C

Calamus flow obturation delivery, 377f, 378
calcification
calcified masses in pulp chamber, 819f
canal obliteration, 641, 641f
of canals, 137f, 169–173, 173f, 877–879, 1015f
dystrophic, 495
in geriatric patients, 861f
perforation risk and, 881f
pulpal, 171–172, 494–497, 819, 868f
after traumatic luxation, 497f
diffuse, 495f
dystrophic, 639f
pulp stones, 495f–496f
pulp stones (denticles), 494, 1015f
calcification ages
mandibular teeth
canines, 202f
central/lateral incisors, 201f
first molars, 211f
first premolars, 205f
second molars, 214f
second premolars, 207f
third molars, 216f
maxillary teeth
canines, 181f
central incisors, 178f
first molars, 191f
first premolars, 185f
lateral incisors, 181f
second molars, 196f
second premolars, 187f
third molars, 198f
calcific metamorphosis, 286
calcified tissue, healing with, 635
calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), 476f, 480–481, 482f, 486f, 508, 672
calcium hydroxide, 264–266, 353, 359–360, 492f, 628f, 630f–631f, 811–812, 836, 927f
as antibacterial, 650
apexification with, 254f, 602, 633f
delivery systems, 254f
first use of, 602
as intervisit dressing, 81
limitations of, 254
long-term therapy with, 633
partial pulpotomies, 627f
pH of, 643f
pulpal reaction to, 517–518, 518f
root filling techniques after, 633f
calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), 315–316
calcium sulfate, 746
calculus, 660f
California Dental Association, Dental Patient Bill of Rights, 409
cameras
digital, 984f
intraoral, 978–983, 982f
video, 982b
camphorated monochlorophenol (CMCP), 41
canal bifurcation, 136–137, 137f
canal chamber volume, 865f
canal curvature, 138, 288
canal diameter, 493
canal disinfection regimes, 939
canal fusion, 185f, 215f
canal length measurement, 242–243, 879
canal loops, 181f
canal orifice location, 152–153, 172–173, 175, 191f, 876
canal patency, 876–877
canal projection technique, 115–120, 118f–120f
canals, individualization of, 120
canal space
accessory canals, 139–141, 215f
obturation of, 380f
patterns of, 139f
in roots, 457–458
calcification of, 137f, 1015f
access cavity preparation with, 169–173
locating, 173f
cleaning/drying of, 42
diameters of, 148, 148t
disinfection of, 132, 608
disinfection of necrotic, 608–609
examination of, 870
identification and enlargement of, 153f
impediments in, 935–937, 936f, 938f, 942f–943f
isthmus types, 149–150
ledged, 936f–937f
locating, 884f
medicating, 41
microorganisms in, 291f
missed, 939f
preparation techniques, 319–331
protection of, 942
separated/joined, 145
shortfilled, 435f
silicone models of, 815f
transported, 435f
widening of, 34f–35f
canal surface, infected, 573
canal system/morphology
anatomy, 138f, 139–150
apical See (apical canal configurations)
calcified root canal orifices, 137f
canal configurations
apical See (apical canal configurations)
canal bifurcation, 136–137, 137f
C-shaped, 214f, 217b–219b, 217f
curved, 118f–120f
divided/split, 187f
five canals, 216f
Gulabivala’s configurations, 144f
Kartal and Yamikoglu’s configurations, 144f
multiple canals, 86f
Vertucci’s configurations, 142f
Vertucci type V configuration, 145f
components of, 138–139
lesions of, 287
locating, 137f
pulp space configuration types (Types I-VII), 140–142
ribbon-shaped, 142f
Cancellier Kit, 932–933, 933f
cancer, 5–6
breast, 694
of jaw, 74–75
lung, 61
treating patients with, 73
Candida organisms, 313t, 584
canine (infraorbital) space infections, 9, 9f, 593–594
cantilever bridges, 31f
capillary blood flow, 483–484
capillary plexuses, 725–726
capping See direct pulp capping
caps See crown restorations (caps)
capsaicin receptor, 673
cap stage of tooth development, 458–459
carbide burs, 155
carbonated anesthetic solutions, 700
carbon dioxide (CO2), frozen, for cold testing, 15–16
carcinogenics, 826–827
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), 694, 710
cardiovascular conditions/events, 5–6, 5b, 680
American Heart Association guidelines, 729
bacterial endocarditis, 73
cardiac/thoracic pain, 61
complications of, with patients with cancer, 73
heart rate effect of mepivacaine, 711
history of, 405–408
history of myocardial infarctions (MIs), 72–73
infective endocarditis, 445
myocardial infarction (MI), 61
oral bacteria and, 130
reactions to local anesthesia, 693–694, 710–711
treatment planning and, 72–73
vasoconstricture use with, 728–729
caries, 810f, 897f
cervical, 886f
contamination by, 157
detection of, 987
distal root, 886f
extension into root of, 782
inflammatory reaction development, 461
interproximal root, 862
leakage-related, 789
in primary teeth, complete evacuation of, 840–841
pulpal necrosis secondary to, 612f
pulpal reactions, 504–508
chemokine production, 507, 507f
clinical symptoms, correlation of, 509–510, 509f
dentin sclerosis, 505, 505f
fibrodentin, 505–506
inflammatory response, 506–507, 506f
neurogenic mediators, 508–509
prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, 519–521, 520f
pulpal dendritic cells aggregation, 507–508, 507f
reactionary dentin, 505–506, 506f
reparative dentin, 505–506, 506f
tertiary dentinogenesis, 504–505
treatment of, 521f
to treatment of, 520f
in young teeth, 810–811
recurrent, 168
removal of, 162
root, 862f–863f, 887f–888f
subosseous root, 78–79
cariogenic microorganisms, 822
carious lesions, 286
bacteria of, 561
in dentin, 152, 490f
inflammation with, 820
carotid space, 593
carrier-based systems
gutta-percha, 378–381
for obturation, 270–271
Simplifill, 380–381
Successfil, 380
carriers
metal, 917f
plastic, 918f
case selection, 71, 84
case studies/examples
diagnostic process, 68
nonodontogenic toothaches, 65–68
preparation for treatment, 92–95
revascularization protocol example, 614
cast post/core system, 785
caudalis, 674
Caulfield elevator tip, 923f
cautery, 747
cavitation, 239
cavities
access See (access cavity preparation)
class III, 790f–791f
class IV, 790f–791f
lingual access, 790f–791f
preparation using air abrasion, 521
CBVT See cone-beam volumetric tomography (CBVT)
CDJ (cementodentinal junction), 145, 316–317, 656, 865f, 880
CDR Wireless, 984
ceiling effect (of medication), 734–737
CEJ See cementoenamel junction (CEJ)
celecoxib, 680
cell biology of apical periodontitis, 536–538, 542–545, 544f
cell death, 478
cell division, 492f
cell-free layer of Weil, 464
cell-poor zone, 464
cell restorations of Malassez, 662
cell-rich zone, 464–466
cellulitis, 42–45, 594
cemental tears, 661
cement layer thickness, 787
cementoblasts, 497f
cementoblasts/cementogenesis, 727
cementodentinal junction (CDJ), 145, 316–317, 656, 865f, 880
cementoenamel junction (CEJ), 151–152, 613f, 615f–616f, 632f
formation of, 813–814
law of, 151
position of pulp chamber at, 162
cementoma (periapical cemental dysplasia), 20f
variations in stages of, 106f
cements See adhesives/cements; obturation; sealers/sealants; specific cement by name
cement trails, 29, 34f
cementum, 480, 497f
described, 529
healing injuries with, 639–640
rate of formation of, 870
Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 88–90
culturing of dental water lines, 130
diabetes incidence, 73–74
guidelines for sterilization, 124–125
sterility of sterile packs, 130
central core theory, 701f
central excitatory effects, 55
central information store (CIS), 974–975
centrality, law of, 151
centrally emanating pains, 61
central nervous system (CNS), 478, 692, 699
central neuropathies, 60
central sensitization, 53, 675–676
cephalosporins, 684
ceramic grafts, 764t
ceramic onlays/overlays, 781
ceramic posts, 905
ceramometal crowns, 171f
cerometal restorations, 168–169
cervical caries, 886f
cervical dentin bulges, 164
cervical enamel projections, 661–662, 663f
cervical loop (CL), 454f, 458–459
cervical resorption, 1017f
C-factor, 780
C fibers, 32, 42, 50–52, 54, 475f, 673
C+ files, 912f, 935–936
CGRP (calcitonin gene-related peptide), 476f, 480–481, 482f, 486f, 508, 672
challenging/complicated cases, 170f
calcified canals, 169–173
cleaning/shaping of canal system, 340f
crowded teeth, 173–174, 174f
crown tilt, 163f
Endodontic Case Difficulty Assessment Form and Guidelines (AAE), 42, 43f–44f
excavation of restoration and base material, 172f
heavily restored teeth, 166–169
inadequate/incomplete, 161f
minimal/no clinical crown, 165–175
with missing anatomic crown, 169f
occlusions, 171f
through ceramometal crowns, 171f
vital pulp loss in immature teeth, 840f
chamber floor, 115–116, 120
champagne bubble test, 137
charts, patient See documentation/records
CHD (coronary heart disease), 405–408
checkerboard hybridization studies, 586
cheek numbness, 703
cheek swelling, 593
chelators, 777
chemical irritation/trauma, 59, 515
chemokines, 507, 507f, 539–540
chemomechanical preparation, 245–246
chemotherapy, 74–75
chest lesions, 61
chief complaints, 2–5, 49f, 62–64, 858
childhood hypophosphatasia, 461f
children See pediatric endodontic treatment
chlorhexidine (CHX), 132, 247–251, 250f, 254, 312–314
chlorine, 247 See also sodium hypochlorite (NaOCI)
chloroform, 911–912, 912f
chloropercha, 264
chloropercha filling, 910–911
chondrocytes, 604
chondrogenic differentiation, 604f
chronic apical abscesses, 38
chronic apical periodontitis, 542–545
chronic infections, 664
CHX (chlorhexidine), 132, 247–251, 250f, 254, 312–314
circumpulpal dentin, 458–459
CIS (central information store), 974–975
citric acid, 749–750
CL (cervical loop), 454f, 458–459
Clark’s rule, 103
class I access cavity preparation, 482f
class I occlusions, 896–897
class I restorations, 172f
classes (A-F) of need for bone grafts, 758
class III cavities, 790f–791f
class III occlusions, 896–897
class II restorations, 157–158
class IV cavities, 790f–791f
class V restorations, 168, 170f
cleaning and shaping of canal system, 162f, 166f, 229–241, 321–324, 325f
balanced force technique, 323–324
canal preparation techniques, 319–331
clinical issues of, 287–289, 316–319
complicated cases, 340f
concepts and strategies for, 318–319
crown-down technique, 322–323, 328f
dental anatomy, 285–287
desired shape examples, 318f
disinfection/dentin surface modifiers/lubricants, 311–316
enlargement of orifice, 323f, 327f
eradication of microorganisms, 334–337
errors of, 298f, 318f–319f
finishing files, 327f
framework for, 283–289
Group I manually operated instruments, 230–233, 231b
Group II low-speed rotary instruments, 231b, 233
Group III rotary instruments for canal preparation, 229, 231b, 233–236, 234f–235f
Group IV engine-driven three-dimensionally adjusting files, 231b, 236–238
Group V engine-driven reciprocating, 231b, 238
Group VI sonic and ultrasonic, 231b, 238–239
hand and engine-driven instruments, 290–308
handle movements, 325f
HERO 642/Hero Shaper, 298–299, 301f
infection management, 292f
irrigation modes and devices, 331–334 See also (irrigation/irrigants)
objectives of, 289b, 316–318, 320f
pathophysiology of endodontic disease, 283–285
pulp remnants/wall debris/cleaned walls, 149f
radiographic examples, 340f
rotary instruments See (rotary instruments)
sequence of use of instruments, 321f, 323f, 329f
smear layer management, 337–339, 338f–339f
standardized technique for, 321
step-back technique, 321–322
step-down technique, 322
straight-line access, 324f
surface textures of unprepared root canal, 314f
technical issues of, 289–316
techniques for, 42, 331–339
ultrasonic devices, 330–331
in vivo/in vitro, 292f
cleaning of instruments See sterilization
clenching, 56, 788
clinical presentations
in apical periodontitis, 534–535
internal root resorption, 644
pulpal inflammation correlation, 509–510, 509f
root fractures, 635
symptomatic apical periodontitis, 540
clinicians See staff issues
closed apex avulsions, 648–651
closure of surgical site, 756
clot formation, 724
cluster headaches, 57
CMCP (camphorated monochlorophenol), 41
CO2, forming solid, 16f
cocaine, 695t
codeine, 682, 687
CO2 laser, 519
cold sterilization, 126–127, 129
Colla-Cote, 940f, 942f–943f
collagen, 764t
collagen bundles in pulp space, 607f
in dental matrix, 462–463
as hemostatic agent, 440, 613f, 745, 746f
ossix membrane, 668f
pulpal collagen fibers, 471f, 473f
soft-tissue, 495
types I-VI, 473
collagen bundles in pulp space, 607f
collagen gene expression, 456–457
collagen GTR (guided tissue regeneration), 666f
CollaPlug, 615f–616f
College of American Pathologists, 995
collimation, 95
color See also discoloration
changes, 780, 789
differences in pulp chamber areas, 171–172
law of, 151
combination grafts, 764t
combined lesions, endo-perio, 661f
communication (office), 956–959, 1025 See also patient preparation/education
e-mail protocols, 967b
eye contact, 958
interoffice, 967
nonverbal, 958–959
privacy protocols for, 966
professional, 437
rapport with patients, 436–437, 956–957
telephone skills, 437
trust-building, 959
community-based microbial pathogenesis, 565–568, 566f, 578–579
compaction
devices for, 244f
pluggers, 372f
thermomechanical, 381
excessive, 371f
lateral, 367–368
comparative testing for pulp/periradicular status, 894
compartment syndrome, 430
complaints See chief complaints
complications
with geriatric patients, 882
lawsuits and, 964
neuropathic, 59
in patients with cancer, 73
of periodontal treatment, 865–866
of periradicular surgery, 766–768
postoperative, with Stabident and X-tip systems, 711
of post removal, 907–909
of root fractures/cracks, 636–637
with single versus multiple visit treatment, 81–82
treatment of (See specific injury)
composite core approaches
materials for, 754–755, 784–785
with post, 802f–803f
recommendations for, 790f–791f
without post, 801f
composite resin bonding, 834f
composite restorations, 613f, 795f–796f
composition of sealers, 266b
Compudent (The Wand), 707, 707f
computed tomography (CT scan), 29, 732–734, 994t
computer hardware and software
in administration areas, 993
cabling and wireless systems, 1001
central information store (client/server network), 974–975
data security, 975
equipment protection, 975
hardware, 975
privacy, 975
software, 974–975
central processing units (CPUs), 1002
Citrix and Windows servers, 999
clinical support, 970t
computer hardware and software, 999f
consulting and support IT systems, 1004
digital imagine See (digital imaging instruments/systems)
fat-client/thin-client models, 999–1001
graphics and imaging standards, 994–995
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), 1004
input devices, 1003–1004
integrated office system, 970f
local area networking (LANs), 998
monitors, 1002–1003
online communication systems, 996f
online preregistration forms, 1000f–1001f
patient education software, 1004
pharmacology reference software, 1004
power supplies/protection, 1001
printers, 1003
scanners
dental film scanning, 985f, 986b
document, 1003
virtual private networks (VPNs), 998–999
wide area networking (WANs), 998
workstations, 972
computerized records, 405
confidentiality, 966
digital signatures, 966
off-site backup, 966
protection against alteration, 966
computer use
policies for, 967
protocols, 966, 967b, 982b
in sterilization areas, 993
COMT inhibitors, 695t
concentricity, law of, 151
concomitant attachment damage, 625
concomitant lesions, 661, 661f
concussion luxations, 637
cone-beam volumetric tomography (CBVT), 20, 22f–25f, 229, 229f, 721–722, 732–734, 966–968, 992–993, 1015f–1016f
angulation examples, 1014f
applications of, 734
axial slice images, 1012f
benefits of, 1012
description of, 1007
for detecting root fractures, 29
diagnostic tasks for, 1008–1016
examinations and interpretations, 22–23
field of view, 1008–1011
image examples, 1010f
immature maxillary canine, 820f
incomplete obturation, 1017f
indications for, 1010–1011
access cavity images, 1013f
apical morphology/endodontic lesions, 1012–1013
internal/external root resorption, 1016
presurgical visualization, 1013
root canal system morphology, 1013
suspected root fractures/trauma, 1013–1016
interpreting ability of clinician, 1011
machines currently on market, 1009f, 1010t
maxillary primary molars, 816f
pixels versus voxels, 1007–1008, 1009f
pulp stones/canal calcification, 1015f
radiation doses from, 994t
region of interest (ROI), 1011
spatial resolution requirements, 1010–1011
tools available in, 1007
versus 2D radiography, 1013
usage for implant placement/apical surgery, 443f
voxels/voxel sizes, 1007–1008
cones, silver See silver points/cones
cone shift (buccal-object rule), 103–106, 106f–107f, 166
cone-shift technique, 103
confidentiality, 444f, 964–966
connective tissue, 472–473, 603, 635
conscious sedation, 714, 734–737
Consensus Conference on Diagnostic Terminology, 36
consent forms, 399f
Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT), 42
CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials), 42
consults See referrals/consults
continuing education See staff issues
continuous wave compaction technique, 371–374, 374f
convergence, 52, 55
of pulpal nociceptors, 55
referred pain and, 674
with visceral/musculoskeletal pain, 63–64
core/core materials, 784–785
Activ GP, 364
amalgam, 785
amalgam core, 779f, 785, 800f
amalgam cores, 798
choice of core, 439–440
composite core, 801f–803f
with post, 802f–803f
resin, 784–785
without post, 801f
core bundle, 701f
flexing of core, 782
glass ionomer/modified glass ionomer, 785
gold, 798–801
recommendations for, 790f–791f
retention of core, 804f
role of core, 781
solid core obturators, 914–919
coronal access cavity preparation, 899–901
coronal binding, 320
coronal dentin, 459, 462–463, 463f
coronal disassembly, 899–901
CoronalFlex Kit, 901f
coronal hard-tissue deposition, 290f
coronal leakage, 164, 350
coronal orifice sealers, 381–382
coronal penetration of bacteria, 249–250
coronal pulp, 109, 455f, 603–604, 823–824, 824f
coronal radicular amalgam, 798
coronal root fractures, treatment of complications of, 636–637
coronal seals, 153, 369f–370f, 881–882
coronal tooth structure, 151f, 875
coronal vitality loss, 636
coronary heart disease (CHD), 405–408
corrosion, 364f, 921, 922f
cortex, 676
cortical bone perforations, 1015f–1016f
cortical plates, 848
corticosteroids, 674
for analgesia, 683–685
antiinflammatory effects of, 683–684
intracanal administration of, 683
patients taking long-term, 604
systemic administration of, 683–684
cosmetic dentistry, 905
COX-1 and 2 (cyclooxygenase), 672–673, 675f, 728
COX-2 inhibitors, 680
cracks/fractures, 24, 47, 864
apical fractures, 751
cracked tooth syndrome, 25, 47
crown See (crowns (anatomic))
locating/evaluating, 19, 27–28, 228f
management of, 47
prognosis for, 29
reduced risk of causing, 120
treatment for, 24
types of, 24–25
vertical root fractures See (vertical root fractures)
craniofacial structures, 62
craze lines, 24, 864
CRCS, 266b
cross-innervation, 701
crowded teeth, 173–174, 174f
Crown-A-Matic, 901f
crown-down (double-flare) technique, 320–323, 328f–329f, 922f
crown infraction, 622–624
crown lengthening, 78–79, 792–793
crown margin failure, 782
crown restorations (caps)
creating access through, 168
crown lengthening, 792–793
crown preparation for temporary restorations, 801–805
explanations of treatments, need for crown after treatment, 92
foundation restorations under full crowns, 794–801
indications for, 780f
materials for See (restorative materials and options)
metal veneer, 168–169
onlays/overlays, 798f
performing endodontic therapy through, 158
porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns, 15–16
porcelain jacket crowns, 15–16
recommendations for, 790f–791f
removal of, 878f, 899–901
retention of, 876f
Richwil Crown and Bridge Remover, 902f
veneers See (veneer crowns)
crown-root fractures, 621, 635
crowns (anatomic)
access cavity preparation
crown tilt, 163f
with missing anatomic crown, 169f
teeth with minimal/no crown, 165–175
through ceramometal crowns, 171f
fractures/cracks, 620, 622–635
complicated, 624, 624f
crown infraction, 622–624
emergency treatment of, 623f
treatment methods, 624–625, 629f
full pulpotomy, 629
uncomplicated, 624
morphogenesis of, 455
pulpal reaction to preparation of, 516, 516f
regeneration of, 602
requirements for success of restorations for, 781–782
surface temperature of, 225
crown tilt, access cavity preparation, 163f
crown-to-root angulation, 166–168, 174
C-shaped canal configurations, 142–144, 214f, 217b–219b, 217f
CT scan (computed tomography), 29, 732–734, 994t
CTX test, 75–76
cube tool, 1015f–1016f
culture methods, 568b, 648
curettage, 744–745
curved canals, 118f–120f
cuspal flexure, 523–524
cusps
bite testing on individual, 19
pressure on, to assess for fracture, 27
custom cap posts, 947f
custom cones, 366–367
customer service, 1023–1024
cutting angles, 234
cutting tips, 232f
Cvek pulpotomies, 842–843, 843f
cyanoacrylate, 925f, 929–930
cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and 2), 672–673, 675f, 728
CYP2D6 allele, 687
cystic lesions, 893f
apical periodontitis with
cell biology of, 547
clinical features, 548
cyst regression after nonsurgical therapy, 554
histopathology of, 548, 548f–550f
inflammatory mediators with, 548
outcomes, 551
histopathology of, 662
periodontal cysts, 662, 664f–665f
radicular, 545–551
radicular cysts, 288f
true cysts, 892f
cysts, 744–745
cytochrome P450 (CYP), 687
cytokines, 673
in innate immunoinflammatory response, 539
release of, 675f
in wound healing, 553t
cytolytic T lymphocytes, in adaptive immune response, 533