615f–616f
of pulp after injuries, 648
pulpal, 493–494
reverse filling, prevention of leakage with, 150f
reversible pulpitis, 36, 41
ribbon-shaped canals, 142f
Richwil Crown and Bridge Remover, 901, 902f
ridge preservation, 762
right-angle technique, 99
right-angle (paralleling) technique, 100f–101f
risk assessment, 727–728
ability to foresee unreasonable risk, 414–415
development of bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis, 76b
high blood pressure, 728–729
high-risk patients, 76–77
informed consent and, 415
for prescribing antibiotics, 595
radiation risk, 413
RNA, 569
rod-lens endoscopes, 983
root amputation, 67f, 867f, 898
root angulation, determining, 169f
root apex See also apex/apical entries
mean perpendicular distance to apical constriction, 146t
morphology of, 146f
root canal ecosystem, 577–579
root canal space See canal space
root canal therapy
indications for, symptomatic irreversible pulpitis, 41–42
nonsurgical, 37, 67f, 552–554
radicular cyst regression after, 554
wound healing after, 553t
as part of treatment plan, 289f
previously initiated, 37
radiography examples/illustrations, 93f–94f, 104f–105f
surgical, 554
root canal-treated teeth, microorganisms in, 582–584, 585f
root caries, 862f–863f, 887f–888f
root concavity, 660f
root curvatures, 86f, 197f
root dentin, mechanical properties of, 462–463
root development, 457, 457f, 629f, 814
root-end cavity preparation, 750–752
root-end closure See apexification
root-end fillings, 382f, 740f, 752f, 884f
amalgam, 748f
materials for, 752–756
overview of materials, 755–756
root-end regeneration, 608
root-end resections, 747–750, 749f
angle of resection, 748
conditioning, 749–750
determining need for resection/filling, 747
preparation of, 750f–751f
surface preparation, 748–749
surface topography after, 749
root-end surgery, 883
root filling, soft technique, 633f
root formation, 813–814, 852f
in primary teeth, 816
root fractures/cracks, 24–31, 635–637, 635f
apical root, 637
complications of, 636–637
crack types, 24–25
diagnosis of, 24–31, 635, 636f, 661, 725f, 733f
healing patterns, 635–636
horizontal, 638f, 1013–1016
midroot, 637
during post removal, 907
prevention of, 95
of primary teeth, 637
reasons for, 782–783
repositioning of, 637f, 639f
treatment of, 621
vertical, 25–31
causative stresses, 31f
diagnostic methods, 29f, 32f–33f
etiology of, 25–26, 26f
signs/symptoms of, 27
visualizing, 34f
root hemisection, 898
root length, 814
root length change, 613f, 792–793
root nerve fibers, 482f
root perforations, 85f, 656
root preparation, for avulsed teeth, 648–649
dry time, 649
root resorption, 354, 814, 814f, 832b, 832f
root/root end resections, 149, 663–664, 665f, 667, 748f, 757f–758f
roots, primary versus permanent, 813f
root-to-crown ratio, 814
root wall thickness, 95, 634f
ropivacaine, 699
rotary instruments, 234f, 324–330
cleaning/shaping, 324–330
deformation of, 309f
design characteristics of, 298f
EndoSequence, 303–304
fracture mechanisms of, 307–308
Group III, 229, 234f–235f
group III, 233–236, 235f
gutta-percha removal, 915f
hybrid techniques for using, 327–330, 333f–334f, 340f
LightSpeed instruments, 325–326
motors and devices, 308–311
nickel-titanium (NiTi), 294–296, 305–307
for plastic carrier removal, 916–918
ProFile, 326
ProTaper, 326–327, 331f
RaCe/Bio Race, 303
Sequence, 305f
testing of, 307f
rotated teeth, access cavity preparation with, 174–175
Roto-Pro Kit, 905f
round carbide burs, 153
round diamond burs, 154
routes of infections, 560–562, 561f–562f
routes/sites for anesthesia injections, 695, 700f, 705f
Gow-Gates technique, 699
incisive nerve block at mental foramen, 699
inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) blocks, 697, 699–700
inferior alveolar nerve blocks, increasing success of, 700
infiltration injections of, 699
intraligamentary, 705–707
amount of solution delivered, 706
anesthetic solutions, 706
avulsion following, 706
back-pressure using, 705
duration of anesthesia, 706
ligamental syringes for, 706
mechanism of action, 705
needle gauges for, 706
onset of anesthesia, 706
precautions for, 707
safety of, 706–707
selective anesthesia with, 706
success of, 705
systemic effects of, 706
The Wand (Compudent), 707, 707f
intraosseous, 707–711, 708f
cautious use of, 711
duration of, 710
onset of anesthesia, 709
perforator breakage, 709
plasma levels of lidocaine after, 711
postoperative problems, 711
repeating, 710
site selection, 709
Stabident and X-Tip systems, 707–709, 708f
success of, 709–710
systemic effects of, 710–711
timing of, 710
intrapulpal, 711–712
mandibular, 697
duration, 697
noncontinuous, 697
slow onset, 697
success/failure of, 697
mandibular first molars, 699–700
maxillary, 702–705
anterior middle superior alveolar (AMSA) nerve block, 705
duration of anesthesia, 703
infraorbital nerve block, 704
palatal-anterior superior alveolar (P-ASA) nerve block, 704
posterior superior alveolar (PSA) nerve block, 704
second division nerve block, 704
plain solutions, 697–698
success of, 709
theory on failure of, 701
Vazirani-Akinosi technique, 699
Roydent Bridge Remover, 901f
Roydent Extractor System, 926f, 932, 933f
rubber dams, 109–122, 900f
for aerosol reduction, 131
clamp types/placement, 112f–113f
for cold testing, 15–16
difficult placements of, 152
frames for, 111f
for geriatric patients, 875
importance of using, 429f
measuring films without, 416f
multiple tooth isolation, 875f
necessity of, 109
nonlatex, 111f
orientation of dam/bunching, 114
placement methods, 112–114, 152
problem solving, 114–122, 115f
canal projection technique, 118f–120f
gingival hypertrophy, 121f
leakage, 114
loss of tooth structure, 114–115
temporary restorations, 117f
unusual tooth shapes/positions, 114
punching and positioning of holes, 113–114
split-dam technique, 114f
types of, 110–112, 111f–112f
Ruddle Post Removal Kit, 905, 908f, 946f