Index

f indicates figure; b, box; and t, table. Note: Page numbers from 953 to 1026 in the index apply to Chapters 26 to 30, which only appear online.

A

AAE See American Association of Endodontists (AAE)
AAOM (American Academy of Oral Medicine), 71
AAPD (American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry), 822
abandonment of patients, 423–424
abbreviations in documentation, 405, 405b
A-beta fibers, 42–45
ablators, 241
abscesses
apical, 37–38, 295f, 540–542, 541f, 580
buccal, 428f, 659f
under carious lesions, 811
formation of periodontal, 659
inflammation with, 59
management of, 594
periradicular, 9f, 42–45
sodium hypochlorite-related, 336f
abutting teeth, 871f, 873f, 880f, 886f, 887
AC (apical constriction), 145, 316–317, 936f
access, surgical See surgical access
access cavity preparation, 150–153, 170f, 175, 318f, 369f–370f
angle of penetration, 165f
anterior See (anterior access cavity preparation)
breaking instruments See (separated/broken instruments)
with calcified canals, 169–173
challenging, 170f
class I preparation, 482f
with class V restorations, 170f
creation of cavity walls, 152
crowded teeth, 173–174, 174f
crown tilt, 163f
with C-shaped root canal systems, 217b–219b
devices for periapical dédebridement, 241–242
errors of See (See under errors)
evaluation of CEJ and occlusal anatomies, 151–152
excavation of restoration and base material, 172f
exploration before, 168f
with geriatric patients, 875–877
guidelines for, 151–153
heavily restored teeth, 166–169
ideal/proper, 150–151, 158
inadequate/incomplete, 161f, 926
incisal, 152f, 161f
instruments for See (instruments)
locating difficult canals, 152
mandibular teeth See (See specific teeth under mandibular teeth)
maxillary teeth See (See specific teeth under maxillary teeth)
mechanical phases of, 153–157
minimal/no clinical crown, 165–175, 169f
modifications to, 712
mouse hole effect, 163–164, 166f
objectives of, 150–151
occlusions, 171f
posterior See (posterior access cavity preparation)
prepared canal wall, 356f
pulp chamber
inspection of, 153
roof/horn removal, 165f
for pulpectomies on primary teeth, 833–836
pulp remnants/wall debris/cleaned walls, 149f
removal of defective restorations and caries, 152
removal of unsupported tooth structures, 152
rotated teeth, 174–175
shaping/cleaning, 162f, 166f
starting locations, 162–163, 163f, 165f
straight-line access, 151f
tapering of cavity walls, 153
three-canal, 185f
through ceramometal crowns, 171f
through existing restorations, 899–900
through lingual and occlusal surfaces, 152
underextended, 161f
visualizing, 151, 168f
wide and narrow apical, 319t
accessory canals, 139–141, 215f
obturation of, 380f
patterns of, 139f
in roots, 457–458
accessory foramina, 140f, 147, 181f
accessory innervation, 700
acetaminophen, 679–682, 686f See also nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
acid etching, 786–787
acoustic streaming, 239
Actinomyces organisms, 313t
Activ GP, 364
acute apical abscesses, 37
acute cases See emergencies
acute endodontic pathosis, 78f
acute immunoinflammatory response, 540
ADA See American Dental Association (ADA)
ADA (American Dental Association), 92
universal precautions, 88
adaptive immune response, 532t, 533–534, 535f
A-delta fibers, 36, 36f, 42, 50–52, 54
adhesives/cements, 263–269, 795f, 798f–799f, 801fSee also specific adhesives/cements by name
crown removal and, 902
cyanoacrylate, 925f
dual-cured adhesives, 786
glass ionomer See (glass ionomer cements (GICs))
post cementation, 804f
rationale for using adhesive, 786
removal of old, 170f
for removing separated instruments, 930–931
self-adhesive luting cements, 787–793
temporary, 272b
tissue adhesives, 757
zinc oxide and eugenol See (zinc-oxide-Eugenol (ZOE) formula)
adipocytes, 604
adipogenic differentiation, 604f
adult (postnatal) stem cells, 603
adverse drug reactions, 404–405
adverse effects
COX-2 inhibitors, 680
of local anesthesia, 693–694
allergic reactions, 694
cardiovascular reactions, 693–694
to sulfite antioxidant formulations, 694
systemic, 694
of opioids (narcotic analgesics), 682
prothrombic, 680
aesthetics, 82
discoloration, 92, 780f, 790f–791f, 797f
of crown, 821
of nonvital primary incisors, 835
of primary teeth, 834f
of single teeth, 869
of traumatized teeth, 821
of implants, 896–897
AF See apical foramina
afferent fibers, 674–675, 675f
afferent neurons, 474
A fibers, 475f
age See patient age
argyrophilic collagen fibers, 468–469
AH Plus sealer, 361f
AH26 sealer, 266–267
AIDS and HIV patients, 76, 88, 444–445
air abrasion, 521, 899–900
airborne transmission of microbes, 131, 134
airborne transmission of microorganisms, 131
air embolus (pneumomediastinum), 440
ALARA principles, 95–96, 987
alcohol use/abuse by patients, 438, 694
allergic reactions
chlorhexidine, 250–251
diphenhydramine for, 700
to formocresol, 826
to local anesthesia, 694
sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 247
to sulfites, 694
allodynia, 59–60, 483, 672–674, 673b, 675f
causes of, 675–676
mechanical, 674–679
thermal, 674
allografts, 764t
alveolar bone, described, 530
alveolar hard tissues, 14
alveolar process, described, 530
AMA (American Medical Association), 409, 422
amalgam, 748f, 785, 948f
coronal radicular, 798
removal of, 170f
amalgam core approaches, 779f, 800f
amalgam particles, 107f
ameloblasts, 455f
amensalism, 578–579
American Academy of Oral Medicine (AAOM), 71
American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD), 822
American Association of Endodontists (AAE), 73, 358, 872, 898
Endodontic Case Difficulty Assessment Form and Guidelines, 42, 43f–44f
American Dental Association (ADA), 92, 130, 969
Code of Ethics, 410–412
continuing education, 963
Council on Scientific Affairs, 80, 988–989
drug warning pads, 422
instrument measuring standards, 240f
measurement points for gutta-percha cones, 261f
universal precautions, 88
American Heart Association (AHA), 73, 445, 729
American Medical Association (AMA), 409, 422
American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 969
instrument standards, 239
K-files, H-files, gutta-percha cones, 240t
measurement points for gutta-percha cones, 261f
measuring points, 240f
American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA), 71, 72b, 404, 728
amino acid release, 675
AMPA receptors, 675f
amputation neuroma, 58–59
amputations
of coronal pulp, 823–824, 824f
of root, 67f, 867f, 898
superficial (partial pulpotomy), 842
AMSA (wand) injections, 422f
AMSA (anterior middle superior alveolar) nerve blocks, 705
anachoresis, 561
anaerobic bacteria, 584, 586
analgesia See also See also pain entries
acetaminophen, 679
ibuprofen compared to, 686f
and liver injury/failure, 680–682
antibiotics as prophylactic, 684–685
combining, 682
compatibility with pregnancy and breastfeeding, 74b
corticosteroids, 683–685
corticosteroids for, 683
drug interactions, 682t
gender differences in response to, 695
nonnarcotic, 680–682, 686f
nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), 682t
opioids for, 682, 682t–683t
Oxford League Table of Analgesic Efficacy, 681t
paste delivery systems, 615f–616f
for peripheral neuropathies, 60
for peripheral nociceptors, 674
prescriptions for, 45–46
anastomoses, 139t–140t, 215f
anatomic crown See crowns (anatomic)
anatomic landmarks, 875
anatomy/anatomic considerations See also morphology
A-delta fibers, 50–51
anatomic preparations of maxillary molars, 293f
anatomic relationships of teeth, 136
apical root, 145–150, 354f
tubules and microbranches, 147f
canal, 928f
complex apical, 216f
complex root, 216f
C-shaped canals, 139, 217f–218f
dental, 285–287
distal root, 83f
distribution of maxillary division of trigeminal nerve, 704f
effect of resorption on canal anatomy, 832
geriatric patients, 882
of infections, 574–577
interconnecting canal, 218f
neuroanatomy, 40
autonomic nervous system (ANS), 42–45
central nervous system (CNS), 42
neural structures, 41–42
somatic structures, 40–45
occlusal anatomy and access cavity, 151–152
of periapex, 529
for periradicular surgery, 730–732, 730f, 732f
anterior maxilla and mandible, 732
posterior mandible, 730–731
posterior maxilla, 731–732
post placement and root anatomy, 781–782
primary root canal anatomy, 814
radicular, 296f
reproduction of original tooth anatomy, 166–168
root canal system, 138f, 139–145, 815b
tomographic illustrations of, 293f–294f
tooth components, 55
tooth structure See (tooth structure)
unusual/complicated, 286f
visualization of internal, 151
anemia, 5–6
anesthesia/anesthetics (in general) See also local anesthesia
articaine, 698–699, 705
clinical effectiveness of, 698
insurance carrier warnings, 698–699
with irreversible pulpitis, 710
central core theory, 701f
clinically available, 693
confirming, 695, 696f–704f, 708f
dosages, 693t
drug interactions with, 695t
effects of systemic diseases/conditions on, 694–695
excessive, 422f
going without, 832
for incision and drainage, 713
increasing success of, 700
lidocaine, 697, 699
and epinephrine, 702–703
mean plasma concentrations for, 711f
plasma levels after use of, 711
sodium channel resistance to, 673
local See (local anesthesia)
long-acting, 699
long-term, 676
mechanisms of action for, 692–693
mepivacaine, 697–698
oral conscious sedation, 714
for pain reduction when endodontic treatment is impossible, 714
patients with previous problems with, 696
for periradicular surgery, 713, 737–741
prilocaine, 697–698
pulpal blood flow and, 510–512, 511f–512f
pulpal reaction to intrapulpal, 512
for pulpotomy, 714
reversing, 697
ropivacaine, 699
routes of administration See (routes/sites for anesthesia injections)
safety of ligamental anesthesia to pulp, 706–707
selective testing with See (See under diagnostic processes)
solutions for infiltration injections
articaine/epinephrine, 703
bupivacaine/epinephrine, 703
mepivacaine/prilocaine, 703
prilocaine/epinephrine, 703
successful, 697
topical, 696
angiogenesis, 603–605
animalcules, 560
ANSI See American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
anterior access cavity preparation, 152
identification of canal orifices, 159
individual teeth, 162
initial external outline form, 158
primary teeth, 833
pulp chamber, 158–159
refinement of margins, 162
removal of caries and permanent restorations, 157–158
removal of lingual shoulder, orifice, coronal flaring, 159–160
starting location/angle of entry, 158f
straight-line access determination, 160–162
visual inspection of cavity, 162
anterior middle superior alveolar (AMSA) nerve blocks, 705
anterior palatine artery, 732f
anterior superior alveolar (ASA) nerve, 704f
antiadrenergic drugs, 695t
antibacterials, 248–249, 313–314
antibiotics
contraindications for, 594
for emergent irreversible pulpitis, 41
for flare-up avoidance, 684
indications for prescribing, 45
intracanal placement of, 612f
pretreatment administration of, 734–737
prophylactic, 96–97, 737
as prophylactic analgesia, 684–685
systemic, 594–595
timing of administration of, 684
triple antibiotic paste, 255, 494f, 608–609, 612f–613f, 852f
anticoagulation therapy, 73, 729
antidromic impulses, 481, 672
antigen-presenting cells, 471f
antigen-presenting cells (APCs), 533
antimicrobial therapy, 275, 325f, 567
anxiety/fear
antianxiety regimens, 97–98
anxiety virtual analog scale (AVAS), 86
assessment of, 77, 958
behavioral interventions, 959–960
distraction, 959
hypnosis/guided imagery, 959–960
referrals to mental health professionals, 960
relaxation, 959
control of, 71
coping strategies, 959
definitions, 954
dental phobia, 954
influence on case selection of, 84–86
inter- and intravariability in responses, 954
management of, 91–92, 956–960
pain perception and, 672–673, 676
prevalence of patients with, 953
role of, 953
APCs (antigen-presenting cells), 533
apexification, 382f, 494f, 608–609, 611–614, 637
artificial apical barrier techniques, 850–851
calcium hydroxide See (calcium hydroxide)
filling materials for, 266b, 633
histologic example (dog tooth), 849f
of immature teeth, 630–635, 847–851
with MTA See (mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA))
with nonvital pulp, 630–635
pediatric, 847–851
radiographic examples, 848f
schematic of, 847f
Apexit, 266b
apex locator devices, 243f–244f, 318
apexogenesis, 608, 845–847, 845f–846f
apexum devices, 241f–242f
apical abscesses, 37–38, 295f, 540–542, 541f, 580
apical accessory canals, 747f
apical actinomycosis, 586
apical area access
for gutta-percha removal, 910–914
for paste retreatment, 919–921
for silver point removal, 921–924
solid core obturators for, 914–919
apical barrier technique, 381, 632–633
apical bone loss, 20f, 25f
apical canal configurations, 148–149
mandibular
canines, 202t
first molars, 209t–210t
first premolars, 204t
incisors, 200t
second molars, 213t
second premolars, 206t
third molars, 216t
maxillary
canines, 182t
central incisors, 178t
first molars, 188t–190t
first premolars, 184t
lateral incisors, 180t
second molars, 189t, 195t
second premolars, 186t
third molars, 195t
apical (squamous shape) cells, 603–604
apical closure, 819
apical constriction (AC), 145, 316–317, 936f
apical diameters, 146t, 318
apical fenestration, 721
apical flaring, 147–148
apical foramina (AF), 145–146, 656
blood flow through, 657
effect of resorption on, 832
mandibular permanent teeth, 140t
maxillary permanent teeth, 139t
size of main, 146t
apical fractures, 751
apical granuloma, 542–545
apical infections (definition), 531
apical inflammation, defined, 531
apical neurovascular supply damage, 641–643
apical papilla, 611f
apical perforations, 943–944
apical/periapical disease, 285fSee also specific disease
apical periodontitis, 19, 530, 553t, 634f, 673–674
adaptive immune response in pathogenesis of, 533–534
asymptomatic, 37, 542–545
bone destruction/resorption in, 544f
cell biology of, 542–545
clinical features, 545
with cyst formation, 547–548, 548f–550f
dendritic cells in, 542–543
epithelial cell rests of Malassez (ERM) in, 543, 544f
fibroblasts in, 543–545
histopathology of, 545, 546f–547f
inflammatory mediators of, 545
lymphocytes in, 542
osteoclasts (dentinoclasts) in, 543, 544f
outcomes, 545
reactive bone formation with, 551
bacteremia and, 552
chronic, 542–545
clinical presentations of, 534–535
with cyst formation, 545–551
clinical features, 548
cyst regression, after nonsurgical endodontic therapy, 554
inflammatory mediators with, 548
outcomes, 551
description, 559
diagnosis of, 534–535
endothelial cells in response to, 537
as endpoint of disease flow, 286
etiology of, 530–531
extraradicular endodontic infection with, 551–552
genetic polymorphisms and, 552
healing patterns, 552–555, 553t, 883f
histopathology of, 535–536
infection and, 531–532
as infectious disease, 559–560, 560f
innate immune response in pathogenesis of, 532–533
macrophages in response to, 533, 537–538
mast cells in response to, 537
microbial causation of, 560
natural killer (NK) cells in response to, 538
nonendodontic, 551
nonsurgical retreatment for, 896f
pathogenesis of, 532–534, 532t, 535f, 565
persistent, 891
platelets in response to, 538
polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes (PMNs) in response to, 533, 537
prevalence of, 530
pulpitis and, 536, 536f
studies on, 350
symptomatic, 37, 536–542
cell biology of, 536–538
clinical features of, 540
histopathology of, 540
inflammatory mediators with, 538–540, 539t
outcomes, 540–542, 541f
systemic disease and, 552
apical pulp, 473f
apical root
anatomy of, 145–150, 147f
resection of, 898
resorption of, 104f–105f, 645
apical surgery
indications for, 79f, 924
reasons for, 78
when to consider, 920
wide and narrow preparations, 319t
apical tissue, normal, 37
apical zip, 318f
apicoectomies, 417f, 667, 886f
apicomarginal defects, 758
apoptosis, 533
archaea, 559, 579
Archimedes screw effect, 334–335
armamentaria See instruments
arterioles, 484f–485f
arteriosclerotic changes, 882
articaine, 693t, 698–699, 705
after failed inferior alveolar nerve blocks, 705
clinical effectiveness of, 698
with epinephrine, 703
insurance carrier warnings, 698–699
with irreversible pulpitis, 710
lidocaine compared to, 699
artificial enamel, 811
artificial apical barrier techniques, 850–851
ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists), 71, 72b, 404, 728
ASA (anterior superior alveolar) nerve, 704f
aspirin, 45, 680, 729, 882
assessment See also diagnostic processes
commencement of pain, 6
duration of symptoms, 6
intensity of symptoms, 6
localization of pain, 6
of medically compromised patients, 71–72
provocation of/relief of discomfort, 6
psychosocial, 77
of tooth sensitivity See (sensitivity assessment)
asymptomatic apical periodontitis, 37, 353, 542–545
bone destruction/resorption in, 544f
cell biology of, 542–545
clinical features, 545
with cyst formation, 547–548, 548f–550f
dendritic cells in, 542–543
epithelial cell rests of Malassez (ERM) in, 543, 544f
fibroblasts in, 543–545
histopathology of, 545, 546f–547f
inflammatory mediators of, 545
lymphocytes in, 542
osteoclasts (dentinoclasts) in, 543, 544f
outcomes, 545
reactive bone formation with, 551
asymptomatic irreversible pulpitis, 37
asymptomatic teeth
local anesthesia with, 713
partial pulpotomies on, 844
atypical facial pain, 60
Australian and New Zealand Academy of Endodontists, 905
autoclaving methods, 126–127
autocrine effects, 675f
autogenous bone grafts, 764t
autoinducers, 567
autonomic nervous system (ANS), 42–45, 52
autonomic (efferent) neurons, 474
avulsed teeth, 621, 647–648
closed apex avulsions, 648–651
consequences of, 647
following intraligamentary anesthesia, 706
immature, 634
open apex avulsions, 648–651
treatment methods
adjunctive therapy for, 650
emergency treatment, 647–648
endodontic treatment timing for, 650–651
objectives of, 647
permanent restorations, 651–652
root preparation, 648–649
soft tissue management, 649–650
splinting, 649
temporary restorations, 651
treatment before replantation of, 651f
axial forces on teeth, 788
axial slice images, 1015f–1016f