E

ecchymosis, 767f, 883–887
ecosystem of root canal, 577–579
ectodermal stem cells, 603
ectomesenchymal (mesenchymal) stem cells, 603
pulpal, 603
sources of, 609
types of, 603–604
EDTA (ethylenediamine Tetra-acetic Acid), 137, 252f, 314–315, 459, 749–750, 921
education See patient preparation/education; staff issues
effective dose (radiation), 733–734
effects of root canal treatment, 284f–285f
efferent (autonomic) neurons, 474
Eggler Post Remover, 905, 908f
EI DownPak device, 376f
elastic deformation, 230b
elastic fibers, 472
elasticity of dentin, 458
elastic limit, 230b
elastin fibers, 472
elderly patients See geriatric patients
electric pulp test, 15–16, 31, 621, 867, 894
electrochemically activated water, 316
electronic records, 393
Electronic Signature in Global and National Commerce Act, 405
electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI), 781–782
electrosurgery, 120–121, 427, 747, 831
Elements obturation unit, 377f, 378
Emdogain, 602
emergencies, 40
AAE Endodontic Case Difficulty Assessment Form and Guidelines, 43f–44f
analgesics for, 45–46
antibiotic prescriptions, 45
avulsed teeth, 647–648
classification of, 40
cracks/fractures, 47
definition, 40
diagnostic process for, 40
flare-ups, 46–47
informed consent with, 415
laboratory diagnostic adjuncts, 46
leaving teeth open, 42, 45
life-threatening, 45
management of, 40–45, 1023
nonvital infected teeth, 46f
pulpal necrosis with acute periradicular abscess, 42–45
recording of care given, 423
single versus multiple visit treatment for, 81–82
symptomatic teeth with previous treatment, 45
vital teeth, 41–42
Emery & Webb, 698–699
emotional response to pain, 955
empathy, 957
Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA), 409, 425
employees See staff issues
enamel, artificial, 811
enamel knots, 455
EndoActivator System, 255, 255f
Endobender Pliers, 938f
EndoCal 10, 921f
EndoCal 10 (Biocalex 6.9), 921
endocrowns, 781, 790f–791f
endodontically treated teeth, restorations on See restorations; restorative materials and options; under restorative procedures
Endodontic Case Difficulty Assessment Form and Guidelines (AAE), 42, 43f–44f
endodontic diseases, 658f
primary lesions, 658, 658f–659f
with secondary periodontal involvement, 658–659, 660f
relationship of radicular anatomy to, 296f
endodontic failure, 79f
endodontic infections, 559–560, 571, 657 See also infections
Endo Extractor kit, 929–930
endogenous abatement of pain, 52
EndoRez, 268, 268f
EndoRez environmental scanning electron microscope (ESM), 264f
endoscopy, 109, 983, 984f
EndoSequence, 303–304
Endosolv-E/Endosolv-R, 915f
endosseous dental implants See implants
Endotec II device, 375f
endothelial cells, 492f, 537
endothelial cells/angiogenesis, 725–726
endothelial perturbation, 489
endotoxins, 312
EndoVac, 256, 257f
end-stage renal disease/dialysis, 76
enterococci organisms, 313t
Enterococcus faecalis, 247–248, 251–252, 261–262, 582, 584, 939
enucleation of lesions, 664f–665f
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 130
environmental stress, bacterial protection from, 567
epinephrine, 693–694, 697–700, 728–729
articaine with, 703
bupivacaine with, 703
prilocaine with, 703
epinephrine pellets, 746–747
Epiphany, 267
Epiphany Obturation System, 365f, 915f
epithelial cell rests of Malassez (ERM), 530, 543, 544f
epithelial cells, in asymptomatic apical periodontitis with cyst formation, 547
epithelial enamel knots, 455
epithelial healing, 726
epithelial rest cells, 457f
epithelial root sheath (ERS), 457f
epithelium, 455f, 726
equipment maintenance, 421, 964 See also technology/digital technology
equivalent dose (radiation), 733–734
eradication of microorganisms, 312–314, 334–337
erbium. chromium-doped yttrium scandium gallium garnet lasers, 275
erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet lasers, 274–275
ergonomics, 973
ERISA (Employee Retirement Income Security Act), 409, 425
ERM (epithelial cell rests of Malassez), 530, 543, 544f
errors See also failures
of access cavity preparation, 152, 175, 176f, 318f
breaking instruments, 177f
failure to remove pulp chamber roof, 175f
inadequate/incomplete, 161f
overextension of cavity, 175f
perforations, 170f, 174f
poor placement of, 175f
avoiding, 158–159
bleach injuries, 439f
burns, 422f
of cleaning and shaping, 298f, 319f
concealment of, 431–432
disclosure, 416, 433
examples of, 416f
excessive local anesthetics, 422f
excessive pressure, 925–926
fatal injuries, 438
harpooned implants, 438f
incorrect core choice, 439
instrument breakage See (See under instruments)
of length control, 919f
misdiagnosis of psychogenic pain, 57–58
misinterpretation of radiographs, 103
missed canals, 939f
missing fractures, caries, marginal breakdowns, 157–158
overfills See (overextensions/overfills)
overheating posts, 414f
perforations See (perforations)
placement of radiation detectors, 988
preparation, 316
separated instruments See (separated/broken instruments)
shortfilled canal, 435f
transportation, 231, 435f
eruption, forced, 667, 669f
eruption ages
mandibular teeth
canines, 202f
central/lateral incisors, 201f
first molars, 211f
first premolars, 205f
second molars, 214f
second premolars, 207f
third molars, 216f
maxillary teeth
canines, 181f
central incisors, 178f
first molars, 187f, 191f
first premolars, 185f
lateral incisors, 181f
second molars, 196f
second premolars, 185f, 187f
third molars, 198f
Er:YAG laser, 519
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), 62
erythromycin, 684
ESM (EndoRez environmental scanning electron microscope), 264f
ESPI (electronic speckle pattern interferometry), 781–782
ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate), 62
esthetics, 82
discoloration, 92, 780f, 790f–791f, 797f, 869
of crown, 821
of nonvital primary incisors, 835
of primary teeth, 834f
of single teeth, 869
of traumatized teeth, 821
implant, 896–897
recommendations for treatment and, 790f–791f
esthetic zone of mouth, 788
etch-and-rinse adhesive system, 794, 795f, 799f, 801f
etching agents, 515, 798f, 801f
ethical guidelines, 410–412, 444
ethnic differences, 142–144, 956
ethylenediamine Tetra-acetic Acid (EDTA), 137, 252f, 314–315, 459, 749–750, 921
etiology, vertical root fractures, 25–26
etiology of, 890–892
Eucalyptol, 912f
eucalyptol, 911–912
evacuation systems, 256f
evaluation/assessment See also diagnostic processes See also radiography
documentation of, 393–395
for treatment planning, 77–86
endodontic therapy versus dental implants, 80
factors influencing case selection, 82–86
immature teeth, 82
nonvital cases, 81
periodontal considerations, 77
restorative considerations, 78–79
retreatment cases, 82
single-visit versus multiple-visit treatment, 81–82
surgical considerations, 77–78
vital cases, 80–81
evidence-based endodontics, 413–414
evoked bleeding, 609, 611f–612f
examinations, 9–32 See also diagnostic processes
extraoral examination, 9–10
intraoral examination, 10–15
process for, 433, 818
examples of forms See forms (samples)
excavation of restorations and base material, 172f
excisional dentoalveolar wounds, 726–727
excitatory action (+ sign), 675f
excitatory neurons, 675
exogenous infections, 562–563
exostoses, 885f
expert testimony, 424
exploratory surgery, 120, 725f, 735f–736f
explorers, 144f, 156, 156f–157f, 159f–160f, 173f, 230f
exposed dentin, 515–516, 515f–516f, 894
exposure of film See radiography
extended-shank round burs, 155
external root resorption, 639–643, 886f
external versus internal root resorption, 645
extracellular matrix (ECM), 472
extractions See also intentional replantation
alternatives to, 885f
inadvertent, 901f
indications for, 79f, 896–897, 909, 924
as last resort, 945
long-term prognosis for, 897f
neuroma formation in sites of, 58–59
of posts, 906f
restoration options with, 662–663
when to consider, 920
extraoral examinations, 9–10
extraoral facial swelling, 9–10
extraoral sinus tract, 11f
extraradicular infections, 551–552, 569–571, 584–587, 586f–587f, 892f
extraradicular microorganisms, 892f
extrusion, 438–439
avoiding, 336
forced, 667, 669f
orthodontic, 667
of sealers, 360f
extrusive luxation, 637
eye protection, 728