Index

Page numbers followed by f indicate figures and t indicate tables.

A

AA amyloidosis, 857-858, e158-1-e158-2

AADC See Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency

Aagenaes syndrome, 1382

AAIDD See American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD)

A-ao₂ See Alveolar-arterial oxygen (A-ao₂) gradient

AAP See American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)

AAS See Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS)

ABA See Applied behavior analysis (ABA)

Abacavir

adverse reaction to, 826

for HIV infection, 1168t-1171t

Abatacept

for juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 838t

for rheumatic disease, e148-2t-e148-3t, e148-5, e148-5t

Abbreviations in laboratory testing, e708-1t

ABCA3 gene defect, 1497-1498, e399-1t, e399-2

ABCB4 gene defect, 1383t

ABCB11 gene defect, 1383t

ABCC2 gene defect, 1383t

ABCD See Amphotericin B colloid dispersion (ABCD)

ABCDE assessment in pediatric emergency, 279

ABCD rule in melanoma assessment, 2232-2233

ABCs of resuscitation, 575

ABC transporters, e56-9-e56-10

Abdomen

eating disorders effects on, 93t

malnutrition effects on, 175t

newborn assessment of, 535-536

protuberant, e297-1

traumatic injury to, 338-339, 338t-339t, 339f

due to child abuse, 140

Abdominal actinomyces, e182-2

Abdominal distention, 1249

in Hirschsprung disease, 1285, 1285t

in malabsorption syndromes, 1305, 1306f

in newborn, 535-536, e92-2

nondigestive causes of, 1241t

Abdominal epilepsy, 1247t

Abdominal mass(es), 1249

in newborn assessment, 535

nondigestive causes of, 1241t

as sign of cancer, 1728

in Wilms tumor, 1758

Abdominal migraine, 1346t, 2042

Abdominal pain, 1247-1248, 1247t-1248t

in acute intermittent porphyrias, e85-6

in acutely ill child, 276

of appendicitis, 1350

in Campylobacter infection, 969

exclusion from day care due to, e15-2t

functional, 1346-1349, 1346t-1348t

in hyperparathyroidism, 1921

nondigestive causes of, 1241t

in pancreatitis, 1371

of peptic ulcer disease, 1292

in Wilms tumor, 1758

Abdominal palpation

in acutely ill child evaluation, 276-277

in appendicitis, 1350

in intussusception, 1288

Abdominal tenderness in appendicitis, 1350

Abdominal thrusts

for airway obstruction, 282-283, 283f

drowning and, 344

Abdominal tuberculosis, 1006

Abdominal tumors, 1758t

Abdominal undescended testis, 1859

Abdominal visceral nerve block, 372

Abdominal wall defects, 535-536, 578

Abducens nerve

neurologic examination of, e584-4

palsy of, 2160

Abetalipoproteinemia, 477-478, 1312-1313

Abilify See Arpiprazole

Ablation

catheter, for supraventricular tachycardia, 1614-1615

nerve, 373

ABLC See Amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC)

ABO incompatibility, 619

Abortive poliomyelitis, 1083, 1086

ABP See American Board of Pediatrics (ABP)

ABPA See Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)

ABPM See Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM)

ABR See Auditory brainstem response (ABR)

Abrasions, 341

corneal, 2184

Abscess

Bezold, 2210-2211

brain, 2098-2099, 2099f

due to anaerobes, e205-2t

cerebrospinal fluid findings in, 2088t

imaging studies in, e584-11t

with tetralogy of Fallot, 1576

Brodie, 2395

with Crohn disease, 1300-1301

dental, 1255, 1256f

epidural, poliovirus infection versus, 1085t

fever of unknown origin in, 900t

lateral pharyngeal, 1440-1442, 1441f

liver, 1404-1405, 1404f-1405f

amebic, 1179

muscle, Staphylococcus aureus, 905

perianal, 1360, 1360f

peritoneal, 1417-1418

peritonsillar, 1440, 1442

croup versus, 1447

pilonidal, 1362

psoas, 1300-1301

pulmonary, 1480-1481

renal, 1830, 1832

retropharyngeal, 1440-1442, 1441f

tubo-ovarian, 1871, e205-1, e205-2t

Absence seizure, 2019, 2023

atypical, 2023

treatment of, 2028

Absolute bioavailability in drug therapy, e57-2

Absolute eosinophilia count, 739-740

Absolute neutrophil count (ANC)

in fever of unknown origin, 901

in leukopenia, 746

Absorption, e320-1-e320-2

of drugs, e57-1, e57-3-e57-5, e57-5t

malabsorption due to defects of, 1304-1305

of vitamin A, 188

Abstinence, neonatal, 623-625, 624t

Abstinence-only sex education, 701-702

Abuse

defined, 135

psychological, 136

sexual, 135-136, 142-146, 144f

assessment and management of, 143-144, 143f

defined, 135-136, 142

genital Chlamydia trachomatis due to, 1036

physical examination in, 144-145, 144f-145f

presentation of, 142-143

prevention of, 144-145

sexually transmitted disease due to, 145, 145t, 935

of special needs girls, 1874

trichomoniasis due to, 1185

vulvovaginitis and, 1865

substance See (Substance abuse)

Abuse and neglect, 135-147

assessment of, 141

clinical manifestations of, 137-140, 137f-139f, 138t-139t

definitions associated with, 135-136

etiology of, 136-137, 136t

eye injuries due to, 2186, 2186f

factitious disorder by proxy as, 146-147

foster and kinship care and, e35-1

in foster care children, e35-2t

fractures due to, 2390

as global situation, 136

head trauma due to, 301

interventions for, 141

outcomes of, 141-142

prevention of, 142

sexual See (Sexual abuse)

traumatic retinopathy related to, 2180, 2181f

United States situation regarding, 136

Abusive head trauma (ABH), 139-140, 139f, 298f-299f, 301

hemorrhagic stroke due to, 2084

ABVD regimen for Hodgkin lymphoma, 1742, 1743t

ABVE-PC regimen for Hodgkin lymphoma, 1742, 1743t

AC See Acromioclavicular (AC) separation; Assist-control (AC) mode in mechanical ventilation

Academic disabilities, e29-7 See also Neurodevelopmental dysfunction

Acanthamoeba, e272-1-e272-2, e271-1t-e271-11t

Acanthocytosis, 1661f, e455-1

Acanthosis nigricans, 185, 185f, 2266-2267, 2266f

severe achondroplasia with developmental delay and, 2428

Acarbose, 1992t

Acardiac fetus, 554

ACAT₂ See Acetoacetyl CoA thiolase deficiency (ACAT₂)

Accelerated junctional ectopic tachycardia (JET), 1615

Acceleration of fetal heart rate, 543-544

Acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR), e41-1t, e41-4

Access in food security, 170-171

Accessory nerve, neurologic examination of, e584-5

Accessory nipples, 2221, e545-1, e545-2f

Accessory tragus, 2221, 2221f

Access to care

for adolescent, 662-663, 663f

international, e61-13

Accident prevention See Injury control

Accident-prone child, 19

Accommodation

for neurodevelopmental dysfunction, e29-7-e29-8

ocular, 2151-2152

Accommodative esotropia, 2158-2159, 2159f

Accountable Care Organizations, e2-7

Accreditation, child care, e15-1

Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME), e2-3

Accuracy of laboratory tests, e707-1

Accutane See Isotretinoin

ACD See Anemia of chronic disease (ACD)

ACE See Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE); Antegrade continence enema procedure (ACE)

ACEIs See Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs)

Acetabular index, 2358

Acetabular labrum tear, 2414

Acetabulum, 2355

Acetadote See N-Acetylcysteine

Acetalotrauma, 321f

Acetaminophen

drug interactions with, e57-13t-e57-14t

for fever, e169-2

for migraine, 2044t

for pain management, 363, 364t

in palliative care, 155t-156t

poisoning with, 253-254, 258-260, 259f, 259t

antidote for, 256t-257t

for typhoid fever, 957

Acetaxolamide-responsiveness myotonia, 2125t

Acetazolamide

adverse effects of, 2031t

dosages of, 2030t

Acetoacetyl CoA thiolase deficiency (ACAT₂), 433-434

cytosolic, 434-435

mitochondrial, 433-434, 434f

Acetohexamide, 1992t

Acetylcholine (ACh), myasthenia gravis and, 2132, 2133t

Acetylcholine (ACh) inhibitors, for myasthenia gravis, 2135t

N-Acetylcysteine for acetaminophen poisoning, 256t-257t, 259

ACG1 gene, e685-2t

aCGH See Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH)

ACGME See Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)

ACh See Acetylcholine (ACh), myasthenia gravis and

Achalasia, 1264-1265

Achondrogenesis type 1B, 2431

Achondroplasia, 1517-1518, 2428-2430, 2429f

gain-of-function mutation in, e74-3

Achromic nevus, 2234, 2234f

Acid-base balance

introduction and terminology, e52-1-e52-13

normal, e52-14-e52-16

renal mechanism in, 1808, e52-14-e52-16, e52-14f-e52-15f

Acid-base disorders

clinical assessment of, 229-231, 230t, 231f

metabolic acidosis as, 231-235, 231t

metabolic alkalosis as, 235-238, 235t

mixed, 230

respiratory acidosis as, 238-240, 239t

respiratory alkalosis as, 240-242, 241t

simple, 230

terminology associated with, 229-230

Acidemia(s), 229-230

fetal therapy for, 551t

isovaleric, 431-432

methylmalonic, 437-438

homocystinuria with, 438

organic, 430-438

propionic, 436-437

pyroglutamic, 443-444

Acid-fastness of mycobacteria, 996

Acidosis

cardiac arrest due to, 289t

following open heart surgery, 1604

lactic, 232

carbohydrate metabolism defects with, 503-509, 504f-505f, 507t-509t, 508f

in type I glycogen storage disease, 492-493

metabolic, 230t-231t, 231-235

in acute renal failure, 1820-1821

in chronic kidney disease, 1824

clinical manifestations of, 233

as complication of enterocystoplasty, e536-2

in dehydration, 247

diagnosis of, 233-234, 234f

etiology and pathophysiology of, 231-233, 231t

hypophosphatemia and, 227

in poisonings, 254t

in respiratory distress syndrome, 586

in tetralogy of Fallot, 1574

treatment of, 234-235

renal tubular, 1808-1811, 1809t

distal (type I), 1810

hyperkalemic (type IV), 1810-1811, 1811f

metabolic acidosis and, 232

nephrotoxins in, 1817t

proximal (type II), 1808-1810, 1809t

rickets due to, 208, 1811

respiratory, 230t, 238-240, 239t

Acids

in acid-base balance, e52-13 See also (Acid-base balance See also Acid-base disorders)

household

conjunctivitis due to, 2168

ingestion of, 266, 1272-1273, 1272t

secretion of in peptic ulcer disease, 1291-1294

Aciduria

argininosuccinic, 448f, 452

glutaric type I, 454-455

D-glyceric acid, 440

hereditary orotic, e83-7-e83-8

γ-hydroxybutyric, 447

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric, 435

3-methylglutaconic, 433

mevalonic, 435-436

N-carbamyl-β-amino, e83-8

Acinus, e339-3

ACIP See Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)

ACL See Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries

Acne, 2322-2328

chlor-, 2327

conglobata, 2328

drug-induced, 2326-2327, 2327f

fulminans, 2328

halogen, 2327

infantile, 2327, 2327f

neonatal, 2327, 2327f

in PAPA syndrome, 858-859

tropical, 2327-2328

vulgaris, 2322-2326

classification of, 2323t

clinical manifestations of, 2322-2326, 2322f-2323f

pathogenesis of, 2322, 2322f

treatment of, 2323-2326, 2323t, 2324f, 2325t, 2326f

Acneiform drug eruption, e637-8t

Aconitum, potential toxicity of, 272t-273t

Acoustic immittance testing, 2194-2195, 2194f, 2194t, 2204

Acoustic reflectometry, 2195-2196

Acoustic reflex test (ART), 2195

Acoustic trauma, e634-2

Acquaintance rape, 703

Acquired immunity, 722

Acquired immunodeficiency, infection with, e171-4-e171-5

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) See HIV/AIDS

Acridine orange stain, e164-1t

Acrocyanosis in newborn, 533

Acrodermatitis enteropathica, 1321, 2328-2329, 2329f

in maple syrup urine disease, 431

Acrodynia, e701-3

Acromegaly, e554-3-e554-5

Acromioclavicular (AC) separation, 2409, 2410f

Acropustulosis, infantile, 2220

ACS See Acute chest syndrome (ACS), in sickle cell disease

ACTG1 gene, 2190t

ACTH See Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Actinic prurigo, 2257, 2257f

Actinobacillus bacteria in periodontitis, 1257

Actinomyces, e182-1-e182-3, e182-1f

Actinomyces israelii, e205-1

Actinomycin D

for cancer therapy, e488-4t

for Wilms tumor, 1759

Actinomycosis, 929

Action signs, mental health, 57, 57t

Action tremor, 2056-2057

Activated charcoal for poisoning, 257-258, 257t

Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), 1697

reference values for, 1698t

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AICDA), mutations in, 726-727

Active immunization, 883-884, 884t See also Vaccine(s)

Active muscle tone, 2109

Active sleep behavioral state, e7-2

Activin in testicular function, e576-4

Activity restriction

due to chronic illness, e39-1t

in Marfan syndrome, 2445

Actonitum species toxicity, 269t

ACTs See Adrenocortical tumors (ACTs)

Acular See Ketolorac tromethamine

Acupuncture, 273-274, 371

Acute chest syndrome (ACS), in sickle cell disease, 1667-1668

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), 2079, 2079f, 2080t

Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP), e637-9f

Acute genital ulcer (AGU), 708, 709t

Acute hemorrhagic edema (AHE), 870

Acute idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage (AIPH), 1503, 1504f

Acute illness

anesthesia in See (Anesthesia)

burn injury as, 349-357

cold injuries as, 357-359

disposition and, 277-278

drowning and submersion injury as, 341-348

emergency medical services for See (Emergency medical services for children (EMSC))

history taking in, 275-276

management of, 277

mechanical ventilation for, 321-329

long-term, 329-333

neurologic emergencies as, e63-1-e63-3

abusive head trauma, 301

brain death, e63-1-e63-3, e63-2t

care principles, 296-297, 297f

hypoxic-ischemic insult and encephalopathy, 301-303

intracerebral hemorrhage, 303-304

status epilepticus, 303

stroke, 303-304

traumatic brain injury, 297-301, 298f-301f

pain management in, 360-375

perioperative care in See (Perioperative care)

physical examination in, 276-277

respiratory distress and failure as, 314-333

risk factors for, 277

sedation in See (Sedation)

shock as, 305-314

traumatic injury as, 333-341

Acute inflammatory upper airway obstruction, 1445-1450

bacterial tracheitis as, 1449-1450, 1449f

infectious, 1445-1449, 1446f-1447f

Acute intermittent porphyrias (AIP), e85-1t, e85-3t, e85-4-e85-8, e85-6t

abdominal pain of, 1247t

Acute liver failure (ALF), 1412-1415, 1414t

with hepatitis A, 1395-1396

with hepatitis B, 1397-1398

Acute lung injury, 316, 317f, 317t

Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), 1732-1737

arthralgia and, e147-1

cellular classification of, 1732-1733, 1733f, 1733t

clinical manifestations of, 1733-1734

diagnosis of, 1734

differential diagnosis of, 1734

epidemiology of, 1732

etiology of, 1732, 1732t

hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for, 757, 758f

incidence and survival rates for, 1726t

prognosis for, 1736-1737

risk factors for, 1727t

secondary, due to radiation therapy, e699-5t

supportive care for, 1736

treatment of, 1734-1736, 1735f-1736f

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), 748t, 1737-1738, 1737t-1738t

hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for, 757-758

incidence and survival rates for, 1726t

risk factors for, 1727t

Acute otitis media (AOM), 2199-2201

complications of, 2210-2211

definitions of, 2199t

in influenza, 1124

Moraxella catarrhalis in, e188-1

otitis media with effusion versus, 2203-2204, 2203f

in parainfluenza viruses, 1125t

treatment of, 2205, 2205t, 2206f-2207f, 2207t

Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN), 1783-1785, 1783f-1784f, 1785t

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), 1737-1738

Acute radiation syndrome, e699-5-e699-6

Acute renal failure (ARF), 1818-1822, 1818t

clinical manifestations and diagnosis of, 1819

laboratory findings in, 1819-1820, 1820t

nephrotoxins in, 1817t

pathogenesis of, 1818-1819, 1819t

prognosis for, 1822

treatment of, 1820-1822, 1821t

Acute respiratory distress syndrome, 316

Acute respiratory failure

chronic severe, 1519-1526

due to congenital central hypoventilation syndrome, 1520-1522

in cystic fibrosis, 1494

infections associated with, 1525

mechanical ventilation for, 1524-1526

due to metabolic disease, 1523-1524

due to myelomeningocele with Arnold-Chiari type II malformation, 1522

due to neuromuscular diseases, 1520t

due to obesity hypoventilation syndrome, 1522-1523

due to obstructive sleep apnea, 1523

due to spinal cord injury, 1523

Acute tubular necrosis (ATN), 1819

Acyanotic congenital heart disease

absence of pulmonary valve as, 1571

in adults, contraception and, 1609

aorticopulmonary window defect as, 1561

aortic stenosis as, 1565-1567, 1565f-1566f

atrial septal defect as, 1551

atrioventricular septal defects as, 1554-1556, 1554f-1555f

coarctation of the aorta, 1567-1570, 1567f, 1569f

with ventricular septal defect, 1570

coronary-cameral fistula as, 1561

evaluation of, 1549-1550

mitral stenosis as, e421-1-e421-4

mitral valve insufficiency as, 1571-1572, 1571t

mitral valve prolapse as, 1572

ostium secundum defect as, 1551-1553, 1551f-1553f

partial anomalous pulmonary venous return as, 1553-1554

patent ductus arteriosus as, 1559-1561, 1560f

pulmonary valve stenosis

infundibular and double chamber right ventricle as, 1564

with intact ventricular septum, 1561-1563, 1562f-1564f

intracardiac shunt with, 1564

peripheral, 1564-1565

pulmonary valvular insufficiency as, 1571

pulmonary venous hypertension as, 1570-1571

sinus venosus atrial septal defect, 1553

supracristal ventricular septal defect with aortic insufficiency as, 1559

tricuspid regurgitation as, 1572

ventricular septal defect as, 1556-1558, 1556f-1557f

Acyclovir, e237-1t-e237-2t, e237-2-e237-3

drug interactions with, e57-13t-e57-14t

for herpes simplex virus infection, 1102-1103

for herpes zoster, 1108-1109

for sexually transmitted infection, 713t

for varicella-zoster virus, 1108

Acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency

hypoglycemia in, 529

medium-chain, 459-460

short-chain, 460

very long chain, 460

AD See Advance directive (AD); Atopic dermatitis (AD); Autistic disorder (AD)

ADA See Adenosine deaminase (ADA)

Adalimumab

for Crohn disease, 1303

for juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 838t

for rheumatic disease, e148-2t-e148-3t, e148-5t

Adams test, 2366

ADAMTS 13 deficiency, 1792-1793

Adapalene for acne, 2325t

Adaptive immunity, 722

ADCC See Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)

Adderall See Amphetamine combination

Addison disease, 1926-1927

Adductor response, crossed, e584-7

Adefovir, e237-1t, e237-5

for hepatitis B, 1399

ADEM See Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)

Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) deficiency, e83-5

Adenitis, 859-860

Adenocarcinoma

of colon and rectum, e500-1-e500-4

pancreatic, e345-1

Adenoids

anatomy of, 1442

disorders of, 1443-1445

normal function of, 1442

Adenoid cystic carcinoma, 1504

Adenoidectomy, 1444-1445, 1444t

for otitis media, 2213

Adenoma

aldosterone-secreting, e572-1

bronchial, 1455-1456, 1504

islet cell, 527

prolactin-secreting pituitary, e554-3

Adenosine

for arrhythmias, 1611t-1612t

for pediatric resuscitation and arrhythmias, 294t

Adenosine arabinoside See Vidarabine

Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency, 732

prenatal diagnosis of, e117-6

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

in Chlamydophila pneumoniae, 1033-1034

hyperinsulinemia and, 522-523

Adenosylcobalamin deficiency, e448-5

Adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea, 51

Adenoviruses (AdVs), 1131-1133, 1132t

gastroenteritis due to, 1326t

Kawasaki disease versus, 865

in pneumonia, 1475t

after stem cell transplantation, e171-1

Adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL) deficiency, e83-6

Adequate intake (AI), e41-1t

ADHD See Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Adherence

diabetes mellitus therapy, 1986

drug therapy, e57-12

in asthma management, 788

in HIV infection, 1171-1172

in tuberculosis, 1009

after renal transplantation, e530-6

Adhesions, intestinal, 1287

Adhesive otitis media, 2212

ADHR See Autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets (ADHR)

Adie syndrome, 2156

Adie tonic pupil, 2152

Adiponectin, 183-184

Adipose tissue, insulin level effects on, 1975t

Adiposity rebound, 179

Adjustment, chronic illness and, e39-2

Adjuvants in immunizing agents, 883

ADM See Antroduodenal manometry (ADM)

Adnexal torsion of ovary, 1871

Adolescence, defined, 649

Adolescent

aggressive periodontitis in, 1257

appendicitis diagnosis in female, 1353

assent and consent of, e3-4-e3-5

atopic dermatitis in, 804

bariatric surgery for, 186

birthrates for, e87-1f

breast development in, 685

breast mass in, e545-3-e545-4, e545-3t

chronic fatigue syndrome in, e115-1-e115-3, e115-2f

congenital heart disease in, 1609-1610, 1609t

contraception in, 692-699, 695t

barrier methods, 694

combination methods, 696

counseling regarding, 694

emergency, 698-699, 698t

epidemiology of, 692-694, 693f-694f, 693t

hormonal methods, 696-698, 696t-697t, 697f

intrauterine devices, 699

spermicides, 694

disruptive behavioral disturbances in, 99-100

driving of car by, 22

drowning or submersion injury to, 342

epidemiology of health problems in, 660-663, 660f-661f, 661t

ethics in health care of, e3-4-e3-5

feeding of, 166-167, 166f, 167t

in foster care, e35-1-e35-2

gonococcal infection in, 938-939

growth and development of, 650t

charts for assessment of, e13-2

during early adolescence, 649-653, 650t-652t, 651f-652f

during late adolescence, 654

during middle adolescence, 653-654

gynecological examination of, e542-2-e542-3, e542-2t

health care access for, 662-663, 663f

health care delivery to, 664t, e106-1-e106-5

legal issues in, e106-1-e106-2, e106-2t

health enhancement for, 667

HIV/AIDS in, 1158-1159

homosexual, 658-659

idiopathic anterior knee pain syndrome in, 2354

injury risk factors for, 20

intellectual disability in, 125

interviewing of, 665-666, 666t

iron deficiency-anemia due to, 1656

leading causes of death for, 5t

lipoprotein patterns in, 479, 479t

male disorders in, e109-1, e109-1t

menstruation problems in, 685-692, 686t

abnormal uterine bleeding, 688-690, 689t-690t

amenorrhea, 686-688, 687f, 687t-688t

dysmenorrhea, 690-691, 691t

premenstrual syndrome, 691-692, 692t

pertussis in, 945

physical examination of, 666-667

pregnancy of, 699-702, e87-1

characteristic of teen parent in, 700-701

clinical manifestations of, 700

counseling and initial management of, 700

diagnosis of, 700, 700t

epidemiology of, 699, 699t

etiology of, 699-700

health care for parents and children in, 702t

medical complications of mothers and babies in, 701

prevention of, 701-702

psychosocial outcomes/risk for mother and child in, 701-702

repeat, 701

psychosocial assessment of, 56, 666, 666t

rape of, 702-705, 703t-704t

recommended immunization schedule for, 889

as research subject, e3-5-e3-6

response of to divorce, e16-1

response to death by, e16-4

scoliosis in, 1518

screening procedures for, 665-667

sexual identity development in, 654-658

factors that influence, 655

gender variance/gender role nonconformity in, 655-656

gender variant identity/transgender children in, 656-658, 657t

terms and definitions in, 654-655

sexually transmitted diseases in, 705-714

definitions, etiology, and clinical manifestations of, 707-709, 707f-708f, 709t

diagnosis of, 709-711, 709t-711t, 710f

epidemiology of, 705-714, 706f

etiology of, 705, 705t

pathogenesis of, 706, 707f

prevention of, 714

screening for, 706-707, 707t

treatment of, 711-714, 712t-713t

sleep changes in, 47t

sleep hygiene for, 49t

substance abuse by, 671-685, 671f

of alcohol, 678-679, 678t-679t

of amphetamines, 683-684, 684t

clinical manifestations of, 673-674, 676t

of cocaine, 683

complications of, 677

diagnosis of, 677, 677t

epidemiology of, 672-673, 673t, 675t

etiology of, 671-672, 672t-673t

of hallucinogens, 682-683

of inhalants, 681-682, 681t-682t

of marijuana, 680-681, 680t

motor vehicle accidents and, 22

of opiates, 684-685

prevention of, 677, 677t

prognosis for, 677

screening for, 674-677, 676t

of tobacco, 679-680, 680t

treatment of, 677

transition to adult care, e106-1-e106-5, e106-5t

21 critical health objectives for, 662t, 663

violent behavior in, 667-671, 667t-670t, 668f

well child care for, 16

X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy in, 468

Adolescent-limited offenders, 669

Adoption, 130-134, 131t

Adoption and Safe Families Act, e35-1

ADP See δ-Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase porphyria (ADP)

ADPKD See Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)

ADPLD See Autosomal dominant polycystic liver disease (ADPLD)

Adrenal androgens

actions of, e568-6

excess of in congenital adrenal hyperplasia, 1933

regulation of, e568-4

Adrenal cortex, 1923, e568-1-e568-4

Adrenal crisis, 1927

treatment of vomiting associated with, 1244t

Adrenal gland

calcification within, e575-1

disorders of

due to cancer and its therapy, e488-7t-e488-9t

Cushing syndrome as, 1939-1941

with hypoglycemia, 527

pheochromocytoma as, 1941-1943

primary aldosteronism as, e572-1

hemorrhage into, 1927

as delivery room emergency, 578

histology and embryology of, e568-1

masses of, e575-1

steroid biosynthesis in, e568-1-e568-3, e568-2f

X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy and dysfunction, 468

Adrenal hyperplasia

congenital, 1930-1939, 1931f

adrenocortical insufficiency due to, 1924, 1925t

due to 11β-hydroxylase deficiency, 1935-1936

due to 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency, 1936

diagnosis and treatment of, 1931f, 1932t

due to 17-hydroxylase deficiency, 1936-1937

due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency, 1930-1935

hypokalemia in, 223-224

metabolic alkalosis in, 236

lipoid, 1937, 1964

Adrenal hypoplasia congenita (AHC), 1924

Adrenalin

for anaphylaxis, 818t

for asthma exacerbations, 797t-798t

Adrenal insufficiency, e569-1-e569-3

in critical care setting, e569-1-e569-3

hypothyroidism-associated, 1903t

primary, 1924-1928, 1925t

secondary, 1929-1930

Adrenalitis, 1925t

Adrenal medulla, e568-1-e568-8, e568-8f

dysfunction of in congenital adrenal hyperplasia, 1933

Adrenal rests, testicular, e578-1

Adrenal tumors, e500-1-e500-5

Adrenarche, premature, 1894

α-Adrenergic agonists

for allergic disease, 770-773

for heart failure, e436-4-e436-5

for psychiatric disorders, 63

β-Adrenergic agonists

for allergic disease, 770-773

for asthma

long-acting, 791-792, 794-795

short-acting, 792t, 796, 797t-798t

for heart failure, e436-4-e436-6

α-Adrenergic blockers for urinary lithiasis, 770-773

β-Adrenergic receptor blockers See β-blockers

Adrenocortical insufficiency, e569-1-e569-3

in critical care setting, e569-1-e569-3

primary, 1924-1928, 1925t

secondary, 1929-1930

Adrenocortical tumors (ACTs), e573-1-e573-2

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), e550-2

in cortisol regulation, e568-2-e568-3

in Cushing syndrome, 1939

insensitivity syndromes of, 1925t

for seizures, 2032

for West syndrome, 2027

Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD), 466t, 1924, 1925t, 2073-2074

X-linked, 467-470, 469f

Adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN), 467-468, 1925t, 2074

Adriamycin See Doxorubicin

ADRs See Adverse drug reactions (ADRs)

ADSL See Adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL) deficiency

Adult, gonococcal infection in, 938-939

Adult care, adolescent transition to, e106-1-e106-5, e106-5t

Adult tapeworm infection, 1232-1234, 1232t, 1233f-1234f

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), e269-1

Advanced airway management techniques

bag-valve-mask positive pressure ventilation in, 284-285, 284f-285f

endotracheal intubation in, 285, 286f, 287t

Advanced care planning, 151-159

Advance directive (AD), e3-2

Advanced life support

bradycardia, 288f

pulseless arrest, 293f

tachycardia, 290f

Adverse drug events (ADEs), e2-6

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs), e57-15-e57-16

Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 885

Advocacy

in abuse and neglect management, 142

for emergency medical services for children, e61-5

in gender variance, 655-656

in intellectual disability management, 129

AdVs See Adenoviruses (AdVs)

Aedes aegypti, 1147

AEDs See Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs); Automated external defibrillation (AEDs)

aEEG See Amplitude integrated electroencephalography (aEEG)

Aeroallergens, 764

atopic dermatitis and, 806

Aeromonas, e196-1-e196-2

inflammatory bowel disease versus, 1298t

in traveler’s diarrhea, 1338t

Aerosolized therapy for cystic fibrosis, 1492

Affordability of health care for adolescents, 663

A fibers in abdominal pain, 1247-1248

Afibrinogenemia, congenital, 1704

African American population

asthma in, 781

cultural values associated with, e4-1t-e4-2t

death rates for, 3t-4t

home remedies for fever, colic and teething among, e4-2t

infant mortality rates in, e87-1-e87-2

injuries in, 20

red cell counts for, 1648, 1650f

as special needs population, 7

African Burkitt lymphoma, 1111, 1112t

Africanized honeybee, allergic responses to, 807f

African tick-bite fever, 1039t-1040t

African trypanosomiasis, 1190-1193, 1192f, e271-1t-e271-11t

Afrin See Oxymetazoline

Afterload reducers, e436-3-e436-4

for cardiogenic shock, 313t

for heart failure, e436-5t

Agammaglobulinemia

B cell immunodeficiency screening and, 720

enterovirus and, 1089

X-linked, 723-724

malignancy susceptibility associated with, e486-2t-e486-3t

Aganglionic megacolon, 1283t, 1284-1287

Agar disk diffusion antimicrobial susceptibility testing, e164-2-e164-3

AGAT See Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) deficiency

Age

causes of death by, 5t

gestational

assessment of, 557, 558f

eye examination schedule based on, 2175t

large-for, e91-1-e91-5

maternal, high-risk pregnancies and, e89-1, e89-1f

mortality rates by, 3t

pain scales and, 361, 362f, 363t

percentile curves for weight and length/stature by, e9-1f-e9-2f

Age factors

in allergic disease, 764

in cancer, 1728-1729

in cancer rates, 1726f

in childhood injuries, 20

in chronic diarrhea, 1343t

in drug disposition, e57-3-e57-7, e57-5t-e57-7t

in homicide, 667t

in neonatal infection, 633-636, 634t

in otitis media, 2200

in pharmacodynamics, e57-7-e57-9, e57-8f

in pneumonia, 1476t

in typhoid fever, 955

Agenesis

cerebellar vermis, 2054

corpus callosum, 2005-2006, 2005f

cranial nerves, 2006-2007

pancreatic, 1368

penile, 1857

renal, 1827, 1828f

sacral, 2118

neuropathic bladder and, e536-3

AGEP See Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP)

Ages and Stages Questionnaire-3 (ASQ-3), 41t-43t

Agglutination, labial, 1867t-1868t

Agglutination test

in brucellosis, 981

in group A streptococci infection, 918

in leptospirosis, 1024-1025

in toxoplasmosis, 1213-1214

in tuberculosis, 1019-1020

in tularemia, 979

Aggrecan-related spondyloepiphyseal dysplasias, 2425

Aggregatibacter bacteria in periodontitis, 1257

Aggressive behavior, 100

Agitation

psychopharmacologic management of, 61t

treatment of in palliative care, 155t-157t

Agonists, receptor binding by, e57-8

AGU See Acute genital ulcer (AGU); Aspartylglucosaminuria (AGU)

Agyria, 2003

AHA See American Heart Association (AHA)

AHC See Adrenal hypoplasia congenita (AHC)

AHE See Acute hemorrhagic edema (AHE)

AHR See Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR)

AI See Adequate intake (AI)

AICA See 5-Amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide (AICA) riboside deficiency

Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome, 2060t

Aicardi syndrome, 2005, 2035-2036

AICDA See Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AICDA), mutations in

Aichi virus, 1135

AIDS See HIV/AIDS

AIH See Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH)

AIP See Acute intermittent porphyrias (AIP)

AIPH See Acute idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage (AIPH)

Airborne isolation, e166-1

Air-conduction signals in audiometry, 2193

Air crescent in aspergillosis, 1060

AIRE See Autoimmune regulator gene (AIRE)

Air embolism, pulmonary, 597

Air leaks, extrapulmonary, 597-599, 598f-599f

Air pollutants, e700-1, e700-3

wheezing and bronchitis due to, 1460

Air transport, e61-8

Airway

artificial

for epiglottitis, 1448

for respiratory distress and failure, 319

bronchoscopy of, e366-4-e366-5

difficult, general anesthesia and, e70-2t-e70-3t, e70-13t

disorders of in mucopolysaccharidoses, 515t

dynamics of in health and disease, e365-1-e365-8, e365-7f-e365-8f

extrathoracic, e365-5

obstruction of, e365-5, e365-7f

extrathoracic-extrapulmonary, e365-5

foreign bodies of, 1453-1454, 1453f

intrapulmonary, e365-5

laryngoscopy of, e366-4

narrowing of, 283-284

in pediatric emergency assessment, 279-281

preanesthetic evaluation of, e70-12, e70-13t

radiography of, e366-2

respiratory acidosis due to disease of, 239t

in trauma survey, 335

Airway clearance treatment

for atelectasis, e402-2, e402-2t

for respiratory insufficiency, 1525

Airway conductance, e366-3

Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), 780

Airway management

bag-valve-mask positive pressure ventilation for, 284-285, 284f-285f

endotracheal intubation for, 285, 286f, 287t

Airway obstruction

acute inflammatory upper, 1445-1450

bacterial tracheitis as, 1449-1450, 1449f

infectious, 1445-1449, 1446f-1447f

in asthma, 782, 784

critical high airway obstruction syndrome (CHAOS), 577, 578f

extrathoracic airway, e365-5, e365-7f, e365-9t

intrapulmonary, 1420, e365-8f, e365-9t

intrathoracic-extrapulmonary, 1419, e365-7f, e365-9t

management of, 282-283, 282f-283f

neonatal, 577, 578f

respiratory distress due to, 315t

in respiratory syncytial virus infection, 1127-1128

due to tonsil and adenoid pathology, 1443, 1445

in traumatic injury, 335

Airway pressure release ventilation (APRV), 326

Airway resistance, e366-3, e365-3

AIS See Arterial ischemic stroke (AIS)

AISs See Androgen insensitivity syndromes (AISs)

Akinesia, as goal of anesthesia, e70-1-e70-3

AKR1D1 gene defect, 1383t

AL See Argininosuccinate lyase (AL) deficiency

ALA See α-Linolenic acid (ALA); δ-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA)

Alacrima, 1925, 2165-2166

ALAD See δ-Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) deficiency

Alagille syndrome, 408t, 1383t, 1385

congenital heart disease with, 1531t, 1561-1562, 1564

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

in autoimmune hepatitis, 1409

in liver disease, 1378

in obesity, 185t

reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

in viral hepatitis, 1394-1395

Alaska Native population, death rates for, 3t-4t

Alavert See Loratadine

Albendazole, e271-1t-e271-11t, e271-13

for ascariasis, 1217-1218

for cysticercosis, 1236

for echinococcosis, 1239

for enterobiasis, 1222

for filariasis, 1225

for giardiasis, 1182, 1182t

for Gnathostoma spinigerum, 1227

for infectious diarrhea, 1337t

for toxocariasis, 1228-1229

for trichinosis, 1229

for vulvovaginitis, 1868t

Albenza See Albendazole

Albinism, 424-425, 424t, 2238-2239, 2238t

Albright hereditary osteodystrophy, 1919-1920

Albumin

drug binding and, e57-5

infusion for burn injury, 353

in malnutrition with chronic diarrhea, 1343t

for nephrotic syndrome, 1805

reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

Albuterol

for anaphylaxis, 818t

for asthma, 796, 797t-798t

ALCAPA See Anomalous origin of coronary arteries (ALCAPA)

Alcaptonuria, 423

ALCL See Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL)

Alcohol

drug interactions with, e57-13t-e57-14t

effects of, e700-1t

neonatal withdrawal from, 624

poisoning with, 267-268

in adolescents, 676t

hypoglycemia in, 529

porphyria cutanea tarda and, e85-11

Alcoholism, hypophosphatemia due to, 228

Alcohol use

in adolescents, 672, 673t, 678-679, 678t-679t

drowning due to, 24

motor vehicle accidents and, 22

urine screening in, 676t

breast-feeding and, 161t

drowning or submersion injury associated with, 342

maternal

as sudden infant death syndrome risk factor, 1424

Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), 678-679, 678t

ALD See Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD)

Aldosterone, e568-6

deficiency of in congenital adrenal hyperplasia, 1931-1933

regulation of, e568-4

synthase deficiency, 1938

Aldosteronism

glucocorticoid-remediable, 236

primary, e572-1

Alemtuzumab, e530-3-e530-4

Alert, Verbal, Pain, Unresponsive (AVPU) Pediatric Response Scale, 281

Alert state, e7-2

Alexander anomaly, 2189-2190

Alexander disease, 2074-2075

ALF See Acute liver failure (ALF)

Alfentanil, 367t

Algid malaria, 1206

Alice in Wonderland syndrome, 1114, e587-2

α-Linolenic acid (ALA), e41-15

Alkalemia, 229-230, 237

Alkaline phosphatase

reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

rickets due to deficiency of, e694-2t

Alkalinization, urinary, for poisoning, 258, 260

Alkalis, household

conjunctivitis due to, 2168

ingestion of, 266

ocular burns with, 2186

Alkalosis, 229-230

forced, for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, 593

hypochloremic in cystic fibrosis, 1487

metabolic, 230t, 235-238, 235t

respiratory, 230t, 240-242, 241t

compensatory, 230

Alkaptonuria, 1531t

ALL See Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)

Allegra See Fexofenadine

Allele, e74-4

Allelic heterogeneity, e77-2

Allergen immunotherapy

for allergic disease, 773-775

for atopic dermatitis, 805

Allergens, e134-1

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), 1474

Aspergillus in, 1059

immunoglobulin E levels in, 766

Allergic cluck, 764

Allergic conjunctivitis, 765, 809-810, 810f, 2167t, 2168

Allergic contact dermatitis, 2251

Allergic disease, e134-1-e134-5

anaphylaxis as, 816-819

Aspergillus in, 1058-1062

in cystic fibrosis, 1494

asthma as, 780-801

atopic dermatitis as, 801-807

diagnosis of, 764-768

history in, 764-765

physical examination in, 765

testing in, 765-768, 766t

drug reactions as, 824-828

HIV-related, 1166

in eosinophilia, 740

food reactions as, 820-824, 820t-821t, 823f, 823t

insect allergy as, 807-809, 807f, 809t

key elements of, e134-1-e134-4

mechanism of tissue inflammation in, e134-4

ocular, 809-811, 810f, 811t

in otitis media, 2202

rhinitis as, 775-780, 776t-780t, 777f

serum sickness as, 819-820

treatment of, 768-775

allergen immunotherapy for, 773-775

environmental control measures in, 768-770, 769t

pharmacologic, 770-773

urticaria (hives) and angioedema as, 811-816

Allergic granulomatosis, 868t

Allergic rhinitis (AR), 775-780, 776t-780t, 777f

allergen immunotherapy for, 774-775

Allergic salute, 764

Allergic shiner, 765

Allergy

acute laryngeal swelling due to, 1448

contact, involving eyes, 810

to cow’s milk protein, 821, 1340

drug, 824-828

food, 820-824, 820t-821t, 823f, 823t

atopic dermatitis and, 806

latex, neuropathic bladder and, e536-3

ocular, 809-811

penicillin, 918

wheezing in, 1457

Allgrove syndrome, 1264

adrenal insufficiency with, 1925, 1925t

autonomic neuropathy with, 2142

Allium cepa for asthma, 271t

Allogenic stem cell transplantation, 757, 758t

from HLA-identical sibling, 757-760

Allograft in intestinal transplantation, e331-2

Alloimmune neonatal neutropenia, 749-750

Alloimmune thrombocytopenic purpura, neonatal, 1720

Alloiococcus otitidis, 2201

Allopurinol, drug interactions with, e57-13t-e57-14t

All-terrain vehicle (ATV) accident, 22

Almotriptan for migraine, 2044t

Alopecia

areata, 2290-2291, 2291f

disorders associated with, 2289t

hypertrichosis and, 2289, 2289t

toxic, 2292

traction, 2289, 2290f

traumatic, 2289-2290

Alpers disease, 1406, e270-2

α-Adrenergic agents

for allergic disease, 770-773

for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 111t

for heart failure, e436-4-e436-5, e436-5t

for psychiatric disorders, 63

for psychosis and agitation, 64t

for systemic hypertension, 1645t

α-Fetoprotein concentration, 543t

in brain tumors, 1747-1748

in CNS germ cell tumors, 1752-1753

in germ cell tumors, 1770

in ovarian carcinomas, 1872t

α-Thalassemia(s), 1674, 1674t, 1676-1677

Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), e41-15

Alpha toxin, e205-3

Alport syndrome, 1782-1783, 1782f

Alprazolam, 692t

ALPS See Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS)

Alstrom syndrome, 182t

ALT See Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

ALTE See Apparent life-threatening event (ALTE)

Alternating attention, e29-3

Alternating hemiplegia of childhood, 2060t, 2061, e587-3

strokelike events versus, 2086

Alternative medicine See Complementary and alternative medicine

Alternative pathway of complement system, e127-1-e127-2, e127-1t

deficiencies of, 754t

Alveolar air equation, e365-7

Alveolar alveolitis, Aspergillus in, 1059

Alveolar-arterial oxygen (A-ao₂) gradient, 318, e365-8

Alveolar compartment, pulmonary edema and, 1468

Alveolar gas composition, 316

Alveolar gas exchange, e365-1-e365-11

Alveolar hemorrhage, 1498-1500

diffuse, 1498-1500, 1498t

Alveolar hypoventilation, 1523

Alveolar macrophages, e122-1

Alveolar microlithiasis, e386-1-e386-3, e386-3f

Alveolar partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO₂), e365-8

in bronchopulmonary dysplasia, 1521

interpretation of, 1420

Alveolar partial pressure of oxygen (Pao₂), 1419, e365-7

in congenital heart disease evaluation, 1573

interpretation of, 1420

Alveolar proteinosis, e398-1-e398-2, e398-1f-e398-2f

Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, 1760

Alveolar soft part sarcoma, 1762t

Alveolar ventilation, 316-317, e365-7

Alveolitis, Aspergillus in, 1059

Alzheimer’s disease, familial, e270-2

Amanita poisoning, e703-1

Amantadine, e237-1t, e237-4

for influenza, 1123-1124

Amastigotes, in trypanosomiasis, 1193, 1193f

Amaurosis, 2153-2154

Ambiguous genitalia, 1958-1968, 1960f

diagnosis of, 1959t, 1961

etiologic classification of, 1959t

inguinal hernia with, 1365

ovotesticular, 1968

revised nomenclature in, 1958-1959, 1959t

sex differentiation and, 1958-1959, 1960f

surgical management of, 1935

46,XX, 1959t

46,XY, 1962

Amblyopia, 2152, 2158

with ptosis, 2163

Ambulance, ground versus air, e61-8

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), 1639-1640

AMC See Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC)

AMDR See Acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR)

Amebiasis, 1178-1180, 1179f, 1180t, e271-1t-e271-11t

liver abscess due to, 1404, 1405f

Amebic meningoencephalitis, e272-1-e272-2, e271-1t-e271-11t, e272-2f

cerebrospinal fluid findings in, 2088t

Amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia, 1689, 1719-1720

Amelogenesis imperfecta, 1250, 1250f

Amenorrhea, 686-688, 686t-688t, 687f

sports-related, 2422

Ameobapores, 1178-1179

American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), 12

on complementary feeding, 164

on genetic testing, 382-383

model for quality improvement from, e2-7

American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD), 122-124

American Board of Pediatrics (ABP), 12

American College of Medical Genetics, on neonatal screening, e707-3, e707-3t

American Heart Association (AHA)

on infective endocarditis, 1626, 1626t

step I diet of, 480

American nightshade, potential toxicity of, 272t-273t

American trypanosomiasis, 1193-1198, 1193f-1194f, 1195t, e271-1t-e271-11t

Ametropia, 2150-2151

Ametropic amblyopia, 2152

AMH See Antimüllerian hormones (AMH)

AMH gene, e576-2t-e576-3t

AMH-receptor gene, e576-2t-e576-3t

Amides, 367t

Amikacin, e173-3, e206-2-e206-3, e173-4t-e173-11t

for bacterial meningitis, 2093t

for cystic fibrosis lung infection, 1492t

for neonatal infection, 645t

for tuberculosis, 1008t

Amikin See Amikacin

Amiloride, 1645t

Aminata poisoning, e703-1

Amino acids

defects in metabolism of See (Amino acid metabolism defects)

dietary reference intakes for, e41-2t-e41-3t

indispensable, dispensable, and conditionally dispensable, e41-4t

malabsorption of, 1305t

in protein, e41-15

Amino acid formula, 164

Amino acid metabolism defects, 418-456

of arginine, citrulline, and ornithine, 447-453, 448f-449f, 448t, 450t

of aspartic acid, 455-456, 456f

of cysteine/cystine, 429

of glutamic acid, 443-445, 444f

of glycine, 438-441, 439f, 441f

of histidine, 453

liver effects of, 1389t

of lysine, 453-455, 454f

malabsorption due to, 1318

of methionine, 425-429, 426f

neonatal seizures due to, 2034-2035

of neurotransmitters, 445-447

newborn screening for, 416, 417t

odors associated with, 418t

of phenylalanine, 418-422, 419f, 421f

of proline, 442-443, 442f

of serine, 442

of tryptophan, 429-430, 429f

of tyrosine, 422-425

of valine, leucine, isoleucine, and related organic acidemias, 430-438, 430f

α-Aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency, 453-454

γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)

deficiency of, 445t, 447

in seizures, 2025

drug therapy and, 2025-2026

neonatal, 2033

in status epilepticus, 2038

Aminoglycoside-modifying agents, e173-1t

Aminoglycosides, e206-2-e206-3, e173-3-e173-12

drug interactions with, e57-13t-e57-14t

for listeriosis, e181-2

possible adverse reactions to in premature infant, 563t

5-Amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide (AICA) riboside deficiency, e83-6

δ-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA), e85-1, e85-2f, e85-3

δ-Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) deficiency, e85-4

δ-Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase porphyria (ADP), e85-1t, e85-4

Aminophylline for neonatal apnea, 581

5-Aminosalicylate (5-ASA) for inflammatory bowel disease, 1298-1299

Amiodarone

goiter due to, 1908

hypothyroidism due to, 1901

for pediatric resuscitation and arrhythmias, 294t

Amiodarone for arrhythmias, 1611t-1612t

Amitriptyline

for functional abdominal pain, 1348t

for migraine prophylaxis, 2044, 2044t

for pain management, 364t

for vomiting prophylaxis, 1244t

AML See Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)

Amlodipine, 1645t

Ammonia, reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

AMN See Adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN)

Amnesia

as goal of anesthesia, e70-1

due to shellfish poisoning, e703-5

Amniocentesis, 543t, 548-549

in erythroblastosis fetalis, 617

Amnion nodosum, 552

Amniotic constriction bands, 533, 2220-2221, 2343, e102-3, e102-6f

Amniotic fluid

in biophysical profile, 543t

diagnostic testing of, 548

high-risk pregnancies and, e89-1-e89-2

Amoxicillin, e173-4t-e173-11t

for acute cystitis, 1832

for cystic fibrosis lung infection, 1492t

for group A streptococci infection, 918

for Helicobacter pylori gastritis, 1293t

for infective endocarditis prophylaxis, 1626t

for Lyme disease, 1028t

for otitis media, 2206-2208, 2207t

for pharyngitis, 1439-1440

for sinusitis, 1437-1438

for Staphylococcus aureus, 907-908

for typhoid fever, 957, 958t

for vulvovaginitis, 1868t

Amoxicillin-clavulanate, e173-4t-e173-11t

for cystic fibrosis lung infection, 1492t

for otitis media, 2207t, 2208

for sinusitis, 1437-1438

for Staphylococcus aureus, 907-908

for vulvovaginitis, 1868t

Amoxil See Amoxicillin

Amphetamine combination for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 62t

Amphetamines, adolescent use of, 683-684, 684t

urine screening in, 676t

Amphetamine salts, mixed for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 111t

Amphotericin B, e225-1, e225-1t

for coccidioidomycosis, 1067

for histoplasmosis, 1063-1064

for Leishmania, e271-1t-e271-11t

for parasitic infection, e271-1t-e271-11t

possible adverse reactions to in premature infant, 563t

Amphotericin B colloid dispersion (ABCD), 1053, e225-1t

for candidiasis, 1054t, 1056t

Amphotericin B deoxycholate

for blastomycosis, 1065

for candidiasis, 1054t, 1056t

for coccidioidomycosis, 1067

for leishmaniasis, 1190

for zygomycosis, e235-1

Amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC), 1053, e225-1t

for candidiasis, 1054t, 1056t

for leishmaniasis, 1190

for zygomycosis, e235-1

Ampicillin, e173-4t-e173-11t

for bacterial meningitis, 2093t

for group B streptococci, 927

for infectious diarrhea, 1337t

for listeriosis, e181-2

for meningococcal disease, 933t

for neonatal infection, 645t

for pyelonephritis, 1832

for Salmonella gastroenteritis, 953t

for Shigella infection, 961

for Staphylococcus aureus, 907t

for typhoid fever, 958t

“Ampicillin rash”, 1112-1113

Ampicillin-sulbactam, e173-4t-e173-11t

for Staphylococcus aureus, 907t

Amplification in proto-oncogene activation, e486-1, e486-1t

Amplitude integrated electroencephalography (aEEG), 571t

Amputation

fingertip, 2387

for leg-length discrepancy, e668-3, e668-5f

Amrinone for heart failure, e436-5t

Amylase, 1368, e339-3

disorders associated with elevation of, 1371, 1371t

in pancreatitis, 1371

reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

Amylase isoenzymes, reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

Amylin adjunct therapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus, 1979

Amyl nitrate, as inhalant, 681t

Amylo-1,6-glucosidase deficiency, 528

Amyloidosis, e158-1-e158-2

Amylopectinosis, 497

Amyopathic juvenile dermatomyositis, 848

Amyoplasia, 2118

in arthrogryposis, 2387, e674-1f

AN See Anorexia nervosa (AN)

ANA See Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs)

Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), 2422-2423, 2423t

Anaerobic bacterial infections

botulism as, 987-991

Clostridium difficile infection as, 994-995

due to other organisms, e205-1-e205-4, e205-2t-e205-3t

pneumonia as, 1475t

tetanus as, 991-994

Anafranil See Clomipramine

Anagen effluvium, 2292

Anakinra

for juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 838t

for rheumatic disease, e148-2t-e148-3t, e148-5-e148-6, e148-5t

Anal canal, anatomy of, 1360f

Anal fissure, 1359

Analgesia/analgesics See also Pain management

acetaminophen, aspirin, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs as, 363-364, 364t

for anesthesia, e70-4t-e70-5t

for cyclic vomiting syndrome, 1244t

epidural, e70-15

in general anesthesia, e70-1

for intubation, 321t

for migraine, 2044t

opioids, 364-367, 365t-367t, 367f

adverse reaction to, 828

patient-controlled

for pain management, 365-367, 367f

postoperative, e70-14

pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of, 362-363

poisoning with, 258-261

in rapid sequence intubation, 287t

in serotonin syndrome, 265t

Anal stenosis, 1357

Analytical validity, 376

Analytic testing, e707-1

Anaphase of mitosis, 394-395

Anaphylactoid reaction, 816

Anaphylaxis, 816-819, 816t-818t

biphasic, 817

exercise-induced, 814

after Hymenoptera sting, 808

after vaccine, 892

Anaplasma phagocytophilum, 1026, 1039t-1040t

Anaplasmosis, 1048-1050, 1050f

Anaplastic astrocytoma, 1750

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), 1739-1740, 1744t

Anastia, e545-1, e545-1f

Anastrozole, 1893

Anatomic dead space, 316-317

ANC See Absolute neutrophil count (ANC)

ANCA See Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)

Ancef See Cefazolin

Ancylostoma, 1218-1221

Ancylostoma caninum, e271-1t-e271-11t

Ancylostoma duodenale, e271-1t-e271-11t

Andersen disease, 494t-495t, 497, e603-2

Andersen-Tawil syndrome, 2130

Anderson disease, 1313

Anderson syndrome, 2125t

Androgenic drugs, administration during pregnancy, 1962-1963

Androgenic lesion of ovary, 1958

Androgen insensitivity in amenorrhea, 687t

Androgen insensitivity syndromes (AISs), 1966, 1966f

Androgen receptor, e576-2t-e576-3t

Androgens, adrenal

actions of, e568-6

defects in, 1965-1967

excess of in congenital adrenal hyperplasia, 1933

regulation of, e568-4

Androstenedione, 2423, 2423t

Anemia of chronic disease (ACD), e445-1

Anemia(s), 1648-1650, 1648t

acquired pure red blood cell, 1652-1653

of acute renal failure, 1821

anesthesia and, e70-13

aplastic, 748t, 1690-1691

hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for, 759, 759f

cardiac arrest due to, 289t

of chronic disease, e445-1

chronic hemolysis as, 1653

in chronic kidney disease, 1823t, 1825

congenital

Diamond-Blackfan, 1650-1651

dyserythropoietic, e446-1-e446-2, e446-1t

hypoplastic, 1650-1651

Pearson’s syndrome as, 1652

Cooley, 1675-1676

differential diagnosis of, 1649-1650, 1649f-1650f

Fanconi, 759, 1684-1686, 1685f, 1685t

malignancy susceptibility associated with, e486-2t-e486-3t

fetal therapy for, 551t

hemolytic

abnormal hemoglobins causing cyanosis as, 1672

abnormal hemoglobins with increased oxygen affinity as, 1671

acanthocytosis as, e455-1

autoimmune, 1680-1683, 1681t

due to bartonellosis, 982

definitions and classification of, e451-1-e451-3, e451-1f, e451-1t-e451-2t, e451-3f

enteric infection and, 1333t

enzymatic defects in, 1677-1680, 1678f-1680f, 1679t

after Epstein-Barr virus infection, 1114

due to extracellular factors, e459-1

hemoglobin C as, 1663-1670

hemoglobin Eβ as, 1670

hemoglobinopathies as, 1662-1677

hereditary elliptocytosis as, e453-1

hereditary methemoglobinemia as, 1672-1673, 1673f

hereditary spherocytosis as, 1659-1662, 1659t, 1660f-1662f

hereditary stomatocytosis as, e454-1

paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria as, e455-1, e455-1f

parvovirus B19 infection and, 1095

sickle cell disease as, 1663-1670

sickle cell trait as, 1663-1670, 1670t-1671t

syndromes of hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin as, 1673-1674

thalassemia syndromes as, 1674-1677, 1674t, 1675f

unstable hemoglobin disorders as, 1670-1671

history and physical examination in, 1648-1649

HIV-related, 1166

iron-deficiency, 1655-1658, 1656t-1658t, 1657f

due to hookworm, 1219

in kala-azar, 1189

laboratory studies in, 1649

in malaria, 1199-1200, 1206

in malnutrition, 172

megaloblastic, e448-1-e448-5

folic acid deficiency in, e448-1

thiamine-responsiveness, 191

vitamin B₁₂ (cobalamin) deficiency in, e448-3-e448-4

microcytic, e450-1

in newborn, 612-615, 613f, 613t-614t

as oncologic emergency, e488-6t

parvovirus B19 infection in red cell aplasia as, 1652-1653

physiologic of infancy, 1654-1655

of prematurity, 614

renal transplantation and, e530-2

respiratory signs and symptoms of, e413-1t

retinopathy due to, 2180

sickle cell See (Sickle cell disease (SCD))

sideroblastic, e450-1, e450-1f

transient erythroblastopenia of childhood as, 1652-1653, 1652t

Anencephaly, 2003

Anesthesia, 359

general, e70-1-e70-3

akinesia in, e70-1-e70-3

anesthetics used for, e70-6

awareness during, e70-11

cardiovascular effects of, e70-6

complications following, e70-10-e70-12

definitions of care in, e70-3t

drugs used in, e70-4t-e70-5t

evaluation before, e70-12-e70-14, e70-12t-e70-13t

fluid maintenance during, e70-9-e70-10

goals of, e70-1t

hypnosis and amnesia in, e70-1

induction of, e70-5-e70-8

complications of, e70-8

parenteral presence during, e70-8

inhalation anesthetics for, e70-5-e70-6

maintenance of, e70-8-e70-10

neurotoxicity of, 360, e70-17

physiologic support during, e70-3

postanesthesia care following, e70-10-e70-12, e70-10t

recovery from, e70-10

specific diseases and their implications regarding, e70-2t-e70-3t

vigilance during, e70-3

local

adverse reaction to, 827

definition of, e70-3t

for pain management, 367-368, 367t-368t

toxicity, neonatal seizures due to, 2034, 2036

regional

definition of, e70-3t

for pain management, 371

for postoperative pain management, e70-14-e70-15

Anetoderma, 2277

Aneuploid cells, 399-400

Aneuploidy, 399-400, 400t, 404t

sex chromosome, 408-410, 409t

47,XYY as, 410

Klinefelter syndrome as, 410

Noonan syndrome as, 410, 410t

overgrowth in, e554-2t

Turner syndrome as, 409-410

Aneurysm, e438-1

aortic, in Marfan syndrome, 2441, 2445

cerebral

hemorrhagic stroke due to, 2084-2085

imaging studies in, e584-11t

coronary artery, in Kawasaki disease, 864, 865f

ventricular septal, 1557

Angel dust, 683

Angelman syndromes, 391-392, 408t, 412-413

Angina, Vincent, e205-1

Angiocardiography, 1548

in atrioventricular defect, 1555

Angioedema, 811-816

chronic idiopathic, 813

croup versus, 1447

diagnosis of, 812t, 813-814

drug eruptions in, e637-8t

etiology and pathogenesis of, 811-812

due to food allergy, 822

hereditary, 753, 755, 815-816

physical, 812-813

pressure-induced, 813

treatment of, 814-815, 815t

Angiofibroma, juvenile nasopharyngeal, 1432-1433

Angiography

catheter, e584-11

computed tomography

in neurologic examination, e584-11

in Takayasu arteritis, 872, 872f

in liver dysfunction, 1379

magnetic resonance

in abusive head trauma, 139-140

in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, e30-1

in cardiovascular disease, 1545-1546, 1546f

computer processing of, 1546

in neurologic examination, e584-11

in orthopedic problems, 2335

in osteomyelitis, 2396, 2396f

in rheumatic disease, e147-2

in septic arthritis, 2400

radionuclide, 1546

Angiokeratoma

circumscriptum, 2224

in Fabry disease, 489, 489f

in GM₁ gangliosidosis, 483

of Mibelli, 2229

Angiokeratoma corporis diffusum, 2139, 2230-2231

Angioma

spider, as manifestation of liver disease, 1376

tufted, 2228, 2229f

Angiomatosis, bacillary, 983t, 986

Angioplasty, balloon, 1569

Angiosarcoma, 1762t

Angiostrongyliasis, e271-1t-e271-11t

Angiostrongylus cantonensis, 1226-1227, 1327t-1328t

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), 861

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs)

for heart failure, e436-3-e436-4

for hypertension

of chronic kidney disease, 1825

systemic, 1645t

for Marfan syndrome, 2445

Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)

for heart failure, e436-3-e436-4

for systemic hypertension, 1645t

Angiotensin in aldosterone regulation, 1923

Angle Classification of Malocclusion, 1252, e301-1f

Angular cheilitis, 2297, 2297f

candidal, 1055

due to riboflavin deficiency, 193, 193f

Angular deformities, 2344-2351

Anhidrosis, 2286-2287

congenital insensitivity to, 2143

Anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, 2223, 2223f, 2223t

ANI See Autoimmune neutropenia of infancy (ANI)

Anicteric leptospirosis, 1024

Anidulafungin, e225-1t, e225-4

for candidiasis, 1054t, 1056t

Animal antisera preparations, 882-883

Animal bites, 2454-2460

clinical manifestations of, 2455

complications of, 2455, 2456t

diagnosis of, 2455

epidemiology of, 2454-2455, 2455t

monkeypox due to, 2459-2460

prevention of, 2457, 2457t-2458t

rat bite fever due to, 2457-2459, 2458f

treatment of, 2455-2457, 2456t

Animal-born infection

hemorrhagic fevers, 1150t

hookworm, 1220t

leptospirosis, 1023-1024

psittacosis, 1038

rabies, 1154-1157

Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 1041

Salmonella, 949, 953-954

toxoplasmosis, 1208-1216

during travel, e168-2

tularemia, 978

Yersinia, 971-972

Animal dander allergens, 769, 769t

Animal filariae infection, 1226

Anion gap, 234f

in hyperkalemic renal tubular acidosis, 1811

in metabolic acidosis, 233-234

in poisonings, 254t

normal, 234

reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

Anions in total body water, e52-1-e52-2, e52-2f

Aniridia, 2154-2155, 2154f

Anisakiasis, e271-1t-e271-11t

Anise tea, potential toxicity of, 272t-273t

Anisocoria, 2155

Anisomelia See Leg-length discrepancy (LLD)

Anisometropia, 2151

Anisometropic amblyopia, 2152

Ankle

avulsion fracture of, 2408-2409

sports injury to, 2417-2418, 2417f

Ankle jerk in neurologic examination, e584-7

Ankle sprain, 2418

in basketball and volleyball, e684-2

Ankyloglossia, 534, 1261

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS), e150-1-e150-3, e150-1f-e150-2f, e150-1t

Ann Arbor Conference staging of Hodgkin lymphoma, 1741, 1741t

Annular constriction bands, 533, 2220-2221, 2343, e102-3, e102-6f

Annular pancreas, e339-2

Anodontia, 1250

Anomalies See Congenital anomalies

Anomalous origin of coronary arteries (ALCAPA), 1598-1599, 1599f

Anonychia, 2293

Anorchia, congenital, 1944

Anorectal disorders, 1355-1362

anal fissure as, 1359

hemorrhoids as, 1360, 1361f

malformations as, 1355-1356, 1356f, 1357t, 1359t

perianal abscess and fistula as, 1360, 1360f

pilonidal sinus and abscess as, 1362

rectal mucosal prolapse as, 1361

Anorectal manometry (ARM)

in congenital intestinal pseudo-obstruction, 1283t

in Hirschsprung disease, 1286

Anorectoplasty, posterior sagittal, 1358

Anorexia, 1241-1242

nondigestive causes of, 1241t

treatment of in palliative care, 155t-157t

Anorexia nervosa (AN), 90, 90t See also Eating disorders

eating and weight control habits in, 92t

in female athlete, 2422

hypokalemia in, 223

symptoms commonly reported in, 93t

Anosmia, 1948-1949, e584-2

neurologic examination of, e584-2

Anotia, e630-1

Anovulatory menstrual cycle, 653

abnormal uterine bleeding due to, 688, 689t-690t

Anoxia, due to drowning, 343

Antacids

drug interactions with, e57-13t-e57-14t

for gastroesophageal reflux disease, 1268

hypophosphatemia and, 227

Antagonists, receptor binding by, e57-8

Antegrade continence enema procedure (ACE), 1359

Antegrade pressure-perfusion flow study, 1841

Antegrade pyelogram, 1841

Anterior chamber

development of, 2148

examination of, 2150

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries, 2414, 2414t

Anterior dislocation of shoulder, 2410

Anterior drawer test, 2415f

Anterior knee pain syndrome, 2354

Anterior lenticonus, 2172

Anterior uveitis, 2167t

Anterolateral tibial bowing, 2351

Anteromedial tibial bowing, 2351

Anteversion, femoral, 2344, 2346

Anthracycline use, sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

Anthrax

terrorism and, 891, e704-5-e704-7, e704-8t

vaccine for, 884t, 891

Anthropometric evaluation, 1343

Anti-acetylcholine (ACh) antibodies, 2134

Antiadrenal cytoplasmic antibodies, 1926

Antiandrogens

for familial male gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty, 1893

gynecomastia due to, e109-1t

for polycystic ovary syndrome, e546-3

Antiarrhythmic agents, 1610, 1611t-1612t

pharmacokinetics of, e56-3t

Antibiotic-associated diarrhea, 994-995

Antibiotic prophylaxis See Prophylaxis

Antibiotics/antibiotic therapy, e173-1-e173-14, e173-4t-e173-11tSee also specific types

for acne

systemic, 2324-2326, 2324f, 2325t

topical, 2324, 2324f

age- and risk-specific use of, e173-1-e173-3

aminoglycosides in, e173-3-e173-12

for appendicitis, 1355

for bacterial meningitis, 2091-2094

carbapenems in, e173-3

cephalosporins in, e173-3, e173-12t

child-care setting and, e167-2

for cystic fibrosis, 1491-1492, 1492t

daptomycin in, e173-14

for fever in neutropenic patient, e171-1

for fever without localizing signs, 898

glycopeptides in, e173-3

for group A streptococci infection, 918

gynecomastia due to, e109-1t

for immunocompromised and hospitalized patients, e173-2

for infectious diarrhea, 1337, 1337t

for infective endocarditis, 1624, 1625t

intrapartum, 633-634

lincosamides in, e173-13

macrolides in, e173-13

for medical devices-associated infections, e173-2-e173-3

for neonates, 644-646, 645t, e173-1

nocardiosis, e183-2

for osteomyelitis, 2397-2398

for otitis media, 2206-2207

penicillins in, e173-3, e173-12t

for pertussis, 946, 947t

principles of, e173-1-e173-14, e173-1t, e173-2f

quinolones in, e173-13-e173-14

resistance to See (Antimicrobial resistance)

for rheumatic fever, 923-924

for septic arthritis, 2400

in serotonin syndrome, 265t

for Shigella infection, 961

for skin disorders, 2217

for Staphylococcus aureus infection, 906-908

streptogramins and oxazolidinones in, e173-14

sulfonamides in, e173-13

tetracyclines in, e173-13

for vulvovaginal infections, 1868t

Antibodies

autoimmune hemolytic anemia associated with

“cold”, 1682-1683

“warm”, 1680-1682

monoclonal, 883

in rheumatic disease, e147-3t

Antibodies to infliximab (ATI), 1303

Antibody deficiency(ies), 721t, 722-728, 724f

common variable immunodeficiency as, 724-725, 724t

enteroviral meningoencephalitis with, 1092

genetics of, 723t

hyper-immunoglobulin M syndrome as, 726-727

immunoglobulin A deficiency as, 725

immunoglobulin G subclass deficiencies as, 725-726

immunoglobulin heavy- and light-chain deletions as, 726

infection in, e171-1t

X-linked agammaglobulinemia as, 723-724, 724f

X-linked lymphoproliferative disease as, 727

Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), e117-5

Antibody testing

in cytomegalovirus, 1116

in Epstein-Barr virus, 1113-1114, 1114f

in toxoplasmosis, 1213

in varicella-zoster virus infection, 1108

Anticholinergic agents

for allergic disease, 770

for asthma, 796, 797t-798t

for motion sickness, 1244t

poisoning with, antidote for, 256t-257t

Anticholinergic syndrome, 253t, 676t

Anticipatory guidance

for foster care children, e35-2t

in healthy eating habits, 188t

in injury prevention, 19t

in palliative care, 151-159

in well child care, 14

Anticoagulation, 1711-1712

for cerebral sinovenous thrombosis, 2083-2084

lupus, 844

for pulmonary embolism, 1502

Anticonvulsants See Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)

Anti-deoxyribonuclease B titer, reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

Antidepressants

for migraine prophylaxis, 2044t

for neuropathic pain, 368t

for pain management, 368-369

poisoning with, 263-266, 264f

for psychiatric disorders, 61-62, 63t

in serotonin syndrome, 265t

tricyclic

for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 111t

for depression and anxiety symptoms, 63t

heart disease and, 65

for neuropathic pain, 368t

for pain management, 369

poisoning with, 251t, 264, 264f

antidote for, 256t-257t

in psychopharmacology, 62

toxicity of, 251t

Anti-D gamma globulin, 615

Antidiuresis, nephrogenic syndrome of inappropriate, 1884

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), e550-2

arginine See (Growth hormone (GH))

for central diabetes insipidus, 1883

maintenance fluids and hyponatremia and, 243-244

in osmolality regulation, e52-4

for portal hypertension, e359-2

reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

syndrome of inappropriate, 1884, 1886

in water balance, 1881-1882, 1882f

Antidotes for poisoning, 256t-258t, 258

Antidromic conduction, 1613-1614

Antiemetics

for nausea and vomiting with migraine, 2043

in serotonin syndrome, 265t

Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)

choice of, 2026-2029, 2029t

initiating and monitoring of, 2029-2032, 2030t-2031t

mechanisms of action of, 2025-2026

for migraine prophylaxis, 2044-2045, 2044t

for neuropathic pain, 368t

for pain management, 369-370

in serotonin syndrome, 265t

Antifungal agents, e225-1-e225-4, e225-1t

for fever in neutropenic patient, e171-1

for skin disorders, 2217

Antigen-dependent stages of B-cell development, e117-2-e117-4

Antigen detection

in bacterial and fungal infection diagnosis, e164-1

in coccidioidomycosis, 1066

in group A streptococci infection, 917-918

in HIV, e707-2, e707-2t

in office, e164-3

in parainfluenza viruses, 1125t

in viral infection diagnosis, e164-3-e164-4

Antigenic drift, 1122

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs), e117-4-e117-5

in allergic disease, e134-1-e134-3

polyposis syndromes associated with, e337-2-e337-3

Antigen-specific immunoglobulin, e117-2-e117-4

Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease, e502-3

Antihemophilic factor, 1696t

Anti-hepatitis A virus, 1395, 1396t

Antihistamines

for allergic disease, 770-771, 771t

for allergic rhinitis, 777-779, 777t-778t

for atopic dermatitis, 805

for common cold, 1435

for cyclic vomiting syndrome, 1244t

for migraine prophylaxis, 2044t

for motion sickness, 1244t

for urticaria and angioedema, 814-815, 815t

Antihypertensives, 1645f, 1645t-1646t

gynecomastia due to, e109-1t

for migraine prophylaxis, 2044t

Anti-immunoglobulin E

for allergic disease, 772

for asthma, 794t, 796

for atopic dermatitis, 805

Antiinflammatory cytokines, e117-3t

Antiinflammatory therapy

for cystic fibrosis, 1493

for rheumatic fever, 923

Anti-interleukin-4 drugs, 773

Anti-interleukin-5 drugs, 773

Antimalarial toxicity, 251t

Antimetabolites for atopic dermatitis, 805

Antimicrobial agents

for fever in neutropenic patient, e171-1

in immunizing agents, 883

Antimicrobial resistance, e173-1, e173-1t

child care setting and, e167-2

Haemophilus influenzae, 941

mechanism of, e173-1t

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 1008-1009

in neonatal infection, 644

nocardiosis, e183-2

in otitis media, 2205-2206

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 977

Streptococcus pneumoniae, 913

tuberculosis, 998, 1008-1009

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing, e164-3

Antimony, gastroenteritis due to, 1328t-1329t

Antimotility agents

for infectious diarrhea, 1337

for traveler’s diarrhea, e168-5

Antimüllerian hormones (AMH), e576-1-e576-4

in hypogonadism, 1946

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)

in inflammatory bowel disease, 1295

in pulmonary hemosiderosis, 1499

in rheumatic disease, e147-3t

in vasculitis, 874-876, 874t, 875f

Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs)

in juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 836

in rheumatic disease, e147-2, e147-3t

in spondyloarthritides, e150-1-e150-2, e150-1t

in systemic lupus erythematosus, 844

Antioxidants, e85-11

Antiparasitic therapy, e271-1-e271-13, e271-1t-e271-12t

Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS), 1709

Antiplasmin

deficiency of, 1704

reference values for, 1698t

Antipsychotics

for pain management, 370

for psychiatric disorders, 62-63, 64t

toxicity of, 266

Antiquitin deficiency, 453-454

Antireflux therapy, 1267-1268

Antiretroviral agents

for HIV infection, 1167-1174, 1168t-1171t

hypersensitivity to, 826

Antiretroviral therapy, highly active, 1159

Antirheumatics, e148-1-e148-6, e148-1t-e148-3t

Antiseptic skin care of newborn, 537

Antisera preparations, 882t

hyperimmune animal, 882-883

Antistreptolysin O assay, 918

Antithrombin-III, reference values for, 1698t

Antithrombotic agents, 1710t

Antithymocyte globulin (ATG), 1692

Antithymocyte globulin (ATGAM), e530-3

Antithyroid drugs, 1912t

adverse reactions to, 1911-1912

Antitoxin

botulism, 882-883

diphtheria, 882-883, 882t, e180-3

tetanus, 992-993

α-Antitrypsin

deficiency of, 1393

emphysema and, e385-1

subcutaneous tissue disease due to, 2283-2284

measurement of

in chronic diarrhea, 1344t

in protein losing enteropathy, 1307

Antivenom administration, 2460, 2462, 2462t

Antivirals, e237-1-e237-6, e237-1t-e237-2t

for common cold, 1435

drug interactions with, e57-13t-e57-14t

for fever in neutropenic patient, e171-1

for herpesviruses, e237-1-e237-4

Antley-Bixler syndrome, 1937-1938, 1962, 2012t

Antroduodenal manometry (ADM), 1283t

Anus

candidal infection of, 2314

ectopic, 1357

imperforate, 1356, 1356f-1357f

neuropathic bladder and, e536-3

infectious dermatitis of, 2304-2305, 2305f

newborn assessment of, 536

Anxiety

psychopharmacologic management of, 61t, 63t

respiratory signs and symptoms of, e413-1t

separation, 32

stranger, 30, 33

treatment of in palliative care, 155t-157t, 158

in type 1 diabetes mellitus, 1986

Anxiety attack, seizure versus, e587-4

Anxiety disorders, 77-82, 78t-82t

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder versus, 110

Anxiolytic agents, 62

for anesthesia, e70-4t-e70-5t

for cyclic vomiting syndrome, 1244t

for depression and anxiety symptoms, 63t

AOM See Acute otitis media (AOM)

Aorta

coarctation of, 1567-1570, 1567f, 1569f

in adults, 1608

with ventricular septal defect, 1570

fetal development of, 1528f, e414-3

Aortic aneurysm in Marfan syndrome, 2441

surgery for, 2441, 2445

Aortic arch

anomalies of, 1597f-1598f, 1597t

coarctation with disease of, 1570

embryonic development of, 1527

development of, 1527-1528, 1528f

double, 1452, 1596-1597, 1597f

interrupted, 1570

Aortic insufficiency, 1628

Aorticopulmonary (AP) window defect, 1561

Aorticopulmonary translocation, 1566-1567

Aorticopulmonary window defect, 1560-1561

Aortic stenosis

critical, 1565

sudden death due to, 1619

Aortic valve

coarctation with disease of, 1570

replacement of, 1566-1567

Aortic valve stenosis, 1565-1567, 1565f-1566f

in adults, 1608-1609

Aortogram, pulmonary, e366-3

APCs See Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

APECED See Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis ectodermal dysplasia (APECED)

Apert syndrome, 1531t, 2012t, 2013

Apgar score, 536, 536t-537t

hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and, 570t

Aphthous stomatitis, 859-860, 2298, 2298f

Aphthous ulcer

genital, 1866, 1866f

oral, 1260, 1260t

Apical pulse, assessment of, 1533

APL See Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL)

Aplasia

Leydig cell, 1964

of lung, 1463

of muscles, 2118

of optic nerve, 2181

of parathyroid gland, 1917

of red blood cells, 1652-1653

parvovirus B19 infection in, 1095-1097, 1653

Aplasia cutis congenita, 2221-2222, 2221f

Aplastic anemia, 748t, 1690-1691

hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for, 759, 759f

Aplastic crisis

due to parvovirus B19, 1095-1096

with transient erythroblastopenia of childhood, 1653

Apley compression test, 2415f

APL-RARα oncogene, e486-1t

Apnea

brain death and, e63-2

congenital myasthenic syndrome with episodic, 2133, 2133t

as delivery room emergency, 575

in factitious disorder by proxy, 146

due to gastroesophageal reflux disease, 1269-1270

neonatal, 580-581, 580t, e92-2

obstructive sleep

with Down syndrome, 403t

obesity with, 184t

postoperative, e70-12

of prematurity, 580-581

seizures and, e587-1

sleep

enuresis with, 72

general anesthesia and, e70-2t-e70-3t

obstructive, 49-51, 49t-50t, 1523

with type 2 diabetes mellitus, 1993t

sudden death syndrome and, 581

Apnea test, e63-2

APOA-1 See Apolipoprotein A-1 (APOA-1) deficiency

Apocrine glands, e636-2

APOL1 See Apolipoprotein L-1 (APOL1)

Apolipoproteins, 471

Apolipoprotein A-1 (APOA-1) deficiency, 477

Apolipoprotein L-1 (APOL1), 1191

Apophysis

age of appearance and fusion of, 2413t

slipped vertebral, 2377

sports injuries involving, 2408

Apophysitis, 2340-2341

calcaneal, 2418

sports-related, 2413

Apoptosis, e117-1

Apparent life-threatening event (ALTE), 1428

Apparent volume of distribution, e57-3

Appearance of newborn, 532-533

Appendageal structures of skin, e636-1

Appendectomy, 1354-1355

actinomycosis following, e182-1-e182-2

Appendicitis, 1349-1355

abdominal pain of, 1247t-1248t

Angiostrongylus costaricensis versus, 1227

clinical features of, 1349-1350

in cystic fibrosis, 1495

diagnostic studies in, 1351-1353, 1351f-1352f, 1351t

differential diagnosis of, 1353-1354

pathology of, 1349

physical examination in, 1350

treatment of, 1354-1355

Appendix testis, torsion of, 1862, 1862f

Appetite, control of, 183f

Appetite suppressants, cardiac manifestations of, 1531t

Apple allergy, 821, 821t

Apple juice, diarrhea and, 1335t

Applied behavior analysis (ABA), e6-4

Apraxia

oculomotor, 2161, e587-4

verbal, 119

APRT See Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) deficiency

APRV See Airway pressure release ventilation (APRV)

APS See Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS); Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy (APS)

APS-1 See Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy, type I (APS-1)

APS-2 See Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy type II (APS-2)

APSGN See Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN)

Aptivus See Tipanavir

APTT See Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)

APVs See Avian pneumoviruses (APVs)

AQP2 gene, 1812

Aquagenic urticaria, 813

Aquatic-borne illness

Aeromonas, e196-1

Legionella, e200-1

Plesiomonas shigelloides, e196-3

Aqueous vasopressin, 1883-1884

AR See Allergic rhinitis (AR)

ARA See Arachidonic acid (ARA)

ARA-A See Vidarabine

Ara-A See Vidarabine

Ara-C See Cytarabine

Arachidonic acid (ARA), e41-15

deficiency, cutaneous manifestations of, 2329

Arachnoid cysts, 2006

Arboviral encephalitis

in North America, 1141-1144, 1142f-1143f

outside North America, 1144-1147, 1145t

Arbovirus in viral meningoencephalitis, 2095-2096

ARBs See Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)

Arcuate uterus, e548-3

Area under the curve (AUC), e57-2

Argentine hemorrhagic fever, 1151-1152

Arginase deficiency, 448f, 452

Arginine, defects in metabolism of, 447-453, 448f-449f, 448t, 450t

Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) deficiency, 441

Arginine vasopressin See Growth hormone (GH)

Argininosuccinate lyase (AL) deficiency, 448f, 452

Argininosuccinate synthetase (AS) deficiency, 451-452

ARH See Autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia (ARH)

Arhinia, 1430

ARHR See Autosomal recessive hypophosphatemic rickets (ARHR)

ARM See Anorectal manometry (ARM)

Arm See Upper extremity(ies)

Arnold-Chiari malformations, 1264

myelomeningocele with, 1522

respiratory insufficiency due to, 1522

Aromatase deficiency, 1962

Aromatherapy, 371

Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency, 445-446, 2060t

Arousal

confusional, 51-52

newborn, e7-2

Arousal disorders, non-REM partial, e587-5

Arpiprazole

for mood stabilization, 64t

for psychosis and agitation, 64t

ARPKD See Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD)

Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), 376, 377t, 396-398, 400f

Arrhythmias See Cardiac arrhythmias

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC), 1629t-1630t, 1633-1634

ARSA gene, 2072

Arsenic poisoning, e701-1-e701-2, e701-1t-e701-2t

gastroenteritis due to, 1328t-1329t

treatment of, e701-3-e701-4

ART See Acoustic reflex test (ART)

Artemether, e271-11-e271-13

for malaria, 1202, 1203t-1205t

Artemis deficiency, 733

Artemisia absinthium, potential toxicity of, 272t-273t

Artemisinin, e271-1t-e271-11t, e271-11-e271-13

for malaria, 1202, 1203t-1205t

Arterial access for emergencies, 292-294, 296f

Arterial baroceptors in respiration regulation, 1421

Arterial blood gases (ABGs), e366-1-e366-2

in acid-base disorders, 230

interpretation of, e365-1-e365-12, e365-12t

normal values of, 230t

Arterial dissection, 2080

Arterial ecchymotic Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, 2278

Arterial ischemic stroke (AIS), 2080-2082, 2081f-2082f, 2081t-2082t

Arterial oxygen content (Cao₂), e365-8

Arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO₂), 1419, e365-7-e365-8

peripheral chemoreceptors stimulation and, 1421

Arterial switch procedure

Jatene, 1586, 1587f

Mustard or Senning, 1586-1587

Arteriography, pulmonary, e366-3

Arteriomesenteric duodenal compression syndrome, e324-1-e324-5

Arteriovenous fistula, e438-1

hepatic, e438-1

pulmonary, e426-1-e426-3

Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), 2225, 2226f

hemorrhagic stroke due to, 2084-2085

imaging studies in, e584-11t

spinal, 2107-2108

Arteritis

mesenteric, postoperative, 1569

Takayasu, 868t, 871-872

Artesunate, e271-11-e271-13

for malaria, 1202

Arthralgia

in acute rheumatic fever, 922

with parvovirus B19 infection, 1095

in rheumatic disease, e147-1, e147-1t

Arthritis See also Rheumatic disease

in acute rheumatic fever, 921-922

in alcaptonuria, 423

conditions causing, 836t

enteroviruses in, 1091-1092

enthesitis-related, 831t, e150-1-e150-3

following meningococcal disease, 933

following rubella, 1077

gonococcal, 937-938

inflammatory bowel disease with, e150-1t, e150-2

juvenile idiopathic, 829-839

arthralgia in, e147-1

cardiac manifestations of, 1532t

classification of, 829t-831t

clinical manifestations of, 831-835, 832f-834f, 833t, 835t

diagnosis of, e147-3t

differential diagnosis of, 835, 836t

epidemiology of, 829

etiology of, 829-831

fever of unknown origin in, 899

laboratory findings in, 835-836, 837f

pathogenesis of, 831, 831f-832f

prognosis for, 838-839, 839f

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

treatment of, 837-838, 838t

due to Lyme disease, 1027, 1028t

due to mumps, 1080

due to parvovirus B19, 1095

psoriatic, e150-1t, e150-2, e150-2f

reactive and postinfection, 839-841, 840f, 840t, 1333t

Campylobacter, 919

streptococcal, 919

in rheumatic disease, e147-2t

septic, 2398-2400, 2399f, 2399t

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 976t

toxic synovitis versus, 2361

suppurative, Haemophilus influenzae in, 942

Arthrochalasia, 2278

Arthrochalasis multiplex congenita, 2278

Arthrodesis, e674-3

Arthrogryposis, e674-1-e674-5

associated etiologies of, e674-2t

clinical features of, e674-1, e674-2f, e674-2t

definition of, e674-1, e674-1f

diagnosis of, e674-1-e674-3, e674-3t

etiology of, e674-1

lower limb involvement, e674-3-e674-4, e674-4f

orthopedic management of, e674-3

prognosis for, e674-3

spine involvement, e674-5

upper limb involvement, e674-4-e674-5

Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC), 2387, e674-1f

Arthropathy, human T-lymphocyte-associated, e269-1

Arthropod bites, 2317-2319, 2318f

Arthropod vectors in trypanosomiasis, 1194f, 1195

Arthroscopic surgery for discoid lateral meniscus, 2352, 2352f

Artificial airway

for epiglottitis, 1448

for respiratory distress and failure, 319

Artificial sweeteners, 1982

Art therapy, 371

ARVC See Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC)

ARX gene, e576-2t-e576-3t

ARX gene mutation, 2060t

Arylamine N-acetyltransferases, drug biotransformation and, e56-8

AS See Ankylosing spondylitis (AS); Argininosuccinate synthetase (AS) deficiency

ASA See Aspirin (ASA)

5-ASA See 5-Aminosalicylate (5-ASA)

Asbestos exposure, e700-2-e700-3

Ascariasis, 1217, 1217f

Ascending bacterial infection, neonatal, 630, 630f-631f

Ascending undescended testis, 1859

Ascites, e362-1-e362-2, e362-1t

management of in cholestasis, 1388

as manifestation of liver disease, 1376

Ascorbic acid, 194t, 198

deficiency of, 198-200, 199f-200f

skin manifestations of, 2330

dietary needs and sources of, 198

dietary reference intakes for, e41-8t-e41-14t

for methemoglobin, 1673

toxicity of, 200

ASCUS See Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS)

ASD See Atrial septal defect (ASD)

Aseptic technique, e166-1-e166-2

Ashkenazi Jews

persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy in, 523

Tay-Sachs disease in, 485-487, 2070

Asian population

cultural values associated with, e4-1t-e4-2t

death rates for, 3t-4t

Askin tumor, 1765

Ask-Upmark kidney, 1828

L-Asparaginase, e488-4t

Aspartame, 1982

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)

in liver disease, 1378

in obesity, 185t

reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

in viral hepatitis, 1394-1395

Aspartic acid, defects in metabolism of, 455-456, 456f

Aspart insulin analogs, 1976, 1977f

Aspartylglucosaminuria (AGU), 484t, e81-6

Asperger’s disorder, 101t, 105t, 106

language disorders of, 118

Aspergilloma, pulmonary, 1059

chronic, 1059

invasive, 1060

Aspergillosis, allergic bronchopulmonary, 1474

immunoglobulin E levels in, 766

Aspergillus, 1058-1062

allergic disease due to, 1058

in cystic fibrosis, 1494

allergic reaction to, 769-770

after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, 762-763

invasive, 1060-1061

noninvasive, 1059

in pneumonia, 1475t

Asphyxia

birth, cerebral palsy with, 2063-2064

multiorgan systemic effects of, 569t

Asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy, 1517, 2434

Aspiration, 1469-1471

diagnostic tests of, 1472t

due to drowning, 343

duodenal, in exocrine pancreatic function, 1307

foreign body, 1453-1454

croup versus, 1447

neonatal, 590, 591f

wheezing in, 1457

of gastric contents, 1470

of hydrocarbon, 1470-1471, 1470f

joint, in septic arthritis, 2399

meconium, 590-592

nasotracheal, e366-3

pulmonary, in drowning, 343

recurrent, 1471-1473, 1471t, 1473f

sinus, 1437

splenic, in leishmaniasis, 1189

of vomitus, 1243t

Aspiration pneumonia

due to hydrocarbon toxicity, 267

neonatal, 590, 591f

Aspirin (ASA)

for acute rheumatic fever, 923

adverse reaction to, 828

gastric ulcer due to, 1293

for Kawasaki disease, 866-867, 867t

for pain management, 363, 364t

Asplenia

abnormal position of the heart and, 1589t, 1595-1596

congenital heart disease with, 1531t

fever without a focus in, 896t

ASQ-3 See Ages and Stages Questionnaire-3 (ASQ-3)

Assassin bugs in trypanosomiasis, 1195

Assent

adolescent, e3-4-e3-5

child, e3-1

Assist-control (AC) mode in mechanical ventilation, 324

Association studies, genetic, e77-2

ASST See Autologous skin test (ASST)

AST See Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)

Astatic epilepsy, myoclonic, 2024

Astatic seizure, 2019

Astelin See Azelastine

Asthma, 780-801

allergen immunotherapy for, 774-775

allergic rhinitis with, 776, 777f

Aspergillus as trigger of, 1059

child care and, e15-3

clinical manifestations and diagnosis of, 782-783, 784t

common cold and, 1436

differential diagnosis of, 783, 785t

environmental factors in, 781

epidemiology of, 781-782

etiology of, 781, 781f

gastroesophageal reflux disease with, 1269-1270

general anesthesia and, e70-2t-e70-3t

genetics of, 781

herbs for, 271t

laboratory findings in, 783-785, 785t, 786f-787f

obesity with, 184t

pathogenesis of, 782, 783t

physical examination in, 765

prevalence of, 4

prevention of, 801

prognosis for, 801

respiratory syncytial virus infection and, 1129

risk factors for, 782, 782t

risk factors for morbidity and mortality associated with, 799t

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

treatment of, 785-801, 788f

adherence to regimen in, 788

anticholinergic agents for, 796

anti-immunoglobulin E (Omalizumab) for, 796

control of factors contributing to, 788-791, 791t

corticosteroids for

inhaled, 793, 795t

systemic, 793-794

delivery devices and inhalation techniques for, 796-798

for exacerbations, 798-801

in infants and young children, 800-801

inhaled β-agonists for

long-acting, 794-795

short-acting, 001, 796

leukotriene-modifying agents for, 795-796

long-term controller medications for, 793-796, 794t

nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs for, 796

patient education in, 788, 791t

in pregnancy, 801

principles of pharmacology for, 791-793

quick-reliever medications for, 796, 797t-798t

referral to specialist for, 793

regular assessment and monitoring in, 785-788, 789t-790t

stepwise approach to, 792-793, 792t

during surgery, 801

theophylline for, 796

triggers for, 783t

Aspergillus as, 1059

types of, 782, 782t

wheezing in, 1457

Asthma masqueraders, 785

Astigmatism, 2150-2151

Astrakhan fever, 1043-1044

Astrocytoma, 1748-1750, 1749f

Astrovirus, 1134-1137, 1326t

Asymmetry, breast, e545-2

Asymptomatic bacteriuria, 1830

Asystole, cardiac, 1521

Atarax See Hydroxyzine

Ataxia, 2054t, 2055

cerebellar

gait of, e584-7

varicella-zoster virus in, 1109

episodic, e587-4

Friedreich, 2055

in neurologic examination, e584-7

sensory, gait of, e584-7

strokelike events versus, 2086

Ataxia-telangiectasia, 735, 2055, 2057t

cutaneous manifestations of, 2230

malignancy susceptibility associated with, e486-2t-e486-3t

ovarian defects with, 1956

Ataxia with isolated vitamin E deficiency (AVED), e49-1

Atazanavir

drug interactions with, e57-13t-e57-14t

for HIV infection, 1168t-1171t

Atelectasis, e402-1-e402-2, e402-1t-e402-2t, e402-2f

in cystic fibrosis, 1493

postanesthetic, e70-10

of tympanic membrane, 2212

Atelosteogenesis type II, 2431

Atenolol

for arrhythmias, 1611t-1612t

for systemic hypertension, 1645t

ATG See Antithymocyte globulin (ATG)

ATGAM See Antithymocyte globulin (ATGAM)

α-Thalassemia, 1676-1677

Atherosclerosis, 470-471, 471f

Athetoid cerebral palsy, 2063-2064

Athetosis, 2056, 2058

Athlete See Sports

Athlete’s foot, 2312-2313, 2312f

ATI See Antibodies to infliximab (ATI)

Ativan See Lorazepam

ATL See Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL)

Atlantoaxial anomalies, 2381

Atlantoaxial instability, sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

ATN See Acute tubular necrosis (ATN)

Atomoxetine, 61, 62t, 110, 111t

Atonic seizure, 2015-2016, 2019

Atopic dermatitis (AD), 801-807

avoiding triggers for, 805-806

clinical manifestations of, 802, 802f-803f, 803t

complications of, 806

diagnosis and differential diagnosis of, 803-804, 803t

etiology of, 801

of external ear canal, 2199

due to food allergy, 822

laboratory findings in, 803

pathogenesis of, 802

pathology of, 801

prevention of, 807

prognosis for, 806-807

treatment of, 804-805, 804t

vulvar, 1867t-1868t

Atopic keratoconjunctivitis, 810

Atovaquone, e271-11

for babesiosis, e271-1t-e271-11t

for Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, e236-2

Atovaquone-proguanil for malaria treatment and chemoprophylaxis, 1202, 1203t-1205t, 1207, 1207t, e168-6, e271-1t-e271-11t, e168-7t

in HIV infection, 1175t-1176t

ATP See Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

ATP1A2 gene, 2016t

ATP7B gene defect, 1383t

ATP8b1 gene defect, 1383t

Atresia

auditory canal, e630-1

biliary, 1385-1387, 1386f-1387f

jaundice due to, 607

liver transplantation for, e360-1

choanal, 575, 1430, 1430f, e92-3t

duodenal, 1277-1278

esophageal, 1262-1263, 1262f

intestinal, 1277-1281

jejunal, 1278-1280, 1279f

laryngeal, 1451

pulmonary valve

with intact ventricular septum, 1578-1580, 1579f

with tetralogy of Fallot, 1573-1574, 1578

rectal, 1358

tracheal, 1452

tricuspid, 1580-1582, 1580f-1581f

urethral, 1846

Atrial contraction, premature, 1612, 1612f

Atrial ectopic tachycardia, 1615

Atrial fibrillation, 1615-1616, 1616f

genetics of familial, e418-1t-e418-2t

Atrial flutter, 1615, 1615f, 1616t

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), 1527, 1882

Atrial pacemaker, wandering, 1612, 1612f

Atrial septal defect (ASD), 1551

in adults, 1605-1606

familial secundum, e418-1, e418-1t-e418-2t

ostium secundum, 1551-1553

sinus venosus, 1553

Atrial septostomy, Rashkind balloon, 1586, 1586f

Atrial tachycardia, 1615, 1616t

Atrioventricular (AV) block, 1618-1619, 1618f

Atrioventricular (AV) canal defects, 1554-1556

in adult, 1607

embryonic development of, 1527

Atrioventricular (AV) septal defects, 1554-1556, 1554f-1555f

in adults, 1607

Atrioventricular (AV) valves, defects in Marfan syndrome, 2440-2441

Atrioventricular node reentry tachycardia (AVNRT), 1613-1615

Atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia (AVRT), 1613

Atripla See Tenofovir

Atriple See Emtricitabine

Atrium

embryonic development of, 1527

enlargement, electrocardiography of, 1539, 1539f

in fetal circulation, 1529

Atropa belladonna toxicity, 269t, 272t-273t

Atrophy

assessment in neurologic examination, e584-6

corticosteroid-induced

dermal, 2274

subcutaneous, 2282, 2282f

macular, 2277

optic, e623-3

spinal muscular, 2136-2138, 2136t, 2137f

Atropine

for cholinesterase-inhibiting insecticides poisoning, 256t-257t, 267

for pediatric resuscitation and arrhythmias, 294t

in rapid sequence intubation, 287t

Atrovent nasal spray See Ipratropium bromide

ATRX gene, e576-2t-e576-3t

Attachment

development and, e6-2

maternal-infant, e7-1-e7-3, e7-1t

parent-infant, 538-540

Attack, dog-related, 2454

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 108

clinical manifestations of, 108-109

diagnosis and differential diagnosis of, 109-110, 109t

epidemiology of, 108

etiology of, 108

neurodevelopmental function and, e29-3

pathogenesis of, 108

prevalence of, 4

prevention of, 112

prognosis for, 112

sudden death and medications for, 1621

treatment of, 110-112, 111t

medications in, 62t

Attention dysfunction, e29-3-e29-4

ATV See All-terrain vehicle (ATV) accident

Atypical absence seizure, 2023

Atypical antidepressant toxicity, 265

Atypical pneumonia, 1477

Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS), 1139-1140

Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor, 1752

AUC See Area under the curve (AUC)

Audiometry, 2193, 2193f

for adolescents, 666

behavioral observation, 2194

play, 2193-2194

referral for, 2193t

visual reinforcement, 2194

AUDIT See Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT)

Auditory brainstem response (ABR), 2192, 2195

Auditory canal

clearing of, 2202-2203

congenital stenosis or atresia of, e630-1

foreign body in, e634-1

traumatic injury to, e634-1

tumors of, 2214

Auditory processing disorders, 2188

Augmentation, breast, e545-4

Augmentation cystoplasty

complications of, e536-2

for incontinence with neuropathic bladder, e536-1-e536-2

Augmentin See Amoxicillin-clavulanate

Aura

migraine with, 2041-2042

with seizures, 2015-2016, 2019

Auramine-rhodamine stain, e164-1t

Auricle trauma, e634-1

Auscultation

of heart sounds

in acutely ill child evaluation, 276

in cardiac examination, 1533

of lungs

in acutely ill child evaluation, 276

in assessment of respiratory pathology, e366-1, e366-1t

of skill, e584-2

Auspitz sign, 829

Authoritative aspect of eating disorder treatment, 93

Authority gradients for patient safety, e2-6

Autistic disorder (AD), 100-106, 101t

clinical manifestations of, 100-101, 101t

diagnosis of, 101, 102t

differential diagnosis of, 101

early identification of, 102, 103f-104f

epidemiology of, 101-102

etiology of, 102

intellectual disability versus, 126

language disorders in, 118, 118f

pathology of, 102

prognosis for, 105-106

treatment of, 102-105, 105t

Autoantibodies

in autoimmune hepatitis, 1408t, 1409

diabetes mellitus and, 1974

in systemic lupus erythematosus, 842-843

Autoimmune Addison disease, 1926-1927

Autoimmune adrenalitis, 1925t

Autoimmune disorders

diabetes mellitus with, 1996-1997

pulmonary manifestations of, e413-1t

Autoimmune enteropathy, 1305-1306, 1341

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, 1680-1683, 1681t, e451-1t-e451-2t

associated with “cold” antibodies, 1682-1683

associated with “warm” antibodies, 1680-1682

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), 1408-1410, 1408t, 1410f

fulminant hepatic failure due to, 1413

with inflammatory bowel disease, e352-1

Autoimmune hypoparathyroidism, 1918

Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS), 737-738, 737t, 738f

Autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with Streptococcus pyogenes, 81, 919

movement disorders associated with, 76

Autoimmune neutropenia, 750

Autoimmune neutropenia of infancy (ANI), 750

Autoimmune ovarian failure, 1956

Autoimmune pancreatitis, 1373

Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy, type I (APS-1), 1926

autoimmune thyroiditis with, 1904

Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy (APS), 1925t, 1969

Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis ectodermal dysplasia (APECED), 730

Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy type II (APS-2), 1926-1927

Autoimmune regulator gene (AIRE), 1409

Autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura, 1714-1718

Autoimmune thyroiditis, 1903-1905

hypothyroidism due to, 1901

with Turner syndrome, 1953

Autoimmune urticaria, 812t, 814

Autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes mellitus, 1970, 1973-1974, 1973f

Autoinflammatory syndrome, familial cold, 855t, 858

Autologous skin test (ASST), 813

Autologous stem cell transplantation, 757, e130-3-e130-4

Automated external defibrillation (AEDs), 1621

Automatisms in seizures, 2021

Autonomic instability, e7-2

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

congenital central hypoventilation syndrome and dysfunction of, 1521

in hypoglycemia, 519t

mushroom poisoning effects on, e703-1

Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Neurobehavioral Scale and, 624t

Autonomic neuropathies, 2141-2143, 2141t-2142t

Autonomic storms, e587-4

Auto-positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), 328-329

Autoresuscitation, sudden infant death syndrome and, 1428

Autosomal dominant hearing loss, 2189

Autosomal dominant hypoparathyroidism, 1917-1918

Autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets (ADHR), 202t, 207

Autosomal dominant inheritance, 383-385, 387f

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), 1798, 1798f, e357-2

Autosomal dominant polycystic liver disease (ADPLD), e357-2

congenital heart disease with, 1531t

Autosomal dominant recurrent fever, 858

Autosomal liver and muscle phosphorylase kinase deficiency, 498

Autosomal liver phosphorylase kinase deficiency, 498

Autosomal recessive dopa-responsive dystonia, 445

Autosomal recessive hearing loss, 2189

Autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia (ARH), 473t, 475

Autosomal recessive hyper-immunoglobulin M syndrome, 726-727

Autosomal recessive hypoparathyroidism with dysmorphic features, 1917

Autosomal recessive hypophosphatemic rickets (ARHR), 202t

Autosomal recessive inheritance, 385-388, 388f

Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD), 1796-1798, 1797f, 1797t, e357-1

Autosomal recessive proximal renal tubular acidosis, 1808

Autosomal recessive severe combined immunodeficiency, 732-733

Autumn crocus toxicity, 269t

AV See Atrioventricular (AV)

Availability in food security, 170-171

AVED See Ataxia with isolated vitamin E deficiency (AVED)

Avian-born infection

Cryptococcus neoformans, 1056

psittacosis, 1038

Avian influenza, travel and, e168-3-e168-4, e168-7

Avian mite bite, 2320

Avian pneumoviruses (APVs), 1129-1130

Avidity test in toxoplasmosis, 1214

AVMs See Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs)

AVNRT See Atrioventricular node reentry tachycardia (AVNRT)

AVPR2 gene, 1812

AVPU See Alert, Verbal, Pain, Unresponsive (AVPU) Pediatric Response Scale

AVRT See Atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia (AVRT)

Avulsion fracture, sports-related, 2408-2409, 2409f

of medial epicondyle, 2411, 2411f

pelvic, 2413

Awareness during general anesthesia, e70-11

Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome, 408t

Axillary hair development, e555-1

Axonal neuropathy, giant, e605-1-e605-3

Axonal peroneal muscular atrophy, 2139

Ayurvedic herbal remedies, 272t-273t

Azactam See Aztreonam

Azaspiracid poisoning, e703-5

Azathioprine

for atopic dermatitis, 805

for autoimmune hepatitis, 1410

for Crohn disease, 1303

for lupus nephritis, 1788

for rheumatic disease, e148-6

Azelaic acid for acne, 2324, 2325t

Azelastine

for allergic conjunctivitis, 811t

for allergic disease, 771

for allergic rhinitis, 779, 780t

Azithromycin, e173-3, e173-4t-e173-11t

for babesiosis, e281-1, e271-1t-e271-11t

for cat-scratch disease, 985

for chancroid, e187-1

for Chlamydia trachomatis, 1036-1037

for Chlamydophila pneumoniae, 1035

for Cryptosporidium, 1184

for cystic fibrosis lung infection, 1492t

for infectious diarrhea, 1337t

for Legionella infection, e200-2

for Mediterranean spotted fever, 1044

for nongonococcal urethritis, 1033

for nontuberculous mycobacterial prophylaxis, 1015-1016

for otitis media, 2207t

for pertussis, 947t

for pharyngitis, 1440

for sexually transmitted infections in adolescents, 712t

for Shigella infection, 961

for traveler’s diarrhea, e168-5

for typhoid fever, 958t

Azoles, e225-2-e225-3

Azotemia, prerenal, 1818-1819

Aztreonam, e173-4t-e173-11t

for cystic fibrosis lung infection, 1492t

for neonatal infection, 645t

B

BA See Biliary atresia (BA)

BAAT gene defect, 1383t

Babesia microti, 1026

Babesiosis, e281-1-e281-2, e271-1t-e271-11t

Babinski sign, e584-6-e584-7

Baby Doe Regulations, e3-2-e3-3

Baby foods, nutritive value of, e708-15t

Bacillary angiomatosis, 983t, 986

Bacillary dysentery, Shigella, 959-961

Bacillary peliosis, 986

Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, 884t

international, 894

tuberculin skin testing and, 1001

against tuberculosis, 1010-1011

for immigrant children, 133

Bacillus anthracis, 1324t-1325t

Bacillus cereus, 1324t-1325t

Back

low, sports injury to, 2412-2413

rickets and, 201t

round, 2371-2373

Back blows for airway obstruction, 282, 283f

Back pain, 2332, 2373-2374, 2373t

in rheumatic disease, e147-1t

in spondyloarthritides, e150-2, e150-2t

Back to Sleep campaign, 1429

Baclofen

for muscle spasm in palliative care, 155t-156t

for spasticity of cerebral palsy, 2064-2065

BACNS See Benign angiitis of central nervous system (BACNS)

Bacteremia

Aeromonas, e196-1

anaerobes, e205-1

Bartonella, 983t, 987

blood culture for, e164-1-e164-2

Campylobacter, 969

due to coagulase-negative staphylococci, 909-910

fever without a focus and, 897-898

Haemophilus influenzae, 943

meningococcal, 931-932, 932f

Moraxella catarrhalis, e188-2

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 975

Salmonella, 950-952

in sickle cell disease, 1663, 1663t

Staphylococcus aureus, 905

Staphylococcus epidermis, 910

Bacteria

in breast milk, 540t

in dental caries, 1255

rapid antigen detection of, e164-1

Bacterial colonization in neonate, 630

Bacterial dysentery, 1331-1332, 1332t

Bacterial infections

anaerobic

botulism as, 987-991

Clostridium difficile infection as, 994-995

due to other organisms, e205-1-e205-4, e205-2t-e205-3t

tetanus as, 991-994

in child-care setting, e167-1t

congenital heart disease and, 1603

of conjunctiva, 2167t

cutaneous, 2299-2308

blastomycosis-like pyoderma as, 2304, 2304f

blistering distal dactylitis as, 2304, 2304f

ecthyma as, 2303, 2303f

erysipeloid as, 2307

erythrasma as, 2306

folliculitis as, 2305, 2305f-2306f

furuncles and carbuncles as, 2305-2306, 2306f

impetigo as, 2299-2300, 2300f

perianal dermatitis as, 2304-2305, 2305f

pitted keratolysis as, 2306

staphylococcal scaled skin syndrome as, 2302-2303, 2302f

of subcutaneous tissue, 2300-2302

tuberculous, 2307-2308, 2308f

fever of unknown origin in, 900t

following organ transplantation, e171-8

food-borne, 1324t-1325t

gram-negative

due to Aeromonas, e196-1-e196-2

due to Bartonella, 982-987

due to Brucella, 980-982

due to Burkholderia, e197-1-e197-2

due to Campylobacter, 968-970

chancroid as, e187-1

cholera as, 965-968

due to Escherichia coli, 961-965

due to Haemophilus influenzae, 940-943

due to Legionella, e200-1-e200-3

due to Moraxella catarrhalis, e188-1-e188-2

due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 935-940

due to Neisseria meningitidis, 929-935

pertussis as, 944-948

due to Plesiomonas shigelloides, e196-1-e196-3

due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 975-977

due to Salmonella, 948-958

due to Stenotrophomonas, e197-1-e197-3

tularemia as, 978-980

due to Yersinia, 971-974

gram-positive

Actinomyces, e182-1-e182-3

due to diphtheria, e180-1-e180-4

due to enterococcus, e179-1-e179-3

due to group A streptococcus, 914-925

rheumatic fever as, 920-925

due to group B streptococcus, 925-928

due to Listeria monocytogenes, e181-1-e181-3

Nocardia, e183-1-e183-2

due to non-group A or B streptococci, e178-1

staphylococcal, 903-910

due to Streptococcus pneumoniae, 910-914

HIV-related, e171-4t

laboratory diagnosis of, e164-1-e164-3, e164-1t

meningitis as, 2087-2095

myocarditis as, 1634-1635

neonatal, 632t

diagnosis of, 638t, 642-644

manifestations of, 638t

pathogenesis of ascending, 630, 630f-631f

septic, 636-637, 637t-638t, 643t

in osteomyelitis, 2394-2395

in pneumonia, 1475t, 1476-1477

predisposition to due to immunodeficiency, 716t

respiratory syncytial virus infection with, 1128

secondary to varicella-zoster virus, 1109

sinusitis as, 1436-1437

stem cell transplantation and, e171-1

tracheitis as, 1449-1450, 1449f

croup versus, 1447

traveler’s diarrhea due to, 1338t

Bacterial meningitis, 2087-2095

cerebrospinal fluid findings in, 2088t

clinical manifestations of, 2090

complications of, 2094

diagnosis of, 2090-2091, 2092t-2093t

epidemiology of, 2087

etiology of, 2087

Haemophilus influenzae type b in, 2089

hearing loss due to, e633-1

Neisseria meningitidis in, 2087-2089

neonatal, 646

pathogenesis of, 2089-2090

pathology and pathophysiology of, 2089

prevention of, 2095

prognosis for, 2095

Streptococcus pneumoniae in, 2087

treatment of, 2091-2094, 2093t

Bacterial overgrowth, intestinal, 1283-1284, 1313, 1340

Bacterial resistance, e173-1, e173-1t

child care setting and, e167-2

Haemophilus influenzae, 941

mechanism of, e173-1t

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 1008-1009

in neonatal infection, 644

nocardiosis, e183-2

in otitis media, 2205-2206

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 977

Streptococcus pneumoniae, 913

tuberculosis, 998, 1008-1009

Bacterial sepsis

liver disease and, e352-1

neonatal, 636-637, 637t-638t

Bacterial vaginosis

prophylaxis following rape, 704t

sexual abuse and, 145t

Bacteriuria, asymptomatic, 1830

Bacteroides fragilis, e205-4

Bactrim See Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX)

BAD-1 See Blastomyces adhesion-1 (BAD-1)

Baere-Stevenson syndrome, 2012t

BAERs See Brainstem auditory-evoked responses (BAERs)

Bag-valve-mask positive pressure ventilation, 284-285, 284f-285f

Bailler-Gerold syndrome, 2012t

Baker cyst, 2353

BAL See British antilewisite (BAL); Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)

Balamuthia mandrillaris, e272-1-e272-2, e271-1t-e271-11t

Balanitis xerotica obliterans, 1854f, 1857

Balantidium coli, 1183, e271-1t-e271-11t

Bald-faced hornet, allergic responses to, 807f

Ballard scoring system, 557

Ballet, injuries in, e684-1

Balloon angioplasty, 1569

Balloon atrial septostomy, Rashkind, 1586, 1586f

Balloon valvuloplasty

for aortic stenosis, 1566

for pulmonary valve stenosis, 1563

Bamboo hair, 2293

Bancroftian filariasis, 1224-1225

Bannayan-Ruvalcaba-Riley syndrome, e554-2t

Banti syndrome, e480-1-e480-2

Barbiturates

adverse effects of, 2031t

for anesthesia, e70-6-e70-7

drug interactions with, e57-13t-e57-14t

urine screening in adolescent use of, 676t

Bardet-Biedl syndrome, 182t

Bare lymphocytic syndrome, 734

Bariatric surgery, 186

Barium enema

in Hirschsprung disease, 1285f-1286f, 1286

in ulcerative colitis, 1297, 1299f

Barium fluoroscopy, 1262

in achalasia, 1264-1265, 1265f

Barium radiography, 1267, 1267f

Barium swallow, e366-2-e366-3

“Barking” cough of croup, 1446

Barlow provocative maneuver, 2357, 2357f

Baroceptors in respiration regulation, 1421

Barraquer-Simons syndrome, 2286

Barrett esophagus, 1269

Barrier methods for contraception, 694

Barth syndrome, 433, 748t

Bartonella, 982-987, 983t

in infective endocarditis, 1624t

Bartonella bacilliformis, 982, 983f

Bartonella henselae, 983, 984f-985f, 986, 2168

Bartonella quintana, 986

Bartonellosis, 982, 983f

Bartter syndrome, 221, 223, 236-237, 1813-1814, 1813t, e52-10

fetal therapy for, 551t

Basal cell carcinoma, e662-3

nevoid, 1747t, e662-3

Basal cell nevus syndrome, e662-3

Basal layer, 2215

BASD See Bile acid synthetic defect (BASD)

Base, e52-13 See also Acid-base balance

excessive intake of in metabolic alkalosis, 237

in oral rehydration solutions, 1335t

Baseball, injuries in, e684-1

Base excess, reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

Basement membrane, e636-1

Base therapy for metabolic acidosis, 234

“Basic helix-loop-helix” (bHLH) proteins, 2112

Basic life support algorithm, 280f

Basilar-type migraine, 2042

Basiliximab, e530-3-e530-4

Basketball, injuries in, e684-2

Basophilia, e126-3

Basophils

in food allergy, 816

reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

Bassinet, 538

“Bathing suit” melanocyte nevus, 2232f

Bath oil for skin disorders, 2216

Bathtub drowning, 24, 343

Batten disease, 2073

Battery

in ear canal, e634-1

ingestion of, 1290

Battle sign, e634-1

Bauer-Kirby method, e164-2-e164-3

Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID-II), 126-127

Baylisascariasis, e271-1t-e271-11t

B cells, 722

abnormalities of

evaluation of, 715-720, 720t

immunizations in, 892t

infection with, e171-1t, e171-3

inheritance in development of, e117-6

screening for, 718t, 719

treatment of, 727-728

fetal development and differentiation of, e117-2-e117-4, e117-4f

in Graves disease, 1909-1910

in HIV infection, 1161

interaction with other immune cells, e117-4-e117-5

postnatal, e117-5-e117-6

in systemic lupus erythematosus, 843

B cell lymphoma, 1739-1740, 1744t

BCG See Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG)

BCR-ABL oncogene, e486-1t

cancer therapy specific to, e488-2t

BDRD2 gene, 2016t

BEACOPP regimen for Hodgkin lymphoma, 1742, 1743t

Beals syndrome, e554-2t

BEARS Sleep Screening Algorithm, 54t

Beau lines, 2295, 2295f

Becker disease, 2125t

Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD), 2119-2123

clinical manifestations of, 2113t, 2119-2120

diagnosis of, 2120-2121, 2121f

dilated cardiomyopathy with, 1630

genetic etiology and pathogenesis of, 2121-2122, 2122f

laboratory findings in, 2120

treatment of, 2123

Becker nevus, 2235, 2235f

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, 522t, 523, 525-526, 527f

malignancy associated with, e486-2t-e486-3t

overgrowth in, e554-2t, e554-5

Beclomethasone

for allergic rhinitis, 778t-779t

for asthma, 795t

Beconase See Beclomethasone

BED See Binge eating disorder (BED)

Bedbug bite, 2318f

Bedding, sudden infant death syndrome and, 1425

Bed sharing, sudden infant death syndrome and, 1425

Bed-wetting, 71-73, 72t-73t

Beef tapeworm, 1232-1233, 1232t, e271-1t-e271-11t

Bee pollen for asthma, 271t

Behavior

child health and, 2-3

Down syndrome and, 401

effects of malnutrition on, 175t

emerging patterns of from 1 to 5 years of age, 32t

health risk, 661f

high-risk pregnancies and, e89-1t

lead poisoning effects on, 2450

sexual, 655

violent, 667-671, 667t-670t, 668f

Behavioral development

during first year of life, 28t

prenatal, e6-7-e6-8

Behavioral disorders/issues See also Psychiatric disorders

assessment and interviewing for, 56-60

in children born to teen mothers, 701

in chronic illness, e39-2

disruptive, 96-100, 97t

in childhood and adolescence, 99-100

in infancy and toddlerhood, 99

in obesity, 184t

office intervention for, 16

postoperative, e70-13-e70-14

treatment of, 60-66

hospitalization in, 66

psychopharmacology, 60-65

psychotherapy in, 65-66

in type 1 diabetes mellitus, 1986

Behavioral insomnia of childhood

limit setting type, 48

sleep onset association type, 48

Behavioral observation audiometry (BOA), 2194

Behavioral screening and surveillance, 39-40, 41t-45t

Behavioral staring, e587-5

Behavioral states, newborn, e7-2

Behavioral syndrome, neonatal, 625, 625f

Behavioral theories of development, e6-4, e6-5t

Behavioral therapy

for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 110

based on behavioral theories, e6-4, e6-5t

Behavior rating scale, 110

Behçet disease, 853-854

cutaneous manifestations of, e637-5

oral ulceration in, 1260t

Behr optic atrophy, e623-3

Bejel, e211-1-e211-2

Belladonna toxicity, 269t

Bell clapper deformity, 1861

Bell palsy, 2146-2147, 2146t, 2147f

Benadryl See Diphenhydramine

Benazepril, 1645t

Benign angiitis of central nervous system (BACNS), 876

Benign congenital hypotonia, 2119

Benign generalized seizures, 2023, 2028

Benign paroxysmal torticollis of infancy, 2060t, 2061, e587-3

Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis (BRCI), 1383-1384, 1383t

Benign sleep myoclonus, e587-5

Benzathine penicillin, 645t

for acute rheumatic fever prophylaxis, 924t

for diphtheria, e180-3

for group A streptococci infection, 918

for neonatal infection, 645t

for pharyngitis, 1439-1440

for sexually transmitted infections in adolescents, 712t

for tuberculosis, 1021t-1022t

Benzene, as inhalant, 681t

Benznidazole, 1197

Benzocaine toxicity, 251t

Benzodiazepines

adverse effects of, 2031t

for anesthesia, e70-4t-e70-5t, e70-7-e70-8

antidote for poisoning with, 256t-257t

for pain management, 370

pharmacokinetics of, e56-3t

urine screening in adolescent use of, 676t

Benzoyl peroxide for acne, 2324, 2325t

Benzyl alcohol, 563t

Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy type 1 (BSCL1), 2286

Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy type 2 (BSCL2), 2286

Bereavement, 45, e16-2-e16-3

developmental perspective on, e16-3-e16-4

interventions for, e16-5

parent/sibling death and, e16-2

spiritual issues in, e16-5

Bernard-Soulier syndrome, 1721

Best vitelliform degeneration, 2178

β-adrenergic agonists

for allergic disease, 770-773

for asthma

long-acting, 791-792, 794-795

short-acting, 792t, 796, 797t-798t

for bronchopulmonary dysplasia, e410-1

for heart failure, e436-2t, e436-4-e436-5

β-blockers

for arrhythmias, 1611t-1612t

for Graves disease, 1912

for heart failure, e436-5t, e436-6

for long Q-T syndromes, 1618

for Marfan syndrome, 2445

for migraine prophylaxis, 2045

pharmacokinetics of, e56-3t

poisoning with, 251t, 261

antidote for, 256t-257t

for systemic hypertension, 1645t

β-cells

diabetes mellitus and

type 1, 1972-1974, 1973f

type 2, 1990

genetic defects of, 1993-1995

hyperplasia in hyperinsulinemia, 521-522

microadenoma in hyperinsulinemia, 521-522

β-hemolytic streptococci, 636t

β-ketothiolase deficiency, 433-434, 434f

β-lactam antibiotics

hypersensitivity to, 825-826

mechanism of resistance to, e173-1t

β-thalassemia, 1674t, 1675-1676, 1675f

Beta toxin, e205-3

Bethesda system, 1138t

Bevacizumab, e488-2t

Bezoars, 1291

common medications implicated in, 257t

salicylates in formation of, 260

Bezold abscess, 2210-2211

BFU-MK See Burst-forming unit-megakaryocytes (BFU-MK)

BH₄ deficiency, 446

hyperphenylalaninemia with, 420-421, 421f

bHLH See “Basic helix-loop-helix” (bHLH) proteins

3β-HSD See 3β-Hydroxy C₂₇-steroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) deficiency

Biaxin See Clarithromycin

Bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻)

in acid-base balance, 226, 1808, e52-14, e52-14f-e52-15f

metabolic alkalosis and, 237

reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

in respiratory acidosis, 238

Bicarbonate (HCO₃) buffer system, e52-13

Bicillin See Penicillin G, benzathine

Bicornuate uterus, e548-2

Bicycle injuries, 22-23

Bidirectional Glenn shunt, 1581, 1581f

Biemond syndrome, 182t

Bier block, 372

Bifunctional enzyme defect, 466t

Big “d”, 682

Bigeminy, 1612-1613

Bigender, 655

Biguanide, 1992t

Bile acid CoA ligase deficiency, 1385

Bile acids

disorders of transport, secretion, conjugation, and biosynthesis of, 1383-1384, e346-4t

liver effects of, 1389t

malabsorption of, 1306t, 1312

chronic diarrhea with, 1341

Bile acid synthetic defect (BASD), 1383t

Bile ducts, cystic dilatation of intrahepatic, e357-1-e357-2

Bile flow, cholestasis and functional abnormalities of, 1381

Bile salt export pump (BSEP) deficiency, 1383t, 1384

Bilevel continuous positive airway pressure (BiPAP)

at home, 332, 1524-1525

for obstructive sleep apnea, 51

for respiratory distress and respiratory failure, 320

Biliary atresia (BA), 1385-1387, 1386f-1387f

jaundice due to, 607

liver transplantation for, e360-1

Biliary cirrhosis

in cystic fibrosis, 1485, 1496

as manifestation of liver disease, 1374

Biliary dyskinesia, e358-2

Biliary system

disease of See also (Liver disease)

cystic, e357-1-e357-3, e357-1t

due to cystic fibrosis, 1487

embryogenesis disorders as, 1385

evaluation of, 1379, 1380f

malabsorption due to, 1318

in drug absorption, e57-3-e57-5

morphogenesis of, e346-1-e346-4, e346-1f

Bilious vomiting in intestinal malrotation, 1280-1281

Bilirubin

assessment in risk of jaundice, 605-606

in congenital dyserythropoietic anemia, e446-1t

conjugated, 1375

elevation of See (Cholestasis)

δ fraction, 1375

drug binding and, e57-6t

free, 1375

in graft versus host disease, 761t

indirect, 605-606

inherited deficient conjugation of, 1389-1390

in jaundice, 1374-1375

neonatal metabolism of, 603-604, 604f

normal neonatal values of, 605

reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

unconjugated, 603-604

Bilirubin encephalopathy See Kernicterus

Biltricide See Praziquantel

Binary toxin, 994

BinaxNOW Malaria test, 1201-1202

Binax urinary test, e164-1

Binge eating disorder (BED), 90 See also Eating disorders

Binge-purge type anorexia nervosa, 90

Binocular vision, 2150

Bioavailability in drug therapy

absolute, e57-2

relative, e57-3

Biobehavioral therapy for migraine, 2045

Biochemical testing in liver disease, 1379-1381

Bioequivalence of drug, e57-2

Biofeedback for pain management, 371

Biologic agents

adverse reactions to, 826-827

for cancer, e488-1-e488-2, e488-2f, e488-2t

for juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 838t

Biologic development See Physical development

Biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, e148-5-e148-6, e148-5t

Biologic influences on development, e6-1-e6-6, e6-2t

Biologic terrorism, e704-1-e704-11

clinical manifestations of, e704-1-e704-6, e704-2t

diagnosis of, e704-6-e704-7

epidemiology and pediatric-specific concerns in, e704-1, e704-2f-e704-3f

etiology of, e704-1

prevention of, e704-7-e704-8, e704-8t

treatment of, e704-8-e704-10, e704-9t-e704-10t

Biomarkers in pharmacodynamics, e57-9

Biomicroscopy, 2150

Biophysical profile (BPP), 542, 543t

Biopsy

in chronic diarrhea, 1344

in fever of unknown origin, 902

in giardiasis, 1182

kidney, in renal transplantation, e530-5

liver, 1381

fetal, 543t

in neonatal cholestasis, 1385-1386

lung, e366-5

muscle, 2111-2112

in Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy, 2120, 2120f

in myasthenia gravis, 2134

in neuromuscular disorders, 2110t

myocardial, in heart transplantation monitoring, e437-2

of nerves, 2112

rectal suction, in Hirschsprung disease, 1285-1286

skin, e637-1

fetal, 543t

in urticarial vasculitis, 814

small bowel, 1306

Biopsychosocial formulation in psychiatric diagnostic evaluation, 60

Biopsychosocial models

of development, e6-1-e6-6, e6-1f

for eating disorder treatment, 94

Bioterrorism See Terrorism

Biotin, 194t, 196

defects in utilization of, 432-433

dietary deficiency of, 433

dietary reference intakes for, e41-8t-e41-14t

for holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency, 432

Biotinidase deficiency, 432-433

secondary to pyruvate carboxylase deficiency, 506

Biotransformation, drug, e56-2, e56-4-e56-8

BiPAP See Bilevel continuous positive airway pressure (BiPAP)

Biphasic anaphylaxis, 817

Bipolar disorder, 85-87, 85t

Birbeck granule, 1773-1774

Bird fancier or breeder lung, 1473

Birth asphyxia, cerebral palsy and, 2063-2064

Birth defects, e102-1t See also Congenital anomalies

due to chromosomal imbalances, e102-5

deformations, e102-2-e102-3, e102-5f

disruptions, e102-3, e102-6f

history in, e102-5-e102-6

imaging studies in, e102-6

laboratory studies in, e102-6-e102-7, e102-8t

malformation and/or dysplasias, e102-1-e102-2, e102-2t-e102-3t, e102-4f

management and counseling in, e102-7-e102-8

molecular mechanisms of, e102-3-e102-5

multiple anomalies syndrome and sequence, e102-3

physical examination in, e102-6, e102-6f, e102-7t-e102-8t

Birth history

in neurologic evaluation, e584-1

in wheezing, 1458

Birth injury

brachial plexus palsy due to, 2383

facial palsy as, 2147

fractures as, 578-579

of peripheral nerves, 573-574

of spine and spinal cord, 573

visceral, 578

Birthmarks, child abuse bruising versus, 137

Birthrates

adolescent, 699, 699t, e87-1f

preterm, e87-2f

Birthweight

high-risk infant and, 552-553, 553f

low See (Low birthweight (LBW))

very low See (Very low birthweight (VLBW))

Bisacodyl suppositories, 74t

Bisexuality, 658

Bismuth subsalicylate, e168-5

Bisoprolol, 1645t

Bitemporal aplasia cutis congenita, 2222

Bites

due to abuse and neglect, 138

animal and human, 2454-2460

clinical manifestations of, 2455

complications of, 2455, 2456t

diagnosis of, 2455

epidemiology of, 2454-2455, 2455t

monkeypox due to, 2459-2460

prevention of, 2457, 2457t-2458t

rat bite fever due to, 2457-2459, 2458f

treatment of, 2455-2457, 2456t

arthropod, 2317-2319, 2318f

snake, 2461-2462, 2461f-2462f, 2461t-2462t

spider, 2462-2463, 2463f

Bithionol, e271-1t-e271-11t

Biting insect allergy, 807-809

Bitot spots, 189-190, 189f

BK virus, e267-1

BL See Burkitt lymphoma (BL)

Black-dot ringworm, 2310, 2310f

Blackfoot disease, e701-1

Black hairy tongue, 2299

Blackhead, 2322

“Black measles”, 1072

Black pigmentation of nails, 2294-2295

Black spot poison ivy, 2251

Bladder

calculi as complication of enterocystoplasty, e536-2

congenital anomalies of, e535-1-e535-3

congenital intestinal pseudo-obstruction and, 1283

control during preschool years, 33

neurogenic, 1849-1850

neuropathic, e536-1-e536-4

reflux with, 1835

overactive, 1847-1849, 1849f

pediatric unstable, 73

Bladder diverticulum, e535-2

Bladder exstrophy, e535-1-e535-2, e535-1f

Bladder neck obstruction, 1845

Bladder outlet obstruction, 1839t

Blalock-Taussig shunt, 1577

Blastocystis hominis, 1337t, e271-1t-e271-11t

Blastomyces adhesion-1 (BAD-1), 1064

Blastomyces dermatitidis, 1064-1065

in pneumonia, 1475t

Blastomycosis, 1064-1065

Blastomycosis-like pyoderma, 2304, 2304f

Blastospores, 1053

Blau syndrome, 858-860

Bleeding See Hemorrhage/bleeding

Bleeding disorders, 1699-1704

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

Bleeding time (BT)

in hemostatic disorders, 1697

reference values for, 1698t

Blenoxane See Bleomycin

Bleomycin

for cancer therapy, e488-4t

drug interactions with, e57-13t-e57-14t

Blepharitis, 2164, 2167t

Blepharospasm, 2164

Blindness

causes of, 2153t

due to Chlamydia trachomatis, 1035

night, 2154

due to vitamin A deficiency, 189

river, 1225, e271-1t-e271-11t

“Blistering agents”, e704-6

Blistering cutaneous porphyria, e85-3

Blistering distal dactylitis, 2304, 2304f

Blister(s) See also Vesiculobullous disorders

disorders of, 2241t

fever, 901, 1099-1100

in hand-foot-and-mouth disease, 1090f

in porphyria cutanea tarda, e85-12

sucking, 2218

BLL See Blood lead level (BLL)

Block, heart

atrioventricular, 1618-1619, 1618f

bundle branch, electrocardiographic assessment of, 1540

complete, 1618-1619, 1618f

genetics of, e418-1t-e418-2t

electrocardiography of first degree, 1540

familial secundum atrial septal defect with, e418-1, e418-1t-e418-2t

fetal therapy for, 551t

first-degree, 1618

electrocardiography of, 1540

sinoatrial, 1618

Blocking therapy for internal radiation contamination, e699-5

Blood

fetal

scalp sampling of, 544

umbilical cord sampling, 544, 549, 617

multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and, 312t

shock-related dysfunction of, 307t

in stool, exclusion from day care due to, e15-2t

Blood-borne infections in child care setting, e167-2

Blood cholesterol screening, 479-480

Blood culture, e164-1-e164-2

in brucellosis, 981

in candidiasis, 1054

in fever of unknown origin, 902

in nontuberculous mycobacteria, 1015

in septic arthritis, 2399

in typhoid fever, 956-957

Blood disorders

anemia(s) as, 1648-1650, 1648t

acquired pure red blood cell, 1652-1653

of chronic disease, e445-1

chronic hemolysis as, 1653

congenital dyserythropoietic, e446-1-e446-2, e446-1t

congenital hypoplastic anemia as, 1650-1651

Diamond-Blackfan anemia as, 1650-1651

differential diagnosis of, 1649-1650, 1649f-1650f

hemolytic See (Hemolytic anemia)

history and physical examination in, 1648-1649

iron-deficiency, 1655-1658, 1656t-1658t, 1657f

laboratory studies in, 1649

megaloblastic, e448-1-e448-5

microcytic, e450-1

in newborn, 612-615

parvovirus B19 infection-associated red cell aplasia as, 1652-1653

Pearson’s syndrome as, 1652

physiologic of infancy, 1654-1655

retinopathy due to, 2180

sideroblastic, e450-1, e450-1f

transient erythroblastopenia of childhood as, 1652-1653, 1652t

blood transfusions for

of neutrophils (granulocytes), e466-1, e466-1t

of plasma, e467-1, e467-1t

of platelets, e465-1-e465-2, e465-1t

of red blood cells, e464-1-e464-2, e464-1t

risks of, e468-1

cardiac manifestations of, 1531t

with Down syndrome, 403t

fetal therapy for, 551t

general anesthesia and, e70-2t-e70-3t

hematuria due to, 1795-1796

hemorrhagic and thrombotic

acquired inhibitors of coagulation in, 1712-1713

clinical and laboratory evaluation of, 1696-1699

clinical manifestations of, 1709-1710

complications of, 1711

diagnosis of, 1710, 1710f

disseminated intravascular coagulation as, 1713-1714, 1713t

epidemiology of, 1709-1711, 1709t

hemostasis and, 1693-1699

due to hereditary clotting factor deficiencies, 1699-1704

hereditary predisposition to, 1707-1708, 1708t

laboratory testing in, 1710

due to liver disease, 1712

platelet and blood vessel disorders as, 1714-1722

postnatal vitamin K deficiency as, 1712

treatment of, 1710-1712, 1710t

von Willebrand disease as, 1704-1707, 1705f

hemorrhagic stroke due to, 2084-2085, 2085t

HIV-related, 1166

liver disease due to, e352-3

lymphatic, e483-1, e484-1-e484-5

in newborn

anemia as, 612-615, 613f, 613t-614t

hemolytic disease as, 615-619, 616t, 620t

hemorrhage as, 620-621, 621t

plethora as, 619-620

as oncologic emergency, e488-6t

in palliative care, 158

pancytopenia as

acquired, 1691-1692, 1691t

inherited, 1684-1690, 1684t

polycythemia as, e460-1, e460-1f, e460-1t

secondary, e461-1, e461-1t

in premature infants, 559t

splenic, e481-1, e480-1-e480-2, e480-1t

in systemic lupus erythematosus, 843t

Blood flow

cerebral, 297f

fetal, 1529, e415-1

hepatic, e346-1

pulmonary, cyanotic congenital heart disease associated with, 1573-1596

splenic, e479-1

in transitional circulation, e415-1

Blood gases, e366-1-e366-2

in acid-base disorders, 230

interpretation of, e365-1-e365-12, e365-12t

normal values, 230t

Blood glucose monitoring, 1976-1977, 1983, 1983t

Blood group incompatibility

ABO, hemolytic disease of newborn due to, 619

Rh, in newborn, 615-619

Blood lead level (BLL), 2448-2451, 2451t-2452t

Blood lipids

atherogenesis and, 470-471, 471f

cardiovascular disease and, 470

Blood loss

fetal, 552

gastrointestinal, e297-1

iron deficiency-anemia due to, 1656

in traumatic injury, 336t

Blood manifestations

due to cat-scratch disease, 985

in mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, 2065t

Blood pressure (BP)

adolescent assessment of, 666

age-specific percentiles for, 1534f-1535f

ambulatory monitoring of, 1639-1640

in cardiac physical examination, 1533

in coarctation of the aorta, 1568

measurement of, 1639-1640

monitoring in respiratory distress syndrome, 586

in newborn examination, 535, 535f

normal, 280t

in pediatric emergency assessment, 279

in primary hypertension, 1639-1640

Blood smear

in Chagas disease, 1196-1197

in congenital dyserythropoietic anemia, e446-1t

in iron deficiency-anemia, 1657f

in malaria, 1201

Blood studies in febrile seizure, 2018, 2036

Blood supply

to capital femoral epiphysis, 2356

to kidney, 1778, e502-1f

Blood transfusion(s)

for anemia in newborn, 613t, 614

for β-thalassemia, 1675

for erythroblastosis fetalis, 617-618

erythropoietin therapy in See (Blood transfusion(s))

exchange

for erythroblastosis fetalis, 618

for hyperbilirubinemia, 611f, 612, 612t

fetal, 549-552

for erythroblastosis fetalis, 617

HIV transmission through, 1159

iron overload due to, 1675

of neutrophils (granulocytes), e466-1, e466-1t

of plasma, e467-1, e467-1t

of platelets, e465-1-e465-2, e465-1t

of red blood cells, e464-1-e464-2, e464-1t

risks of, e468-1

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

dehydration, 246

in plasma osmolality, e52-2

reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

Blood vessel disorders, 1722, e438-1

Bloody diarrhea, Shigella in, 959

Bloody discharge from nipple, e545-3

Bloom syndrome, 2258

malignancy susceptibility associated with, e486-1, e486-2t-e486-3t

Blotters, 682

Blount disease, 2350, 2436t

obesity with, 184t

Blown pupil, 2155-2156

Blow-out orbital fracture, 2186

Blue cell tumor, 1754, 1761

Blue diaper syndrome, 1319

Blue nevus, 2234

Blue rubber bleb nevus, 2230

“Blue spells” in tetralogy of Fallot, 1574

BMD See Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD)

BMI See Body mass index (BMI)

BN See Bulimia nervosa (BN)

BNP See Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP); B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)

BO See Bronchiolitis obliterans (BO)

BOA See Behavioral observation audiometry (BOA)

Bobbing, ocular, 2162t

Bochdalek hernia, 594-596, 595f-596f

Bockhart impetigo, 2305

Body fluids, e52-1-e52-3

electrolytes in, e52-1-e52-3, e52-2f

osmolality of, e52-2-e52-3

regulation of, e52-4

regulation of volume of, e52-4-e52-6

sodium in, 212

total body water, e52-1

compartments of, e52-1, e52-1f

Body image, eating disorders and, 93t

Body louse, 986

Body mass index (BMI), 180f-181f

for age percentiles, e13-1f, e13-2

in nutrition assessment, 172

in obesity, 179, 184-185, e13-3-e13-4

Body proportions, e13-4

fetal to adulthood, e6-7f

Body surface area (BSA)

drug dosages based on, e57-9

estimation for burn injury, 351-352, 352f

Body temperature See Temperature

Body weight See Weight

Bodywork therapies, 273

Boerhaave syndrome, 1271

Bohn nodules, 1260

Bolivian hemorrhagic fever, 1151-1152

Bolus feeding of premature infant, 560

Bonding See Attachment

Bone(s)

anatomic locations of, e664-1f, e664-2

cystic fibrosis and, 1494

dysplasias of See (Skeletal dysplasias)

effects of malnutrition on, 175t

glucocorticoid effect on, e568-5-e568-6

growth and development of, e664-1-e664-2, e664-1f, e664-1t

hormones and peptides of metabolism of, e564-1-e564-2

long, e664-1, e664-1f

maturation of, e13-4

structure, growth, and hormonal regulation of, e694-1-e694-3, e694-1f, e694-1t

in congenital hypothyroidism, 1899-1900, 1900f

typhoid fever and, 957t

Bone disease See also Orthopedic problems

adynamic, in chronic kidney disease, 1825

due to bacillary angiomatosis, 986

dysplasias as See (Skeletal dysplasias)

infectious, 2394-2398

malignant tumors as, 1763-1766, 1763t, 1764f

Ewing sarcoma as, 1765-1766, 1765f

incidence and survival rates for, 1726t

osteosarcoma as, 1763-1764, 1764f

risk factors for, 1727t

secondary, due to radiation therapy, e699-5t

work-up of, 1731t

metabolic

hyperphosphatemia as, e697-1, e697-1f

hypophosphatemia as, e696-1, e696-1f

in newborn, 623

osteoporosis as, 2446-2447, 2447t

primary chondrodystrophy (metaphyseal dysplasia) as, e695-1, e695-1f

in progeria, e84-1

Bone infection, 2394-2398

Aspergillus in, 1061

nontuberculous mycobacterial, 1013

Staphylococcus aureus in, 905

tuberculous, 1006

Bone marrow See also Pancytopenia

cellular, 1684

failure of, 1690, 1690t See also (Pancytopenia)

in acute myeloid leukemia, 1737

hypocellular, 1684

infiltration, 1684

neutropenia in disorders of, 749

Bone marrow culture in brucellosis, 981

Bone marrow transplantation See Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT)

Bone resorption, disorders of, 2432-2433

Bone widows, 300f

Bony labyrinth disease, e633-1-e633-2

BOOP See Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP)

Booster seat, 22

Borderline lepromatous leprosy, e208-2

Borderline leprosy, e208-1-e208-3, e208-2f

Bordetella parapertussis, 944-948

Bordetella pertussis, 944-948

Bornholm disease, 1090

Borrelia, e213-1-e213-2, e213-1f

Borrelia burgdorferi, 1025-1029

maternal, e89-3t

Bosentan for pulmonary hypertension, 1602t

Botanical medicine, nutritional aspects of, 169

Bothria, 1233

Botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma, 1760

Bottle, Mead Johnson, 1253

Bottle-feeding of premature infant, 560-562

Botulinum toxin, 987-988

for achalasia, 1265

for spasticity of cerebral palsy, 2064-2065

Botulism, 987-991

clinical manifestations of, 988-989, 989f

complications of, 990-991, 991t

diagnosis of, 989-990, 989t

differential diagnosis of, 989-990, 990t

epidemiology of, 987-988

etiology of, 987

immune globulin for, 882t

pathogenesis of, 988

prevention of, 991

prognosis for, 991

supportive care for, 990

in terrorism, e704-3-e704-4, e704-6, e704-8t

treatment of, 990

Botulism antitoxin, 258t, 882-883

Botulism immune globulin (BIG), 990

Boutonneuse fever, 1039t-1040t

Bowel control during preschool years, 33

Bowel resection

for Crohn disease, 1303-1304

short bowel syndrome due to, 1314

Bowing, tibial

anterolateral, 2351

anteromedial, 2351

posteromedial, 2351

Bowleg, 2348-2350, 2348t-2349t

Bowman’s space, crescent formation in, 1778

Boys

first sign of puberty in, 649

growth curves for, e9-1f-e9-2f

percentile growth curves for, e9-3f-e9-4f

BP See Blood pressure (BP); Bullous pemphigoid (BP)

BPD See Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)

BPP See Biophysical profile (BPP)

Brachial plexus

birth injury to, 573-574, 574f, 2383

sports injury to, 2420

Brachial plexus block for pain management, 371-372

Brachycephaly, e102-7t

Brachydactyly, e102-7t

Bracing

for Scheuermann disease, 2372

for scoliosis, 2367, 2368f

Bradyarrhythmias, emergency management of, 287, 288f

Bradycardia

in cardiac physical examination, 1531-1532

fetal, 542

during fever, e169-1-e169-2

neonatal, 580t

sinus, 1610-1612

Bradypnea in pediatric emergency assessment, 280-281

Brain See also Neurologic entries

herniation of, 297

prenatal development of, e6-7f

reading systems in, 113, 113f

Brain abscess, 2098-2099, 2099f

due to anaerobes, e205-2t

cerebrospinal fluid findings in, 2088t

imaging studies in, e584-11t

with tetralogy of Fallot, 1576

Brain death, e63-1-e63-3, e63-2t

after neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, 572-573

Brain hemorrhage, due to hypernatremia, 214

Brain injury

in newborn, 568-569, 568f

traumatic, 297-301, 298f-301f

due to abuse, 301

mild, 301

sports-related, 2418-2419, 2419t

in trauma survey, 337, 337f

Brain lesion, precocious puberty due to, 1889-1890, 1889f-1890f

Brain malformations

muscle development and, 2118

neonatal seizures due to, 2034

Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in pulmonary edema, 1469

Brainstem

congenital anomalies of, 2006-2007

multiple sclerosis effects on, 2077t

respiratory distress due to lesion of, 315t

tumors of, 1753, 1753f

Brainstem auditory-evoked responses (BAERs), 2192, e584-11

Brain stem glioma, 1748t

Brainstem reflexes, brain death and, e63-2

Brain tumor(s), 1746-1753

astrocytoma as, 1748-1750, 1749f

ataxia with, 2055

of brainstem, 1753, 1753f

choroid plexus, 1750-1751

clinical manifestations of, 1747

complications and long-term management of, 1753

craniopharyngioma as, 1752

diagnosis of, 1747-1748

embryonal, 1751-1752, 1751f

ependymal, 1750, 1750f

epidemiology of, 1746

etiology of, 1746, 1747t

germ cell, 1752-1753

incidence and survival rates for, 1726t

metastatic, 1753

pathogenesis of, 1746-1747, 1747f-1748f, 1748t

pineal parenchymal, 1752

precocious puberty due to, 1889-1890, 1889f-1890f

risk factors for, 1727t

secondary, due to radiation therapy, e699-5t

work-up of, 1731t

Branched-chain ketonuria, hypoglycemia in, 528

Branchial cleft cysts and sinuses, 2221

Branching enzyme deficiency, 497

BRAT diet, 1136

Brazilian blastomycosis, e233-1-e233-2

BRCA1 gene defect, e486-2t-e486-3t

BRCA2 gene defect, e486-2t-e486-3t

“Breakthrough varicella”, 1105-1106

Breast

development of, 651f, 685, e545-1

abnormal, e545-1-e545-2, e545-1f

in central precocious puberty, 1887

examination of, e545-1

in adolescent, 666

infections of, e545-2

masses in, e545-3-e545-4

mastalgia of, e545-3

newborn assessment of, 536

nipple discharge from, e545-2-e545-3, e545-3t

self examination of, e545-1

surgical alterations to, e545-4

trauma and inflammation of, e545-2

Breast bud, e555-1

Breast cancer, e545-4

male, 1947

secondary, due to radiation therapy, e699-5t

Breast-feeding, 160

benefits of, 161t

collection of breast milk, 162

complementary feeding and, 164-165

contraindications to, 161t

drugs and, 539t-540t, 540

engorgement and, 160

exclusive, for gastroenteritis prevention, 1338

growth of infant and, 162

HIV transmission through, 1159

inadequate milk intake, 161

jaundice and, 162, 607, 607f

mastitis during, 160

medical contraindications to, 540, 540t

milk leakage in, 160

of newborn, 539-540, 539t

nipple pain due to, 160

otitis media and, 2200

patterns of milk supply and, 160, 162t

of premature infant, 560-562

steps to encourage, 161t

sudden infant death syndrome and, 1425

ten steps to successful, 539t

type 1 diabetes mellitus and, 1972

Breath, first, 580

Breath-holding spells, 99, e587-1

Breath hydrogen test, 1306

Breathing

in newborn assessment, 535

in pediatric emergency assessment, 279-281

rescue, 282-283, 282f

sleep-disordered, 49

in cystic fibrosis, 1494

in trauma survey, 336, 336t

work of, e365-1-e365-6

Breathing movements, fetal, 543t

Breathing patterns in newborn, 580

Breathlessness in asthma, 784t

Breath sounds in newborn, 535

Breech deformation sequence, e102-2-e102-3, e102-5f

Brethine for asthma, 797t-798t

Bright Futures Guidelines for Health Supervision of Infants, Children, and Adolescents, 14, 15f

Brill-Zinsser disease, 1039t-1040t, 1047-1048

Bristol Stool Form Score, 1848, 1849f

British antilewisite (BAL), 2453, 2453t, e701-4

Brittle diabetes, 1985-1986

Brodie abscess, 2395

Brody disease, 2125t

Bromhidrosis, 2288

Bromide

adverse effects of, 2031t

dosages of, 2030t

Bromocriptine, e554-4

Brompheniramine, 777t-778t

Bronchi

foreign body in, 1453f, 1454

neoplasms of, 1456

Bronchial adenoma, 1504

Bronchial carcinoid, 1504

Bronchial obstruction in tuberculosis, 998, 1000f, 1002

Bronchial provocation testing, 768

Bronchiectasis, e393-1-e393-2, e393-1f

in asthma, 785

in cystic fibrosis, 1485

Bronchiolectasis in cystic fibrosis, 1485

Bronchiolitis, 1456-1459

in cystic fibrosis, 1485

parainfluenza virus in, 1125t

respiratory syncytial virus in, 1127-1129

treatment of, 1459

wheezing with, 1458-1459

Bronchiolitis obliterans (BO), e386-1, e386-1f, e386-1t

in cystic fibrosis, 1485

in heart-lung or lung transplantation rejection, 1638

Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP), e386-1

Bronchitis, 1459-1460

follicular, 1463

Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), e366-4-e366-5

in aspiration syndromes, 1472t

for cystic fibrosis, 1493

Bronchobiliary fistula, 1467

Bronchodilator therapy

for bronchiolitis, 1459

for cystic fibrosis, 1493

Bronchogenic cyst, 1466, 1466f

Bronchomalacia, 1452, 1524, e381-1

Bronchoprovocation challenge, 784

Bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, allergic

Aspergillus in, 1059

immunoglobulin E levels in, 766

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)

general anesthesia and, e70-2t-e70-3t, e70-12

due to mechanical ventilation for respiratory distress syndrome, 585, 587-590, 588f, 589t

Bronchoscopic aspiration for atelectasis, e402-1

Bronchoscopy, e366-4-e366-5

in tracheomalacia and bronchomalacia, 1455, e381-1f

Bronchospasm

exercise-induced, 784

during induction of anesthesia, e70-8, e70-12

Bronze baby syndrome, 611

Broviac catheter, infection with, e172-1

Brown oculocutaneous albinism, 2238

Brown-Séquard syndrome, 2105

Brown syndrome, 2160-2161, 2160f

Brucella, 980-982, 981t

in infective endocarditis, 1624t

Brucella abortus, 1324t-1325t

Brucella melitensis, 1324t-1325t

Brucella suis, 1324t-1325t

Brudzinski sign, 2090

Brugada syndrome, e418-1t-e418-2t

Brugia malayi, 1224-1225, e271-1t-e271-11t

Brugia timori, 1224-1225, e271-1t-e271-11t

Bruising, due to child abuse, 137-138, 137f

Bruits, cranial, e584-2

Brushfield spots, e102-7t

Bruton agammaglobulinemia, 723-724

Bruton tyrosine kinase (Btk), 723, 724f

Bruxism, 75

BSAP, infant botulism and, 989

BSCL1 See Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy type 1 (BSCL1)

BSCL2 See Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy type 2 (BSCL2)

BSEP See Bile salt export pump (BSEP) deficiency

BSID-II See Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID-II)

B symptoms in Hodgkin lymphoma, 1741

BT See Bleeding time (BT)

Btk gene See Bruton tyrosine kinase (Btk)

B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), e436-2, e436-5t

Bubonic plague, 973

Buckle fracture, 2390, 2391f

Budd-Chiari syndrome, e359-1

Budesonide

for allergic rhinitis, 778t-779t, 779-780

for asthma, 794t-795t

Buffers, e52-13

Bulbar involvement in Guillain-Barré syndrome, 2143-2144

Bulbar palsies, due to botulism, 988, 989f

Bulbar poliomyelitis, 1083-1084, 1086

Bulimia nervosa (BN), 90, 90t See also Eating disorders

eating and weight control habits in, 92t

in female athlete, 2422

symptoms commonly reported in, 93t

Bulk, muscle, assessment in neurologic examination, e584-6

Bullae

examination of, 2215

of Stevens-Johnson syndrome, 2243f

Bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma, 2270, 2270f

Bullous dermatosis of childhood, chronic, 2249, 2249f

Bullous emphysema, 1462, 1462f

Bullous impetigo, 2299-2300

group A streptococci in, 917

Bullous myringitis, 2199

Bullous pemphigoid (BP), 2248

immunofluorescence of, e637-1t

Bullying, 100, e36-1-e36-4

adolescent, 669t

epidemiology of, e36-3

health status and, e36-3

risk factors for, e36-3

treatment and prevention of, e36-3-e36-4

Bumetanide

for acute renal failure, 1820

for heart failure, e436-5t

BUN See Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

Bundle branch block, 1540

Bunion, 2341, 2341f

Buprenorphine, 367t

Bupropion

for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 111t

for depression and anxiety symptoms, 63t

poisoning with, 265

for weight loss in adults, 187t

Buried penis, 1856

Burkholderia cepacia, 977

in cystic fibrosis infections, 1482, 1492t

Burkholderia mallei, e197-1-e197-2

Burkholderia pseudomallei, e197-2

Burkitt lymphoma (BL), 1743, 1744t

Epstein-Barr virus-associated, 1111, 1112t

of small intestine, 1314-1315

Burner, 2402t-2404t, 2420, e684-1

Burn(s), 349-357

body surface area estimation for, 351-352, 352f

due to child abuse, 137f-138f, 138

as childhood injury, 23-24

classification of, 351, 351f, 351t

complement system dysfunction in, 756

death due to, 18

electrical, 356, 357t

emergency care for, 350-351, 350f, 350t

encephalopathy associated with, 2068

epidemiology of, 349

first aid measures for, 350

fluid resuscitation for, 352-353

general anesthesia and, e70-2t-e70-3t

hemolytic anemia secondary to, e459-1, e451-1t-e451-2t

indications for hospitalization for, 349-350, 349t

infections of

herpes simplex virus, 1103

prevention of, 353-354, 353t

Pseudomonas aeruginosa in, 975-976

inhalation injury with, 354-355

long-term outcomes for, 355-356, 356t

nutritional support for, 354

ocular, 2185-2186

oral ulceration due to, 1260t

outpatient management of, 352, 352f, 352t

pain relief for, 355

prevention of, 349, 349t

psychologic adjustment to, 355

reconstruction and rehabilitation for, 355

school reentry after, 355-356

surgical management of, 353-354

topical therapy for, 354

Burst-forming unit-megakaryocytes (BFU-MK), e440-1

Buruli ulcer disease, 1012-1013, 1015

BuSpar See Buspirone

Buspirone, 63t

Butane, as inhalant, 681t

1,4-Butanediol, adolescent abuse of, 675t

Butorphanol, 367t

Butyl nitrate, as inhalant, 681t

γ-Butyrolactone, adolescent abuse of, 675t

Byler disease, 1383, 1383t

Bypass strategies for neurodevelopmental dysfunction, e29-7-e29-8

C

C1, e127-1

deficiency of, 753, 754t, e127-3

C1 inhibitor, e127-3

deficiency of, 755

in hereditary angioedema, 815-816

C1q, e127-1, e127-3

deficiency of, 753, 754t

partial, 755

in systemic lupus erythematosus, 841

C2, e127-1-e127-2

C2 deficiency, 753-754, 754t

in systemic lupus erythematosus, 841

C3, e127-1-e127-3

in acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, 1784

deficiency of, 753-754, 754t

in membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, 1787

C3b, e127-2-e127-3

C4, 1426-1427, e127-1-e127-3

deficiency of, 753-754, 754t

in systemic lupus erythematosus, 841

C5, e127-2-e127-3

C5b, e127-2

C5 deficiency, 754, 754t

C6 deficiency, 754, 754t

C7 deficiency, 754, 754t

C8 deficiency, 753-754, 754t

C9, e127-2

deficiency of, 754t

CA-125, 1872t

Cachexia, treatment of in palliative care, 157t

CACT See Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase (CACT) deficiency

Cadmium, gastroenteritis due to, 1328t-1329t

Café-au-lait spots, 2237, 2237f, 2237t

in neurofibromatosis, 2046-2047, 2047f

Caffeine for neonatal apnea, 581

Caffey disease, 2436-2437, 2436f

CAH See Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

Calabar swellings, 1225-1226, 1226f

Calcaneal apophysitis, 2418

Calcaneal stress fracture, 2418

Calcaneovalgus feet, 2336

Calciferol, dietary reference intakes for, e41-8t-e41-14t

Calcification

adrenal, e575-1

in juvenile dermatomyositis, 847, 848f, 849

of teeth, 1249-1250, 1250t

Calcineurin inhibitors, 2217

for atopic dermatitis, 804-805

in renal transplantation, e530-4

Calcitonin in neuroendocrine tumor-associated diarrhea, e333-2t

Calcitriol

for hypoparathyroidism, 1919

for renal osteodystrophy, 1824-1825

Calcium, e41-17

conversion factors for, e52-9t

glucocorticoid effect on, e568-5-e568-6

in hyperparathyroidism, 1921

in hypoparathyroidism, 1918-1919

malabsorption of, 1321

parathyroid gland in homeostasis of, e564-1-e564-2

reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

renal tubular regulation of, e522-1

rickets due to deficiency of, 201t-202t, 206, e694-2t

in vegetarian diet, 168

Calcium channel blockers (CCBs)

pharmacokinetics of, e56-3t

poisoning with, 251t, 261-262

antidote for, 256t-257t

for pulmonary hypertension, 1602t

for systemic hypertension, 1645t

Calcium channelopathies, 2125t

Calcium chloride for resuscitation and arrhythmias, 294t

Calcium disodium for poisoning, 256t-257t

Calcium gluconate for hypoparathyroidism, 1919

Calcium oxalate calculi, e541-2-e541-3

Calcium phosphate calculi, e541-2-e541-3

Calcium salts

as poisoning antidote, 256t-258t

possible adverse reactions to in premature infant, 563t

Calcium stones, e541-1t, e541-2-e541-3

Calcivirus, 1134-1137, 1326t

Calcofluor white stain, e164-1t

Calculi

gallbladder, e358-1-e358-2, e358-1t

urinary, e541-1-e541-5, e541-1f, e541-1t-e541-2t

abdominal pain of, 1248t

as complication of enterocystoplasty, e536-2

California encephalitis, 1142-1143

Caloric intake

in bronchopulmonary dysplasia, e410-1

in burn injury, 354

in chronic kidney disease, 1824

for eating disorder treatment, 95

with “fast food” meal, 182

growth and, e13-3t

for obese child, 186, 186t

in type 1 diabetes mellitus, 1981-1982, 1982t

Caloric testing in neurologic examination, e584-4

Calprotectin concentration in chronic diarrhea, 1344t

Campath-1H See Alemtuzumab

CAMP factor, 925

Camphor, toxicity of, 251t

Campomelic syndrome, 1963, 2431, 2432f

Camptodactyly, 2385, 2385t, e102-7t

Campylobacter, 968-970

clinical manifestations of, 969-970

complications of, 970

diagnosis of, 970

epidemiology of, 968-969

etiology of, 968, 968t

gastroenteritis due to, 1324t-1325t

treatment of, 1337t

inflammatory bowel disease versus, 1298t

neonatal, 632t

pathogenesis of, 969

prevention of, 970

prognosis for, 970

in traveler’s diarrhea, 1338t

treatment of, 970

CAMT See Congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia (CAMT)

Canadian C-spine rule, 337-338, 338f

Canadian immunization schedule, 895

Canakinumab for rheumatic disease, e148-2t-e148-3t, e148-5-e148-6

Canal, atrioventricular, 1554-1556

in adults, 1607

Canavan disease, 455-456, 456f

Cancer See Malignancy

Cancer antigen-125, 1872t

Candesartan for systemic hypertension, 1645t

Candida, 1053-1056

chronic mucocutaneous, 1056

in diaper dermatitis, 1055, 1866, 2250, 2314, 2314f

after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, 762

in HIV infection, 1055

in immunocompromised patients, 1055-1056, 1056t

maternal, e89-3t

mucocutaneous, 1056

neonatal, 1053-1054, 1054t

sepsis due to, 635t

oral, 1054-1055, 1259-1260

HIV-related, 1164

oropharyngeal, 1259-1260

predisposition to infection due to immunodeficiency, 716t

in septic arthritis, 2398

in skin infections, 2313-2314

in ungual and periungual infections, 1055

in vulvovaginitis, 1055

Candida skin test, 720

Candidosis

interiginous, 2314, 2314f

perianal, 2314

vaginal, 2313-2314

Canine scabies, 2320

Canker sore, 1260, 1260t, 2298

Cannabinoids

for neuropathic pain, 368t

urine screening in adolescent use of, 676t

Cao₂ See Arterial oxygen content (Cao₂)

Cao gio, 137-138

Cap, cervical, 694

Capillariasis, e271-1t-e271-11t

Capillaries

malformations of, 2224, 2225f

renal, e502-1

Capillary hemangioma of eyelid, 2164-2165, 2164f

Capillary hydrostatic pressure, pulmonary edema and, 1468

Capillary wedge pressure in shock, 311t

Capnocytophaga canimorsus, e205-1

Capnography, 318

Capreomycin, 1008t, e206-2-e206-3

Capsular polysaccharide

group B streptococci, 926

Neisseria meningitidis, 932

Captopril

for heart failure, e436-3, e436-5t

for systemic hypertension, 1645t

Caput succedaneum, 565

Carbamate poisoning, 266-267

Carbamazepine

adverse effects of, 2031t

drug interactions with, e57-13t-e57-14t

for pain management, 369-370

for seizures, 2030t

Carbamyl phosphate synthetase (CPS) deficiency, 448f, 449-451

Carbapenems, e173-3

adverse reactions to, 826

Carbenicillin, e173-4t-e173-11t

for cystic fibrosis lung infection, 1492t

Carbohydrates

adequate macronutrient distribution range for, e41-1t

dietary reference intakes for, e41-2t-e41-3t, e41-16

digestion of, e320-1

loading of for acute intermittent porphyrias, e85-7

malabsorption of, 1305t, 1306-1307, 1315-1317

chronic diarrhea with, 1341

metabolism of

defects of See (Carbohydrate metabolism, defects of)

hepatic, e346-3-e346-4

in oral rehydration solutions, 1335t

type 1 diabetes mellitus and intake of, 1981, 1982t

Carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome, 1311

Carbohydrate metabolism, defects of, 493f, 494t-495t, e81-1-e81-8

of fructose, 503

of galactose, 502-503

glycogen storage diseases as, 492-501

Fanconi-Bickel syndrome as, 499, 1318

glycogen synthetase deficiency as, 498

mimicking hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 500

type I, 492-496

type II, 499-500, 500f

type III, 496-497, 496f

type IV, 497

type IX, 497-498

type V, 500-501

type VI, 497

type VII, 501

of glycoprotein, e81-1-e81-8, e81-7t, e81-8f

with lactic acidosis, 503-509, 504f-505f, 507t-509t, 508f

liver effects of, 1389t

malabsorption due to, 1318

of pentose, e81-1-e81-5

Carbon dioxide (CO₂)

in acid-base balance, e52-14

lack of responsiveness to in bronchopulmonary dysplasia, 1521

partial pressure of, e365-3f

in asthma, 784t

in brain death, e63-2

normal values of, 230t

reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

in respiratory acidosis, 238-239

in respiratory failure, 316

Carbon monoxide (CO)

diffusing capacity for, e366-3

poisoning with, 269-270

antidote for, 256t-257t

reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

Carbon tetrachloride poisoning, 267

Carboplatin and cisplastin for cancer therapy, e488-4t

Carboxylase deficiencies, 432-433

Carbuncle, 2305-2306

Carcinogenesis, radiation, e699-2, e699-2f

Carcinogens, environmental, e700-3

Carcinoid tumor, e337-3

bronchial, 1504

cardiac manifestations of, 1531t

diarrhea caused by, e333-2t

Carcinoma

adenoid cystic, 1504

basal cell, e662-3

bronchogenic, 1455-1456

choroid plexus, 1750-1751

colorectal, 1773, e337-2-e337-3

hepatocellular, 1772

in type II glycogen storage disease, 496

medullary

diarrhea caused by, e333-2t

thyroid, 1915-1916

mucoepidermoid, 1504, e403-1f

nevoid basal cell, 1747t, e662-3

ovarian, 1871-1872, 1872t

pancreatic, e345-1

renal cell, 1760

thyroid, 1914-1916

Card agglutination trypanosomiasis test (CATT), 1192

Cardiac arrest

emergency management of, 289-292, 291f-293f, 294t

potentially treatable conditions associated with, 289t

Cardiac arrhythmias

AV block as, 1618-1619, 1618f

due to cancer and its therapy, e488-7t-e488-9t

in Corynebacterium diphtheriae-associated toxic cardiomyopathy, e180-2

emergency management of, 287-289, 288f, 290f

medications for, 294t

extrasystoles as, 1610-1613

genetics of heritable, e418-3

long Q-T syndrome as, 1616-1618, 1617t

with Marfan syndrome, 2441

due to metabolic alkalosis, 237

due to poisonings, 255t

sinus, 1610-1613, 1612f-1613f

sinus node dysfunction as, 1618, 1618f

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

sudden death due to, 1620-1621, 1620f-1621f

supraventricular tachycardia as, 1613-1616, 1614f-1616f

therapy for, 1610, 1611t-1612t

ventricular tachyarrhythmias, 1616, 1616t

Cardiac asystole, 1521

Cardiac catheterization, 1546-1549, 1547f-1548f

in atrioventricular defect, 1555

diagnostic, 1547

interventional, 1548-1549

for pulmonary valve stenosis, 1563

Cardiac compressions in cardiopulmonary resuscitation, 291, 291f-292f

Cardiac cycle, 1536f

Cardiac death, e3-3

Cardiac differentiation, e414-1-e414-4

Cardiac examination, 1533-1536, 1536f

Cardiac function, developmental changes in, e414-1-e414-5

Cardiac glycoside-containing plants, toxicity with, 269t

Cardiac looping, e414-1-e414-2

Cardiac morphogenesis, e414-1, e414-1f

Cardiac output (CO)

heart failure and, e436-1

medications to maintain, 294t

neonatal, e415-2

in shock, 311t

thermodilution measurement of, 1547-1548

total fetal, e415-1

Cardiac pacing

for AV heart block, 1619

for supraventricular tachycardia, 1614-1615

Cardiac septation, e414-1

Cardiac syncope, e587-2

Cardiac tamponade

cardiac arrest due to, 289t

as life-threatening injury, 336t

Cardiac teratogenic effects, 1527

Cardiac valves, disease of, 1626-1628

Cardiogenic shock, 285, 307t, e436-1-e436-7, e436-7t

defined, 305

hemodynamic variables in, 311t

pathophysiology of, 305-306

treatment of, 312-313

Cardiomegaly in infants of diabetic mothers, 628

Cardiomyopathy

arrhythmogenic right ventricular, 1633-1634

in Becker muscular dystrophy, 2119

due to cancer and its therapy, e488-7t-e488-9t

Chagas disease-related, 1196

in chronic kidney disease, 1823t

dilated, 1629f, 1630-1631

genetics of, e418-1, e418-1t-e418-2t

sudden death due to, 1620

in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 2119

endocardial fibroelastosis as, 1633-1634

evaluation of, 1550

fetal development of, e414-3

hypertrophic, 1631-1632, 1632f

genetics of, e418-1, e418-1t-e418-2t

glycogen storage diseases mimicking, 500

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

sudden death due to, 1619-1620

in plasma membrane carnitine transport defect, 460

restrictive, 1633, 1633f

sudden death due to, 1619-1620

toxic, due to diphtheria, e180-3

X-linked, 433

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), 289-292, 291f-293f, 294t

care following, 296

medications in, 294t

for drowning, 344-345

hypothermic, 346

equipment for office emergencies, e61-1, e61-2t

infection protection and control in, e166-2t

medications for, 294t

withholding of, e3-2

Cardiothoracic ratio, 1537

Cardiovascular disease

blood lipids and, 470-471, 471f

due to cancer and its therapy, e488-7t-e488-9t

cardiac arrhythmias as

AV block as, 1618-1619, 1618f

extrasystoles as, 1610-1613

long Q-T syndrome as, 1616-1618, 1617t

sinus, 1610-1613, 1612f-1613f

sinus node dysfunction as, 1618, 1618f

supraventricular tachycardia as, 1613-1616, 1614f-1616f

therapy for, 1610, 1611t-1612t

ventricular tachyarrhythmias, 1616, 1616f, 1616t

cardiogenic shock for, e436-1-e436-7, e436-7t

congenital See (Congenital heart disease (CHD))

evaluation of, 1529-1536

cardiac catheterization in, 1546-1549, 1547f

cardiac examination in, 1533-1536, 1536f

computed tomography in, 1545-1546, 1547f

echocardiographic, 1541-1545, 1542f-1544f

electrocardiographic, 1537, 1538f-1541f

exercise testing in, 1545

general physical examination in, 1530-1533, 1532t, 1534f-1535f

history in, 1530, 1530t-1532t

magnetic resonance angiography in, 1545-1546, 1545f-1546f

magnetic resonance imaging in, 1545-1546

radiologic, 1537, 1537f

radionuclide studies in, 1545-1546

failure to thrive in, 148t

general anesthesia and, e70-2t-e70-3t, e70-13

heart failure due to, e436-1-e436-8

clinical manifestations of, e436-1-e436-2, e436-2t

diagnosis of, e436-2

pathophysiology of, e436-1-e436-6, e436-1f

treatment of, e436-3-e436-6, e436-5t

HIV-related, 1165

infective endocarditis as, 1622-1626, 1622t-1626t

liver disease with, e352-1-e352-2

in mucopolysaccharidoses, 515t

myocardial, 1628-1635, 1630t

arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy as, 1633-1634

dilated cardiomyopathy as, 1629f, 1630-1631

endocardial fibroelastosis as, 1633-1634

etiology of, 1629t

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy as, 1631-1632, 1632f

left ventricular noncompaction as, 1633-1634, 1634f

myocarditis as, 1634-1635, 1634t

restrictive cardiomyopathy as, 1633, 1633f

with obesity, 184t

pericardial, 1635-1637, 1636t, 1637f

of peripheral vascular system

arteriovenous fistula as, e438-1

Kawasaki disease as, 1638, e438-1f

primary hypertension as, 1639-1647

phosphorylase kinase deficiency as, 498

in premature infants, 559t

psychopharmacology and, 65

renal transplantation and, e530-2

respiratory distress and, 315-316, 315t

respiratory signs and symptoms of, e413-1t

rheumatic, 1626-1628

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

sudden death due to, 1619-1621, 1620f-1621f

transplantation for, e437-1-e437-5, e437-1f

tuberculous, 1004

tumors of heart as, e435-1, e435-1f

with Turner syndrome, 1952-1953

Cardiovascular manifestations, 1532t

in eating disorders, 91-92, 93t

in food adverse reactions, 820-821

in Kawasaki disease, 864

in Lyme disease, 1027, 1028t

in lysosomal storage disorders, 485t

in malnutrition, 175t

in Marfan syndrome, 2440-2441

in mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, 2065t

in poisoning, 252t

in systemic inflammatory response syndrome, 309t

in systemic lupus erythematosus, 843t

in tuberous sclerosis, 2050, 2050f

in typhoid fever, 957t

Cardiovascular medication poisoning, 261-263

Cardiovascular system

development of, 1527-1528, 1528f, e414-1f

inhalation anesthetic effects on, e70-6

management of in drowning, 345

newborn assessment of, 535, 535f

preanesthetic assessment of, e70-13

shock-related dysfunction of, 307t

transition from fetal to neonatal circulation in, 1529, e415-1f

Cardioversion, synchronized, 288-289

Carditis

in acute rheumatic fever, 922

enlarged, sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

Care See Health care; Medical care

Care planning, advanced, 151-159

Care settings for palliative care, 151

Caries, dental, 1254-1256, 1255f-1256f

Carmustine, e488-4t

Carney complex, 1939-1940

Carnitine acylcarnitine translocase (CACT) deficiency, 457t

Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase (CACT) deficiency, 461

Carnitine cycle, 458

defects in, 460-461

Carnitine deficiency

cardiac manifestations of, 1531t

myopathies with, e603-4

Carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) deficiency, 2132

Carnitine palmitoyltransferase-IA (CPT-IA) deficiency, 461

Carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I (CPT-I) deficiency, 457t

Carnitine palmitoyltransferase-II (CPT-II) deficiency, 457t, 461

Carnitine transporter deficiency, 457t

Caroli disease and syndrome, e357-1-e357-2, e357-1t

Carotid bodies in respiration regulation, e365-12, e365-15f

Carpal bones, centers of ossification appearance in, 29t

Carpenter syndrome

congenital heart disease with, 1531t

craniosynostosis in, 2012t, 2013

obesity due to, 182t

Carrier detection in immunodeficiencies, e117-6

Carrión disease, 982

Carrot allergy, 821, 821t

Car seats, 21-22, 21f, 21t

Cartilage hair hypoplasia (CHH), 733-734, 748t, 1690, 2434

Cartilage matrix proteins, skeletal dysplasias of, 2424-2427

spondyloepiphyseal, 2424-2425, 2424f

Carvedilol

for heart failure, e436-5t

for systemic hypertension, 1645t

Caseating granuloma in nontuberculous mycobacteria, 1012

Caspofungin, e225-1t, e225-3-e225-4

for candidiasis, 1054t, 1056t

Casting, serial, for clubfoot, 2337

Castleman disease

HIV-related, e171-4t

multicentric, 1121

Cast syndrome, e324-1-e324-5

Catabolic losses in diabetes mellitus, 1980

Catalase, Staphylococcus aureus production of, 904

Catalase-positive organism, 745

Cat allergens, 769

Catamenial pneumothorax, 1509

Cataplexy, 53

Cataracts, 2169-2172, 2170f-2172f, 2170t

due to congenital rubella syndrome, 1077-1078, 1077f

with Down syndrome, 403t

due to hypoparathyroidism, 1918

with myotonic muscular dystrophy, 2124

due to radiation exposure, e699-5

Catarrhal stage of pertussis, 945

Cat bite, 2454-2460

CATCH 22 syndrome, 728-729

congenital heart disease with, 1531t, 1576, e418-1

genetics of, e418-1t-e418-2t

Catch-up immunization schedule, 889, 890f

Catecholamines, e568-1-e568-8, e568-8f

in neuroendocrine tumor-associated diarrhea, e333-2t

in pheochromocytoma, 1942

Cat eye syndrome, 1531t

Cat flea typhus, 1039t-1040t

Cathepsin C gene, 2273

Catheter ablation for supraventricular tachycardia, 1614-1615

Catheter angiography, e584-11

Catheter infection

candidal, 1055

coagulase-negative staphylococcal, 910

nontuberculous mycobacterial, 1012t, 1013

with peritoneal dialysis, e172-2-e172-3

urethral, e172-2

Catheterization

cardiac, 1546-1549, 1547f-1548f

in atrioventricular defect, 1555

for pulmonary valve stenosis, 1563

umbilical artery

in respiratory distress syndrome, 586

risks associated with, 587

Catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI), 903, e172-1

Cations in total body water, e52-1-e52-2, e52-2f

Cat roundworm, 1227-1229

Cat-scratch disease (CSD), 983, 983t, 984f-985f

ocular, 2168

CATT See Card agglutination trypanosomiasis test (CATT)

Caudal anesthesia, 373

Caudal regression syndrome, 1356

Caustics ingestion and/or poisoning, 266, 1272-1273, 1272t-1273t

CAVE, 2336-2337

Cavus feet, 2340, 2340f

CBF See Cerebral blood flow (CBF)

CBG See Corticosteroid-binding globulin deficiency (CBG)

CBL See Cobalamin (CBL)

CBS See Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) deficiency

CBT See Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

CCAM See Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM)

CCBs See Calcium channel blockers (CCBs)

CCDD See Congenital cranial nerve dysinnervation disorders (CCDD)

CCHS See Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS)

CCK See Cholecystokinin (CCK)

CCR5 gene, 1157-1161

CCS See Chronic compartment syndrome (CCS)

CCSK See Clear cell sarcoma of kidney (CCSK)

CD2, development and differentiation of, e117-1

CD3

deficiencies of, 729, 733

development and differentiation of, e117-1

flow cytometry testing of, 720-722

CD4

in amyloidosis, 860-861

development and differentiation of, e117-1

flow cytometry testing of, 720-722

in HIV/AIDS, 1157-1161

interaction with other immune cells, e117-5

CD4CD25, e134-1

CD7, development and differentiation of, e117-1

CD8

development and differentiation of, e117-1

in Epstein-Barr virus, 1111

flow cytometry testing of, 720-722

interaction with other immune cells, e117-5

CD8 lymphocytopenia, 730

CD10, development and differentiation of, e117-2

CD19, development and differentiation of, e117-2

CD22, development and differentiation of, e117-2

CD23, development and differentiation of, e117-2

CD34, development and differentiation of, e117-1-e117-2

CD40

development and differentiation of, e117-2

interaction with other immune cells, e117-5

mutations in, 727

CD40 ligand, mutations in, 726

CD45

deficiency of, 733

interaction with other immune cells, e117-5

CD54, interaction with other immune cells, e117-5

CD58, interaction with other immune cells, e117-5

CD73, development and differentiation of, e117-2

CD154, interaction with other immune cells, e117-5

CDA See Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia (CDA)

CDC See Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

CD classification, e117-1, e117-2t

CDGs See Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDGs)

CDH See Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH)

CDI See Clostridium difficile infection (CDI)

C_DYN See Dynamic compliance (C_DYN) assessment in mechanical ventilation

Ceclor See Cefaclor

Cefaclor, e173-4t-e173-11t

Cefadroxil, e173-4t-e173-11t

Cefalexin, 2397-2398

Cefazolin, e173-4t-e173-11t

for infective endocarditis, 1625t

for infective endocarditis prophylaxis, 1626t

for neonatal infection, 645t

for septic arthritis, 2400

for Staphylococcus aureus, 907t

Cefdinir, e173-4t-e173-11t

for otitis media, 2207t, 2208

Cefepime, e173-4t-e173-11t

for cystic fibrosis lung infection, 1492t

for neonatal infection, 645t

Cefixime, e173-4t-e173-11t

for gonococcal disease, 938-939

for pyelonephritis, 1832

for Salmonella gastroenteritis, 953t

for sexually transmitted infections in adolescents, 712t

for Shigella infection, 961

for typhoid fever, 958t

Cefobid See Cefoperazone sodium

Cefoperazone sodium, e173-4t-e173-11t

Cefotan See Cefotetan

Cefotaxime, e173-4t-e173-11t

for bacterial meningitis, 2091, 2093t

for gonococcal conjunctivitis, 2166-2167

for meningococcal disease, 933t

for neonatal infection, 645t

for osteomyelitis, 2397

for pneumococcal meningitis, 913

for pyelonephritis, 1832

for Salmonella gastroenteritis, 953t

for septic arthritis, 2400

Cefotetan, 939, e173-4t-e173-11t

Cefoxitin, e173-4t-e173-11t

for gonococcal disease, 939

for nontuberculous mycobacteria, e206-4, e206-5t

Cefpodoxime, e173-4t-e173-11t

for gonococcal disease, 938-939

for otitis media, 2207t

Cefprozil, e173-4t-e173-11t

Ceftazidime, e173-4t-e173-11t

for bacterial meningitis, 2093t

for cystic fibrosis lung infection, 1492t

for neonatal infection, 645t

for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 977

Ceftin See Cefuroxime

Ceftizoxime, e173-4t-e173-11t

for gonococcal disease, 938-939

Ceftriaxone, e173-4t-e173-11t

for bacterial meningitis, 2091, 2093t

for chancroid, e187-1

for gonococcal conjunctivitis, 2166-2167

for gonococcal disease, 938-939

for infectious diarrhea, 1337t

for infective endocarditis, 1625t

for infective endocarditis prophylaxis, 1626t

for Lyme disease, 1028t

for meningococcal disease, 933t

for Neisseria meningitidis prophylaxis, 934t

for neonatal infection, 645t

for otitis media, 2207t, 2208

for pyelonephritis, 1832

for Salmonella gastroenteritis, 953t

for sexually transmitted infections in adolescents, 712t

for Shigella infection, 961

for typhoid fever, 958t

Cefuroxime, e173-4t-e173-11t

for Lyme disease, 1028t

for otitis media, 2207t, 2208

for vulvovaginitis, 1868t

Cefzil See Cefprozil

“C-E” grip, 284, 284f

CEHD See Congenital enterocyte heparin deficiency (CEHD)

Celecoxib

for pain management, 364t

for rheumatic disease, e148-2t-e148-3t

Celexa See Citalopram

Celiac disease, 1306f, 1308-1311, 1308f, 1309t-1310t, 1310f

with Down syndrome, 403t

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

type 1 diabetes mellitus with, 1996

Celiac plexus nerve block, 372

Cell-mediated immunity

in HIV infection, 1161

in tuberculosis, 1000-1001

Cellular immunodeficiencies, 728-730, 728t

autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis ectodermal dysplasia as, 730

CD8 lymphocytopenia as, 730

defective cytokine production as, 729

defective expression of T-cell receptor-CD3 complex as, 729, 729f

infection with, e171-1t, e171-3

treatment of, 736-737, 737t

Cellular marrow, 1684

Cellulitis, 2300-2301

of auricle and external auditory canal, 2198

Haemophilus influenzae in, 942

orbital, 2167t, 2183-2184, 2183t, 2184f

due to sinusitis, 1438

peritonsillar, 1440, 1442

preseptal, 2183

Center-edge angle, 2358

Centers of ossification, 29t, e664-1-e664-2

Central auditory processing disorders, 2188

Central chemoreceptors in respiration regulation, e365-15

Central cord syndrome, 2103

Central core myopathy, 2113t, 2115t, 2117-2118

Central diabetes insipidus, 1883, e52-4

hypernatremia due to, 213, 213t

Central giant cell granuloma of jaw, e308-1

Central hearing loss, 2188

Central nervous system (CNS) See also Neurologic entries

glucocorticoid effect on, e568-5-e568-6

inhalant abuse and, 681t

lead poisoning effects on, 2450-2451

mushroom poisoning effects on, e703-2

in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Neurobehavioral Scale, 624t

of premature infants, 559t

prenatal development of, e6-7f

respiration regulation by, e365-15

Central nervous system (CNS) disorders, 565

angiitis as, 876

associated with otitis media, 2211-2212

brain tumor(s) as, 1746-1753

astrocytoma as, 1748-1750, 1749f

ataxia with, 2055

of brainstem, 1753, 1753f

choroid plexus, 1750-1751

clinical manifestations of, 1747

complications and long-term management of, 1753

craniopharyngioma as, 1752

diagnosis of, 1747-1748

embryonal, 1751-1752, 1751f

ependymal, 1750, 1750f

epidemiology of, 1746

etiology of, 1746, 1747t

germ cell, 1752-1753

incidence and survival rates for, 1726t

metastatic, 1753

pathogenesis of, 1746-1747, 1747f-1748f, 1748t

pineal parenchymal, 1752

precocious puberty due to, 1889-1890, 1889f-1890f

risk factors for, 1727t

secondary, due to radiation therapy, e699-5t

congenital anomalies as, 1998-2013

agenesis of corpus callosum as, 2005-2006, 2005f

agenesis of cranial nerves as, 2006-2007

anencephaly as, 2003

craniosynostosis as, 2011-2013, 2012t

disorders of neuronal migration as, 2003-2005, 2003f-2004f

dysgenesis of posterior fossa, 2006-2007

encephalocele as, 2002-2003

holoprosencephaly as, 2005-2006, 2006f

hydrocephalus as, 2008-2011, 2008t, 2009f-2011f

meningocele as, 1999

microcephaly as, 2007-2008, 2007t

muscle development and, 2118

myelomeningocele as, 2000-2002, 2001f

neural tube defects as, 1998-1999, 1999f

spina bifida occulta as, 1999, 2000f, 2001t

cranial, 565-566, 565f

demyelinating, 2076-2080, 2076t

acute disseminated encephalomyelitis as, 2079, 2079f, 2080t

multiple sclerosis as, 2076, 2077t, 2078f

neuromyelitis optica as, 2077

HIV-related, 1164-1165

hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy as, 298f-299f, 301-303, 302f, 569-573, 569t-570t

infection as, 2086-2098

anaerobic, e205-1

Aspergillus, 1061

bacterial meningitis as, 2087-2095

Blastomyces dermatitidis, 1064

eosinophilic meningitis as, 2097-2098

Listeria monocytogenes, e181-2

neonatal seizures due to, 2034

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 976t

Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 1042

Staphylococcus aureus, 905

stroke-like events versus, 2085

tuberculous, 1005-1006

viral meningoencephalitis as, 2095-2097

intracranial hemorrhage as, 566-568, 567f, 568t

pulmonary manifestations of, e413-1t

respiratory acidosis due to, 239, 241t

respiratory distress due to, 315t, 316

of spine and spinal cord, due to birth, 573

Central nervous system (CNS) manifestations

in candidiasis, 1054

in childhood cancers, 1728, 1730f

in eating disorders, 92

in hemolytic-uremic syndrome, 1793

in HIV infection, 1162

in mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, 2065t

in pertussis, 947

in poisoning, 252t

in poliovirus, 1082

in toxoplasmosis, 1212-1213, 1212f

in typhoid fever, 957t

Central nervous system (CNS) therapy for acute lymphocytic leukemia, 1735

Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM), 218

Central venous catheter (CVC)

fever without a focus in, 896t

infection with, e172-1

due to coagulase-negative staphylococci, 910

Central venous pressure in shock, 311t

Centromere antibody in rheumatic disease, e147-3t

Centronuclear myopathy, 2113-2114

CEP See Congenital erythropoietic porphyria (CEP)

Cephalexin, e173-4t-e173-11t

for cystic fibrosis lung infection, 1492t

for Staphylococcus aureus, 907-908

for vulvovaginitis, 1868t

Cephalexin for impetigo, 2300

Cephalic tetanus, 992

Cephalic vein, venous access in, 292, 295f

Cephalohematoma, 565, 565f

Cephalometric radiograph, 1261

Cephalosporins, e173-3

adverse reactions to, 826, e173-12t

classification of, e173-12t

for group A streptococci infection, 918

for neonatal infection, 644

for pyelonephritis, 1832

for sexually transmitted infections in adolescents, 712t

Cephalostat, 1261

Cephalothin, 645t

Cephamycins, e173-12t

Cephradine, e173-4t-e173-11t

Ceptaz See Ceftazidime

CeraLyte, 1335t

Cereal-based oral rehydration, 1334

Cerebellar astrocytoma, 1748t

Cerebellar ataxia, 2054

gait of, e584-7

varicella-zoster virus in, 1109

Cerebellar hypoplasia, 2118

Cerebellar pathways, multiple sclerosis effects on, 2077t

Cerebellar vermis, agenesis of, 2054

Cerebellum

congenital anomalies of, 2006-2007

coordination assessment in disorders of, e584-8-e584-9

multiple sclerosis effects on, 2077t

Cerebral aneurysm

hemorrhagic stroke due to, 2084-2085

imaging studies in, e584-11t

Cerebral blood flow (CBF), 297f

Cerebral edema

with fulminant hepatic failure, 1414

due to type 1 diabetes mellitus, 1981

Cerebral gigantism, e554-5

Cerebral herniation, 297, 299-300

Cerebral malaria, 1206

Cerebral necrosis, due to radiation therapy, e699-3-e699-4

Cerebral palsy (CP), 2061-2065

clinical manifestations of, 2062-2064, 2062t, 2063f

diagnosis of, 2064

epidemiology and etiology of, 2061-2062

intellectual disability versus, 126

as movement disorder, 2059-2060

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

treatment of, 2064-2065, 2064f

Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), 296

cerebral blood flow and, 297f

Cerebral salt wasting, 1884t

hyponatremia due to decreased, 1885-1886

Cerebral sinovenous thrombosis (CSVT), 1709, 2082-2084, 2083f, 2083t

Cerebral thrombosis, with tetralogy of Fallot, 1576

Cerebrohepatorenal syndrome (CHRS), 1382-1383, 2069

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

hydrocephalus and, 2008-2011

increased volume of, 297

latex agglutination testing on, e164-1

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination, e164-2

in bacterial meningitis, 2088t, 2090

in brain abscess, 2098-2099

in central nervous system infections, 2088t

in coccidioidomycosis, 1066

in Cryptococcus neoformans, 1057-1058

in enteroviral meningitis, 1091

in meningococcal meningitis, 932

in neurologic evaluation, e584-9-e584-10

in poliovirus infection, 1084

in tuberculosis, 1006

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunts, infections associated with, 910, e172-1-e172-2

Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis, 478-479, 1312

Cerebrum, multiple sclerosis effects on, 2077t

Ceroid lipofuscinosis, infantile, 484t

Certification of pediatricians, 12

Cerubidine See Daunorubicin

Cerumen, e628-1

Cervical cap, 694

Cervical culture in gonococcal disease, 938

Cervical lymphadenopathy

Corynebacterium diphtheriae, e180-2f

as sign of childhood cancers, 1730f

Cervical spine

anomalies and instabilities of, 2380-2382, 2381t, 2382f

in Down syndrome, 2381-2382

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

juvenile idiopathic arthritis involvement in, 832, 834f

in trauma survey, 335

traumatic injury to, 337-338, 338f

in drowning victim, 344

Cervicitis, 708, 708f

abnormal uterine bleeding due to, 689t-690t

Cervicofacial actinomycosis, e182-1-e182-2, e182-1f

Cervix

anomalies of, e548-5

maternal testing of, 543t

neoplasm of, 1873-1874, 1873t

abnormal uterine bleeding due to, 689t-690t

human papillomavirus and, 1139-1140, 1729

maternal, e89-2t

Cesarean section, e89-4

maternal HIV infection and, 1159

CESD See Cholesterol ester storage disease (CESD)

Cestodes, 1232-1234, 1232t

Cetirizine

for allergic rhinitis, 777-779, 777t-778t

for anaphylaxis, 818t

for urticaria and angioedema, 815t

CETP See Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) deficiency

Cetuximab, e488-2t

CF See Avian-born infection

CFB gene, 1792t

CFEOM See Congenital fibrosis of extraocular muscles (CFEOM)

CF1 gene, 1792t

CFH gene, 1792t

CFHr1/3 gene, 1792t

C fibers in abdominal pain, 1247-1248

CFRD See Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD)

CFS See Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)

CFTR See Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regular protein (CFTR)

CFU-MK See Colony-forming unit-megakaryocytes (CFU-MK)

CGD See Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)

CGH See Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH)

CGM See Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)

CGMS See Continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS)

CH₅₀ See Total hemolytic complement activity (CH₅₀)

Chadwick’s sign, 700

Chagas disease, 1193-1198, 1193f-1194f, 1195t, e271-1t-e271-11t

Chagoma, 1194f, 1195-1196

Chalazion, 2164

Chamomile, German, for sedation, 271t

CHAMP, 1471

Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome, 2272

Chancre

in syphilis, 1016

trypanosomal, 1191

Chancroid, 708, 709t, e187-1

Changes disease, e271-1t-e271-11t

Channelopathies, 2125t

in long and short Q-T syndrome, 1617t

strokelike events versus, 2086

sudden infant death syndrome and, 1423t, 1426

CHAOS See Critical high airway obstruction syndrome (CHAOS)

Chaotic atrial tachycardia, 1615

Charcoal, activated, 257, 257t

Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease, 2138-2139, 2138t

CHARGE association, 729, 1262, 1430

congenital heart disease with, 1531t

Char syndrome, e418-1t-e418-2t

CHD See Coronary heart disease (CHD)

Chédiak-Higashi syndrome (CHS), 425, 742t, 744-745, 748t, 751, 2238t, 2239

Cheilitis, 1055, 1261, 2297, 2297f

Cheilosis, angular, 193, 193f

Chelation therapy

for arsenic and mercury intoxication, e701-3-e701-4

for internal radiation contamination, e699-5

for Wilson disease, 1392

Chemet See Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA)

Chemical burn

of eye, 2185-2186

oral ulceration due to, 1260t

Chemical conjunctivitis, 2168

Chemical dependence, 677

Chemical pleurodesis for pneumothorax, 1511-1512

Chemical pollutants, e700-1-e700-4, e700-1t

Chemical terrorism, e704-1-e704-11

clinical manifestations of, e704-1-e704-6, e704-2t

diagnosis of, e704-6-e704-7

epidemiology and pediatric-specific concerns in, e704-1, e704-2f-e704-3f

etiology of, e704-1

prevention of, e704-7-e704-8, e704-8t

treatment of, e704-8-e704-10, e704-9t-e704-10t

Chemoprophylaxis

acute rheumatic fever, 924t

group B streptococcus, 927-928

during pregnancy, 927-928

influenza virus, 1125

malarial, 1207, 1207t, e168-5-e168-6, e168-7t

Chemoreceptors in respiration regulation, e365-15-e365-16

Chemotaxis, 741

Chemotherapy, e488-1-e488-5, e488-2f-e488-3f

breast-feeding and, 161t

as cancer risk factor, 1727t

common agents used in, e488-4t

for Hodgkin lymphoma, 1741-1742, 1743t

hypersensitivity to agents used in, 826

hypogonadism due to, 1945

infections associated with, e488-5t

malabsorption due to, 1314

neutropenia associated with, 1055

for osteosarcoma, 1764

toxic effects of, e488-5-e488-7

vomiting with, therapy for, 1244t

Cherry red spot, 2178

in Tay-Sachs disease, 485, 2069, 2072f

Chest

computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of, e366-2

examination of

in allergic disease, 765

in newborn, 535

funnel, 1516-1517, 1516f

life-threatening injuries to, 336, 336t

rickets and, 201t

transillumination of, e366-2

Chest compressions in cardiopulmonary resuscitation, 291, 291f-292f

Chester porphyria, e85-5

Chest pain

differential diagnosis of, 1530t

history of, 1530

as manifestation of extrapulmonary disease, 1526, e413-1t

in rheumatic disease, e147-1t

Chest radiography

in aspiration syndromes, 1472-1473, 1472t, 1473f

in cardiac assessment, 1537

in coccidioidomycosis, 1067, 1067f

in congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 594-595, 595f

in pneumonia, 1477, 1477f-1478f

in pulmonary abscess, 1480, 1480f-1481f

in pulmonary edema, 1469, 1469t

in respiratory disease diagnosis, e366-2

in tetralogy of Fallot, 1574-1575, 1575f

in total anomalous pulmonary venous return, 1589, 1590f

in tuberculosis, 999f-1000f

in ventricular septal defect, 1557, 1557f

Chest tube for emergencies, 295

Chest wall, e365-1-e365-5, e365-5f

CHH See Cartilage hair hypoplasia (CHH)

Chiari malformations, 2006, 2009, 2009f

myelomeningocele in, 2001-2002

syringomyelia in, 2103-2104, 2104f

Chickenpox See Varicella-zoster virus (VZV)

Chief complaint in neurologic evaluation, e584-1

Chigger bite, 2320

scrub typhus due to, 1045

Chilblain, 358, 2285

Child abuse See Abuse and neglect

Child care, e15-1-e15-5

advising parents on, e15-4-e15-5

antibiotic use and bacterial resistance and, e167-2

communicable disease and, e167-1-e167-4, e167-1t

blood-borne pathogens in, e167-2

epidemiology of, e167-1

exclusion of children due to, e167-3t-e167-4t

gastrointestinal tract infection as, e167-1-e167-2

giardiasis, 1181

herpesvirus in, e167-2

invasive organisms in, e167-2

prevention of, e167-2-e167-4

respiratory tract infection as, e167-1

skin diseases as, e167-2

consultation and partnering with providers of, e15-5

developmental outcomes and, e15-3

eating in setting of, 165

facilities for, 895

health and, e15-3

licensing, regulation, and accreditation of, e15-1

pediatrician’s role in, e15-4-e15-5

resources on, e15-4t

settings for, e15-1

for sick children, e15-1, e15-2t

special needs children and, e15-4-e15-5

standards for, e167-4

usage of, e15-1

Childhood disintegrative disorder, 101t, e28-1-e28-3

Child labor, e700-3

Child mortality, 1-2

causes of, 3t

racial factors in, 4t

reduction of, 2f

worldwide indicators of, 3t

Child Protective Services (CPS), 141

Child-rearing practices, 2-3

Children’s Oncology Group (COG), 1732

on Wilms tumor treatment, 1759

Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (C-YBOCS), 80

Child restraint in motor vehicles, 21, 21f, 21t

CHILD syndrome, 1531t, 2234-2235, 2268t, 2272, 2272f

CHIME syndrome, 2268t

China, migrant population in, 7

Chinese herbal medications, 805

Chinese liver fluke, e271-1t-e271-11t

Chin trembling, e587-4

Chiropractic treatment, 273

CHL See Conductive hearing loss (CHL)

Chlamydia trachomatis, 1035-1038

adolescent, 706f, 712t

in conjunctivitis, 1037, 2166

fetal therapy for, 551t

genital culture of, e164-2

genital tract infections due to, 1035-1036

gonococcal disease with, 938-939

lymphogranuloma venereum due to, 1038

maternal, e89-3t

in pneumonia, 1037, 1475t

prophylaxis following rape, 704, 704t

sexual abuse and, 145t

trachoma due to, 1035

in vulvovaginitis, 1865

Chlamydophila pneumoniae, 1033-1035, 1034f, 1475t

Chlamydophila psittaci, 1475t, e219-1-e219-2

Chlamydospores, 1053

Chloramphenicol, e173-4t-e173-11t, e173-13

for Bartonella infection, 983

for cystic fibrosis lung infection, 1492t

for louse-borne typhus, 1048

for meningococcal disease, 933t

for murine typhus, 1047

for neonatal infection, 645t

possible adverse reactions to in premature infant, 563t

for scrub typhus, 1045

for typhoid fever, 957, 958t

Chloride

dietary reference intakes for, e41-5t-e41-7t

metabolic alkalosis and, 235-237, 235t

in oral rehydration solutions, 1335t

reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

in total body water, e52-1-e52-2

Chloride channelopathies, 2125t

Chloride diarrhea, 1306t, 1320-1321, 1341

Chloride-losing diarrhea, congenital, 223

Chlorinated hydrocarbon exposure, e700-2-e700-3

Chlorine, in terrorism, e704-4-e704-5, e704-9t

Chloroma, 1737

Chloromycetin See Chloramphenicol

Chloroquine

malaria resistant to, travel and, 1207t, e168-6, e168-7t

for malaria treatment and chemoprophylaxis, 1202, 1203t-1205t, 1207, 1207t, e168-7, e168-7t

for porphyria cutanea tarda, e85-12

toxicity of, 251t

Chlorosis, 1219

Chlorothiazide

for heart failure, e436-3, e436-5t

for systemic hypertension, 1645t

Chlorpheniramine for allergic rhinitis, 777t-778t

Chlorpromazine

for chemotherapy-associated vomiting, 1244t

for pain management, 364t

toxicity of, 251t

Chlorpropamide, 1992t

Chlorthalidone for systemic hypertension, 1645t

Chlor-Trimeton See Chlorpheniramine

Chlyothorax, 1514-1515, 1514f-1515f

Choanal atresia, 575, 1430, 1430f, e92-3t

Cholangiography

in liver dysfunction, 1379

magnetic resonance, in sclerosing cholangitis, e352-1

Cholangiopancreatography, endoscopic retrograde, 1379

Cholangitis

liver disease with, 1378

sclerosing, with inflammatory bowel disease, e352-1

Cholecystitis, e358-1-e358-2

Cholecystokinin (CCK), e339-3

Choledochal cyst, e357-1-e357-2, e339-3

abdominal pain of, 1247t

Cholelithiasis, e358-1-e358-2, e358-1t

abdominal pain of, 1247t

Cholera, 965-968

clinical manifestations of, 966, 967f

complications of, 967

diagnosis and differential diagnosis of, 967

epidemiology of, 965, 966f

etiology of, 965

laboratory findings in, 966

pathogenesis of, 966

prevention of, 967-968

travel and, e168-3-e168-5

treatment of, 967, 967t

Cholera gravis, 966

Cholera toxin, 1330, 1331f

Cholera vaccine, 967-968, 968t

travel and, e168-3-e168-5

Cholestasis

differential diagnosis of, 1377t

as manifestation of liver disease, 1374

maternal, e89-2t

neonatal, 1381-1388, 1381f

evaluation of, 1382, 1382t

intrahepatic, 452, 1382-1384, 1383t-1384t

management of, 1387-1388, 1387t

mechanism of, 1381-1382

prognosis for, 1388

types of, 1382t

in older child, 1388

with total parenteral nutrition, e352-2

in viral hepatitis, 1395

Cholesteatoma

as complication of otitis media, 2211, 2211f

congenital, 2211, 2212f, e630-1-e630-2

Cholesterol

dietary reference intakes for, e41-2t-e41-3t

disorders of intracellular metabolism of, 478-479

adrenocortical insufficiency due to, 1926

high-density lipoproteins and reverse transport of, 473

laboratory testing of

in obesity, 185t

for screening, 479-480

low, conditions associated with, 477-478, 478t

in steroid biosynthesis, e568-1

Cholesterol ester storage disease (CESD), 479, 491

Cholesterol gallstones, e358-1

Cholesterol granuloma of tympanic membrane, 2212

Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) deficiency, 477

Choline, dietary reference intakes for, e41-8t-e41-14t

Choline magnesium salicylate for pain management, 364t

Cholinergic syndrome, 253t, 676t

Cholinergic urticaria, 812-813

Cholinesterase-inhibiting insecticide poisoning, 266-267

Cholinesterase inhibitors, 2134-2135

Chondritis, 2198

Chondrodysplasia, Jansen-type metaphyseal, 1923

Chondrodysplasia punctata (CPD), 2272

Chondrodystrophy, e695-1, e695-1f

Chondroectodermal dysplasia, 2433-2434

Chondrolysis, 2365

Chondromalacia, tracheal, 1455, e381-1f

Chondromalacia patella, 2354

Chordee

with hypospadias, 1852

without hypospadias, 1854, 1854f

Chorea, 2056t-2058t, 2058

in acute rheumatic fever, 922, 924

obsessive compulsive disorder and, 919

Sydenham, 2055-2056

Chorea-acanthocytosis, 2057t

Chorea gravidarum, 2056

Choreoathetoid cerebral palsy, 2063-2064

Choreoathetosis, 2056

Chorioamnionitis, 551t, 630, 630f

Chorioangioma, 552

Chorioepithelioma, 1957

Chorionic gonadotropin, human

in brain tumors, 1747-1748

in CNS germ cell tumors, 1752-1753

in germ cell tumor, 1770

in ovarian carcinomas, 1872t

Chorionic villus sampling, 543t

Chorioretinitis, 2172-2174, 2173t

candidiasis, 1057

Toxoplasmosis gondii, 1210, 1210f, 1213-1215

Choroid

gyrate atrophy of, 453

in tuberculosis, 1004

Choroiditis, 2173, 2173f

Choroid plexus

fetal cysts, ultrasound of, 550t

tumor, 1750-1751

Chotzen syndrome, 2013

Christmas factor, 1696t

Christmas tree pattern, 2262

CHRNA4 gene, 2016t

CHRNB2 gene, 2016t

Chromaffin cells, 1923

Chromium, e51-1t

Chromones for allergic disease, 771-772

Chromosomal abnormalities

in acute lymphocytic leukemia, 1732-1733, 1733t

in acute myeloid leukemia, 1738t

Chromosomal disorders, 381

cataracts due to, 2171

chromosome instability syndromes as, 412

dysmorphology due to, e102-5

fragile chromosome sites as, 411-412, 411t

mosaicism as, 412

of numbers, 399-403

aneuploidy and polyploidy as, 399-400, 400t

Down syndrome as, 400-403

trisomy 13 as, 405f

trisomy 18 as, 405f

severe intellectual disability in, 123t

sex chromosome aneuploidy as, 408-410, 409t

Klinefelter syndrome as, 410

Noonan syndrome as, 410, 410t

Turner syndrome as, 409-410

47,XYY as, 410

of structure, 404-408

deletions and duplications as, 406-407, 406t, 407f, 408t-409t

insertions as, 407

inversions as, 405-406

isochromosomes as, 407

marker and ring chromosomes as, 408

translocations as, 404-405, 406f

uniparental disomy and imprinting as, 412-414, 413f-414f

Chromosomal translocation, 404-405, 406f

in Down syndrome, 402-403

in listeriosis, e181-1

in proto-oncogene activation, e486-1, e486-1t

Chromosome paints, 396

Chromosome 11p deletion, e486-2t-e486-3t

Chromosome 13q deletion, e486-2t-e486-3t

Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion, 2382

Chromosome(s)

analysis of, 394-399, 395f-400f, 397t

marker, 408

mitochondrial, e74-1

ring, 408

study of See (Cytogenetics)

Chronic compartment syndrome (CCS), 2416-2417

Chronic disease

adolescent, ethical considerations regarding, e3-5

anemias of, e445-1

in childhood, e39-1-e39-4, e39-1t

Crohn disease appearance as, 1302

in foster care children, e35-2t

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), e115-1-e115-3, e115-2f

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), 742t, 745-746, 745f

aspergillosis with, 1061

fetal therapy for, 551t

phagocytic killing defects in, e122-2

Chronic infantile neurologic cutaneous and articular disease (CINCA), 855t, 858

Chronic kidney disease (CKD), 1822-1825

etiology of, 1822

maternal, 545

pathogenesis of, 1822, 1823t

treatment of, 1823-1825

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), 748t, 1738-1739

hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for, 758

Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO), 391t, 2131-2132

Chronic renal failure, rickets due to, 205-206

Chronic respiratory failure, 1519

in cystic fibrosis, 1494

Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM), 2210

CHRS See Cerebrohepatorenal syndrome (CHRS)

CHS See Chédiak-Higashi syndrome (CHS)

Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS), 868t, 874-876, 874t, 1474

Chylomicronemia, familial, 473t, 476, 476f

Chylomicron retention disease, 1313

Chymotrypsin, e339-3

concentration of in chronic diarrhea, 1344t

pancreatic insufficiency and, 1369-1370

Ciclesonide for allergic rhinitis, 778t-779t, 779-780

Cicuta species toxicity, 269t

CID See Combined immunodeficiency (CID)

Cidofovir, 1116-1117, e237-1t, e237-4

Cigarette smoking

adolescent, 672, 673t, 679, 680t

allergic reaction to, 769

breast-feeding and, 161t

fires due to, 24

porphyria cutanea tarda and, e85-11

as sudden infant death syndrome risk factor, 1424

wheezing and bronchitis and, 1460

Ciguatera fish poisoning, 1328t-1329t, e703-1-e703-4

Cilastatin, e173-3, e173-4t-e173-11t

Ciliary, respiratory

immotile syndrome of, e396-1-e396-4, e396-1f, e396-2t

normal ultrastructure and function of, e396-1, e396-1f

Ciliary dyskinesia, primary, e396-1-e396-4, e396-1f, e396-2t, e396-3f

Cimetidine

drug interactions with, e57-13t-e57-14t

for Helicobacter pylori gastritis, 1293t

for urticaria and angioedema, 815t

CINCA See Chronic infantile neurologic cutaneous and articular disease (CINCA)

Cipro See Ciprofloxacin

Ciprofloxacin, e173-13, e206-3, e173-4t-e173-11t

for anthrax, e704-8t

for chancroid, e187-1

for infectious diarrhea, 1337t

for meningococcal disease, 933t

for neonatal infection, 645t

for plague, e704-8t

for Shigella infection, 961

for traveler’s diarrhea, e168-5

Circadian rhythm in sleep, 46

Circulation

fetal, e415-1, e415-1f

persistent, 592-594, 592f

glucocorticoids in, e568-5

neonatal, e415-1-e415-3

in pediatric emergency assessment, 281

renal, 1778, e502-1f

transitional, e415-1-e415-2

in trauma survey, 336-337, 336t

Circulatory collapse, malarial, 1206

Circumcision, 1854-1856, 1855f, e98-1

CIRH1A gene defect, 1383t

Cirrhosis

biliary

in cystic fibrosis, 1485, 1496

as manifestation of liver disease, 1374

Indian childhood, 1392

as manifestation of liver disease, 1374

portal hypertension with, e359-1

Cisapride, possible adverse reactions to in premature infant, 563t

Cisatracurium for intubation, 321t

Cis-regulatory genomic sequences, e320-1

Citalopram

for depression and anxiety symptoms, 63t

for premenstrual dysphoric disorder, 692t

Citrobacter, 632t

Citrulline, defects in metabolism of, 447-453, 448f-449f, 448t, 450t

Citrullinemia, 448f, 451-452

CJD See Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)

CK See Creatine kinase (CK)

CKD See Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

CLA See Cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen (CLA)

Claforan See Cefotaxime

Clarinex See Desloratadine

Clarithromycin, e173-3, e173-4t-e173-11t

for Chlamydophila pneumoniae, 1035

for Helicobacter pylori gastritis, 1293t

for infective endocarditis prophylaxis, 1626t

for Legionella infection, e200-2

for Mediterranean spotted fever, 1044

for Mycobacterium avium complex prophylaxis, 1175t-1176t

for Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 1031

for nontuberculous mycobacterial prophylaxis, 1015-1016

for otitis media, 2207t

for pertussis, 947t

for pharyngitis, 1440

for vulvovaginitis, 1868t

Claritin See Loratadine

Clasp-knife phenomenon, e584-6

Classical pathway of complement system, e127-1-e127-2, e127-1t

deficiencies of, 753-755, 754t

Class III malocclusion, e301-1, e301-1f

Class II malocclusion, e301-1, e301-1f

Class I occlusion, 1252, e301-1f

Clavicular fracture, 2392

as birth injury, 578-579

as delivery room emergency, 578-579

as sports injury, 2409

Clavulanate, e173-4t-e173-11t

Claw toe, 2342-2343

CLCN2 gene, 2016t

CLCN7 gene, 2432

CLDN1 gene defect, 1383t

CLE See Congenital lobar emphysema (CLE)

Clean-contaminated wound, perioperative prophylaxis and, e166-2, e166-4t

Cleansing, acne and, 2323

Clean wound, perioperative prophylaxis and, e166-2, e166-4t

Clearance, 1778

of drug, e57-2, e57-7

Clear cell sarcoma of kidney (CCSK), 1760

Cleft(s)

branchial, 2221

laryngeal, 1452

laryngotracheoesophageal, 1263, 1452

lip and palate, 1252-1253, 1252f

dental problems associated with, 1251t

mitral valve, 1554

sternal, 1517

Cleidocranial dysplasia, 2431, 2432f

oral manifestations of, 1254

Cleocin See Clindamycin

CLIA See Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) of 1988

Climate, acne and, 2323

Clindamycin, e173-3-e173-12, e173-4t-e173-11t

for acne, 2325t

for anthrax, e704-8t

for babesiosis, e281-1, e271-1t-e271-11t

for cystic fibrosis lung infection, 1492t

for gonococcal disease, 939

for group A streptococci infection, 919

for infective endocarditis prophylaxis, 1626t

for malaria, 1203t-1205t, e271-1t-e271-11t

for neonatal infection, 645t

for osteomyelitis, 2397-2398

for penicillin-allergic patients, 918-919

for pharyngitis, 1440

for Pneumocystis jiroveci, e271-1t-e271-11t

for Staphylococcus aureus, 907-908, 907t

Clinical diagnosis, 903

Clinical geneticist, 382t

Clinical interview See Interviewing

Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) of 1988

HIV testing and, e707-2

on office bacteriology, e164-3

Clinical pyelonephritis, 1829-1830, 1830f

Clinical Risk Index for Babies (CRIB), 563

Clinical trials

for childhood cancer, 1732

for vaccine development, 884-885

Clinical utility, 377

Clinical validity, 376

Clinodactyly, 2385, 2385f, e102-7t

Clitoris

abnormalities of, e548-5

newborn assessment of, e542-1

Cloaca, persistent, 1358

Cloacal anomalies, e548-5

Cloacal exstrophy, 1847, e535-1-e535-2

Clobamaz dosages, 2030t

Clofazimine

for Hansen disease, e208-3-e208-4

for Mycobacterium leprae, e206-4

Clomipramine

for depression and anxiety symptoms, 63t

for premenstrual dysphoric disorder, 692t

Clonazepam

for depression and anxiety symptoms, 63t

dosages of, 2030t

for neuroirritability in palliative care, 155t-156t

Clonic seizure

neonatal, 2034

treatment of, 2028

Clonidine

for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 111t

epidural, 373

for neuroirritability in palliative care, 155t-156t

poisoning with, 262

for systemic hypertension, 1645t

toxicity of, 251t

Clonorchis sinensis, e293-1, e271-1t-e271-11t

Clonus, e587-3-e587-4

Closed bite, e301-1

Closed-loop intestinal obstruction, 1287-1289

Closed reduction for developmental dysplasia of hip, 2359-2360, 2360f

Clostridium, 632t, e205-3-e205-4

Clostridium botulinum, 987-991

clinical manifestations of, 988-989, 989f

complications of, 990-991, 991t

diagnosis of, 989-990, 989t

differential diagnosis of, 989-990, 990t

epidemiology of, 987-988

etiology of, 987

gastroenteritis due to, 1324t-1325t, 1337t

pathogenesis of, 988

poliovirus infection versus, 1085t

prevention of, 991

prognosis for, 991

supportive care for, 990

treatment of, 990

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), 994-995

inflammatory bowel disease versus, 1297, 1298t

treatment of, 1337t

Clostridium difficile toxin, 1313

Clostridium perfringens, 1324t-1325t, 1331-1332

Clostridium tetani, 991-994, 994t

Clothes, work, chemical pollutants in, e700-3

Clotting cascade, 1694f

Clotting factor(s), 1696-1697, 1696t

in hemostasis, 1694

hereditary deficiencies of, 1699-1704

reference values for, 1698t

Clotting factor assay, 1697-1698, 1698t

Clouston syndrome, 2223

Cloxacillin, e173-4t-e173-11t

Clubbing

digital

nonpulmonary disease associated with, e366-2t

in respiratory pathology, e366-1, e366-1f

of nails, 2294, 2294f

“Club drugs”, 675t, 682

Clubfoot, 2336, 2337f

Cluck, allergic, 764

Clusters of differentiation, e117-1

Clutton joint, 1017t, 1018

CMFTD See Congenital muscle fiber-type disproportion (CMFTD)

CML See Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)

CMS-EA See Congenital myasthenic syndrome with episodic apnea (CMS-EA)

CMT See Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease; Congenital muscular torticollis (CMT)

CMV See Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

CMV-IG See Cytomegalovirus immune globulin (CMV-IG)

CMYC oncogene, e486-1t

CNLDO See Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO)

CNS See Central nervous system (CNS)

CNVs See Copy number variations (CNVs)

CO See Carbon monoxide (CO)

CO₂ See Carbon dioxide (CO₂)

COACH syndrome, e357-1t, e357-2

Coagulase, Staphylococcus aureus production of, 904

Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CONS), 909-910

neonatal, 635, 635t

sepsis due to, 636t

Coagulation

acquired inhibitors of, 1712-1713

disseminated intravascular, 1713-1714, 1713t, e451-1t-e451-2t

with meningococcus, 930-931

in newborn, 621

Coagulation factors See Clotting factor(s)

Coagulation factor assay, 1697-1698, 1698t

Coagulation proteins, 1694

Coagulopathy(ies)

abnormal uterine bleeding due to, 689t-690t

with fulminant hepatic failure, 1414

hematuria associated with, 1796

hypothyroidism-associated, 1903t

Coalescent mastoiditis, 2210-2211, 2210f

Coal tar preparations, 805

Coarctation of the aorta, 1567-1570, 1567f, 1569f

in adults, 1608

with ventricular septal defect, 1570

Coartem, 1202, 1203t-1205t

Coats disease, 2179, 2179f

Cobalamin (CBL), 194t, 197

defects in metabolism of, 437-438, 1320

deficiency of, 197-198

anemia due to, e448-3

dietary reference intakes for, e41-8t-e41-14t

Cobblestoning in vernal conjunctivitis, 810, 810f

Cobb method, 2365-2366, 2367f

Coca Cola, diarrhea and, 1335t

Cocaine

adolescent abuse of, 683

urine screening in, 676t

maternal abuse of, 624

Cocci anaerobic, e205-4

Coccidioides, 1065-1068

Coccidioidomycosis, 1065-1068, 1065f-1067f, 1066t, 1068t

pneumonia due to, 1475t

Cochlear implant, 2196, 2196t

Cockayne syndrome, 2257-2258, e84-2t

cardiac manifestations of, 1531t

Cockroach allergens, 769, 769t

Codeine

equianalgesic doses and half-life of, 367t

for pain management, 365t

urine screening in adolescent abuse of, 676t

Coefficient of variation (CV), 2466

Coffee for asthma, 271t

COG See Children’s Oncology Group (COG)

Cogan syndrome, 876, e619-2

Cognition, social, e29-5

Cognitive assessment in communication disorder, 120

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), 66

for anxiety disorder, 78

for chronic fatigue syndrome, e115-3

for eating disorders, 95

for functional abdominal pain, 1348, 1348t

for obsessive-compulsive disorder, 80-81

Cognitive complications

of cancer and its treatment, e488-7t-e488-9t

of congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 596

in sickle cell disease, 1669

Cognitive development, e6-3-e6-4

during adolescence, 650t

early, 649-651

middle, 653

age 0-2 months, 27

age 2-6 months, 30

age 6-12 months, 30

age 12-18 months, 31, 32t

age 18-24 months, 32

during first 2 years, 27t

during middle childhood, 37-38, 37t

during preschool years, 34

Cognitive distortions, suicide and, 88

Cognitive function

elementary school success and, 37-38, 37t

in type 1 diabetes mellitus, 1986

Cognitive impairment

due to cancer and its treatment, e488-7t-e488-9t

malarial, 1206

pain assessment and, 361

Cognitive Mapping, e2-6f

Cognitive theories of development, e6-4

Cohen syndrome, 748t

obesity due to, 182t

COID See Committee on Infectious Diseases (COID)

Coining, 137-138, e4-4

COLA1A gene, 2278

COL1A1 gene, 2278, 2439

COL1A2 gene, 2278, 2439

COL2A1 gene, e685-2t, e685-3

COL3A1 gene, 2278

COL4A3 gene, 1782

COL4A4 gene, 1782

COL4A5 gene, 1782

COL4A6 gene, 1782

COL5A1 gene, 2278

COL5A2 gene, 2278

COL9A2 gene, e685-2t

COL9A3 gene, e685-2t

COL10A1 gene, e685-2t

COL11A1 gene, e685-2t

COL11A2 gene, 2190t, e685-2t

Colchicine for familial Mediterranean fever, 857

Colchicum autumnlae toxicity, 269t

Cold, common, 1434-1436, 1434t-1435t

Cold agglutinin disease, 1682-1683

“Cold” antibodies, autoimmune hemolytic anemia associated with, 1682-1683, e451-1t-e451-2t

Cold-induced fat necrosis, 358

Cold injuries, 357-359

neonatal, 622

Cold panniculitis, 2285

Cold sore, 1099-1100

Cold urticaria, 812

Cold water immersion, 343-344

Colectomy, 1300

Coleus forskohlii for asthma, 271t

Colic, home remedies among African Americans for, e4-2t

Colipase, e339-3

Co-lipase deficiency, 1306t

Colitis

amebic, 1179

fulminant, 1297

granulomatous See (Crohn’s disease)

pseudomembranous, 994-995

ulcerative, 1295-1300

clinical manifestations of, 1297

Crohn disease versus, 1295, 1295t

diagnosis of, 1297-1298, 1299f

differential diagnosis of, 1297, 1298t

prognosis for, 1300

treatment of, 1298-1300

Collagen, type I, defects in, 2437

Collagenosis, reactive perforating, 2279, 2279f

Collapse-consolidation in tuberculosis, 998, 1000f

Collateral ligament injury, 2414

Collective violence, 668-669

Collodion baby, 2267, 2268t, 2269f

Colloid goiter, 1908

Colloid milium, 2256

Colloids

for anaphylaxis, 818t

for skin disorders, 2216

Coloboma

eyelid, 2164

fundus, 2181

iris, 2155

optic nerve, e623-1, e623-1f

Colocasia toxicity, 269t

Colon

cancer of See (Colorectal cancer (CRC))

digestion and absorption in, e320-1-e320-2

duplication of, 1281

mega-, in Chagas disease, 1196

Colonization

bacterial in neonate, 630

group B streptococcal, 925-926

during pregnancy, 925-928

Moraxella catarrhalis, e188-1

Colonoscopy, 1297-1298

Colony-forming unit-megakaryocytes (CFU-MK), e440-1

Color

nail, changes in, 2294-2295

of stools, e297-1

Colorado tick fever, 1142-1144

Color Doppler echocardiography, 1568

Colorectal cancer (CRC), 1773, e500-1-e500-4, e337-2-e337-3

inherited syndromes of, e337-1t

ulcerative colitis and risk for, 1297

Color vision testing, 2149

Colpocephaly, 2005

Coma

brain death and, e63-2

due to drowning, 345-346

malarial, 1201

nonketotic hyperosmolar, 1981

pentobarbital, for status epilepticus, 2039t

due to poisonings, 255t

in traumatic brain injury, 298

Combavir See Lamivudine

Combination vaccines, 889

Combined immunodeficiency (CID), 730-738, 731t

enteroviral meningoencephalitis with, 1092

infection with, e171-1t, e171-4

severe, 730-733, 731t, 732f

autosomal recessive, 732-733

reticular dysgenesis as, 733

X-linked, 732, 732f

treatment of, 736-737, 737t

Comedonal acne, 2322-2323, 2322f

neonatal, 2327, 2327f

“Coming out” by transgender adolescents, 656-657

Comitant strabismus, 2158-2159

Comminuted fracture, 2388f

Committee on Infectious Diseases (COID), 885

Committees, pediatric ethics, e3-4

Common cold, 1434-1436, 1434t-1435t

Common innocent murmur, 1536

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), 720, 724-725, 724t, 748t

malabsorption with, 1314

Common wart, 2315

Commotio cordis, 1621

Communicable disease, child care and, e167-1-e167-4 See also Infection(s)

Communication

about life-threatening or life-altering illness, 151-152, e3-1

in autistic disorder, 100

cerebral palsy and, 2065

during first 2 years, 27t

during 2-6 months, 30

during 6-12 months, 31

in palliative care, 151-159

for patient safety, e2-6

in post-resuscitation care, 296

in transport medicine, e61-7

Communication disorders, 114-122

in Asperger’s syndrome, 118

in autism and pervasive developmental disorders, 118

classification of, 117, 117t

clinical manifestations of, 117

comorbid psychiatric disorders, 121

diagnostic evaluation of, 120-121

dysfluency (stuttering, stammering) as, 122, 122t

epidemiology of, 116

etiology of, 116

isolated expressive language disorder as, 118

in mental retardation, 118

motor speech disorders as, 118-119

non-causes of, 120

pathogenesis of, 116-117

pragmatic language disorder as, 118

prognosis for, 121

rare causes of, 119

screening for, 119-120, 120t

selective mutism as, 118

specific language impairment as, 117-118

treatment of, 121

Community

chronic illness and, e39-3

obesity prevention in, 187t

well child care and, 16-17

Community-acquired pneumonia, 1474-1479

Community violence, 668-669, e36-1

Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), 376, 377t, 396

Compartment(s)

in pharmacokinetics, e57-2

pulmonary edema and, 1468

of total body water, e52-1, e52-1f

Compartment syndrome

chronic, 2416-2417

with necrotizing fasciitis, 2301-2302

Compassionate care for foster care children, e35-2t

Compavir See Zidovudine (ZDV)

Compazine See Prochlorperazine

Compensated shock, 285, 305

Compensatory overinflation, 1460-1461

Compensatory respiratory alkalosis, 230

Compensatory scoliosis, 2371

Competence, cultural, e4-3-e4-4, e4-3f

COMP gene, e685-1-e685-2, e685-2t

Complaints, psychosomatic illness and, 68

Complementary and alternative medicine, 270-274

acupuncture, 273-274

for cancer, e488-1-e488-2

dietary supplements, 270-273, 271t-272t

toxicity of, 272t-273t

massage and other bodywork therapies, 273

nutritional aspects of, 169

in palliative care, 158

Spanish-English botanical name translation chart, 274t

Complementation, 1684

Complement fixation (CF) test, e219-1

Complement in serum sickness, 819

Complement system, e127-1-e127-3, e127-2f

alternative pathway of, e127-2

classical and lectin pathway of, e127-1-e127-2

constituents of, e127-1, e127-1t

control mechanisms of, e127-3

disorders of

evaluation of, 720t, 722

fever without a focus in, 896t

genetic, 753-755, 754t

immunizations in, 892t

infection with, e171-2-e171-3

meningococcus and, 931, 933

of plasma, membrane, or serosal control proteins, 755

screening for, 718t

secondary, 755-756

treatment of, 756

evaluation of, 753

in host defense, e127-3

membrane attack complex in, e127-2

in neonatal immunity, 631

Complete blood count (CBC)

in appendicitis, 1351

in immunodeficiency screening, 718t

in malabsorption, 1306

reference intervals for, e708-2t-e708-8t

Complete fracture, 2390

Complete heart block, 1618-1619, 1618f

genetics of, e418-1t-e418-2t

Complex febrile seizure, 2017

Complex partial seizure, 2021

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), 374-375, 879-880, 879t, 2060t, 2061

Compliance

chest wall, e365-2-e365-3

drug therapy, e57-12

lung, e365-3, e365-4f

respiratory, 322

assessment in mechanical ventilation, 328

diseases associated with decreased, 323

Composite graft in intestinal transplantation, e331-1

Compressions, chest, in cardiopulmonary resuscitation, 291, 291f-292f

Compulsions, 80

Computed tomography angiography (CTA)

in neurologic examination, e584-11

in Takayasu arteritis, 872, 872f

Computed tomography (CT)

in abdominal trauma, 338-339, 339f

in amebiasis, 1179, 1179f

in appendicitis, 1351-1352, 1352f

in aspiration syndromes, 1472t, 1473f

in bronchiectasis, e393-1, e393-1f

in cardiovascular disease, 1545-1546, 1547f

chest, e366-2

in cystic fibrosis, 1488, 1490f

in fever of unknown origin, 902

in genitourinary trauma, e540-1, e540-1f

Haller index on, 1516

in liver abscess, 1404, 1404f

in liver dysfunction, 1379

in lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection, e264-2, e264-2f

in neurologic examination, e584-9

in orthopedic problems, 2335

in osteomyelitis, 2396

in pancreatitis, 1371-1372, 1372f

in pork tapeworm, 1235, 1236f

radiation exposure with, e699-2, e699-3f

reduction of, e699-3-e699-4

retropharyngeal abscess, 1441, 1441f

in rhabdomyosarcoma, 1761, 1761f

in septic arthritis, 2400

spiral reconstruction, e366-2-e366-3

in toxoplasmosis, 1212-1213, 1212f

in traumatic brain injury, 298f-299f

in tuberculosis, 1006

in urinary tract obstruction, 1841

in Wilms tumor, 1758-1759, 1759f

in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, 468, 469f

Computed tomography venography (CTV), 2083, 2083f

Concerta See Methylphenidate

Concrescence, tooth, 1250

Concussion See also Traumatic brain injury (TBI)

periodontal ligament, 1258

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

sports-related, 2418-2419, 2419t

in soccer players, e684-2-e684-3

Conditioning therapy for nocturnal incontinence, 1852

Condoms, 694f, 695t

Conduct disorder, 97-98, 97t See also Disruptive behavioral disorders

adolescent violence and, 669, 670t

Conduction

antidromic, 1613-1614

orthodromic, 1613-1614

Conduction disorder following tetralogy of Fallot repair, 1577-1578

Conductive hearing loss (CHL), 2188 See also Hearing impairment or loss

Condylomata acuminata, 1867t-1868t, 2316, 2316f

sexual abuse and, 145t

Condylomata lata, 1016-1017

Confidentiality of adolescent medical information, e106-2

Conformal irradiation, 1732

Confusional arousal, 51-52

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), 1930-1939, 1931f

adrenocortical insufficiency due to, 1924, 1925t

due to 11β-hydroxylase deficiency, 1935-1936

due to 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency, 1936

diagnosis and treatment of, 1931f, 1932t

disorders of sex development due to, 1962

due to 17-hydroxylase deficiency, 1936-1937

due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency, 1930-1935

hypokalemia in, 223-224

metabolic alkalosis in, 236

Congenital aganglionic megacolon, 1283t, 1284-1287, 1285f-1286f

Congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia (CAMT), 1689, 1719-1720, 1719f

Congenital anemia, hypoplastic, 1650-1651

Pearson’s syndrome as, 1652

Congenital anomalies, e92-2, e92-3t

anorectal, 1355-1356, 1356f, 1357t, 1359t

ataxia with, 2054

of bladder, e535-1-e535-3, e535-1f-e535-2f

of central nervous system, 1998-2013

agenesis of corpus callosum as, 2005-2006, 2005f

agenesis of cranial nerves, 2006-2007

anencephaly as, 2003

craniosynostosis as, 2011-2013, 2012t

disorders of neuronal migration as, 2003-2005, 2003f-2004f

dysgenesis of posterior fossa, 2006-2007

encephalocele as, 2002-2003

holoprosencephaly as, 2005-2006, 2006f

hydrocephalus as, 2008-2011, 2008t, 2009f-2011f

meningocele as, 1999

microcephaly as, 2007-2008, 2007t

muscle development and, 2118

myelomeningocele as, 2000-2002, 2001f

neural tube defects as, 1998-1999, 1999f

spina bifida occulta as, 1999, 2000f, 2001t

of cervical spine, 2380-2382, 2381t

congenital heart disease with, 1531t

deviation terms in, e664-1t

of ears, e630-1-e630-2

esophageal, 1262-1263

fetal therapy for, 551t

gallbladder, 1415

hearing loss due to, 2189-2190

in infants of diabetic mothers, 628

of kidney, 1827-1829, 1828f-1829f

hematuria due to, 1796

of larynx, trachea, and bronchi, 1450-1452, 1450f-1452f

of lung, 1463-1467

agenesis and aplasia as, 1463

bronchobiliary fistula as, 1467

bronchogenic cysts as, 1466, 1466f

cystic adenomatoid malformation as, 1464, 1465f

hernia as, 1467

lymphangiectasia as, 1467

sequestration as, 1465, 1466f

of nose, 1429-1431, 1430f-1431f

otitis media with, 2200

pancreatic, e339-1-e339-4

of penis and urethra, 1852-1858

of peritoneum, 1416

of respiratory tract, wheezing due to, 1457

of ribs, 1518-1519

with skeletal dysplasias, e685-3t

of skin, 2221-2222, 2221f

of stomach, 1274-1276

of teeth, 1250-1251, 1250f-1251f

teratogens in, 547-548

vulvovaginal and müllerian, e548-1-e548-6, e548-1t, e548-3f

Congenital anorchia, 1944

Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS), 1520-1522, e365-15

Congenital cholesteatoma, e630-1-e630-2

Congenital cranial nerve dysinnervation disorders (CCDD), 2006

Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM), 1464, 1465f

Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV), 1116-1117

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), 594-596, 595f-596f

Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDGs), e81-6-e81-8, e81-7t, e81-8f

Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia (CDA), e446-1-e446-2, e446-1t

Congenital enterocyte heparin deficiency (CEHD), 1311

Congenital erythropoietic porphyria (CEP), 2256, 2256f, e85-1t, e85-8-e85-10, e85-9f

Congenital fibrosis of extraocular muscles (CFEOM), 2006

Congenital glutamine deficiency, 445

Congenital goiter, 1905-1906, 1906f

Congenital heart disease (CHD)

acyanotic

absence of pulmonary valve as, 1571

aorticopulmonary window defect as, 1561

aortic stenosis as, 1565-1567, 1565f

atrial septal defect as, 1551

atrioventricular septal defects as, 1554-1556, 1554f-1555f

coarctation of the aorta, 1567-1570, 1567f, 1569f

coronary-cameral fistula as, 1561

left-to-right-shunt lesions as, 1551-1561

mitral stenosis as, e421-1-e421-4

mitral valve insufficiency as, 1571-1572, 1571t

mitral valve prolapse as, 1572

obstructive, 1561-1571

ostium secundum defect as, 1551-1553, 1551f-1553f

partial anomalous pulmonary venous return as, 1553-1554

patent ductus arteriosus as, 1559-1561, 1560f

pulmonary valve stenosis as, 1561-1565, 1562f-1564f

pulmonary valvular insufficiency as, 1571

pulmonary venous hypertension as, 1570-1571

regurgitation lesions as, 1571

sinus venosus atrial septal defect, 1553

supracristal ventricular septal defect with aortic insufficiency as, 1559

tricuspid regurgitation as, 1572

ventricular septal defect as, 1556-1558, 1556f-1557f

in adolescents, 1609-1610, 1609t

anomalous origin of coronary arteries as, 1598-1599, 1599f

aortic arch anomalies as, 1596-1598, 1597f-1598f, 1597t

auscultation in, 1536

cyanotic

abnormal position of heart and heterotaxy syndromes as, 1595-1596

associated with decreased pulmonary blood flow, 1573-1585

associated with increased pulmonary blood flow, 1585-1596

double-outlet right ventricle as, 1582, 1588-1589

Ebstein anomaly of the tricuspid valve as, 1583-1585, 1584f

evaluation of, 1572-1573

heterotaxy syndromes as, 1589t, 1595-1596

hypoplastic left heart syndrome as, 1592-1595, 1593f-1595f

pulmonary atresia as, 1578-1580, 1579f

single ventricle as, 1592

tetralogy of Fallot, 1573-1578, 1573f, 1575f, 1577f

total anomalous pulmonary venous return as, 1589-1590, 1589t, 1590f

transposition of the great arteries as, 1582-1583, 1583f, 1585-1588, 1585f-1586f, 1588f

tricuspid atresia as, 1580-1582, 1580f-1581f

truncus arteriosus as, 1590-1592, 1591f

diverticulum of left ventricle as, 1599-1600

with Down syndrome, 403t

ectopia cordis as, 1599

Eisenmenger syndrome as, 1601-1602

etiology of, e418-1-e418-3

evaluation of, 1549-1551

fever without a focus in, 896t

genetic counseling in, e418-3

genetics of, e418-1-e418-3, e418-1t-e418-2t

infective endocarditis and, 1622

medical history in, 1530

pregnancy and, 1609

prevalence of, 1549t, e418-1

pulmonary arteriovenous fistula as, e426-1-e426-3

pulmonary hypertension as, 1600-1602, 1600t, 1601f, 1602t

respiratory signs and symptoms of, e413-1t

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

sudden death due to, 1619

surgical treatment of, 1602-1610, 1605t

long-term management following, 1604-1605

postoperative management following, 1603-1604

Turner syndrome with, 1952-1953

Congenital hepatic fibrosis, e357-1t, e357-2

Congenital hyperthyroidism, 1913, 1913f

Congenital hypomyelinating neuropathy, e605-1-e605-4

Congenital hypopituitarism, 1876-1879

Congenital hypothyroidism, 1895-1901

Congenital hypotonia, benign, 2119

Congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma

bullous, 2270, 2270f

nonbullous, 2267-2268, 2269f

Congenital insensitivity to pain and anhidrosis, 2143

Congenital lip pits, e308-1

Congenital lobar emphysema (CLE), 1461

Congenital Lyme disease, 1027

Congenital lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, e264-1-e264-2

Congenital malaria, 1201

Congenital melanocytic nevi, 2232, 2232f

Congenital muscle fiber-type disproportion (CMFTD), 2115

Congenital muscular dystrophy, 2113t, 2123-2126, 2128f

Congenital muscular torticollis (CMT), 2377-2379

Congenital myasthenic syndrome with episodic apnea (CMS-EA), 2133, 2133t

Congenital mydriasis, 2155

Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO), 2165

Congenital nephrotic syndrome, 1806, 1807t

Congenital neutropenia, severe, 750

Congenital ocular motor apraxia, 2161

Congenital omphalocele, e99-1, e99-1f

Congenital phlebectasia, 2224-2225, 2226f

Congenital rubella syndrome, 1077-1078, 1077f, 1077t

congenital heart disease with, 1531t

in type 1 diabetes mellitus development, 1971

vaccine for, 881t

Congenital scoliosis, 1518, 2368-2370, 2369f

in arthrogryposis, e674-5

Congenital secondary polycythemia, e461-1

Congenital sideroblastic anemia, e450-1f

Congenital subglottic hemangioma, e382-1-e382-3

Congenital syphilis, 1016-1018, 1016f-1017f, 1017t

clinical manifestations of, 1017-1018, 1017f-1019f, 1017t

diagnosis of, 1020f, 1021, 1021t

hearing loss due to, e633-1

prevention of, 1023

treatment of, 1022

Congenital toxoplasmosis, 1208-1211, 1210f, 1214-1215

Congenital tuberculosis, 1000, 1007

Congenital varicella-zoster virus, 1106-1107, 1107f

Congenital vertical talus, 2337-2338, 2337t, 2338f

Congenital vitamin D deficiency, 205

Congestive heart failure See Heart failure

Congestive splenomegaly, e480-1-e480-2

Conium maculatum toxicity, 269t

Conjoined twins, 553

Conjugated bilirubin, 1375

elevation of See (Cholestasis)

Conjugated vaccine, 883

Conjunctiva

disorders of, 2166-2169

examination of, 2150

foreign body in, 2185

Conjunctivitis, 2166-2169, 2167t, 2168f-2169f

adenovirus, 1132

allergic, 765, 809-810, 810f, 2168

Chlamydia trachomatis, 1035, 1037

giant papillary, 810

gonococcal, 712t, 939

Haemophilus influenzae, 943

hemorrhagic, due to enterovirus, 1091

herpes simplex virus, 1101

in Kawasaki disease, 863, 864f

purulent, exclusion from day care due to, e15-2t

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

tularemia inoculation, 978

vernal, 2168, 2168f

viral, 2168

Conjunctivitis otitis media syndrome, 2205

Connective tissue disease

cardiac manifestations of, 1531t

mixed, e147-3t

skin manifestations of, e637-3-e637-5

Connective tissue nevus, 2235

Conn syndrome, 2129

Conotruncal heart defects, 1527

Conradi-Hünermann syndrome, 1531t, 2268t

CONS See Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CONS)

Consanguinity, 385, e584-1

Consent of adolescent, e106-2, e3-4-e3-5, e106-2t

Consolidation treatment for acute lymphocytic leukemia, 1735

Constipation, 1245-1247, 1246t

abdominal pain of, 1247t

due to anogenital malformation, 1359t

with Down syndrome, 403t

functional, 1284, 1284t

in Hirschsprung disease, 1285, 1285t

maintenance therapy for, 74t

neonatal, 600

neuropathic bladder and, e536-3

nondigestive causes of, 1241t

due to opioids, 366t

treatment of in palliative care, 155t-157t, 158

Constitutional growth delay, 1880

Constriction bands, amniotic, 533, 2220-2221, 2343, e102-3, e102-6f

Constrictive pericarditis, 1637

Consultation, ethics, e3-4

Contact allergy, involving eyes, 810

Contact dermatitis, 804, 2250-2252, 2250f-2251f

allergic, 2251

of external ear canal, 2199

vulvar, 1867t-1868t

Contact factors deficiency, 1703

Contact isolation, e166-1

Contact lenses for hyperopia, 2151

Contaminated wound, perioperative prophylaxis and, e166-2, e166-4t

Contamination, internal radiation, e699-6-e699-7, e699-7t

Contiguous gene deletion syndrome, 406

Contiguous gene disorders, 381

Contingent responses, development and, e6-2

Continuing education for emergency medical services for children, e61-1

Continuity of care

for children in foster care, e35-2t

for chronic illness, e39-3

Continuous gene deletion syndrome, 2269

Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), 1983-1984

Continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS), 1983

Continuous heart murmur, 1535

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

at home, 332, 1524-1525

for neonatal apnea, 581

for obstructive sleep apnea, 51

for respiratory distress and respiratory failure, 320, 585

Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), 1822

Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), 1977

Continuum of care model in emergency medical services for children, e61-12

application of to developing world, e61-12-e61-15

Contraception, 692-699, 695t

barrier methods for, 694

combination methods for, 696

counseling regarding, 694

emergency, 698-699, 698t

following rape, 704t

epidemiology of, 692-694, 693f-694f, 693t

hormonal methods for, 696-698, 696t-697t, 697f

intrauterine devices for, 699

minors right to consent for, e106-2

special needs girls and, 1875

spermicides for, 694

for women with congenital heart disease, 1609

Contraceptive patch, for special needs girls, 1875

Contraceptive ring, 697

special needs girls and, 1875

Contraceptives, oral, 695t-696t, 696-698

for amenorrhea, 688t

drug interactions with, e57-13t-e57-14t

for dysmenorrhea, 691t

for emergency contraception, 698t

missed pills and, 696, 697f, 697t

for polycystic ovary syndrome, e546-3

special needs girls and, 1875

Contraction stress test (CST), 542, 543t

Contractures

assessment of, e664-2

in Becker muscular dystrophy, 2119

congenital, orthopedic management of, e674-3

in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 2119

in neuromuscular disorders, 2109

Contrast enema, 1297, 1299f

Contrast radiography in gastroesophageal reflux disease, 1267, 1267f

Control, preschoolers need for, 35-36

Controllers in respiration regulation, e365-15

Control proteins, complement, deficiencies of, 754t, 755

Control variable in mechanical ventilation, 324-325

Contusion

lumbar disk, as sports injury, 2412

as sports injury, 2406

due to football, e684-1

Convalescent stage of pertussis, 945

Convective heat loss in newborn, 536-537

Conventions, international, for protection of children from effects of war, e36-6

Convergent retractorius, 2161

Conversion disorder, 68t, 69

Convex lenses for hyperopia, 2151

Cooley anemia, 1675-1676

Coordination, neurologic examination of, e584-8-e584-9

Copegus See Ribavirin

Coping styles

psychosomatic illness and, 68

in type 1 diabetes mellitus, 1986

Copper-histadine therapy, 2075

Copper toxicity, e51-1t

gastroenteritis due to, 1328t-1329t

in Wilson disease, 1391, 1391f

COPP regimen for Hodgkin lymphoma, 1742, 1743t

Coprine ingestion, e703-1

Coprolalia, 77

Coproporphyria, hereditary, e85-13-e85-14

Coproporphyrinogen oxidase (CPO), e85-2f

deficiency of, e85-13-e85-14

Copy number variations (CNVs), 399, e56-1

Cord See Umbilical cord

Cordocentesis, 543t, 544, 549

Corectopia, 2155

Cornea

chemical burns of, 2185-2186

development of, 2148

disorders of, e619-1-e619-3, e619-1t

open globe injury and, 2185

superficial abrasions of, 2184

Corneal manifestations of system disease, e619-3

Corneal reflex

brain death and, e63-2t

in strabismus diagnosis, 2157

Cornelia de Lange syndrome, 2007t

Cornification, disorders of, 2267-2272, 2268t

Cornstarch for type I glycogen storage disease, 495

Coronal plane deformities, 2348

Coronary artery(ies)

aneurysm of in Kawasaki disease, 864, 865f

anomalous origin of, 1598-1599, 1599f

graft disease of, e437-3

sports participation and anomalies of, 2402t-2404t

sudden death and anomalies of, 1619

Coronary-cameral fistula, 1561

Coronary heart disease (CHD), 459

Coronary sinusoidal channel, 1578-1579

Coronaviruses, 1475t, e256-1-e256-4

Corporal punishment, abuse versus, 135

Cor pulmonale, 1421

Corpus callostomy for seizures, 2032-2033

Corpus callosum, agenesis of, 2005-2006, 2005f

Cortex

adrenal, e568-1-e568-4

renal, 1778

Cortical dysplasian focal, 2004

Cortical hyperostosis, infantile, 2436-2437, 2436f

Cortical necrosis, renal, 1818

Corticosteroid-binding globulin deficiency (CBG), 1926

Corticosteroids

adrenal insufficiency due to abrupt cessation of, 1929

adverse effects, risk assessment for, 795t

for allergic rhinitis, intranasal inhaled, 778t-780t, 779-780

for anaphylaxis, 818t

for asthma

inhaled, 791-793, 794t-795t

systemic, 793-794, 794t, 797t-798t, 800

for atopic dermatitis

systemic, 805

topical, 804, 804t

atrophy due to

epidermal, 2274

subcutaneous tissue, 2282, 2282f

for bacterial meningitis, 2092-2094

for chronic granulomatous disease, 746

for Crohn disease, 1303

for croup, 1448

for Diamond-Blackfan anemia, 1651

for Hansen disease, e208-3-e208-4

immunizations and, 891

for juvenile dermatomyositis, 849

for pulmonary hemosiderosis, 1500

in renal transplantation, e530-4-e530-5

for respiratory distress syndrome, 586

antenatal, for prevention of, 584

for scleroderma, 853

for skin disorders, 2217, 2217t

for systemic lupus erythematosus, 844

for tuberculosis, 1009

for wheezing, 1459

Corticotropin deficiency, 1929

Corticotropinoma, e554-3

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), e568-3

Cortinarius poisoning, e703-1

Cortisol

for adrenal-associated vomiting See (Scopolamine)

in adrenal insufficiency, 1928

in Cushing syndrome, 1940

decreased binding affinity of, 1926

deficiency of

in congenital adrenal hyperplasia, 1931-1933

hypoglycemia in, 527-528

reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

regulation of, e568-1-e568-4

Corynebacterium diphtheria, e180-1-e180-4, e180-2f

poliovirus infection versus, 1085t

Corynebacterium minutissimum, 2306

Corynebacterium ulcerans, 929

Costeff optic atrophy syndrome, 433

Costs

of antiseizure therapy, 2028

of chronic illness in childhood, e39-2

of health care, 11

Cotrim See Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX)

Cough

in asthma, 782, 782t

in common cold, 1435

of croup, 1446

in cystic fibrosis, 1485-1486

habit, e376-2

as manifestation of extrapulmonary disease, 1526

of pertussis, 945-946

as prominent finding in disorders, 1460t

recurrent or persistent, e376-1-e376-2, e376-1t-e376-2t

in respiratory syncytial virus infection, 1128

Cough etiquette, e166-2t

Cough reflex, brain death and, e63-2t

Coumarin, 1711

Councilman bodies, e262-1

Counseling

contraceptive, 694

in dysmorphology, e102-7-e102-8

genetic, 377-379, 378t

in acute intermittent porphyrias, e85-8

in chronic granulomatous disease, 746

in congenital heart disease, e418-3

in erythropoietic protoporphyria, e85-17

in hearing loss, 2196

in Marfan syndrome, 2446

in neurofibromatosis, 2048

in osteogenesis imperfecta, 2439-2440

in peroxisomal disorders, 467

in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, e270-4t

in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, 470

in intellectual disability management, 129

for neurodevelopmental dysfunction, e29-8

nutrition, 169-170

in seizures, 2025, 2026t

teen pregnancy, 700

Counter-regulatory hormones, 518

deficiency of, 520t

Cover tests for strabismus, 2157-2158

Cowden syndrome, 1747t, 2298

Cow’s milk

allergy to, 821, 821t

pulmonary hemosiderosis with, 1498-1499

type 1 diabetes mellitus and, 1972

Cow’s milk protein-based formula, 163

COX-2 See Cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibitors

Coxiella burnetii, 1039t-1040t, 1051-1053

in breast milk, 540t

in pneumonia, 1475t

Coxsackie, 1088t

in hand-foot-and-mouth disease, 1090, 1090f

maternal, e89-3t

in myocarditis and pericarditis, 1091

neonatal, 1092

in orchitis, 1091

in pharyngitis, 1439

CP See Cerebral palsy (CP)

CPAP See Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

CPB coactivator, e102-1

CPD See Chondrodysplasia punctata (CPD)

CPE See Cytopathic effect (CPE)

CPEO See Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO)

CPM See Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM)

CPO See Coproporphyrinogen oxidase (CPO)

CPP See Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP)

CPR See Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

CPS See Carbamyl phosphate synthetase (CPS) deficiency; Child Protective Services (CPS)

CPT See Carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) deficiency

CPT-IA See Carnitine palmitoyltransferase-IA (CPT-IA) deficiency

CPT-II See Carnitine palmitoyltransferase-II (CPT-II) deficiency

Crackles

in asthma, 783

auscultation of, e366-1, e366-1t

Cradle cap, 2253-2254, 2253f

CRAFFT mnemonic, 674-677, 676t

Cranial bruits, e584-2

Cranial disorders of newborn, 565-566, 565f

Cranial nerves

agenesis of, 2006-2007

Lyme disease and, 1026, 1028t

neurologic examination of, e584-2f, e584-3-e584-6

Cranial synostosis, 533-534

Cranial ultrasonography, e584-9

Craniofrontonasal dysplasia, 2012t

Craniopharyngioma, 1752

Craniosynostosis, 2011-2013, 2012t

neurologic examination and, e584-2

skull palpation in assessment of, e584-2

Craniotabes, 200, 533-534

skull palpation in assessment of, e584-2

Craniovertebral junction, pathologic conditions at, 2381

CRBSI See Catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI)

CRC See Colorectal cancer (CRC)

C-reactive protein

in appendicitis, 1351

reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

Creams, 2216

Creatine

deficiency of, 441, 441f

for performance enhancement, 2423, 2423t

Creatine kinase (CK)

in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 2120-2121

in neuromuscular disorders, 2110

reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

Creatinine in posterior urethral valves, 427

CREB-binding protein, e102-1

Creeping eruption, 1220, e271-1t-e271-11t

Crepitance, 2301

Crescent formation in Bowman’s space, 1778

Crescentic progressive glomerulonephritis, 1789-1790

Cretinism, 1895, 1906-1908

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), e270-1-e270-6, e270-1t

maternal, e89-3t

CRH See Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

CRIB See Clinical Risk Index for Babies (CRIB)

Cri-du-chat syndrome, 2007t

Crigler-Najjar syndrome, 604-605, 1390

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, 1151-1152

Critical aortic stenosis, 1565

Critical high airway obstruction syndrome (CHAOS), 577, 578f

Critical illness See also Acute illness

adrenal insufficiency in, e569-1-e569-3

ethics in treatment of, e3-1-e3-2

polyneuropathy in, poliovirus infection versus, 1085t

“Critical sample” in hyperinsulinemia, 521, 522t

Crixivan See Indinavir

Crohn’s disease, 1300-1304

abdominal pain of, 1247t

clinical manifestations of, 1300-1301, 1301f

cutaneous, e637-4

diagnosis of, 1302

differential diagnosis of, 1301-1302, 1302t

liver disease associated with, e352-1

malabsorption in, e330-1-e330-8, e330-9t

metastatic, e637-4

oral ulcerations in, 1260t

prognosis for, 1304

treatment of, 1302-1304

ulcerative colitis versus, 1295, 1295t

Crolom See Cromolyn sodium

Cromolyn sodium

for allergic conjunctivitis, 811t

for allergic disease, 771-772

for allergic rhinitis, 780t

for asthma, 794t, 796

Cross bite, e301-1

Cross-dresser, 655

Crossed adductor response, e584-7

Cross-gender roles, 655

Crossing over, genetic, 395

Cross-Kusick-Breen syndrome, 2239

Crotalidae-specific Fab antibodies, 258t

Croup, 1446-1447, 1446f

in parainfluenza viruses, 1125t, 1126

spasmodic, 1447

Crouzonomesodermoskeletal syndrome, 2012t

Crouzon syndrome, 1531t, 2012t, 2013

Crown

completion of, 1250t

injuries to, 1258, 1258t

CRPS See Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS)

CRRT See Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT)

CRTAP gene, 2439

Cruciate ligament injuries, 2414, 2414t

Crush injury of phalanx, 2391

Crusts, examination of, e637-1

Crying during age 0-2 months, 27

Cryohydrocytosis, e454-1

Cryoproteins, 812

Cryotherapy

for retinopathy of prematurity, 2175-2176

for sexually transmitted infection, 713t

Cryptococcoma, 1056

Cryptococcus neoformans, 1056-1058

in pneumonia, 1475t

Cryptogenic epilepsy, 2013

Cryptorchidism, 1858-1860, 1860f, 1944

after inguinal repair, 1367

Cryptosporidium, 1183-1184, e271-1t-e271-11t

gastroenteritis due to, 1327t-1328t

treatment of, 1337t

inflammatory bowel disease versus, 1298t

Crystalloids for anaphylaxis, 818t

Crysticillin See Penicillin G, procaine

CSD See Cat-scratch disease (CSD)

CSF See Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

CSII See Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII)

CSOM See Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM)

CSS See Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS)

CST See Contraction stress test (CST)

C_STAT See Static compliance (C_STAT) assessment in mechanical ventilation

CSVT See Cerebral sinovenous thrombosis (CSVT)

CTSK gene, e685-2t

Cubital vein, venous access in, 292, 295f

Cued recall, e29-3

Cuff, blood pressure, 1533

Cuirasse, 1524

Cullen sign, 1371

Cultural competence, e4-3-e4-4, e4-3f

chronically ill child and, e39-3

foster care children and, e35-2t

Cultural desire, e4-4

Cultural encounters, e4-4

Cultural factors/issues

in high-risk pregnancies, e89-1t

in nutrition and feeding, 167-168

in objections to treatment, e3-3-e3-4

in pediatric care, e4-1-e4-3

in psychosomatic illness, 67

in suicide, 88

Cultural groups, newly recognized, e4-3

Cultural knowledge, e4-4

Cultural practices, bruises caused by, 137-138

Cultural skill, e4-4

Culture

in anaerobic infection, e205-2-e205-3

blood, e164-1-e164-2

in brucellosis, 981

in candidiasis, 1054

in fever of unknown origin, 902

in nontuberculous mycobacteria, 1015

in septic arthritis, 2399

in typhoid fever, 956-957

bone marrow in brucellosis, 981

cerebrospinal fluid, e164-2

in tuberculosis, 1006

cervical in gonococcal disease, 938

in enterovirus infection, 1092-1093

Epstein-Barr virus, 1113

genital, e164-2

in Chlamydia trachomatis infection, 1036

in Haemophilus influenzae, 941

in HIV infection, 1166t

importance of to medical practice, e4-1-e4-5, e4-1t-e4-2t

in nontuberculous mycobacteria, 1014-1015

in parainfluenza viruses, 1125t

in pertussis, 945-946

pharyngeal in gonococcal disease, 938

rectal swab

in Campylobacter infection, 970

in Shigella infection, 960

respiratory, e164-2

in sinusitis, 1437

sputum in tuberculosis, 1003

stool

in Campylobacter infection, 970

in Clostridium difficile infection, 995

in infectious enteritis, 1334

in Shigella infection, 960

in typhoid fever, 956-957

throat, e164-2

in toxoplasmosis, 1213

urine, e164-2

in urinary tract infection, 1831-1832

Culture of medical profession, e4-3

Culture of safety, e2-6-e2-7

Cupping, 137-138, 202, 203f

Curly toes, 2342

Curosurf, 585

Currarino triad, 1285

Cushing syndrome, 1939-1941, 1939t

corticotropinoma with, e554-3

metabolic alkalosis in, 236

myopathies with, 2129

obesity due to, 182t

Cushion defect, endocardial, 1554

Cutaneous defects, 2220-2222

Cutaneous diphtheria, e180-2

Cutaneous hydration for atopic dermatitis, 804

Cutaneous larva migrans, 1220, 1220f, 1220t, e271-1t-e271-11t

Cutaneous leishmaniasis

diffuse, 1188

localized, 1187

Cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen (CLA), 802

Cutaneous manifestations See Skin manifestations

Cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa, 872-874

Cutis laxa, 1531t, 2277-2278, 2277f

Cutis marmorata, 2218

Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita, 2224-2225, 2226f

Cutis verticis gyrata, 2222

Cuts, 340-341

CV See Coefficient of variation (CV)

CVID See Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID)

CXCR-4, 1157-1158

Cyanide poisoning, 270

antidote for, 256t-257t, e704-8

in terrorism, e704-4-e704-5, e704-9t

Cyanosis

abnormal hemoglobins causing, 1672

history of, 1530

as manifestation of extrapulmonary disease, 1526, e413-1t

in newborn, 533, e92-1

physical examination of, 1531

Cyanotic congenital heart disease

abnormal position of heart and heterotaxy syndromes as, 1595-1596

in adults, 1607

associated with decreased pulmonary blood flow, 1573-1585

associated with increased pulmonary blood flow, 1585-1596

double-outlet right ventricle as, 1582

with malposition of great arteries, 1588-1589

with pulmonary stenosis, 1588

Ebstein anomaly of the tricuspid valve as, 1583-1585, 1584f

evaluation of, 1550-1551, 1572-1573

extracardiac complications of, 1603t

heterotaxy syndromes as, 1589t, 1595-1596

hypoplastic left heart syndrome as, 1592-1595, 1593f-1595f

pulmonary atresia as, 1578-1580, 1579f

respiratory distress syndrome versus, 583-584

single ventricle as, 1592

tetralogy of Fallot, 1573-1578, 1573f, 1575f, 1577f

with pulmonary atresia, 1578

total anomalous pulmonary venous return as, 1589-1590, 1589t, 1590f

transposition of the great arteries as

d-, 1585-1587, 1585f-1586f

with intact ventricular septum, 1585-1587, 1586f

l-, 1587-1588, 1588f

with ventricular septal defect, 1587

with ventricular septal defect and pulmonary stenosis as, 1574, 1583f

tricuspid atresia as, 1580-1582, 1580f-1581f

truncus arteriosus as, 1590-1592, 1591f

C-YBOCS See Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (C-YBOCS)

Cyclic neutropenia, 750

Cyclic vomiting, 1242, 1243t-1244t

with migraine, 2042

Cyclitis, 2172-2174

Cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitor poisoning, 260

Cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibitors for rheumatic disease, e148-3

Cyclophosphamide

for cancer therapy, e488-4t

for lupus nephritis, 1788

for nephrotic syndrome, 1805

for rheumatic disease, e148-2t-e148-3t, e148-6

Cycloserine, e206-3

for tuberculosis, 1008t

Cyclospora cayetanensis, 1184, 1327t-1328t, e271-1t-e271-11t

in traveler’s diarrhea, 1338t

treatment of, 1337t

Cyclosporine

for atopic dermatitis, 805

diabetes associated with, 1997

drug interactions with, e57-13t-e57-14t

gingival overgrowth due to, 1257

for nephrotic syndrome, 1805

for pancytopenia, 1692

for rheumatic disease, e148-6

for urticaria and angioedema, 815t

Cyclothymic disorder, 85

CYPs, e57-4f, e56-4, e57-6, e56-4-e56-5

in adrenal biosynthesis, 1923, e568-2

in aldosterone synthase deficiency, 1938

in congenital adrenal hyperplasia, 1930

in glucocorticoid-suppressible hyperaldosterone, 1938

in P450 oxidoreductase deficiency, 1937

CYP1A2 gene, e56-3t, e57-6

CYP3A4 gene, 1411, e56-3t, e56-7, e57-6

CYP3A5 gene, e56-7

CYP3A7 gene, e56-7

CYP11A1 gene, e576-2t-e576-3t

CYP11B1 gene, e576-2t-e576-3t

CYP27B1 gene, 1971

CYP7BI gene, 1383t

CYP2C9 gene, e56-3t, e57-6, e56-6

CYP2C19 gene, e56-3t, e225-2, e56-6-e56-7, e57-6

CYP2D6 gene, e56-3t, e57-6, e56-5-e56-6

CYP17 gene, e576-2t-e576-3t

CYP19 gene, e576-2t-e576-3t

Cyproheptadine

for Cushing syndrome, 1941

for migraine prophylaxis, 2044t

for urticaria, 814

for vomiting prophylaxis, 1244t

CYPS1A2 gene, e576-2t-e576-3t

Cyst(s)

arachnoid, 2006

Baker, 2353

branchial cleft and thyroglossal, 2221

bronchogenic, 1466, 1466f

choledochal, e357-1-e357-2, e339-3

abdominal pain of, 1247t

dental lamina, 1260

dentigerous, e308-1

epidermal inclusion, 2328

eruption, e308-1

esophageal

duplication, 1263-1264

neuroenteric, 1264

follicular, 1957-1958

foregut, 1452

Giardia, 1181

gingival of newborn, 2298

hydatid, e271-1t-e271-11t

neuroenteric, 1281

ovarian, 1871-1872

paraurethral urethral, 1858, 1858f

pilar, e662-1, e662-1f

popliteal, 2353

saccular of larynx, 1451-1452, 1452f

trichilemmal, e662-1

urachal, e535-2

urethral, parameatal, 1857-1858

Cystadenoma

ovarian, 1871

pancreatic, e345-1

Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) deficiency, 425-427

Cystathioninemia, 428-429

Cystathioninuria, 428-429

Cysteine/cystine, defects in metabolism of, 429

Cystic abdominal masses in newborn, 535

Cystic adenomatoid malformation, 1464, 1465f

Cystic anomalies of kidney, 1827-1828, 1828f

Cystic disease of liver and biliary tract, e357-1-e357-3, e357-1t

Cystic dysplasia, renal, 1827

Cysticercosis, 1234-1237, 1237t

Cysticercus, 1233-1235

Cystic fibrosis (CF), 1481-1497

clinical manifestations of, 1485-1487, 1486f-1487f, 1486t

complications of, 1482t

dental problems associated with, 1251t

diabetes related to, 1996

diagnosis and assessment of, 1487-1490, 1488t, 1489f-1490f

general anesthesia and, e70-2t-e70-3t

genetics of, 1481-1482, 1483f, 1483t, e74-4

liver disease due to, e352-2-e352-3

meconium ileus in, 601, 601f

metabolic alkalosis due to, 236

neonatal screening for, 2466

newborn screening for, 1490

pancreatic insufficiency in, 1369

pathogenesis of, 1482-1485, 1484f-1485f

pathology of, 1485

prognosis for, 1497

Pseudomonas aeruginosa in, 976

skin manifestations in, 2330

treatment in, 1490-1493

antibiotic, 1491-1492, 1492t

anti-inflammatory, 1493

bronchodilator, 1493

emerging therapies in, 1493

endoscopy and lavage in, 1493

general approach to, 1490-1491, 1491t

of intestinal complications, 1495-1496

pulmonary, 1491-1493

of pulmonary complications, 1493-1495

urinary lithiasis with, e541-2

Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD), 1996

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regular protein (CFTR)

cystic fibrosis and, 1481-1485

liver disease and, 1383t

Cystic hygroma, 1724, e499-1-e499-2

Cystine calculi, e541-3

Cystine stones, e541-1t

Cystinosis, 1808-1809

hypothyroidism due to, 1901

Cystinuria, 1319, 1814

Cystitis, 1830

hemorrhagic, 1799

adenovirus in, 1132

infectious causes of, 1799

treatment of, 1832-1833

Cystography in vesicoureteral reflux, 1836

Cystoplasty, augmentation, e536-1-e536-2

Cystourethrogram, voiding

in urinary tract infection, 1833, 1833f

in urinary tract obstruction, 1840

in vesicoureteral reflux, 1836, 1837f

Cytarabine for cancer therapy, e488-4t

Cytochrome C oxidase, 1406

Cytochrome C oxidase deficiency myopathy, reversible infantile, 2066-2067

Cytochrome P450 system

in adrenal biosynthesis, 1923

drugs and, e57-4f, e56-3t

hepatic injury and, 1411

porphyria cutanea tarda and, e85-11

Cytogenetics, 394-414

abnormalities of chromosomal number in, 399-403

aneuploidy and polyploidy as, 399-400, 400t

Down syndrome as, 400-403

trisomy 13 as, 405f

trisomy 18 as, 405f

abnormalities of chromosomal structure in, 404-408

deletions and duplications as, 406-407, 406t, 407f, 408t-409t

insertions as, 407

inversions as, 405-406

isochromosomes as, 407

marker and ring chromosomes as, 408

translocations as, 404-405, 406f

chromosome instability syndromes in, 412

fragile chromosome sites in, 411-412, 411t

methods of chromosome analysis in, 394-399, 395f-400f, 397t

mosaicism in, 412

sex chromosome aneuploidy in, 408-410, 409t

Klinefelter syndrome as, 410

Noonan syndrome as, 410, 410t

Turner syndrome as, 409-410

47,XYY as, 410

uniparental disomy and imprinting in, 412-414, 413f-414f

Cytokines, e117-1

in allergic disease, e134-1, e134-1f, e134-3-e134-4

in atopic dermatitis, 802

classification of, e117-3t

defective production of, 729

fetal, e440-2f

in HIV infection, 1161

meningococcus and, 930

in Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 1030

in neonatal immunity, 632

in systemic lupus erythematosus, 843

Cytokine receptor γ chain, mutations in gene encoding, 732, 732f

Cytomegalic inclusion disease, 1116

Cytomegalovirus (CMV), 1115-1117

antivirals for, e237-2t

in child care setting, e167-1t, e167-2

clinical manifestations of, 1115-1116

congenital, 1116-1117

diagnosis of, 1116

epidemiology of, 1115

etiology of, 1115

fetal therapy for, 551t

following organ transplantation, e171-2

ganciclovir for, e237-3

hearing loss due to, 2188-2189

HIV-related, e171-4t

prophylaxis for, 1175t-1176t

immune globulin for, 882t

in immunocompromised patient, 1116-1117

inflammatory bowel disease versus, 1297, 1298t

maternal

breast-feeding and, 161t, 540t

fetal and neonatal effects of, e89-3t

in microcephaly, 2007t

pathogenesis of, 1115

perinatal, 1116

in pneumonia, 1475t

prevention of, 1117

transfusion-associated, e468-1

after transplantation

hematopoietic stem cell, 762-763, e171-1

intestinal, e331-2

kidney, e530-6

treatment of, 1116-1117

vaccine for, 1117

Cytomegalovirus immune globulin (CMV-IG), e237-5

Cytopathic effect (CPE), e164-4

Cytosine arabinoside See Cytarabine

Cytosolic acetoacetyl CoA thiolase deficiency, 434-435

Cytosolic 5’-nucleotidase, overactive, e83-9

Cytotoxics

for juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 838t

for rheumatic disease, e148-2t-e148-3t, e148-6

Cytotoxic T cells

development and differentiation of, e117-1

flow cytometry testing of, 720-722

interaction with other immune cells, e117-5

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated 4 gene, 1971

Cytotoxin

A, 975

tracheal, 944-945

Cytovene See Ganciclovir

Cytoxan See Cyclophosphamide

D

Daclizumab, e530-3-e530-4

Dacryoadenitis, 2167t, 2182-2183

Dacryocystitis, 2167t, 2183

with congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction, 2165

Dacryocystocele, 2165

Dacryostenosis, 2165, 2165f

Dactinomycin

for cancer therapy, e488-4t

for Wilms tumor, 1759

Dactylitis

blistering distal, 2304, 2304f

in sickle cell disease, 1663-1664, 1664f

DAEC See Diffusely adherent Escherichia coli (DAEC)

DAH See Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH)

Dalfopristin, e173-4t-e173-11t

Dalfopristin-quinupristin, e173-13

Dalrymple sign, 2163

Danazol for endometriosis, 690-691

Dance therapy for pain management, 371

Dandy-Walker malformation, 2006, 2010, 2010f

Danon disease, 494t-495t, 500, e603-2

D antigen, isoimmune hemolytic disease from, 615

Dantrolene, 2064

Dapsone

for Hansen disease, e208-3

for Mycobacterium leprae, e206-4

for Pneumocystis jiroveci, e271-1t-e271-11t

Daptomycin, e173-14

for Staphylococcus aureus, 907t

for vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, e179-2

Darier disease, 2263, 2263f

Darier sign, 814

Dark-field microscopy, 1020-1021

Darunavir for HIV infection, 1168t-1171t

Dasatinib, e488-2t

Data, quality, e2-2

Database, e2-2

Date rape, 703

Date registry, e2-2

Dating of fetus, 541

Datura stramonium toxicity, 269t

Daunorubicin for cancer therapy, e488-4t

Davidenkow syndrome, 2138

DAX1 gene, 1924, e576-1, e568-1, e576-2t-e576-3t

Day care See Child care

Daydreaming, seizures and, e587-5

Daytime frequency syndrome of childhood, 1851

Daytime incontinence, 73

DBA See Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA)

DBNC See Death by neurologic criteria (DBNC)

DBT See Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

DC See Dyskeratosis congenita (DC)

DCL See Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL)

DCM See Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)

DCs See Dendritic cells (DCs)

DDAVP See Desmopressin acetate (DDAVP)

DDE See Doctrine of double effect (DDE)

DDEB See Dominant dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (DDEB)

DDH See Developmental dysplasia of hip (DDH)

ddI See Didanosine (ddI)

D-dimer, 1697

DDT exposure, e700-2

“Deadly nightshade” toxicity, 269t, 272t-273t

Dead space ventilation, 316-318, e365-7

in mechanical ventilation, 329

Deafness See also Hearing impairment or loss

due to congenital rubella syndrome, 1077-1078

familial, cardiac manifestations of, 1531t

genetics of, 391t

maternally inherited diabetes and, 1994-1995

Death, 1-2

due to acute rheumatic fever, 920

brain, 572-573

cancer-related, 1725

reduction in, 1732, e488-1f

cardiac, e3-3

causes of, 3t, 5t, 18f

developmental perspective on, e16-3-e16-4

ethics in declaration of, e3-3

due to injury, 17-18, 17t

leading causes of by age, 18f

major causes of, e87-1t

due to maltreatment, 136t

due to measles, 1072t

overview of, e87-1-e87-5, e87-1f, e87-3t

palliative care and See (Palliative care)

of parent or sibling, e16-2

of patient, health care provider and, e16-5-e16-6

perinatal, e87-1, e87-1t

pneumonia, 1474, 1475t

postneonatal, e87-3

poverty and, 6, 6f

of preterm and low birthweight infants, 563

racial factors in, 4t

reduction of, 2f

sudden, 1619-1621, 1620f-1621f, 1620t-1621t

associated with stimulants, 61

during sports, 2401-2405

sudden infant See (Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS))

due to undernutrition, 173

Death by neurologic criteria (DBNC), e3-3

Death rate(s)

birthweight categories in, e87-1f

for children, 1-2, 2f

fetal and neonatal, e87-1f

infant, e87-1-e87-2

from neonatal bacterial meningitis, 646

racial and ethnic factors in, e87-2, e87-2f

for selected years, e87-1f

from sepsis syndrome, 646, 647t

by sex, race, and, age, 3t

worldwide indicators of, 3t

“Death rattle”, 157

DEB See Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (DEB)

Debrancher deficiency, 496-497, 496f, 528

Decadron See Dexamethasone

Deceleration of fetal heart rate, 543-544, 544f, 545t

Decimal factors, prefixes denoting, e708-1t

Decision-making in palliative care, 153

Declomycin See Demeclocycline

Decompensated shock, 285, 305, 307f

Decontamination for poisonings, 254-257, 257t

Deep sedation, 360, e70-3t

Deep tendon reflexes assessment

in neurologic examination, e584-7

in neuromuscular disorders, 2109, 2110t

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT), 1709

estrogen contraceptives and, e548-3

pulmonary embolism with, 1500-1501, 1501t

DEET See N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET)

Deferasirox, 1675-1676

Deferoxamine, 1675-1676

for iron poisoning, 256t-257t, 263

Defibrillation

automated external, 1621

emergency, 291-292, 293f

Deficit therapy, 245-247, 247t See also Dehydration

for hyponatremic dehydration, 247-248

monitoring and adjustment of, 247, 247t

Deformations, congenital, e102-1t, e102-2-e102-3, e102-5f, e102-5f, e664-1t

Deformity, e664-1t

Degenerative diseases, ataxia with, 2055

Dehydration

calculation of fluid deficit in, 246

due to cholera, 965-968

clinical manifestations of, 246, 246t

deficit therapy for, 245-249, 247t

in diabetes mellitus, 1979-1980

due to gastroenteritis, 1333, 1333t-1334t

hypernatremic, 214, 248-249, 248t

hyponatremic, 247-248, 1884-1885

laboratory findings in, 246

with malnutrition, 1316-1317

management of, 247, 247t

in protein-energy malnutrition, 178t

due to Shigella infection, 960

sports-related, 2420

symptoms associated with, 1333t

due to traveler’s diarrhea, e168-5

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

in ovarian carcinomas, 1872t

for performance enhancement, 2423, 2423t

in puberty, e555-1

Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), 686

Deiodination defects, 1896

Déjerine-Sottas disease, e605-1

de Lange syndrome, 1531t

Delayed eruption of teeth, e13-4

Delayed sleep phase disorder (DSPD), 53-54

Del Castillo syndrome, 1945

Deletions, genetic, 406-407, 406t, 407f, 408t, 2269, e74-2-e74-3

congenital heart disease with, 1531t

Deletion 11p, e486-2t-e486-3t

Deletion 9q34, 182t

Deletion 13q, e486-2t-e486-3t

Deletion 22q11.2, 2382, 2382f

congenital heart disease and, e418-1

Delirium

emergence, e70-11

hypothyroidism-associated, 1903t

Delivery

birth injury due to

fractures as, 578-579

of peripheral nerves, 573-574

of spine and spinal cord, 573

visceral, 578

cesarean section for, e89-4

high-risk pregnancy and, e89-4

Delivery room

care of newborn in, 536-538

antiseptic skin and cord care in, 537

maintenance of body heat in, 536-537

emergencies in, 575-579

abdominal wall defects as, 578

airway obstruction as, 577, 578f

birth injury as, 578-579

failure to initiate or sustain respiration as, 575

meconium staining as, 577

neonatal resuscitation as, 575-577, 576f-577f, 576t

pneumothorax as, 577, 578f

respiratory distress and failure as, 575

shock as, 577

δ Fraction bilirubin, 1375

δ-Thalassemia, 1676

Demeclocycline, e173-3, e173-4t-e173-11t

De Morsier syndrome, 2006

Demyelinating disorders of central nervous system, 2076-2080, 2076t

acute disseminated encephalomyelitis as, 2079, 2079f, 2080t

multiple sclerosis as, 2076, 2077t, 2078f

neuromyelitis optica as, 2077

stroke-like events versus, 2085

Denavir See Penciclovir

Dendritic cells (DCs), e122-2

abnormalities of, e122-2-e122-3

in allergic disease, e134-1-e134-3, e134-2f

follicular, e117-5

Dendritic keratitis, e619-2

Dengue fever, 1147-1150, 1147t

Dengue shock syndrome, 1148

Dennie lines, 765

Dennie-Morgan folds, 765

Dense body syndrome, 1722

Dental abscess, 1255, 1256f

Dental assessment, radiologic, e309-1, e309-1f

Dental caries, 1254-1256, 1255f-1256f

Dental development, e13-4, e13-5t

Dental lamina, 1249

Dental lamina cyst, 1260

Dental procedures, infective endocarditis prophylaxis for, 1626t

Dental radiography, e309-1

Dental sealant, 1256

Dental trauma, 1258-1259, 1258f-1259f, 1258t

Dentatorubropallidoluysian atrophy, 2057t

Dent disease, 227, 1814

hypophosphatemia due to, 207

Dentigerous cyst, e308-1

Dentin, injuries to, 1258t

Dentinogenesis imperfecta, 1250, 1251f, 1253-1254

Denys-Drash syndrome, 1962-1963

renal transplantation and, e530-2

WT1 gene mutation in, e576-1

11-Deoxycortisol, e568-2

Deoxyguanosine kinase (dGK), 1406

Depakote See Divalproex

Dependence, chemical, 677

Depo-Medrol See Methylprednisolone

Depo-Provera See Medroxyprogesterone acetate

Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), 1875

Depression

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder versus, 110

major, 82-85, 83t-84t

maternal, child adjustment and, e6-3f

postpartum, e7-1, e7-2t

in adolescents, 701

psychopharmacologic management of, 61t, 63t

treatment of in palliative care, 157t, 158

in type 1 diabetes mellitus, 1986

Deprivation amblyopia, 2152

Dermacentor andersoni, 1041

Dermacentor variabilis, 1041

Dermatitis

atopic, 801-807

avoiding triggers for, 805-806

clinical manifestations of, 802, 802f-803f, 803t

complications of, 806

diagnosis and differential diagnosis of, 803-804, 803t

etiology of, 801

of external ear canal, 2199

due to food allergy, 822

laboratory findings in, 803

pathogenesis of, 802

pathology of, 801

prevention of, 807

prognosis for, 806-807

treatment of, 804-805, 804t

vulvar, 1867t-1868t

contact, 804, 2250-2252, 2250f-2251f

of external ear canal, 2199

vulvar, 1867t-1868t

diaper, 1866, 2250, 2250f

Candida in, 1055, 2314, 2314f

of external auditory canal, 2198-2199

Hun T-lymphocyte-associated, e269-1

due to niacin deficiency, 193-195, 195f

perianal, 2304-2305, 2305f

group A streptococcus in, 917

seborrheic, 2253-2254, 2253f-2254f

of external ear canal, 2198

vulvar, 1867t-1868t

vesicular hand and foot, 2253, 2253f

Dermatitis herpetiformis (DH), 2248-2249, 2248f

immunofluorescence of, e637-1t

Dermatofibroma, e662-2, e662-2f

Dermatographism, 813

Dermatomal distribution in herpes zoster, 1107, 1107f

Dermatomegaly, 2277-2278

Dermatomyositis

cardiac manifestations of, 1531t

juvenile, 846-850, 847f-849f, 848t

arthralgia in, e147-1

cutaneous manifestations of, e637-3t, e637-4-e637-5, e637-5f

evaluation of, e147-3t

Dermatophagoides farinae, 768

Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, 768

Dermatophytoses, 2309-2313, 2310f

tinea capitis as, 2310-2311, 2310f-2311f

tinea corporis as, 2311-2312, 2311f-2312f

tinea cruris as, 2312

tinea nigra palmaris as, 2313

tinea pedis, 2312-2313, 2312f-2313f

tinea unguium as, 2313, 2313f

Dermatospraxis, 2278

Dermis

disorders of, 2273-2282

corticosteroid-induced atrophy as, 2274

cutis laxa as, 2277-2278, 2277f

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome as, 2278

elastosis perforans serpiginosa as, 2279, 2279f

focal hypoplasia as, 2222

granuloma annulare as, 2274-2275, 2274f

keloid as, 2273-2274, 2273f

lichen sclerosus as, 2275, 2275f

lipoid proteinosis as, 2276-2277

macular atrophy as, 2277

mastocytosis as, 2280-2282, 2280f-2281f, 2280t-2281t

morphea as, 2275-2276, 2276f

in mucopolysaccharidoses, 2280, 2280f

necrobiosis lipoidica, 2275, 2275f

pseudoxanthoma elasticum as, 2278-2279, 2278f

reactive perforating collagenosis as, 2279, 2279f

scleredema as, 2276

striae cutis distensae as, 2274, 2274f

morphology of, e636-1

Dermoids

nasal, 1431

ocular, 2169, e619-2

Dermolipoma, 2169

DES See Diethylstilbestrol (DES); Discreet Event Stimulation (DES)

Desensitization

drug, 825

systematic for phobias, 81

Desert herb, 272t-273t

Desert rheumatism, 1065-1068

Desferal See Deferoxamine

Desflurane, e70-6

Desipramine

for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 111t

for pain management, 364t

Desire, cultural, e4-4

Desloratadine

for allergic rhinitis, 777t-778t, 779

for urticaria and angioedema, 815t

Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT), 1773

Desmopressin acetate (DDAVP)

for central diabetes insipidus, 1883

for nocturnal enuresis, 72-73, 73t

for nocturnal incontinence, 1852

for platelet dysfunction, 1722

Desquamation in Kawasaki disease, 863, 864f

Deterministic effects of radiation, 2448

Detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia, 1849

Development See also Growth and development

assessment of in neurologic evaluation, e584-1

child care and, e15-3

loss, separation, and grief and, e16-3-e16-4

Developmental delay, 39

in Down syndrome, 401, 402t

in foreign-born adoptee, 131

in foster care children, e35-2t

screening and surveillance of, 39-40, 41t-45t, e584-1t

Developmental disorders

pervasive, 100, 101t-102t

Asperger’s disorder, 105t, 106

autistic disorder, 100-106, 101t, 103f-104f, 105t

childhood disintegrative disorder, e28-1-e28-3

language disorders of, 118

Developmental dysphasia, 117

Developmental dysplasia of hip (DDH), 2356

classification of, 2356

clinical findings in, 2357, 2357f-2358f

complications of, 2360

diagnostic testing of, 2358, 2359f

epidemiology of, 2357

etiology and risk factors for, 2356-2357

pathoanatomy of, 2357

treatment of, 2359, 2360f

Developmental history in psychiatric diagnostic evaluation, 60

Developmental Milestones (DM), 41t-43t

Developmental phenotypes, e56-2, e56-4f

Developmental plasticity, e6-9

Developmental risk, e6-2-e6-3

Developmental screening and surveillance, 39-40, 41t-45t

Developmental therapy for neurodevelopmental dysfunction, e29-8

Devic disease, 2077

Deworming of hookworm, 1219-1220

Dexamethasone

for asthma, 746

for bacterial meningitis, 2094

for chemotherapy-associated vomiting, 1244t

for croup, 1448

myopathies due to, 2129

for nausea in palliative care, 155t-156t

possible adverse reactions to in premature infant, 563t

for typhoid fever, 958

Dexamethasone suppression test, 1940

Dexedrine See Dextroamphetamine

Dexmedetomidine, e70-4t-e70-5t, e70-8

Dexmethylphenidate, 62t, 111t

Dextroamphetamine, 62t, 111t

Dextrocardia, 1596

Dextroposition, 1596

Dextrose for oral hypoglycemic poisoning, 263

DFA See Direct fluorescent-antibody (DFA)

DGCR See DiGeorge chromosomal region (DGCR)

DGI See Disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI)

dGK See Deoxyguanosine kinase (dGK)

DH See Dermatitis herpetiformis (DH)

DHA See Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

DHCR7 gene, e576-2t-e576-3t

DHEA See Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

DHEAS See Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS)

DHH gene, e576-2t-e576-3t

DHS See Drug hypersensitivity syndrome (DHS)

DI See Diabetes insipidus (DI)

Diabetes, lipoatrophic, 1995

Diabetes insipidus (DI), 1881-1884, 1882f, 1882t, e52-4

central, 1883

hypernatremia due to, 213, 213t

nephrogenic, 1812, 1883-1884

nephrotoxins in, 1817t

vasopressin-resistant, 1882

Diabetes mellitus (DM), 1968-1997

autoimmune diseases with, 1996-1997

cystic fibrosis-related, 1996

general anesthesia and, e70-2t-e70-3t

genetic defects of insulin action in, 1995-1996

impaired glucose tolerance as, 1993

introduction and classification of, e583-1-e583-2, e583-1t-e583-2t

maternal, 545, e89-2t

congenital heart disease with, 1531t

fetal therapy for, 551t

maternally inherited diabetes and deafness as, 1994-1995

maturity-onset diabetes of youth as, 1993-1994, 1994t

necrobiosis lipoidica with, 2275

of newborn, 1995

type 1 See (Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM))

type 2 See (Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM))

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), 1976

classification of, 1976t

treatment of, 1979, 1979t, 1981

Diabetic mothers, infants born to, 627-629, 627f-628f

hypoglycemia in, 521

Diabetic nephropathy, 1988, 1988t

Diabetic neuropathy, 1989

Diabetic retinopathy, 1987, 1988t, 2179-2180, 2180f

Diagnostic microbiology, e164-1-e164-5

Diagnostic otoscope head, 2202

Diagnostic testing

genetic, 376-377, 377f

molecular, e164-4-e164-5

prenatal See (Prenatal diagnosis)

respiratory, e366-1-e366-6

serologic, e164-4

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), 95

Dialysis

for acute renal failure, 1821-1822, 1821t

for end-stage renal disease, 1826, 1826t

for poisoning, 258

with toxic alcohols, 268

Dialysis catheters, infection associated with, e172-2-e172-3

Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA), 1650-1651

transient erythroblastopenia of childhood versus, 1652t

Diamorphine, 367t

Diaper changing in nursery, 538

Diaper dermatitis, 1866, 2250, 2250f

Candida in, 1055, 2314, 2314f

DIAPH1 gene, 2190t

Diaphragm

contraceptive, 694

eventration of, 597

Diaphragmatic hernia, 594-596, 594f

congenital (Bochdalek), 594-596, 595f-596f, e92-3t

as delivery room emergency, 575

Diaphragm pacing, 332-333, 1524-1525

in congenital central hypoventilation syndrome, 1522

Diaphyseal fracture, 2391-2392

Diarrhea, 1243-1245, 1245t See also Gastroenteritis See also Malabsorption

adenovirus, 1132

antibiotic-associated, 994-995

associated with hemolytic-uremic syndrome, 1791, 1791t

Campylobacter, 969

in child-care setting, e167-1t

chloride, 236, 1306t, 1320-1321, 1341

chloride-losing, congenital, 223

due to cholera, 965-968

chronic, e333-1-e333-2

assessment of, 1340-1341, 1343f, 1343t-1345t

definition and epidemiology of, 1339-1346

etiology of, 1339, 1340t, 1342t

due to neuroendocrine tumor, 1344-1346, e333-2t

pathophysiology of, 1339, 1339f-1340f

treatment of, 1342-1344

Clostridium difficile, 994-995

differential diagnosis of, 1246t

Escherichia coli, 961-965

exclusion from day care due to, e15-2t

Giardia, 1181-1182

hemolytic-uremic syndrome following, 1791, 1791t

infectious, 1333t See also (Gastroenteritis)

clinical manifestations of, 1331-1332, 1332t

complications of, 1333-1334, 1333t

diagnosis of, 1333-1334, 1333t

epidemiology of, 1323, 1326f

pathogenesis of, 1323-1330, 1330f-1331f, 1330t

prevention of, 1337-1338

risk factors for, 1330-1331

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

treatment of, 1334-1337, 1334t-1335t, 1335f-1336f, 1337t

inflammatory, 1330

in Kawasaki disease, 864f

maintenance water for, 244-245, 245t

malnutrition with, 1316

due to measles, 1072, 1072t

metabolic acidosis due to, 232

neonatal, 1306t, e92-2

nondigestive causes of, 1241t

noninflammatory, 1330

osmotic, 1245, 1339, 1339f

persistent, 1331, 1336f

phenotypic, 1311-1312, 1341, 1343f

Plesiomonas shigelloides, e196-3

postinfection, 1313

rotavirus, calcivirus, and astrovirus, 1134-1137

secretory, 1245, 1339, 1339f

due to shellfish poisoning, e703-5

Shigella, 959-960

sodium, 1321, 1341

syndromic, 1311-1312

toddler’s, e297-1

traveler’s, 1338-1339, 1338t, e168-5

treatment of in palliative care, 157t

in typhoid fever, 956, 956t

watery

in microvillus inclusion disease, 1305

in tufting enteropathy, 1311

Diastematomyelia, 2102, 2103f

Diastolic blood pressure, 1534f-1535f

Diastolic murmur, auscultation of, 1535-1536

Diastolic overload pattern, 1539

Diastrophic dysplasia, 2430-2431, 2430f-2431f

Diastrophic dysplasia sulfate transporter (DTDST), loss of, 2430-2431

Diazepam

for muscle spasm in palliative care, 155t-156t

for seizures

dosages of, 2030t

febrile, 2018

neonatal, 2037

in palliative care, 155t-156t

for spasticity of cerebral palsy, 2064

for status epilepticus, 2038, 2039t

for tetanus, 993

DIC See Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

Dicarboxylic aminoaciduria, 1319

Dichotomous trait, e77-2

Dicloxacillin, e173-4t-e173-11t

for cystic fibrosis lung infection, 1492t

for Staphylococcus aureus, 907-908

for vulvovaginitis, 1868t

Didanosine (ddI), 1167, 1168t-1171t

DIDMOAD, 1994

Diencephalic seizure, e587-4

Dientamoeba fragilis, e271-1t-e271-11t

Diet

acne and, 2323

acute gastroenteritis and, 1334-1336

BRAT, 1136

in cystic fibrosis, 1495

dental caries development and, 1256

for eosinophilic esophagitis, 1270

F57, 176-177, 177t-178t

F100, 176-177, 177t-178t

gluten-free, 1310-1311

habits regarding in eating disorders, 92t

heart failure and, e436-3

for hyperlipidemia, 480-481

ketogenic for seizures, 2032

for obese child, 186, 186t

pesticide exposure through, e700-2

“traffic light”, 186, 186t

type 1 diabetes mellitus and, 1981-1983, 1982t

development of, 1972

Dietary analysis, short method, e708-12t-e708-14t

Dietary fiber

for functional abdominal pain, 1348t

reference intakes for, e41-16

Dietary lipids, transport of, 471

Dietary reference intakes (DRI), e41-1-e41-4, e41-4f

for amino acids, e41-4t

for carbohydrates, e41-16

definitions in, e41-1t

for energy, e41-1t

for fat, e41-4-e41-15

for fiber, e41-16

for macronutrients, e41-1t-e41-3t

for micronutrients, e41-5t-e41-7t, e41-16-e41-17

physical activity and, e41-1t

for protein, e41-15-e41-16

for vitamins, e41-8t-e41-14t

for water, e41-5t-e41-7t, e41-17

Dietary supplements, 270-273, 271t-272t

nutritional aspects of, 169

Spanish-English botanical name translation chart, 274t

toxicity of, 272t-273t, 1412t

Diethylcarbamazine, e271-1t-e271-11t

for filariasis, 1225

for loiasis, 1225-1226

Diethylpropion, 187t

Diethylstilbestrol (DES)

effects of, e700-1t, e700-2

uterine anomalies due to exposure to, e548-3

Diffenbachia toxicity, 269t

Differential, reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

Differential agglutination test, in toxoplasmosis, 1214

Differential diagnosis, testing for refining of, e707-3-e707-4, e707-4t

Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH), 1498-1500, 1498t

Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL), 1188

Diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis, 2281, 2281f

Diffuse hemangiomatosis, 2228, 2228f

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), 1739-1740, 1744t

Diffusely adherent Escherichia coli (DAEC), 964

Diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO), e366-3

Diffusion, pulmonary, 318

Digenic inheritance, 389, 390f

DiGeorge chromosomal region (DGCR), 728-729

congenital heart disease and, e418-1

DiGeorge syndrome, 408t, 728-729, e28-4

congenital heart disease with, 1531t, 1576

Digestion, e320-1-e320-2

malabsorption due to defects of, 1304-1305

Digestive system

disorders of See (Digestive system disorders)

in drug absorption, e57-3-e57-5, e57-5t

maintenance water and, 244, 244t

manifestations of non-digestive tract disease in See (Digestive system manifestations)

normal phenomena of, e297-1

Digestive system disorders

adenovirus in, 1132

anaerobic organisms in, e205-1

due to cancer and its therapy, e488-7t-e488-9t

chest pain in, 1530t

child care and, e167-1-e167-2

coronaviruses in, e256-1

cutaneous manifestations of, e637-5

disorders of in mucopolysaccharidoses, 515t

of esophagus

clinical manifestations of, e310-1-e310-3

congenital anomalies as, 1262-1263

diagnosis of, e310-3

dysmotility as, 1264-1265, 1265f

eosinophilic esophagitis as, 1270

gastroesophageal reflux disease, 1266-1270, 1267f-1268f

hiatal hernia as, 1265, 1265f-1266f

infective esophagitis as, 1270

due to ingestion, 1271-1273, 1272f-1273f, 1272t-1273t

obstructing and motility disorders as, 1263-1264

perforation as, e317-1

“pill” esophagitis as, 1270

varices as, e318-1

of exocrine pancreas

associated with pancreatic insufficiency, 1369-1370

pancreatic function tests in, e340-1

pancreatitis as, 1370-1373, 1370t-1371t, 1372f-1373f

pseudocyst as, 1373

tumor as, e345-1

failure to thrive in, 148t

due to food allergy, 821-822

of gallbladder, e358-1-e358-2, e358-1t

general anesthesia and, e70-2t-e70-3t

hypomagnesemia due to, e52-9, e52-9t

intestinal

acute appendicitis as, 1349-1355

adhesions as, 1287

anal fissure as, 1359

anorectal malformations as, 1355-1356, 1356f, 1357t, 1359t

atresia, stenosis, and malrotation as, 1277-1281, 1278f-1280f

bezoars as, 1291

chronic diarrhea as, e333-1-e333-2

closed-loop obstruction as, 1287-1289

duplication as, 1281

eosinophilic gastroenteritis as, 1304

foreign bodies as, 1290, 1290f

functional abdominal pain as, 1346-1349, 1346t-1348t

functional constipation as, 1284, 1284t

gastroenteritis as, 1323-1339 See also (Gastroenteritis)

hemorrhoids as, 1360, 1361f

Hirschsprung disease as, 1283t, 1284-1287, 1285f-1286f

ileus as, 1287

inflammatory bowel disease as, 1294-1304, 1295t-1296t

inguinal hernia as, 1362-1368

intestinal neuronal dysplasia s, e324-1-e324-4

intussusception as, 1287-1289, 1289f

malabsorption as, e330-1-e330-9

Meckel diverticulum and other remnants of omphalomesenteric duct as, 1281-1282, 1282f

motility disorders as, e324-1-e324-5

peptic ulcer disease as, 1291-1294, 1291t, 1292f-1293f, 1293t

perianal abscess and fistula as, 1360, 1360f

pilonidal sinus and abscess as, 1362

pseudo-obstruction as, 1283-1284, 1283t

rectal mucosal prolapse as, 1361

superior mesenteric artery syndrome, e324-1-e324-5

of liver and biliary system

autoimmune hepatitis as, 1408-1410, 1408t, 1410f

biliary atresia as, 1385-1387, 1386f-1387f

cholestasis as, 1381-1388

cystic, e357-1-e357-3, e357-1t

drug- and toxin-induced injury as, 1410-1412, 1412t

evaluation of, 1379, 1380f

fulminant hepatic failure as, 1412-1415, 1414t

liver abscess as, 1404-1405, 1404f-1405f

liver transplantation for, e360-1-e360-2

manifestations of, 1374-1381, 1375t

metabolic, 1388-1393

mitochondrial hepatopathies as, 1405-1408, 1406t-1407t

portal hypertension and varices as, e359-1-e359-3

with systemic disorders, e352-1-e352-4

viral hepatitis as, 1393-1404

of newborn, 600-612

constipation as, 600

jaundice and hyperbilirubinemia as, 603-608

kernicterus as, 608-612

meconium ileus in cystic fibrosis as, 601, 601f

meconium peritonitis as, 601

meconium plugs as, 600-601, 600f

neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis as, 601-603, 602f, 602t

vomiting as, 600-601

with obesity, 184t

of oral cavity

associated with other conditions, 1251, 1251t

cleft lip and palate, 1252-1253, 1252f

dental caries, 1254-1256, 1255f-1256f

dental trauma, 1258-1259, 1258f-1259f, 1258t

diagnostic radiology in, e309-1, e309-1f

malocclusion, e301-1, e301-1f

periodontal, 1257-1258

of salivary glands and jaw, e308-1

soft tissue lesions, 1259-1261, 1260f, 1260t

syndromes with manifestations in, 1253-1254

of peritoneum

ascites as, e362-1-e362-2, e362-1t

epigastric hernia as, 1418

malformations as, 1416

peritonitis as, 1416-1418

in premature infants, 559t

psychopharmacology and, 65

signs and symptoms of

abdominal distention and abdominal masses, 1249

abdominal pain, 1247-1248, 1247t-1248t

anorexia, 1241-1242

constipation, 1245-1247, 1246t

diarrhea, 1243-1245, 1245t-1246t

dysphagia, 1240-1241, 1241t-1242t

gastrointestinal bleeding, 1248-1249, 1248t

regurgitation, 1241, 1242t

vomiting, 1242-1243, 1243t-1245t

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

of stomach

bezoars as, 1291

eosinophilic gastroenteritis as, 1304

foreign bodies as, 1290

gastric duplication as, 1276

gastric outlet obstruction as, 1275-1276

gastric volvulus as, 1276

hypertrophic gastropathy as, 1276

peptic ulcer disease as, 1291-1294, 1291t, 1292f-1293f, 1293t

pyloric stenosis as, 1274-1275, 1274f-1275f

of teeth, 1249-1251, 1251t, 1254-1256

tuberculous, 1006

tumors as, e337-1-e337-3, e337-1t

due to whole-body irradiation, e699-4

Digestive system manifestations, 1241t

in celiac disease, 1309t

in Chagas disease, 1196

in chronic kidney disease, 1823t

in congenital disorders of glycosylation, e81-7t

in cystic fibrosis, 1486-1487, 1487f

in factitious disorder by proxy, 146

in food adverse reactions, 820-821, 820t

in food allergy, 821-822

in multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, 312t

in mushroom poisoning, e703-1-e703-2

in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Neurobehavioral Scale, 624t

in oral cavity, 1251, 1251t, 1252f, 1253-1254

in poisoning, 252t

lead, 2450-2451

in systemic inflammatory response syndrome, 309t

in Turner syndrome, 1953

Digiband See Digoxin-specific Fab antibodies

DigiFab See Digoxin-specific Fab antibodies

Digit

centers of ossification appearance in, 29t

fracture of, 2391

herpes simplex virus infection of, 1100, 1100f

infantile fibroma of, e662-2

sucking of, e301-1

trigger, 2387

Digital clubbing

nonpulmonary disease associated with, e366-2t

in respiratory pathology, e366-1, e366-1f

Digitalis

antidote for poisoning with, 256t-257t

for heart failure, e436-4

Digitalis purpurea, potential toxicity of, 272t-273t

Digitus minimus varus, 2342

Digoxin

for arrhythmias, 1611t-1612t

for heart failure, e436-4, e436-5t

poisoning with, 262-263

Digoxin-specific Fab antibodies, 256t-257t, 262-263

Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase deficiency, 431

Dihydropyrimidinase (DPH) deficiency, e83-8

Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) deficiency, e83-8

1,25Dihydroxycholecalciferol₂D₃ (1,25(OH)₂D₃), 1922, e694-1

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), 1629f, 1629t-1630t, 1630-1631

genetics of, e418-1, e418-1t-e418-2t

sudden death due to, 1620

Dilated fixed pupil, 2155-2156

Diloxanide furoate, e271-1t-e271-11t

for amebiasis, 1180, 1180t

Diltiazem for pulmonary hypertension, 1602t

Dilution testing, e164-3

Dilution therapy for internal radiation contamination, e699-5

DIMD See drug-induced movement disorders (DIMD)

Dimenhydrinate for motion sickness, 1244t

Dimension of Quality, e2-1

Dimercaprol

for arsenic and mercury intoxication, e701-4

for lead poisoning, 2453, 2453t

Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA)

for arsenic and mercury intoxication, e701-4

for lead poisoning, 2453, 2453t

for poisoning, 256t-257t

Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) renal scan, 1833, 1833f

Dimetapp See Brompheniramine

Dimetapp Children’s ND See Loratadine

Dimorphous leprosy, e208-1

Dimples, skin, 2220

Dioxin exposure, e700-2-e700-3

Diphallia, 1857

Diphenhydramine

for allergic rhinitis, 777t-778t

for anaphylaxis, 818t

for cyclic vomiting syndrome, 1244t

for pruritus in palliative care, 155t-156t

for urticaria, 814

Diphenoxylate, e168-5

Diphtheria, e180-1-e180-4, e180-2f

testing for antibodies to, 719-720

Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (DPT) vaccine, e168-2, e168-3t

Diphtheria acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine, 884t, 947-948, 993

with Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine (DTaP/Hib), 884t

hepatitis B-inactivated polio vaccine (DTaP-HepB-IPV), 884t

HIV infection and, 1173f

with inactivated polio vaccine and Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine (DTaP-IPV/Hib), 884t

with inactivated polio vaccine (DTaP-IPV), 884t

recommended schedule for, 886, 887f

for travel, 891t, e168-2

Diphtheria antitoxin, 882-883, 882t

Diphtheria toxoid, 884t

Diphtheria vaccine, 881t, e180-4

Diphyllobothrium latum, 1232t, 1233-1234, 1234f, e271-1t-e271-11t

Diplegia, spastic, in cerebral palsy, 2062-2063, 2062t, 2063f

Diploid cells, 395, e74-1

Diplopia, 2152

in neurologic examination, e584-4

Dipstick urinary test, 1799-1800

Dipylidium caninum, 1232t, 1234, e271-1t-e271-11t

Direct DNA-based mutation testing, 376, 377t

Direct fluorescent-antibody (DFA), e164-1t

in pertussis, 945-946

Directly observed therapy, 1007, e206-1

Dirty wound, perioperative prophylaxis and, e166-2, e166-4t

Disability in pediatric emergency assessment, 281

Disabled newborn, ethics in care of, e3-2-e3-3

Disasters

humanitarian, e61-15-e61-16

international pediatric emergency medicine in, e61-15-e61-16

international resources associated with, e61-14t

natural, drowning during, 343

preparedness for, e61-5

Disc edema, e584-2-e584-3

Discharge

nipple, e545-2-e545-3, e545-3t

from nursery, 538, 538t

of premature or low birthweight infant, 563-564, 564t

vaginal

pathologic, 711t

in vulvovaginitis, 1866

Discharge examination of newborn, 532

Discharge planning

for long-term mechanical ventilation, 331, 1525-1526

for psychiatric hospitalization, 66

Discipline for preschoolers, 36

Discoid lateral meniscus (DLM), 2352

Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE), e637-3t, e637-4

Discoid rash in systemic lupus erythematosus, 842, 842f

Discourse problems, e29-2

Discreet Event Stimulation (DES), e2-5f

Discrimination, chronic illness and, e39-3

Disease detection in well child care, 14

Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs)

for juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 837, 838t

for rheumatic disease, e148-1, e148-2t-e148-3t, e148-4-e148-6, e148-5t

Disease prevention in well child care, 14

Disequilibrium syndrome, e52-2

Disimpaction, fecal, 74, 74t

Disintegrative disorder, 101t, e28-1-e28-3

Disk herniation, 2377

as sports injury, 2412

Diskitis, 2376, 2376t

Disk space infection, 2376, 2376t

Dislocation

hip, with arthrogryposis, e674-4

patellar, 2355, 2415

of shoulder, 2410

Disomy, uniparental, 412-413, 413f

Disopyramide, 1611t-1612t

Disorders of sex development (DSD), 1958-1968, 1960f

diagnosis of, 1959t, 1961

etiologic classification of, 1959t

genetics of, e576-2t-e576-3t

ovotesticular, 1968

revised nomenclature in, 1958-1959, 1959t

sex differentiation and, 1958-1959, 1960f

undescended testis in, 1859

46,XX, 1959t

46,XY, 1962

Dispatch center in transport medicine, e61-7

Disposition in pharmacokinetics, e57-2

Disruption birth defects, e102-1t, e664-1t, e102-3, e102-6f

Disruptive behavioral disorders, 96-100, 97t

in childhood and adolescence, 99-100

in infancy and toddlerhood, 99

Disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI), 937, 939

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), 1713-1714, 1713t, e451-1t-e451-2t

with meningococcus, 930-931

in newborn, 621

as oncologic emergency, e488-6t

Disseminated tuberculosis, 998, 1004

Distal arthrogryposis, e674-2

Distal humeral fracture, 2392

Distal renal tubular acidosis, 208

Distention, abdominal, 1249

in Hirschsprung disease, 1285, 1285t

in malabsorption syndromes, 1305, 1306f

in newborn, 535-536, e92-2

nondigestive causes of, 1241t

Distraction for pain management, 370-371

Distress, fetal, 541-545, 542f, 543t, 544f, 545t

Distribution, drug, e57-5-e57-6, e57-6t

Distributive shock, 285, 307t

clinical manifestations of, 308

defined, 305

hemodynamic variables in, 311t

pathophysiology of, 305

treatment of, 312

Diuretics

for acute renal failure, 1820

for heart failure, e436-3, e436-5t

for hypertension

of chronic kidney disease, 1825

systemic, 1645t

metabolic alkalosis due to, 236-237

Diurnal enuresis, 71

Diurnal incontinence, 73, 1847-1848, 1848f-1849f, 1848t

Divalproex for mood stabilization, 64t

Diverticulitis, 1282

Diverticulum

bladder, e535-2

of left ventricle, 1599-1600

Meckel, 1281-1282, 1282f

abdominal pain of, 1247t

urethral, 1847

Zenker, 1264

Divided attention, e29-3

Divorce, e16-1

Dizygotic twins, 553-554

Dizziness in ear disorders, e628-1

DKA See Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

DLBCL See Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL)

DLCO See Diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO)

DLE See Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE)

DLM See Discoid lateral meniscus (DLM)

DM See Developmental Milestones (DM)

DMARDs See Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs)

DMD See Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)

DM gene, 2124

DMPA See Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA)

DMRT1 gene, e576-2t-e576-3t

DMSA See Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA)

DNA

aCGH testing of, 376

in HIV infection, 1158

malignancy susceptibility associated with defects in repair of, e486-1

messenger, in sudden infant death syndrome, 1427

mitochondrial See (Mitochondrial entries)

in molecular genetics, e74-1-e74-2

radiation injury to, e699-1-e699-2

replication of, e74-1, e74-1f

transcription of, e74-1, e74-1f

DNA-based mutation testing, direct, 376, 377t

DNA11 gene, e396-1

DNAH5 gene, e396-1

DNA markers in neuromuscular disorders, 2110

DNA probes, e164-4

DNAR See do-not-attempt-resuscitation (DNAR) order

DNA testing See Genetic testing

Dobutamine

for cardiac output maintenance and post-resuscitation stabilization, 294t

for heart failure, e436-4, e436-5t

in neonatal resuscitation, 577

for shock, 313t

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), e41-15

Doctrine of double effect (DDE), e3-2

Documentation of female genital examination, e542-2

Docusate for constipation in palliative care, 155t-156t

Dog allergens, 769

Dog bites, 2454-2460, 2455t-2456t

Dog heartworm, 1226

Dog-related attack, 2454

Dog roundworm, 1227-1229

Dog tapeworm, 1234, e271-1t-e271-11t

Doll’s eyes reflex, brain death and, e63-2t

Domestic violence, e36-1

Dominant dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (DDEB), 2246, 2246f

Dominant inheritance, autosomal, 383-385, 387f

Donor

for heart transplantation, e437-1

for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, e130-1-e130-4

haploidentical, e130-2

sibling, 757-760, 758t

unrelated, e130-1, e130-1f

for intestinal transplantation, e331-1

for renal transplantation, e530-1-e530-2

Do-not-attempt-resuscitation (DNAR) order, 153-154, e3-2

Dopamine, e568-1-e568-8, e568-8f

for acute renal failure, 1820

for cardiac output maintenance and post-resuscitation stabilization, 294t

genetic disorders of, 445t

for heart failure, e436-4, e436-5t

in neonatal resuscitation, 577

for shock, 313t

Dopamine antagonists for vomiting, 1244t

Dopamine β-hydroxylase deficiency, 421f, 446

Dopamine hypothesis in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, e30-1

Dopamine 4 receptor gene, 108

Dopamine transfer gene, 108

Dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD), 445, 2059, 2060t

Doppler echocardiography, 1542-1543, 1544f

in coarctation of the aorta, 1568

in ventricular septal defect, 1557

Doribax See Doripenem

Doripenem, e173-3, e173-4t-e173-11t

Dorsal hood, 1852, 1854

DORV See Double-outlet right ventricle (DORV)

Dosages, e57-9

of antiepileptics, 2029-2031, 2030t

chronic renal disease and, e57-9

radiation, 2448, e699-1f, e699-1t

whole-body, e699-6t

relationship between body weight, body surface and, e708-11f

Doss porphyria, e85-4

Double aortic arch, 1596-1597, 1597f

fetal development of, e414-3

“Double bubble” sign in duodenal obstruction, 1278, 1278f

Doublecortin, 2003

Double elevator palsy, 2160, 2160f

Double helix, e74-1, e74-1f

Double heterozygotes, 389

Double-inlet ventricle, 1592

Double-outlet right ventricle (DORV), 1582

with malposition of great arteries, 1588-1589

with pulmonary stenosis, 1588

Double quotidian fever, e169-1

Double vision, 2152

Doula, e7-1

Dowling-Meara, 2244, 2245f, 2245t

Down syndrome, 400-403, 401f

cervical spine abnormalities in, 2381-2382, 2382f

clinical features of, 402t

congenital heart disease with, 1531t, 1554, e418-1t-e418-2t

developmental milestones in, 402t

general anesthesia and, e70-13

genetics of, 400-403, 404t

health supervision in, 403t

hypothyroidism with, 1901

intellectual function in, 403f

leukemias with, 1738, 1738f

malformations in, e102-2t

maternal age and, e89-1f

microcephaly with, 2007t

obesity due to, 182t

pancytopenia in, 1689-1690

prenatal screening for, e89-3, e89-4f

self-help skills and, 403t

Doxazosin, 1645t

Doxorubicin

for cancer therapy, e488-4t

for Wilms tumor, 1759

Doxy See Doxycycline

Doxycycline, e173-3, e173-4t-e173-11t

for acne, 2325t

for brucellosis, 981t

for Chlamydia trachomatis, 1036

for cholera, 967t

for ehrlichioses, 1050

for gonococcal disease, 939

for louse-borne typhus, 1048

for Lyme disease, 1028t

for lymphogranuloma venereum, 1038

for malaria treatment and chemoprophylaxis, 1203t-1205t, 1207, 1207t, e168-7t, e271-1t-e271-11t

for murine typhus, 1047

for nontuberculous mycobacteria, e206-4

for psittacosis, e219-1

for Q fever, 1052

for rickettsial disease, 1039t-1040t

for Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 1043

for scrub typhus, 1045

for sexually transmitted infections in adolescents, 712t

DPD See Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) deficiency

DPH See Dihydropyrimidinase (DPH) deficiency

DPI See Dry powder inhaler (DPI)

DPP10, e134-5

DQ molecules, 846, 1308-1309

in celiac disease, 1308

in type 1 diabetes mellitus, 1970-1971

Dracunculiasis, 1227, e271-1t-e271-11t

Drag queens and kings, 655

Dramamine See Dimenhydrinate

Dravet syndrome, 2017, 2027-2028

DRD See Dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD)

Dressing(s)

for burn injury, 352, 352t

wet, 2216

DRESS syndrome, 827-828, 2244, e637-8f, e637-9

DRI See Dietary reference intakes (DRI)

Dronabinol, 155t-156t

Drop attack, 2019

Droplet isolation, e166-1

Drowning, 341-348

as childhood injury, 24

epidemiology of, 342-343

etiology of, 341-342

as leading cause of death, 24

management of, 344-347

pathophysiology of, 343-344

prevention of, 347-348, 348t, e61-13

prognosis for, 347

resuscitation for, 344-345

Drowsy state, e7-2

Drug(s)

absorption of, e57-1, e57-3-e57-5, e57-5t

acne induced by, 2326-2327, 2327f

acute intermittent porphyrias and, e85-5, e85-6t, e85-8

adherence and compliance in, e57-12

administration and formulation of, e57-10-e57-12

adverse reactions to, 824-828, e57-15-e57-16

acute liver failure due to, 1413

anaphylactic, 816-819, 816t

HIV-related, 1166

urticaria in, 812t, 814

for allergic disorders, 568-569

for anesthesia, e70-4t-e70-5t

for asthma, 791-798

for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 110-112, 111t, 112f

autoimmune hemolytic anemias due to, 1681, 1681t

bioequivalence of, e57-2

breast-feeding and, 539t-540t, 540

cataracts due to, 2171

clearance of, e57-2

cutaneous manifestations of reactions to, e637-1-e637-9, e637-8f, e637-8t

in immunosuppressed patient, e637-6

definitions of terms associated with, e57-2-e57-3

diabetes mellitus associated with, 1986

distribution of, e57-5-e57-6, e57-6t

dosages and regimens in, e57-9

chronic renal disease and, e57-9

drug absorption and, e57-3-e57-5, e57-5t

drug distribution and, e57-5-e57-6, e57-6t

drug-drug interactions in, e57-12-e57-15, e57-13t-e57-14t

drug formulation and administration in, e57-10-e57-12

drug metabolism and, e57-6-e57-7, e57-6t

dystonias induced by, 2059

for fetal treatment, 550-552

for grief and loss, e16-5

gynecomastia due to, e109-1t

for hyperlipidemia, 481-482, 481t

hypothyroidism due to, 1901

maternal use of, 546-547, 546t

metabolism of, e57-6-e57-7, e57-6t

in premature and low birthweight infants, 353-354, 563t

migraine secondary to overuse of, 2046

monitoring drug levels in, e57-9-e57-10, e57-10f

for mycobacterial infection, e206-1-e206-5, e206-1t, e206-5t

neutropenia due to, 748-749, 749t

newborn brain injury due to, 568-569

for office emergencies, e61-2t

ontogenic effects on, e57-3-e57-9, e57-4f

for pain management, 362-370

performance enhancing, 2422-2423, 2423t

personalized medicine and, 250, e56-1, e56-1f

pharmacodynamics in, e57-7-e57-9, e57-8f

pharmacogenetics of See (Pharmacogenetics)

pharmacogenomics of See (Pharmacogenomics)

plasma concentration of, e57-1, e57-10

versus effect, e57-1, e57-1f

versus time, e57-1, e57-1f, e57-10f

poisoning with, 258-266 See also (Poisoning)

principles of, e57-1-e57-2, e57-1f

for psychiatric disorders, 60-65

renal elimination of, e57-7, e57-7t

for respiratory distress syndrome, 586

for rheumatic disease, e148-1-e148-6, e148-1t-e148-3t

surrogate endpoints and biomarkers in, e57-9

used in anesthesia, e70-4t-e70-5t

for weight loss, 186, 187t

Drug abuse See Substance abuse

Drug allergy, 824-828

Drug biotransformation, e56-2, e56-4-e56-8

Drug dosages, e57-9

chronic renal disease and, e57-9

Drug-drug interactions, e57-12-e57-15, e57-13t-e57-14t

Drug eruptions, e637-8t, e637-9

Drug fever, HIV-related, e171-4t

Drug hypersensitivity syndrome (DHS), 827t

Drug-induced adrenocortical insufficiency, 1927

Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome, 827-828, 827t

Drug-induced liver injury, 1410-1412, 1412t

Drug-induced lupus, 843-844, 844t, e637-8t

Drug-induced movement disorders (DIMD), 2059

Drug-induced precocious puberty, 1894

Drug-induced thrombocytopenia, 1718

Drug monitoring, therapeutic, e56-1

Drug rash, e637-8f, e637-9

Drug receptors

age-related changes in, e57-7-e57-9

pharmacogenetics and, e56-10-e56-12, e56-11f

Drug regimen, e57-9

Drug resistance See Antimicrobial resistance

Drug transporters

drug binding and, e57-6

pharmacogenetics, e56-8-e56-10

Drug withdrawal, neonatal seizures due to, 2035

Drummond syndrome, 1319

Drusen of optic nerve, e623-1-e623-2

“Dry crab yaws”, e211-1

“Dry eye”, 2165-2166

Dry mouth, e308-1

Dry powder inhaler (DPI), 796-798

DSD See Disorders of sex development (DSD)

DSPD See Delayed sleep phase disorder (DSPD)

DSRCT See Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT)

DTaP See Diphtheria acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine

DTDST See Diastrophic dysplasia sulfate transporter (DTDST), loss of

DTDST gene, e685-2, e685-2t

D-test, 913

d-TGA See D-transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA)

D-transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA), 1585, 1585f

with intact ventricular septum, 1585-1587, 1586f

Dual oxidase maturation factor 2 (DUOXA2), e557-1

Dual porphyria, e85-17

Duane retraction syndrome, 2006

Duane syndrome, 2160

Dubin-Johnson syndrome, 1383t, 1391

Dubowitz syndrome, 1690

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), 2119-2123

chronic severe respiratory insufficiency with, 1519

clinical manifestations of, 2119-2120

cardiac, 1531t

diagnosis of, 2120-2121, 2120f-2121f

dilated cardiomyopathy with, 1630

genetic etiology and pathogenesis of, 2113t, 2121-2122, 2122f

laboratory findings in, 2120

treatment of, 2123

Ductus arteriosis

fetal development of, 1528f, e414-3

in neonatal circulation, e414-3, e415-2, e414-3

Duke criteria, 1624

Dulcolax for constipation in palliative care, 155t-156t

DUMBBELS, 266

“Dumb” rabies, 1155

Duncan disease, 727

Epstein-Barr virus and, 1112

malignancy susceptibility associated with, e486-2t-e486-3t

Dunnigan-type lipodystrophy, 2286

Duodenal aspirate, 1307

Duodenal obstruction, 1277-1278, 1278f

DUOXA2 See Dual oxidase maturation factor 2 (DUOXA2)

Duplication

gastric, 1276

genetic, 406-407, 409t, e74-3

congenital heart disease with, 1531t

intestinal, 1281

upper urinary tract, 1834-1835, 1835f

urethral, 1857-1858

vulvar, e548-5

Duplication cysts, esophageal, 1263-1264

Dural ectasia in Marfan syndrome, 2442-2443

Duration of pain, e664-1t

Duricef See Cefadroxil

Dust mite allergens, 768-769, 769t

Dutch fever, 857-858

DVT See Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

Dwarfism

cardiac manifestations of, 1531t

neonatal, e685-3t

pituitary, 627

short-limbed, 733

Dwarf tapeworm, 1234, e271-1t-e271-11t

Dye studies in aspiration syndromes, 1472t

Dynamic compliance (C_DYN) assessment in mechanical ventilation, 328

Dynapen See Dicloxacillin

DYNC2H1 gene, e685-2t

Dyneins, e396-1

Dysarthria, 118-119

Dysautonomia, familial, 2142

fever of unknown origin due to dysfunction of, 901

Dysbetalipoproteinemia, familial, 473t, 476

Dyscalculia, e29-6

Dyschondrosteosis, Leri-Weil, 388-389

Dyscoria, 2155

Dysdiadochokinesia, e584-7

Dysentery

bacterial, 1331-1332, 1332t

Plesiomonas shigelloides, e196-3

Shigella, 959-961

DYSF gene, 2126

Dysfibrinogenemia, 1704

Dysfluency (stuttering, stammering), 34, 122, 122t

Dysfunction Voiding Symptom Score, 1848, 1848f

Dysgenesis

mixed gonadal, 1954-1955

muscular, 2119

posterior fossa, 2006-2007

renal, 1827-1828

testicular, 1945

thyroid, 1895-1896

Dysgerminoma, 1770, 1872t

Dysgraphia, e29-6

Dyshidrotic eczema, 2253, 2253f

Dyshidrotic pompholyx, 2253

Dyshormonogenesis, 1896

Dyskeratosis congenita (DC), 748t, 1687-1689, 1688f, 2222, 2222f

stem cell transplantation for, 759

Dyskinesia

biliary, e358-2

paroxysmal, e587-3

primary ciliary, e396-1-e396-4, e396-1f, e396-2t, e396-3f

Dyskinetic cerebral palsy, 2063-2064

Dyslexia, 112-114, 113f

Dyslipidemia

with obesity, 184t

with type 2 diabetes mellitus, 1993t

Dysmenorrhea, 690-691, 691t

Dysmetria, e584-7

ocular motor, 2162

Dysmorphology, e102-1-e102-9, e102-1t See also Congenital anomalies

due to chromosomal imbalances, e102-5

in congenital disorders of glycosylation, e81-7t

deformations, e102-2-e102-3, e102-5f

disruptions, e102-3, e102-6f

history in, e102-5-e102-6

imaging studies in, e102-6

laboratory studies in, e102-6-e102-7, e102-8t

in lysosomal storage disorders, 485t

malformation and/or dysplasias, e102-1-e102-2, e102-2t-e102-3t, e102-4f

management and counseling in, e102-7-e102-8

molecular mechanisms of, e102-3-e102-5

multiple anomalies syndrome and sequence, e102-3

physical examination in, e102-6, e102-6f, e102-7t-e102-8t

Dysmotility, esophageal, 1264-1265, 1265f

Dysostosis multiplex, 511, 513f

Dyspepsia

abdominal pain of, 1247t

functional, 1346t

Dysphagia, 1240-1241, 1241t-1242t, e310-1-e310-2

neurologic examination of, e584-5-e584-6

due to obstructing and motility disorders of esophagus, 1263

treatment of in palliative care, 157t

Dysphagia lusoria, 1264

Dysphasia, developmental, 117

Dysplasia, e102-1t, e664-1t, e102-1-e102-2

bronchopulmonary, e410-1-e410-2

general anesthesia and, e70-2t-e70-3t, e70-12

due to mechanical ventilation for respiratory distress syndrome, 585, 587-588

chondroectodermal, 2433-2434

cleidocranial, 2431, 2432f

oral manifestations of, 1254

congenital nail, 2293

developmental of hip, 2356, 2357f-2359f

ectodermal, 2222-2223, 2223f, 2223t

oral manifestations of, 1254

focal cortical, 2004

focal facial ectodermal, 2222

intestinal epithelial, 1341

intestinal neuronal, e324-1-e324-4

lymphatic, 1724

polyostotic fibrous, precocious puberty due to, 1892, 1892f

renal, 1827-1828

Schimke immunoosseous, 1690

septo-optic, 527

diabetes insipidus with, 1883

skeletal See (Skeletal dysplasias)

Dysplexia, 2154

Dyspnea

as manifestation of extrapulmonary disease, 1526, e413-1t

in palliative care, 157

nonpharmacologic treatment of, 157t

pharmacologic treatment of, 155t-156t

Dyspraxia, 116, e29-1

Dysthymic disorder, 87, 87t

Dystonia, 2058-2059, 2060t

autosomal recessive dopa-responsive, 445

Dystonia musculorum deformans, 2059

Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (DEB), 2246, 2246f-2247f

Dystrophin in Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy, 2121, 2121f-2122f

DYT1 gene, 2059

E

EA See Esophageal atresia (EA)

EAEC See Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC)

Eagle-Barrett syndrome, 1845

E2A-PBX1 oncogene, e486-1t

EAR See Estimated average requirement (EAR)

Ears

low-set, e102-7t

newborn assessment of, 534

Ear disorders

clinical manifestations of, e628-1-e628-3

congenital malformations as, e630-1-e630-2

external otitis as, 2196-2199, 2198f

facial paralysis due to, e628-1

hearing loss as, 2188-2196

clinical audiologic evaluation of, 2193-2196

effects of, 2190-2192, 2191t

etiology of, 2188-2190, 2189t-2191t, 2191f

genetic counseling in, 2196

identification of, 2192, 2193t

incidence and prevalence of, 2188

screening for, 2192, 2192f

treatment of, 2196, 2196t

types of, 2188

of inner ear and bony labyrinth, e633-1-e633-2

in mucopolysaccharidoses, 515t

nontuberculous mycobacterial infection as, 1012t

otitis media as, 2199-2213

adenoidectomy for, 2213

clinical manifestations of, 2202

definition of, 2199t

developmental sequelae of, 2213

diagnosis of, 2203-2204, 2203f-2204f

epidemiology of, 2200-2201

etiology of, 2201

examination of eardrum in, 2202-2205

Haemophilus influenzae in, 943

intracranial complications of, 2211-2212

Moraxella catarrhalis in, e188-1

pathogenesis of, 2201-2202

physical sequelae of, 2212-2213

prevention of, 2213

treatment of, 2205-2209, 2205t, 2206f-2207f, 2207t, 2209t

otitis media with effusion as

complications of, 2210-2211, 2210f-2212f, 2210t

etiology of, 2201

management of, 2209-2211, 2209t

tympanometry in, 2194-2195

physical examination in, e628-1-e628-3, e628-1f-e628-3f

Toxoplasmosis gondii in, 1213

traumatic injury as, e634-1-e634-2

tumors as, e635-1, e635-1f

Eardrum

examination of, 2202-2205

retraction of, e628-2

Early adolescence, growth and development during, 649-653, 650t

biologic, 649, 650t-652t, 651f-652f

cognitive and moral, 649-651

implications for pediatricians and parents, 653

relationships with family, peers, and society, 652-653

self-concept, 651-652

sexuality, 653

Early childhood, well child care in, 16

Early childhood caries (ECC), 1255, 1255f

Early epileptic infantile encephalopathy (EEIE), 2023

Early exfoliation in dental development, e13-4

Early myoclonic infantile encephalopathy (EMIE), 2023

East African trypanosomiasis, 1190-1193, e271-1t-e271-11t

Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), 1141, 1143-1144

EAST syndrome, 223, 237, e52-10

Eating

foreign-born adoptees and, 131

at home, 166-167, 167t

at school, 167

Eating disorders, 90-96

clinical manifestations of, 91, 92t-94t

complications of, 91-93

definitions associated with, 90, 90t

differential diagnosis, 91

epidemiology of, 90-91

in female athlete, 2422

laboratory findings in, 91

prevention of, 96

prognosis for, 96

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

treatment of, 93-96, 95t

in type 1 diabetes mellitus, 1986-1987

Eating out, 167

Eaton-Lambert syndrome, 2133

EB See Epidermolysis bullosa (EB)

Ebola hemorrhagic fever, 1151-1152

EBS See Epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS)

Ebstein anomaly of the tricuspid valve, 1583-1585, 1584f

embryonic development of, 1527

EBV See Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

ECC See Early childhood caries (ECC)

Ecchymosis of eyelid, 2184

Eccrine sweat glands

disorders of, 2286-2288, 2287f, 2287t

morphology of, e636-2

ECF See Extracellular fluid (ECF)

ECG See Electrocardiography (ECG)

Echinacea, 1436

Echinocandins, e225-3-e225-4

Echinococcus granulosus, 1232t, 1237-1239, 1238f, e271-1t-e271-11t

Echinococcus multilocularis, 1232t, 1237-1239, e271-1t-e271-11t

Echocardiography, 1541-1545

in atrioventricular defect, 1555, 1555f

in coarctation of the aorta, 1568, 1569f

Doppler, 1542-1543, 1544f

fetal, 1544-1545, 1544f

genetic counseling and, e418-3

in heart failure, e436-2

in Kawasaki disease, 865

M-mode, 1541, 1542f

in ostium secundum defect, 1552, 1552f

in patent ductus arteriosus, 1559-1560, 1560f

in pulmonary valve stenosis, 1562-1563, 1563f

in tetralogy of Fallot, 1575, 1575f

three-dimensional, 1543, 1544f

in total anomalous pulmonary venous return, 1589-1590, 1590f

transesophageal, 1541, 1543-1544

in tricuspid atresia, 1580, 1581f

two-dimensional, 1541-1542, 1542f-1543f, 1573

in ventricular septal defect, 1556f, 1557

Echovirus, 1088t

Eclampsia, e89-2t

maternal diabetes mellitus and, 545

ECMO See Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)

Ecologic model of development, e6-2

Economic factors See Socioeconomic factors

ECP See Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP)

Ecstasy, 682

Ecthyma, 2303, 2303f

Ecthyma gangrenosum, 975, 976t, 2303

Ectodermal dysplasia (ED), 2222-2223, 2223f, 2223t

of face, 2222

oral manifestations of, 1254

Ectopia cordis, 1599

Ectopia lentis, 2171-2172, 2172f

homocystinuria, 425-426

Ectopic anus, 1357

Ectopic kidney, 1828, 1829f

Ectopic pancreatic rests, 1368

Ectopic tachycardia

atrial, 1615

junctional, 1615, 1616t

Ectopic undescended testis, 1859

Ectopic ureter, 1842-1843, 1842f

incontinence due to, 1850-1851, 1850f-1851f

Ectopic ureterocele, 1843, 1843f

prolapsed, 1858, 1858f

Ectropion, 2163-2164

Eczema

atopic, 801-807

dyshidrotic, 2253, 2253f

immunodeficiency with thrombocytopenia and, 734-735

nummular, 2252, 2252f

Eczema herpeticum, 1100, 1100f, 1103

atopic dermatitis with, 806

Eczematous disorders, 2249-2254

contact dermatitis as, 2250-2252, 2250f-2251f

of external ear canal, 2199

lichen simplex chronicus as, 2252, 2253f

nummular, 2252, 2252f

pityriasis alba as, 2252, 2252f

seborrheic dermatitis as, 2253-2254, 2253f-2254f

vesicular hand and foot dermatitis as, 2253, 2253f

Eczema vaccinatum, 806

ED See Ectodermal dysplasia (ED); Emergency department (ED)

Edema

acute hemorrhagic, 870

cerebral

with fulminant hepatic failure, 1414

due to type 1 diabetes mellitus, 1981

disc, e584-2-e584-3

eyelid, traumatic, 2184

heat, 2420

laryngeal, in hereditary angioedema, 815

in nephrotic syndrome, 1802, 1804-1805

in newborn, 532-533, 622

peripheral, physical examination of, 1531

pulmonary, 1468-1469, 1468t-1469t

Edematous malnutrition, 175

Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, e7-2t

Edrophonium chloride, in myasthenia gravis diagnosis, 2134

EDS See Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS); Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS)

Education

children born to teen mothers and, 701

continuing, for emergency medical services for children, e61-1

foster care children and, e35-2t

for injury prevention, 20, 20t

in intellectual disability, 128

patient and family See (Patient and family education)

sex

abstinence-only, 701-702

for special needs girls, 1874

Educational diagnostician, e29-7

Educational outreach in transport medicine, e61-9

Edwardsiella tarda, 1298t

Edward syndrome, 2007t

EEE See Eastern Equine encephalitis (EEE)

EEG See Electroencephalography (EEG)

EEIE See Early epileptic infantile encephalopathy (EEIE)

EER See Estimated energy requirement (EER)

EF See Executive functioning (EF)

Efavirenz

drug interactions with, e57-13t-e57-14t

for HIV infection, 1168t-1171t

EFE See Endocardial fibroelastosis (EFE)

Effective dose, radiation, 2448, e699-1f

Effectiveness in quality of care, e2-1

Effectors of respiration, e365-16

Effexor See Venlafaxine

Efficiency in quality of care, e2-1

Effusion

middle-ear, 2199-2200

otitis media with, 2199-2200

complications of, 2210-2211, 2210f-2212f, 2210t

etiology of, 2201

management of, 2209-2211, 2209t

tympanometry in, 2194-2195

pericardial, tuberculous, 1009

pleural

with pneumonia, 1479, 1479t

transudative, 1513

tuberculous, 1003-1004, 1004f

EFHC1 gene, 2016t

Eflornithine, e271-1t-e271-11t

EGFR oncogene, e486-1t

cancer therapy specific to, e488-2t

Egg allergy, 821, 821t

Egocentrism, 34

EHEC See Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC)

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS), 1722, 2278

cardiac manifestations of, 1532t

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

Ehrlichiosis, 1039t-1040t, 1048-1050, 1050f

maternal, e89-3t

EhROM1 See Entamoebe histolytica rhomboid protease 1 (EhROM1)

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), e41-15

EIEC See Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC)

8 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), 1, 173-174

Eisenmenger syndrome, 1601-1602

EITB See Enzyme-linked immunotransfer blot (EITB)

Ejection clicks, 1533-1535

Ekiri syndrome, 960

EKV See Erythrokeratoderma variabillis (EKV)

Elastance, 322, e365-3

Elastase

in chronic diarrhea, 1344t

fecal, 1307, 1369

Elastic recoil, pulmonary, e365-5f

Elastic work, 1419

Elastolysis, generalized, 2277-2278

Elastosis perforans serpiginosa (EPS), 2279, 2279f

Elavil See Amitriptyline

Elbow

arthrogryposis involving, e674-5

fracture around, 2392

musculoskeletal pain syndrome of, 877t

orthopedic disorders of, 2383-2384, 2383f-2384f, 2384t

sports injury to, 2410-2412, 2411f-2412f

Electrical burn, 356, 357t

Electrocardiography (ECG), 1537

in atrioventricular defect, 1555, 1555f

in brain death diagnosis, e63-3

in congenital hypothyroidism, 1900

in congenital intestinal pseudo-obstruction, 1283t

developmental changes on, 1537-1539, 1538f-1539f

exercise, 1545

follow open heart surgery, 1604

in hypokalemia, 224

in neuromuscular disorders, 2112

in poisonings, 254, 254t

with tricyclic antidepressants, 251t, 264

P-R and Q-T intervals on, 1540, 1540f

in pulmonary atresia, 1579

in pulmonary embolism, 1502

P waves on, 1539, 1539f

QRS complex on, 1539-1540, 1540f

rate and rhythm on, 1539

ST segment and T-wave abnormalities on, 1540, 1541f

in tetralogy of Fallot, 1575

twenty-four hour recordings in supraventricular tachycardia, 1614-1615

in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, 1613-1614, 1614f

Electroencephalography (EEG)

in febrile seizure, 2018

in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, 571, 571t

in intellectual disability, 127t

long-term video, e584-10

in neurologic assessment, e584-11t

in seizures, 2021, 2022f

neonatal, 2035

Electrolytes

absorption disorders of, 1319

composition of in fluid compartments, e52-1-e52-2, e52-2f

magnesium as, e52-1-e52-11

disorders of, e52-9-e52-11

metabolism of, e52-1-e52-9

in maintenance fluids, 243, 243t

for chronic kidney disease, 1823-1824

variations in, 244

measurement of in intravenous rehydration, 247

phosphorus as, 225-229

disorders of, 226-229

metabolism of, 225-226

potassium as, 219-224

disorders of, 219-224

metabolism of, 219

sodium as, 212-219

disorders of, 212-219

metabolism of, 212

Electrolyte therapy for diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, 964

Electromyography (EMG)

in botulism, 989

in juvenile dermatomyositis, 848

in neuromuscular disorders, 2110t, 2111

Electron transfer flavoprotein dehydrogenase (ETF-DH) deficiency, 461

Electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) deficiency, 461

Electrophysiology studies, e436-6

Elemental mercury exposure, e701-1-e701-2, e701-2t

“Elephant ear” toxicity, 269t

Eletriptan, 2044t

Elfornithine, 1192

ELIFA See Enzyme-linked immunofiltration test (ELIFA)

Elimination See Excretion

Elimination half-life (T_1/2) of drug, e57-2

ELISA See Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

ELISPOT See Enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay

Elliptocytosis, hereditary, 1661f, e451-1t-e451-2t, e453-1

Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, 2433-2434, 2434f

congenital heart disease with, 1531t, e418-1t-e418-2t

EM See Erythema multiforme (EM)

Emancipated youth, 664-665

Embolism, pulmonary, 1500-1502, 1501t, 1709

air, 597

cardiac arrest due to, 289t

Embryonal brain tumor, 1751-1752, 1751f

Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, 1760

Embryonic development, e6-7

Embryonic hemoglobins, e440-5

Embryonic testicular regression syndrome, 1963

Embryoscopy, 543t

EMC-1 gene, 2276

Emedastine difumarate for allergic conjunctivitis, 811t

Emergence from anesthesia, e70-10

delirium during, e70-11

Emergency contraception, 698-699, 698t

following rape, 704t

Emergency defibrillation, 291-292, 293f

Emergency department (ED)

asthma and, 781, 799

care of children in, e61-3-e61-4, e61-4t

transport of child from, 278

visits by adolescents, 663

visits due to injury, 19, 19f

Emergency(ies), 279-296

airway management techniques for, 284-285

airway narrowing as, 283-284

airway obstruction as, 282-283, 282f-283f

bradyarrhythmias and tachyarrhythmias as, 287-289, 288f, 290f

burn injury as, 350-351, 350f, 350t

cardiac arrests as, 289-292

cardiopulmonary resuscitation for, 289-292, 291f-293f, 294t

delivery room, 575-579

general assessment in, 279, 280f

humanitarian, international rescues associated with, e61-14t

hypertensive, 1646t

hyponatremia as, 1886

neurologic, e63-1-e63-3

abusive head trauma as, 301

brain death as, e63-1-e63-3, e63-2t

care principles in, 296-297, 297f

hypoxic-ischemic insult and encephalopathy as, 301-303, 302f

intracerebral hemorrhage as, 303-304

status epilepticus as, 303

stroke as, 303-304

traumatic brain injury as, 297-301, 298f-301f

oncologic, e488-5-e488-7, e488-6t

parenchymal lung disease as, 284

pericardiocentesis for, 295-296

post-resuscitation care after, 296

primary assessment in, 279-281, 280t-281t

secondary assessment in, 281

shock as, 285-286

tertiary assessment in, 281-282

thoracentesis and chest tube placement for, 295

vascular access for, 292-294, 295f-296f

Emergency medical services for children (EMSC), e61-1-e61-16

access to, e61-2

advocacy for, e61-5

continuum of care model in, e61-12

destination determination in, e61-3, e61-3f

disaster preparedness in, e61-5

in emergency department, e61-3-e61-4, e61-4t

emerging issues in, e61-4-e61-5

international, 278, e61-12

continuum of care model in, e61-12-e61-15

in humanitarian disasters, e61-15-e61-16

professional organizations for, e61-12t

quality of care improvement in, e61-16

research collaborations in, e61-12t

resources for, e61-14t

outcome measures in, 278, e61-10

prehospital care in, e61-2-e61-3

protocols in, e61-1

provider capabilities in, e61-3

research on, e61-5

resuscitation equipment for, e61-1, e61-2t

risk adjustment in, 278, e61-10-e61-11, e61-10t-e61-11t

role of primary care physician in, e61-1

staff training and continuing education in, e61-1

transport in, 278, e61-1-e61-2, e61-7

communications and dispatch center in, e61-7

educational outreach in, e61-9

effects on physiology, e61-8

family-centered, e61-8

ground versus air ambulance for, e61-8

medical control physician in, e61-7

referring hospital responsibilities in, e61-8-e61-9

safety of, e61-8

transport team in, e61-7-e61-8

Emergency medical technicians (EMTs), e61-3

Emergency Triage Assessment and Treatment (ETAT), e61-15

Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, 2113t, 2123

Emesis See Vomiting

EMG See Electromyography (EMG)

EMIE See Early myoclonic infantile encephalopathy (EMIE)

EMLA See Eutectic mixture of local anesthetics (EMLA)

Emmetropia, 2150-2151

Emotional development, e6-3-e6-4

age 0-2 months, 27-28

age 2-6 months, 30

age 6-12 months, 30-31

age 12-18 months, 31

age 18-24 months, 32

in foreign-born adoptees, 131

during middle childhood, 38

during preschool years, 35-36

emotion-focused coping, 1985-1986

Empacho, e4-4

Emphysema, 1460-1462, 1507-1509

α-antitrypsin deficiency and, e385-1

bullous, 1462, 1462f

congenital lobar, 1461, 1461f

overinflation and, 1460-1462

pulmonary interstitial, 597-599, 598f

Empirical antireflux therapy, 1267-1268

Empirical use of antibacterial agents, 903

Employee See Health care providers

EMSC See Emergency medical services for children (EMSC)

EMT-P See Paramedics (EMT-P)

Emtricitabine, 1168t-1171t

Emtriva See Emtricitabine

EMTs See Emergency medical technicians (EMTs)

E-Mycin See Erythromycin

Enalapril

for heart failure, e436-3, e436-5t

for systemic hypertension, 1645t

Enamel, injuries to, 1258t

Encephalitic rabies, 1154-1155

Encephalitis

arboviral

in North America, 1141-1144, 1142f-1143f

outside North America, 1144-1147, 1145t

California, 1142-1143

Eastern equine, 1141, 1143-1144

enteroviral, 1091

following rubella, 1077

herpes, 1101, 1103

imaging studies in, e584-11t

Japanese, 1145

vaccine for, 891t, e168-4

La Crosse, 1142-1144

measles, 1072, 1072t

microcephaly with, 2007t

Rasmussen’s, 2023

St. Louis, 1141, 1143-1144

tick-borne, 1146

varicella-zoster virus, 1109

Venezuelan equine, 1144-1147

Western equine, 1141, 1143-1144

West Nile, 1142-1144, 1142f-1143f

Encephalitozoon cuniculi, e271-1t-e271-11t

Encephalitozoon hellem, e271-1t-e271-11t

Encephalocele, 2002-2003

intranasal, 1431

Encephalomyelitis, acute disseminated, 2079, 2079f, 2080t

Encephalomyopathy, subacute necrotizing, 506-509, 2067

Encephalopathy(ies), 2061-2069

bilirubin See (Kernicterus)

burn, 2068

due to cat-scratch disease, 985

cerebral palsy as, 2061-2065

early epileptic infantile, 2023

early myoclonic infantile, 2023

epileptic, 2013

glycine, 439-440

hepatic, 1376-1377, 1414t

HIV, 1164, 2068

hypertensive, 2068

strokelike events versus, 2086

hypoxic-ischemic, 298f-299f, 301-303, 302f, 569-573, 569t-570t

microcephaly with, 2007t

seizure due to, 2034

strokelike events versus, 2085

lethal toxic, 960

Lyme, 1027

mitochondrial, 2065-2068, 2065t

radiation, 2068-2069

transmissible spongiform, e270-1-e270-6, e270-1t, e270-3t-e270-4t

vaccine, febrile seizures with, 2017

Wernicke, 192

Zellweger syndrome as, 2069

Encopresis, 73-75, 74f, 74t

Encounters, cultural, e4-4

En coup de sabre, 851t, 852f, 2276

Endemic Burkitt lymphoma, 1111, 1112t

Endemic cretinism, 1907

Endemic goiter

cretinism and, 1906-1908

maternal, e89-2t

Endemic syphilis, e211-1-e211-2

End-gaze nystagmus, e584-4

Endocardial cushion defect, 1554-1556

in adults, 1607

Endocardial fibroelastosis (EFE), 1566, 1633-1634

Endocarditis

in acute rheumatic fever, 922

Bartonella in, 983t, 987

due to coagulase-negative staphylococci, 910

infective, 1622-1626

acute rheumatic fever versus, 923, 923t

clinical manifestations of, 1623, 1623t

congenital heart disease and, 1609

diagnosis of, 1623-1624, 1624t

epidemiology of, 1622-1623

etiology of, 1622, 1622t

prevention of, 1626, 1626t

prognosis and complications of, 1624

retinopathy associated with, 2180

in tetralogy of Fallot, 1576

treatment of, 1624-1626, 1625t

prophylaxis, 1609

in Marfan syndrome, 2445

Pseudomonas aeruginosa in, 976t

Staphylococcus aureus in, 905

Endochondral ossification, e664-1

Endocrine disorders

of adrenal glands

adrenocortical insufficiency as, e569-1-e569-3

adrenocortical tumors as, e573-1-e573-2

congenital adrenal hyperplasia and related disorders as, 1930-1939

Cushing syndrome as, 1939-1941, 1939t

masses as, e575-1

pheochromocytoma as, 1941-1943

primary aldosteronism as, e572-1

cardiac manifestations of, 1531t

diabetes mellitus as See (Diabetes mellitus (DM))

disorders of sex development as, 1958-1968

failure to thrive in, 148t

fetal therapy for, 551t

general anesthesia and, e70-2t-e70-3t

gonadal

gynecomastia as, 1950-1951

hypofunction of ovaries as, 1951-1957

hypofunction of testes as, 1943-1950

pseudoprecocity resulting from ovarian lesions as, 1957-1958

pseudoprecocity resulting from testicular tumors as, e578-1

hypoglycemia associated with, 527-528

of hypothalamus and pituitary gland

diabetes insipidus as, 1881-1884

hyperpituitarism, tall stature, and overgrowth syndromes as, e554-1-e554-6

hyponatremia as, 1884-1886

hypopituitarism as, 1876-1881

pubertal development disorders as, 1886-1894

liver disease with, 1377

in myotonic muscular dystrophy, 2124

in newborn, 627-629

obesity and, 182t, 184t, 185

of parathyroid gland

hyperparathyroidism as, 1920-1923

hypoparathyroidism as, 1916-1919

pseudohypoparathyroidism (Albright hereditary osteodystrophy) as, 1919-1920

in premature infants, 559t

systemic inflammatory response syndrome and, 309t

of thyroid gland

carcinoma of thyroid as, 1914-1916

goiter as, 1905-1909

hyperthyroidism as, 1909-1913

hypothyroidism as, 1895-1903

thyroiditis as, 1903-1905

thyroxine-binding globulin defects as, e558-1

due to toxoplasmosis, 1211-1212

Endocrine factors in acute intermittent porphyrias, e85-5

Endocrine myopathy, 2129-2130

Endocrine system

chemical pollutants effect on, e700-3

hormones of hypothalamus and pituitary gland in, e550-1-e550-2

lysosomal storage disorders and, 485t

multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and, 312t

overweight and obesity and, 183, 183f

in physiology of puberty, e555-1

Endodermal sinus tumor, vaginal, 1873

Endodontic therapy, 1258

Endometrial polyps, 689t-690t

Endometrial stroma sarcoma, 1873

Endometrioma, 1871

Endometriosis, 690-691, 691t

Endometritis, 690

Endometrium, amenorrhea and, 688

Endophthalmitis, 2167t

in candidiasis, 1054

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 976t

Endoscopic repair of vesicoureteral reflux, 1837f, 1838

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), 1379

Endoscopy

in cystic fibrosis treatment, 1493

in esophageal varices, e359-2

in gastroesophageal reflux disease, 1267, 1268f

in sinusitis, 1437

in ulcerative colitis, 1297-1298

Endotoxin in Neisseria meningitidis, 930

Endotracheal intubation

aspirate diagnostic microbiology, e164-2

for asthma exacerbation, 800

complications of in newborn, 586-587

for congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 595

in infant botulism, 990

for infectious acute upper airway obstruction, 1448

manual ventilation before and after, 320-321

medications for placement of, 321t

in neonatal resuscitation, 575-576, 576t

placement of, 285, 286f, 287t

for respiratory distress and failure, 320

size and depth dimensions for, 320t

End-stage renal disease, 1825-1826, 1826t

due to diabetic nephropathy, 1988

kidney transplantation for See (Kidney transplantation)

Enema

barium

in Hirschsprung disease, 1285f-1286f, 1286

in ulcerative colitis, 1297, 1299f

for constipation

maintenance therapy, 74t

in palliative care, 155t-156t

for fecal disimpaction, 74t

Energy requirements, e41-1t

Enfalyte, 1335t

Enfuvirtide for HIV infection, 1168t-1171t

ENL See Erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) reactions

Enlargement of cardiac chambers, 1537

ENPP1 gene mutation, 182t

Entamoebe histolytica, 1178-1180, e271-1t-e271-11t

gastroenteritis due to, 1327t-1328t

treatment of, 1337t

inflammatory bowel disease versus, 1298t

in traveler’s diarrhea, 1338t

Entamoebe histolytica rhomboid protease 1 (EhROM1), 1178-1179

Enteral feeding

for acute gastroenteritis, 1334-1336

for Crohn disease, 1303

Enteric adenoviruses, 1135

Enteric anendocrinosis, 1306t, 1311

Enteric fever, 954-958

clinical features of, 955-956, 956f, 956t

complications of, 956, 957t

diagnosis of, 956-957

differential diagnosis of, 957

epidemiology of, 954

etiology of, 954

pathogenesis of, 954-955, 955f

prevention of, 958

treatment of, 957-958, 958t

Enteric hyperoxaluria, 440

Enteric infection, chronic diarrhea due to, 1340

Enteric string test, 1223-1224

Enteritis See Gastroenteritis

regional See (Crohn’s disease)

Enteritis necroticans, e205-1

Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC), 962t, 963-964

Enterobacter, 632t, 635t-636t

Enterobiasis, 1222, 1222f, e271-1t-e271-11t

Enterobius vermicularis, 1222, 1222f, e271-1t-e271-11t

in vulvovaginitis, 1868t

Enterococcus, e179-1-e179-3, e179-1t

neonatal, 632t

sepsis due to, 635t

vancomycin-resistant, e179-1

Enterocolitis

food protein-induced, 821

neonatal necrotizing, 569, 601-603, 602f, 602t

Staphylococcus aureus in, 905-906

Enterocolonic fistula with Crohn disease, 1300-1301

Enterocystoplasty

complications of, e536-2

for incontinence with neuropathic bladder, e536-1-e536-2

Enterocyte defects, chronic diarrhea due to, 1341

Enterocyte heparin sulfate deficiency, 1311

Enterocytozoon species, e271-1t-e271-11t

Enteroenteric fistula with Crohn disease, 1300-1301

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), 1324t-1325t

Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC), 962, 962t, 1337t

Enterokinase deficiency, 1306t, 1317-1318

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), 962-963, 962t, 1337t

Enteropathy

autoimmune, 1305-1306, 1341

food protein-induced, 821

gluten-sensitivity, 1308-1311, 1308f, 1309t-1310t, 1310f

protein-losing, 1307, 1312t

due to malrotation, 1280-1281

tufting, 1306t, 1311

Enteropeptidase deficiency, 1317-1318

Entero-Test, 1223-1224

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), 962, 962t, 1324t-1325t, 1330

in traveler’s diarrhea, 1338t

treatment of, 1337t

Enterotoxin

Bacillus cereus, 1324t-1325t

in infectious diarrhea, 1330-1332, 1331f

Shiga, 959

Staphylococcus aureus, 904, 1324t-1325t

Enteroviruses, 1088-1094

clinical manifestations of, 1089-1092, 1090f

complications and prognosis for, 1094

diagnosis of, 1092-1093

differential diagnosis of, 1093, 1093t

epidemiology of, 1088

etiology of, 1088, 1088t

pathogenesis of, 1088-1089

in pneumonia, 1475t

poliovirus versus, 1085t

prevention of, 1094

treatment of, 1093-1094

in type 1 diabetes mellitus development, 1971

in viral meningoencephalitis, 2095

Enthesitis-related arthritis (ERA), e150-1-e150-3

in juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 831t

in reactive arthritis, 840, 840f

Entropion, 2163-2164

Entry inhibitors for HIV infection, 1168t-1171t

Enuresis, 71-73, 72t-73t

nocturnal, 1851-1852, 1851t

Envenomations, 2460-2465

general approach to, 2460-2461

hemolytic anemia secondary to, e459-1

due to hymenoptera sting, 2464

marine, 2464-2465

due to scorpion sting, 2464

due to snake bite, 2461-2462, 2461f-2462f, 2461t-2462t

due to spider bite, 2462-2463, 2463f

Environment

food, 167, 168f

modification for injury prevention, 20, 20t

in trauma survey, 337

Environmental control measures

for allergic disease, 768-770, 769t

for asthma, 788-789, 791t

for infection prevention, e166-2t

Environmental exposures in childhood cancers, 1725

Environmental factors

in acute lymphocytic leukemia, 1732t

in allergic disease, 764-765

in asthma, 781

in childhood injuries, 21

in genetics, e6-1

in inflammatory bowel disease, 1295

in overweight and obesity, 182

in psychosomatic illness, 67-68

in puberty, e555-1

in sudden infant death syndrome, 1424, 1424t

genetic factors interaction in, 1427, 1427f

in suicide, 88

in systemic lupus erythematosus, 841

in type 1 diabetes mellitus, 1971-1972

in type 2 diabetes mellitus, 1991

Environmental health hazards

animal and human bites as, 2454-2460

biologic and chemical terrorism as, e704-1-e704-11

clinical manifestations of, e704-1-e704-6, e704-2t

diagnosis of, e704-6-e704-7

epidemiology and pediatric-specific concerns in, e704-1, e704-2f-e704-3f

etiology of, e704-1

prevention of, e704-7-e704-8, e704-8t

treatment of, e704-8-e704-10, e704-9t-e704-10t

chemical pollutants as, e700-1-e700-4, e700-1t

envenomations as, 2460-2465

general approach to, 2460-2461

due to hymenoptera sting, 2464

marine, 2464-2465

due to scorpion sting, 2464

due to snake bite, 2461-2462, 2461f-2462f, 2461t-2462t

due to spider bite, 2462-2463, 2463f

heavy metals as, e701-1-e701-5

lead as, 2448-2453

nonbacterial food poisoning as, e703-1-e703-6

radiation exposure as, e699-1-e699-8

acute and late effects of, e699-4-e699-5, e699-4f-e699-5f, e699-4t-e699-5t

basic principles of, e699-1, e699-1f, e699-1t

biologic effects of, e699-1-e699-3, e699-1t, e699-2f-e699-3f, e699-3t

decreasing unnecessary, e699-3-e699-4

due to external contamination, e699-7, e699-7f

due to internal contamination, e699-6-e699-7, e699-7t

whole-body, e699-5-e699-6, e699-6t

Environmental tobacco smoke See Second-hand smoke

ENV region, 1157

Enzymes

muscle-derived in juvenile dermatomyositis, 848, 848t

pancreatic, e339-3

deficiencies of, 1369

replacement of, 1369-1370

in cystic fibrosis, 1495

serum in neuromuscular disorders, 2110

Enzyme deficiencies

anemias due to, 1677-1680, 1678f-1680f, 1679t

hypoglycemia in, 524t

malabsorption due to, 1317-1319

pancreatic, 1369

cystic fibrosis and, 1495

Enzyme-linked immunofiltration test (ELIFA), 1214

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

in arboviral encephalitis, 1144

in Clostridium difficile infection, 995

in coccidioidomycosis, 1066

in giardiasis, 1182

in histoplasmosis, 1063

in Lyme disease, 1028

in toxoplasmosis, 1213-1214

in tuberculosis, 1020

Enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay, e164-4

Enzyme-linked immunotransfer blot (EITB), 1235

Enzyme multiplicity, e56-4

Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT)

for genetic disorders, 380

for mucopolysaccharidoses, 514

EoE See Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE)

Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), 739

Eosinophil count, 739-740

in allergic disease, 766

in immigrant children, 133

Eosinophilia

allergic disease and, 740, 766

causes of, 740t

diseases associated with, 739-741

drug rash with, e637-9

infectious disease and, 740

pulmonary infiltrates with, 1474

in strongyloidiasis, 1223

in toxocariasis, 1228

tropical pulmonary, 1224, e271-1t-e271-11t

Eosinophilic cystitis, 1830

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), 1264, 1270

Eosinophilic gastroenteritis, 1304

chronic diarrhea in, 1340-1341

due to hookworm, 1219

malabsorption due to, 1319-1322

Eosinophilic lung disease, e391-1-e391-6, e391-5t

Eosinophilic meningitis, 2097-2098

Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis (EPF), 2220

Eosinophils, 739-741

in allergic disease, e134-3

reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

EP See Erythrocyte protoporphyrin (EP)

EPA See Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)

EPEC See Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC)

Ependymal tumor, 1750, 1750f

Ependymoma, 1748t

EPF See Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis (EPF)

Ephedra alkaloids for performance enhancement, 2423t

Ephedra sinica

for asthma, 271t

potential toxicity of, 272t-273t

Ephedrine

adolescent abuse of, 675t

for myasthenia gravis, 2135t

Ephelides (freckles), 2236

EPHX1 gene defect, 1383t

Epiblepharon, 2163-2164, 2164f

Epicanthal folds, 2163

Epicondylitis, lateral, 2411

Epidemic dengue-like disease, 1147

Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, 2168

Epidemic typhus, 1039t-1040t, 1047-1048

Epidermal inclusion cyst, 2328

Epidermal necrolysis, toxic, 2243-2244

Epidermal nevus syndrome, 207

Epidermis

diseases of, 2259-2267

acanthosis nigricans as, 2266-2267, 2266f

Darier disease as, 2263, 2263f

Gianotti-Crosti syndrome as, 2266, 2266f

keratosis pilaris as, 2261, 2261f

lichen nitidus as, 2263-2264, 2264f

lichen planus as, 2264-2265, 2265f

lichen spinulosus as, 2261-2262

lichen striatus as, 2264

pityriasis lichenoides as, 2260-2261, 2260f-2261f

pityriasis rosea as, 2262, 2262f

pityriasis rubra pilaris as, 2262-2263, 2263f

porokeratosis as, 2265-2266, 2265f

psoriasis as, 2259-2260, 2259f

morphology of, e636-1

nevi of, 2234-2235, 2234f

Epidermodysplasia verruciformis, 2315f

Epidermoid cyst, 2328

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB), 2221-2222, 2244, 2245t

Epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS), 2244, 2245f

Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis, 2268t, 2270, 2270f

Epidermophyton skin infections, 2309-2313

Epididymitis, 707-708, 1862-1863

Epidural abscess, poliovirus infection versus, 1085t

Epidural anesthesia, 373, e70-15

Epidural hemorrhage in newborn, 566

Epigastric hernia, 1418

Epigenetic modification, 391-392

Epiglottitis, 1446-1447, 1447f

Haemophilus influenzae in, 942

treatment of, 1448

Epilepsia partialis continua, 2019

Epilepsy, 2013 See also Seizures

abdominal, abdominal pain of, 1247t

classification of syndromes, 2014t-2015t

genetics of, 2016t

imaging studies in, e584-11t

photoparoxysmal, 2023

psychosis associated with, e28-1-e28-6

pyridoxine-dependent, 453-455

treatment of, 2025-2033

Epileptic encephalopathy, 2013

Epileptic syndrome, 2013

by age of onset, 2020t

family history of, 2019

with generally good prognosis, 2016t

Epileptogenesis, 2024-2025

Epileptogenic zone, 2032

Epimastigotes, in trypanosomiasis, 1193, 1193f

Epimerase deficiency, 503

Epinastine hydrochloride, 811t

Epinephrine, e568-1-e568-8, e568-8f

for anaphylaxis, 817, 818t

for asthma exacerbations, 797t-798t

for cardiac output maintenance and post-resuscitation stabilization, 294t

for croup, 1448

for heart failure, e436-4, e436-5t

hypoglycemia due to deficiency of, 528

in neonatal resuscitation, 576-577

for pediatric resuscitation and arrhythmias, 294t

in pheochromocytoma, 1942

release of in hypoglycemia, 518-519, 519t

self-injectable

for anaphylaxis, 817

for insect allergy, 809

for shock, 313t

Epi-Pen See Self-injectable epinephrine

Epiphyseal dysplasias, multiple, 2427

Epiphyseal fracture, 2390, 2390t, 2391f

as delivery room emergency, 579

Epiphysiodesis, e668-2-e668-3, e668-3f-e668-4f

Epiphysis, e664-1, e664-1f

Episcleritis, 2167t

Episodic ataxias, e587-4

Epispadias, 1847, e535-2, e535-2f

Epistaxis, 1432-1433, 1432t

Epithelial cancer

incidence and survival rates for, 1726t

ovarian, 1872, 1872t

Epithelial cells

Chlamydophila pneumoniae in, 1034f

Epstein-Barr virus in, 1111

Salmonella invasion of, 950, 952f

Shigella invasion of, 959

Epithelial dysplasia, intestinal, 1341

Epithelioid cell nevus, 2233, 2233f

Epithelioma, basal cell, e662-3

Epivir See Lamivudine

EPO See Erythropoietin (EPO)

Epoprostenol for pulmonary hypertension, 1602t

EPP See Equal pressure point (EPP); Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP)

EPS See Elastosis perforans serpiginosa (EPS)

Epsilon toxin, e205-3

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), 1110-1115

clinical manifestations of, 1112-1113, 1113f

complications of, 1114

diagnosis of, 1113

epidemiology of, 1110-1111

etiology of, 1110

Hodgkin lymphoma and, 1740

laboratory testing in, 1113-1114, 1114f

malignancy susceptibility associated with, e486-1-e486-3

maternal

breast-feeding and, 540t

fetal and neonatal effects of, e89-3t

oncogenesis of, 1111-1112

pathogenesis of, 1111

predisposition to infection due to immunodeficiency, 716t

prevention of, 1115

prognosis for, 1114

after transplantation, e171-2

hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, 763

intestinal, e331-2

kidney, e530-6

treatment of, 1114

Epstein pearls, 2218, 2298

in newborn, 534

EPT See Expedited partner therapy (EPT)

Epzicom See Abacavir

Equal pressure point (EPP), 1420

Equation of motion, 321-322, 322f

Equine encephalitis

Eastern, 1141, 1143-1144

Venezuelan, 1144-1147

Western, 1141, 1143-1144

Equipment

for home mechanical ventilation, 1524-1525

in international pediatric emergency medicine, e61-15

personal protective, e166-2t

resuscitation for office emergencies, e61-1, e61-2t

Equity in quality of care, e2-1

ERA See Enthesitis-related arthritis (ERA)

ERBB2/HER-2 oncogene, e488-2t

Erb-Duchenne paralysis, 573-574

ERCP See Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

Ergocalciferol

in bone formation, e694-1

for renal osteodystrophy, 1824-1825

Ergogenic drugs, 2422, 2423t

Erikson theory, e6-4, e6-4t

Erlenmeyer flask, 1636

Erosion, examination of, e637-1

Errors, medical, e2-6

ERT See Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT)

Ertapenem, e173-3

Eruption of teeth, 1250, 1250t, e13-3t, e13-4, e13-5t

cyst associated with, e308-1

delayed, 1251

Eruptive vellus hair cyst, e662-1, e662-2f

ERV See Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Ery-C See Erythromycin

Erysipelas, group A streptococcus in, 917

Erysipeloid, 2307

Ery-Tab See Erythromycin

Erythema

necrolytic migratory, e637-6

palmar, as manifestation of liver disease, 1376

Erythema infectiosum, 1094-1097, 1095f-1096f See also Parvovirus B19

Erythema marginatum, 922, 922f

Erythema migrans, 1026, 1027f, 1028t

Erythema multiforme (EM), 1031f, 1103, 2241-2242, 2242f

Erythema nodosum, 2282-2285, 2282f, 2282t

enteric infection and, 1333t

Erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) reactions, e208-3

Erythematous rash of scarlet fever, 916f

Erythema toxicum, 533, 2219, 2219f

Erythrasma, 2306

Erythroblastosis fetalis, 615-619, 620t

due to ABO incompatibility, 619

fetal therapy for, 551t

hyperinsulinemia in, 521

due to Rh incompatibility, 615-619, 616t

Erythrocyte protoporphyrin (EP), 2450

Erythrocytes See Red blood cells (RBCs)

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

in fever of unknown origin, 901

in immunodeficiency screening, 718t

Erythrocytic phase of malaria, 1199, 1199f

Erythrocytosis, e460-1, e460-1f, e460-1t

Erythrogenic toxin in scarlet fever, 916

Erythrokeratoderma, symmetric progressive, 2270-2271

Erythrokeratoderma variabillis (EKV), 2270, 2271f

Erythromelalgia, 375, 880, 880f

Erythromycin, e173-3, e173-4t-e173-11t

for acne, 2325t

for chancroid, e187-1

for Chlamydia trachomatis, 1036-1037

for Chlamydophila pneumoniae, 1035

for cystic fibrosis lung infection, 1492t

for diphtheria, e180-3

drug interactions with, e57-13t-e57-14t

for gonococcal conjunctivitis, 2166-2167

for infectious diarrhea, 1337t

for Legionella infection, e200-2

for lymphogranuloma venereum, 1038

for neonatal infection, 645t

for pertussis, 947t

for pharyngitis, 1440

possible adverse reactions to in premature infant, 563t

for relapsing fever, e213-1

for vulvovaginitis, 1868t

Erythropoiesis, fetal, e440-4

Erythropoietic porphyria, congenital, 2256, 2256f

Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP), 2256, 2256f, e85-1t, e85-3t, e85-15-e85-17

Erythropoietin (EPO)

fetal, e440-4

in physiologic anemia of infancy, 1654

transfusion of, e464-1

Erythropoietin (EPO) therapy, e464-1-e464-2

Escherichia coli, 961-965, 962t

diagnosis of, 964

diffusely adherent, 964

enteroaggregative, 963-964

enterohemorrhagic, 1324t-1325t

enteroinvasive, 962, 1337t

enteropathogenic, 962-963, 1337t

enterotoxigenic, 962, 1324t-1325t, 1330

in traveler’s diarrhea, 1338t

treatment of, 1337t

hemolytic-uremic syndrome following, 1791

maternal

breast-feeding and, 540t

fetal and neonatal effects of, e89-3t

neonatal, 632t

sepsis due to, 635t-636t

prevention of, 965

Shiga toxin-producing, 963

in child-care setting, e167-3t

in traveler’s diarrhea, 1338t

treatment of, 964-965

in urinary tract infection, 1829-1831

Escherichia coli 0157:H7

in diarrhea-associated hemolytic-uremic syndrome, 1791-1792

inflammatory bowel disease versus, 1298t

Escitalopram, 63t

Eskalith See Lithium

Esodeviations, 2158

Esophageal atresia (EA), 1262-1263, 1262f

Esophageal bleeding, 1261

Esophageal duplication cysts, 1263-1264

Esophageal dysphagia, 1240, 1242t

Esophageal motility, e310-1-e310-2

congenital intestinal pseudo-obstruction and, 1283t

Esophageal pH monitoring, 1472t

Esophageal sphincter, e310-1-e310-2

dysfunction of, 1264-1265

gastroesophageal reflux disease and, 1266

Esophageal varices, 1261

portal hypertension with, e359-1-e359-3

Esophagitis

abdominal pain of, 1247t

candidal, 1055

eosinophilic, 1264, 1270

allergic, 822

due to gastroesophageal reflux disease, 1269

infective, 1270

“pill”, 1270

due to vomiting, 1243t

Esophagus

Barrett, 1269

disorders of

clinical manifestations of, e310-1-e310-3

congenital anomalies as, 1262-1263

diagnosis of, e310-3

dysmotility as, 1264-1265, 1265f

eosinophilic esophagitis as, 1270

esophageal atresia as, 1262-1263, 1262f

gastroesophageal reflux disease, 1266-1270, 1267f-1268f

general anesthesia and, e70-2t-e70-3t

hiatal hernia as, 1265, 1265f-1266f

infective esophagitis as, 1270

due to ingestion, 1271-1273, 1272f-1273f, 1272t-1273t

laryngotracheoesophageal clefts as, 1263

obstructing and motility disorders as, 1263-1264

perforation as, e317-1

“pill” esophagitis as, 1270

tracheoesophageal fistula as, 1262-1263, 1262f-1263f

varices as, e359-1-e359-3, e318-1

embryology, anatomy, and function of, e310-1-e310-3, e310-1f

foreign bodies in, 1271-1272

mega-, in Chagas disease, 1196

Esotropia, 2158, 2158f-2159f

Espundia, 1188

ESR See Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

Essential fatty acid deficiency, e41-15

dermatoses due to, 2329

Essential hypertension, 1639-1647

Essential pentosuria, e81-5

Essential tremor (ET), 2057-2058

Esters, 367t

Estimated average requirement (EAR), e41-1-e41-4, e41-1t, e41-4f

Estimated energy requirement (EER), e41-4

defined, e41-1t

equations for, e41-1t

physical activity coefficients for, e41-1t

Estradiol in ovarian carcinomas, 1872t

Estrogens

gynecomastia due to exogenous sources of, 1950

ovarian production of, e576-5

for overgrowth syndrome, e554-2

porphyria cutanea tarda and, e85-11

for Turner syndrome, 1954

vaginal bleeding due to exposure to, 1870

Estrogen contraceptives

for acne, 2325t

for special needs girls, 1875

Estrogenic lesion of ovary, 1957-1958

E₃ subunit deficiency, 431

ET See Essential tremor (ET)

Etanercept

for juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 838t

for rheumatic disease, e148-2t-e148-3t, e148-5t

ETAT See Emergency Triage Assessment and Treatment (ETAT)

ETEC See Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)

E-test, 2148, e164-3

ETF See Electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) deficiency

ETF-DH See Electron transfer flavoprotein dehydrogenase (ETF-DH) deficiency

Ethambutol, e206-2

for tuberculosis, 1008t, e206-1t

Ethanol See Alcohol

Ethanolamines, 771t

Ethics/ethical factors, e3-1-e3-8

in adolescent health care, e3-4-e3-5

assent and parenteral permission in, e3-1

in balancing maternal and fetal interests, e3-6

in care of disabled newborns, e3-2-e3-3

committees on, e3-4

consultations regarding, e3-4

in declaring death, e3-3

emerging issues associated with, e3-6-e3-7

justice and, e3-6

in long-term mechanical ventilation, 330-331

in newborn screening and genetic testing, 382-383, e3-4

in organ donation, e3-3

in red cell counts, 1648, 1650f

in religious or cultural objections to treatment, e3-3-e3-4

in research, e3-5-e3-6

in suicide, 87

in treatment of critically ill children, e3-1-e3-2

Ethionamide, 1008t, e206-3

Ethmoidal sinuses, 1436, 1436f

Ethnic factors See Racial and ethnic factors

Ethosuximide, 2030t

Ethylenediamines, 771t

Ethylene glycol poisoning, 267-268

antidote for, 256t-257t

metabolic acidosis due to, 233

Etodolac See Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

Etomidat for anesthesia, e70-4t-e70-5t, e70-7

Etoposide for cancer therapy, e488-4t

Etravirine for HIV infection, 1168t-1171t

Eulenberg disease, 2125

Eunuchoid habitus, 1954

Euroglyphus maynei, 768

Europe, pediatricians per population in, 12f

European hornet, allergic responses to, 807f

European immunization schedule, 895

Eustachian tube anatomy, otitis media and, 2201

Eutectic mixture of local anesthetics (EMLA), 367

Euthyroidism, 1905

Euvolemic hyponatremia, 216

Evans syndrome, 1679

Evaporation heat loss in newborn, 536-537

EVC1 gene, 2433-2434

EVC2 gene, 2433-2434

Eventration of diaphragm, 597

Evidence-based practice, 16

Evoked potentials, e584-11t

Ewingii ehrlichiosis, 1039t-1040t

Ewing sarcoma, 1763t, 1765-1766, 1765f

risk factors for, 1727t

work-up of, 1731t

Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), 53

Exchange programs, international, e61-16

Exchange transfusion

for erythroblastosis fetalis, 618

for hyperbilirubinemia, 611f, 612, 612t

Excimer laser correction for myopia, 2151

Excitability in seizures, 2025

Excoriation, examination of, e637-1

Excretion

of drugs, e57-7, e57-7t

enhanced for poisonings, 257-258

hepatic, e346-4t

of magnesium, e52-9

of phosphorus, 226

of potassium, 219

of sodium, 212, e52-4-e52-5

Excretory urogram, 1841

Executive functioning (EF), e29-4

Exercise

habits regarding in eating disorders, 92t

hematuria due to vigorous, 1799

hyperinsulinemia induced by, 527

Kegel, 1849

Exercise challenge in asthma, 784, 785t

Exercise electrocardiography, 1545

Exercise-induced anaphylaxis, 814

Exercise-induced bronchospasm, 784

Exercise intolerance, as manifestation of extrapulmonary disease, 1526, e413-1t

Exercise testing

in cardiovascular disease, 1545

in respiratory disease, e366-4

Exercise therapy, graded, for chronic fatigue syndrome, e115-3

Exfoliatins A and B, 904

Exfoliation in dental development, e13-4, e13-5t

Exhaled nitric oxide in asthma, 784-785

Exhaled tidal volume (VTE), 328

Exhaustion, heat, 2420

EXIT See Ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) procedure

Exit site infection See Catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI)

Exjade See Deferasirox

Exocrine pancreas

disorders of

associated with pancreatic insufficiency, 1369-1370

pancreatic function tests in, e340-1

pancreatitis as, 1370-1373, 1370t-1371t, 1372f-1373f

pseudocyst as, 1373

tumor as, e345-1

embryology, anatomy, and physiology of, e339-1-e339-4, e339-1f

malabsorption and, 1307-1308, 1307f, 1317

Exodeviations, 2159

Exoerythrocytic phase of malaria, 1199, 1199f

Exons, genetic, e74-1, e74-1f

Exopolysaccaride biofilm of coagulase-negative staphylococci, 909

Exostoses

of ear canal, 2199

subungual, 2343

Exosurf, 585

Exotoxins, pyrogenic

in scarlet fever, 916

streptococcal, 915

Exotropia, 2159

Expansile skeletal hyperplasia, e697-1

Expansion thoracoplasty, 2369-2370, 2370f

Expedited partner therapy (EPT), 714

Experimental strategies in Marfan syndrome, 2445

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV), 1419, e365-2f

Expiratory time constant in mechanical ventilation, 323

Expiratory time in mechanical ventilation, 327

Explicit memory, e29-3

Exposure

in pediatric emergency assessment, 281

in trauma survey, 337

Expression proteomics, e56-3-e56-4

Expressive language

development of, 115-116

dysfunction of, 117t, 118, e29-2

Exstrophy, bladder, e535-1-e535-2, e535-1f

Extensively drug resistant (XDR), 1009

External auditory canal

clearing of, 2202-2203

congenital stenosis or atresia of, e630-1

foreign body in, e634-1

traumatic injury to, e634-1

tumors of, 2214

External ear, malformations of, e630-1

External fixation

for fracture, 2394, 2394t

for leg-length discrepancy, e668-3, e668-5f

External genitalia See Genitalia

External jugular vein, venous access in, 295f

External otitis, 2196-2199, 2198f

examination of, e628-1

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 976t

External tibial torsion, 2347

Extracellular fluid (ECF), e52-1, e52-1f-e52-2f

electrolyte composition in, e52-1-e52-2

osmolality of, e52-2

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)

for congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 595-596

for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, 593-594

for shock, 314

Extrahepatic cholestasis, 1381

Extraocular muscles

congenital fibrosis of, 2006

weakness of in neuromuscular disorders, 2115t

Extrapulmonary air leaks, 597-599, 598f-599f

Extrapulmonary sequestration, 1466

Extrapyramidal cerebral palsy, 2062t, 2063-2064

Extrasystoles, 1610-1613

Extrathoracic airway, e365-5

obstruction of, e365-5, e365-7f, e365-9t

Extravascular drug absorption, e57-5

Extremity(ies)

conditions causing arthritic pain in, 836t

effects of eating disorders on, 93t

fracture of as birth injury, 579

fracture of as delivery room emergency, 579

newborn assessment of, 536

orthopedic problems with, 2383-2387

rickets and, 201t

trauma to, 339-340

Extrinsic alveolar alveolitis, 1059

Extrusion injury, dental, 1259

Exudates

in empyema, 1507

in serofibrous pleurisy, 1506-1507

Ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) procedure, 577, 578f

EYA4 gene, 2190t

Eye(s)

growth and development of, e610-1

newborn assessment of, 534

Eye disorders

conjunctival, 2166-2169, 2167t, 2168f-2169f

corneal, e619-1-e619-3, e619-1t

glaucoma as, e624-1-e624-2, e624-1t, e624-2f

infection as

adenovirus, 1132

Aspergillus, 1061

Cryptococcus neoformans, 1057

enteroviruses, 1091

gonococcal, 937

Haemophilus influenzae, 942

herpes simplex virus, 1101

microsporidiosis, e271-1t-e271-11t

newborn prophylaxis against, 537

Toxoplasmosis gondii, 1210, 1210f, 1213-1215

of lacrimal system, 2165-2166, 2165f

larva migrans as, 1227-1229, 1228t

of lens, 2169-2172, 2170f-2172f, 2170t

of lid, 2163-2165, 2164f

in Marfan syndrome, 2441-2442

of movement and alignment, 2157-2162

congenital ocular motor apraxia as, 2161

non-nystagmus as, 2162, 2162t

nystagmus as, 2161-2162, 2161t, 2162f

strabismus as, 2157-2161, 2158f-2160f

in mucopolysaccharidoses, 515t

neuromyelitis optica as See (Neuromyelitis optica (NMO))

ocular allergies as, 809-811, 810f, 811t

of optic nerve, e623-1-e623-3

optic neuropathy, leber hereditary as, 2067

of orbit, 2181-2184, 2182f

of pupil and iris, 2154-2157, 2157f

of refraction and accommodation, 2150-2152

of retina and vitreous, 2174-2181

Best vitelliform degeneration as, 2178

with blood disorders, 2180

cherry red spot as, 2178

Coats disease as, 2179, 2179f

coloboma of the fundus as, 2181

diabetic retinopathy as, 2179-2180, 2180f

familial exudative vitreoretinopathy as, 2179

hypertensive retinopathy as, 2179, 2179f

myelinated nerve fibers as, 2181

persistent fetal vasculature as, 2176

phakomas as, 2178, 2178f

retinal detachment as, 2179

retinitis pigmentosa as, 2177-2178, 2177f

retinoblastoma as, 2176-2177, 2176f

retinopathy of prematurity as, 2174-2176, 2175f, 2175t

retinoschisis as, 2178

Stargardt disease as, 2178

with subacute bacterial endocarditis, 2180

trauma-related, 2180, 2181f

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

traumatic injury as, 2184-2187, 2184f-2186f

of uveal tract, 2172-2174, 2173f-2174f, 2173t

of vision, 2152-2154, 2153t

Eye examination, 2148-2150, 2149t

based on gestational age at birth, 2175t

fever of unknown origin and, 901

in juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 833t, 2173t

Eyegrounds examination, 2016

Eyelid

abnormalities of, 2163-2165, 2164f

ecchymosis and swelling of, 2184

lacerations of, 2184

Eye manifestations

in albinism, 424

in Behçet disease, 854

in childhood cancers, 1728

in eating disorders, 93t

in Graves disease, 1910, 1911f, 1913

ìn poisoning, 252t

in malnutrition, 175t

in mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, 2065t

in systemic lupus erythematosus, 843t

in tyrosinemia type II, 422-423

Eye protection, e166-2t

Ezetimibe, 481t, 482

F

FAB See French-American-British (FAB) classification

Fab antibodies, digoxin-specific, 256t-257t, 262-263

Fabric, nonflammable, 23

Fabry crisis, 489

Fabry disease, 484t, 488-489, 489f, 2139-2140

cardiac manifestations of, 1531t

cutaneous manifestations of, 2230-2231

Face

effects of malnutrition on, 175t

newborn assessment of, 534t

Face shield, e166-2t

FACES scale, 363t

Facet syndrome, 2412

Facial ectodermal dysplasia, 2222

Facial nerve

neurologic examination of, e584-5

palsy of, 574

paralysis of, due to ear disorders, 2211, e628-1

Facial phenotype in congenital central hypoventilation syndrome, 1521

Facial weakness

in myotonic muscular dystrophy, 2123f

in neuromuscular disorders, 2115t

Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, 2113t, 2126

Factitial panniculitis, 2285

Factitious disorder, 69, 69t

Factitious disorder by proxy (FDP), 146-147

Factor 1 deficiency, 755

Factor D deficiency, 754, 754t

Factor H deficiency, 754t, 755

Factor I deficiency, 1704

Factor II

deficiency of, 1703

reference values for, 1698t

Factor IX deficiency, 1699-1702, 1700f, 1701t

Factor V

deficiency of, 1703-1704

factor VIII deficiency combined with, 1704

reference values for, 1698t

Factor VII

deficiency of, 1703

reference values for, 1698t

Factor VIII

deficiency of, 1699-1702, 1701t

factor V deficiency combined with, 1704

in hemostasis, 1694

increased concentrations of, 1708

Factor V Leiden, 1698, 1708

Factor X

deficiency of, 1703

reference values for, 1698t

Factor XI

deficiency of, 1702-1703

reference values for, 1698t

Factor XII

deficiency of, 1703

reference values for, 1698t

Factor XIII

deficiency of, 1704

reference values for, 1698t

Facultative anaerobes, 995

Failure to thrive (FTT), 147-149

due to cardiac disease, 1530-1531

clinical manifestations of, 147

differential diagnosis of, 147f, 148t

epidemiology of, 147

etiology and diagnosis of, 147-148, 148t-149t

growth charts in assessment of, e13-3

HIV-related, 1165

prognosis for, 149

treatment of, 148-149

Fairbanks apprehension sign, 2355

Falls, injury due to, 25

False-negative results, 376-377, e707-1

False-positive results, 376, e707-1

proteinuria, 1800

Famciclovir, e237-1t, e237-3

for herpes simplex virus infection, 1102-1103

for sexually transmitted infection, 713t

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), e337-1t, e337-2-e337-3

malignancy susceptibility associated with, e486-2t-e486-3t

Familial aplastic anemia, 1690

Familial apolipoprotein A-1 deficiency, 477

Familial chylomicronemia, 473t, 476, 476f

Familial clustering, genetic, 389-390

Familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome (FCAS), 814, 855t, 858

Familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL), 473t, 475

Familial defective APOB-100 (FDB), 473t, 475

Familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia, e558-1

Familial dysautonomia, 2142

fever of unknown origin due to dysfunction of, 901

Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia (FDBL), 473t, 476

Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR), 2179

Familial glucocorticoid deficiency, 1924-1925

Familial hemiplegic migraine, e587-2

Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytoses (FHLH), 1774-1776

Familial Hibernian fever, 858

Familial hypercalciuric hypercalcemia, 1922-1923

Familial hypercholanemia (FHC), 1384

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), 473, 473t, 475t

heterozygous, 474

homozygous, 473-474, 473f-474f

Familial hypertriglyceridemia (FHGT), 473t, 476-477

Familial hypobetalipoproteinemia, 478

Familial lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency, 477

Familial male gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty, 1893

Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), 855t, 856-857, 857f

abdominal pain of, 1247t

Familial nonhemolytic unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, 1389-1390

Familial partial lipodystrophy, 2285-2286

Familial peeling skin, 2268t

Familial protein intolerance, 455

Familial rectal pain syndrome, e587-3

Familial secundum atrial septal defect, e418-1, e418-1t-e418-2t

Family

adolescence and, 652-654

adoption and, 131-132

communication with in post-resuscitation care, 296

discussion of cancer treatment with, e488-3

education of See (Patient and family education)

impact of chronic illness on, e39-2

move or relocation of, e16-1-e16-2

obesity prevention in, 187t

well child care and, 16-17

Family-centered care

of foster care children, e35-2t

during transport, e61-8

Family child-care home, 895

Family counseling

in intellectual disability management, 129

in neurodevelopmental dysfunction, e29-8

for psychiatric disorders, 66

Family factors in psychosomatic illness, 68

Family history

as cancer risk factor, 1727t

of cardiovascular disease, 1530

in dyslexia, 112

in genetic transmission, 383

in hematuria, 1779

in Marfan syndrome, 2443

in microcephaly, 2007-2008

in neurologic evaluation, e584-1

in obesity, 185

in persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, 522t

in skeletal dysplasias, e685-1-e685-2

of type 2 diabetes mellitus, 1991

in wheezing, 1458

Family Psychosocial Screening (FPS), 41t-43t

Family systems, development and, e6-2

Famotidine

for functional abdominal pain, 1348t

for Helicobacter pylori gastritis, 1293t

for urticaria and angioedema, 815t

Famvir See Famciclovir

Fanconi anemia, 1684-1686, 1685f, 1685t

malignancy susceptibility associated with, e486-2t-e486-3t

stem cell transplantation for, 759

Fanconi-Bickel syndrome, 494t-495t, 499, 1319

Fanconi syndrome

hypophosphatemia in, 227

nephrotoxins in, 1817t

renal tubular acidosis with, 1808-1810

rickets due to, 202t, 207

FAO See Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

FAP See Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)

Farber disease, 484t, 491, 491f

Farmer’s lung, 1473

Farsightedness, 2150-2151

of newborn, e610-1

FAS See Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Fasciculation of muscle, 2109

Fasciitis, necrotizing, 2301-2302

anaerobic, e205-1

group A streptococcal, 919

Fasciola hepatica, e293-1, e271-1t-e271-11t

Fasciolopsis buski, e271-1t-e271-11t, e293-1-e293-2

FAST See Focused assessment with sonography in trauma (FAST)

“Fast food”, 182

Fasting, preoperative, e70-14, e70-14t

Fasting glucose

in diabetes mellitus, e583-2t

in impaired glucose tolerance, e583-2t

Fasting time to hypoglycemia, 521t

Fatal familial insomnia (FFI), e270-1-e270-6, e270-1t

Fatigue

in palliative care, 155t-156t, 157

in rheumatic disease, e147-1t

Fat necrosis

cold-induced, 358

subcutaneous, 2284, 2284f

hypercalcemia with, 1922

Fat(s) See also Lipids

absorption of, e320-1

adequate macronutrient distribution range for, e41-1t, e41-4

dietary reference intakes for, e41-2t-e41-3t, e41-4-e41-15

intake in type 1 diabetes mellitus, 1982, 1982t

malabsorption of, 1305t, 1307, 1318-1319

transport disorders of, 1318-1319

Fatty acids

dietary reference intakes for, e41-2t-e41-3t

free, neonatal transient hypoglycemia and, 520-521, 522t

metabolic disorders of, 417t

oxidation disorders of, 456-462, 457t, 458f-459f

hypoglycemia in, 524t, 529

in vegetarian diet, 168

very long chain, disorders of, 462-470, 462t-464t, 464f-465f, 466t, 469f

Fatty liver

nonalcoholic, 184t, e352-1-e352-2

with type 2 diabetes mellitus, 1993t

FAVS syndrome, 1531t

FBMs See Fetal breathing movements (FBMs)

FBN1 gene, 2012t, 2440, 2443

FCA See Focal cerebral arteriopathy (FCA)

FCAS See Familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome (FCAS)

FCεRI, e134-3

FCεRII, e134-3

FCHL See Familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL)

F1C1 protein, 1383-1384, 1383t

FDB See Familial defective APOB-100 (FDB)

FDBL See Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia (FDBL)

FDCs See Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs)

F57 diet, 176-177, 177t-178t

F100 diet, 176-177, 177t-178t

FDP See Factitious disorder by proxy (FDP)

Fear of self-injecting (FSI), 1986

Feasibility in quality measurement, e2-2t

Febrile seizure, 2013, 2017-2019, 2017t, 2018f

in measles, 1072

Febrile status epilepticus, 2017

Febrile ulcerative acne, 2328

Fecal elastase, 1307, 1369

Fecal incontinence, 73-74

Fecal leukocytes in chronic diarrhea, 1344t

Fecal occult blood in chronic diarrhea, 1344t

Fecal reducing substances in chronic diarrhea, 1344t

Fecal testing for parasitic infection, e164-4

Federal funding for health care, 10

Feeding

with cleft lip or palate, 1252

cultural considerations in, 167-168

emotional development and, 27-28

enteral, for acute gastroenteritis, 1334-1336

failure to in newborn, e92-2

during first year of life

breast-feeding, 160 See also (Breast-feeding)

complementary feeding, 164-165

formula feeding, 162-164, 162f

of foreign-born adoptees, 131

in infant botulism, 990

nasogastric tube, 990

nasojejunal tube, 990

otitis media and, 2200

in palliative care, 158

of premature and low birthweight infants, 560-562, 561f

of school-age children and adolescents, 166-167, 166f, 167t

sudden infant death syndrome and care practices and exposures in, 1425

of toddlers and preschool-age children, 165, 165t

FEES See Fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES)

FEF max See Maximum forced expiratory flow (FEF max)

Felbamate

adverse effects of, 2031t

dosages of, 2030t

Fel d 1, 769

Felodipine, 1645t

Female athlete, 2421-2422

Female athlete triad, 686, 2422

Female condom, 695t

Feminizing adrenal tumor, e573-1-e573-2

Femoral anteversion, 2346

Femoral head, 2355

Femoral neck

normal development of, 2344

stress fracture of, 2413

Femoral pulse, assessment of, 1532-1533

Femoral shaft fracture, 2393, 2393t

Femoral torsion, internal, 2347

Femoral vein, venous access in, 292, 295f

Fentanyl

for anesthesia, e70-7

equianalgesic doses and half-life of, 367t

for intubation, 321t

for pain management, 365t

in palliative care, 155t-156t

possible adverse reactions to in premature infant, 563t

transdermal patch for pain management, 155t-156t

Ferritin

in congenital dyserythropoietic anemia, e446-1t

in iron deficiency-anemia, 1656t

reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

in systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 836

Ferrochelatase (FETCH), e85-2f

deficiency of, e85-15-e85-17

Ferrous sulfate for restless leg syndrome, 52

Fertility

female, impact of cancer therapy on, 1870-1871

male, inguinal hernia repair and, 1368

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), 625-626, 626f, 626t, e102-2t

congenital heart disease with, 1531t

microcephaly with, 2007t

Fetal aspiration syndrome, 590, 591f

Fetal breathing movements (FBMs), 543t

Fetal circulation, e415-1, e415-1f

congenital heart disease and, 1549

persistent, 592-594, 592f

transition to neonatal circulation, e415-1-e415-2

Fetal disease

intrauterine diagnosis of, 548-550, 549f, 550t

treatment and prevention of, 550-552, 551t

Fetal distress, 541-545, 542f, 543t, 544f, 545t

diagnosis of, 550

therapy for, 551t

Fetal heart rate

acceleration of, 543-544

in biophysical profile, 543t

deceleration of, 543-544, 544f

monitoring of, 542, 543t

variability of, 545t

Fetal hemoglobin (Hbf), e440-5

syndromes of hereditary persistence of, 1673-1674

Fetal hydantoin syndrome, 2007t

Fetal programming, e6-9

Fetal thyroid hormones, e557-2

Fetal tissue analysis, 543t

Fetal transfusion syndrome, 554

α-Fetoprotein concentration, 543t

in brain tumors, 1747-1748

in CNS germ cell tumors, 1752-1753

in germ cell tumors, 1770

in ovarian carcinomas, 1872t

Fetoscopy, 543t

Fetus, 541-552

assessment of anatomy of, 549f

cardiac catheterization, interventional in, 1548

dating of, 541

death of, e87-1f, e87-3

echocardiography of, 1544-1545, 1544f

ethical considerations in balancing maternal interests and interests of, e3-6

growth, development, and maturity of, 541, 541f, e6-1-e6-9, e6-7f

assessment of, 26

behavioral, e6-7-e6-8

neurologic, e6-7f

psychologic changes in parents during, e6-8

sematic, e6-7

threats to, e6-8f

hematopoietic system development in, e440-1-e440-6

infections associated with, 543t, 547-548

Campylobacter in, 970

congenital lymphocytic choriomeningitis, 548

cytomegalovirus, 1116

herpes simplex virus, 1101, 1102f, 1103

parvovirus B19, 1095-1096

tuberculous, 1007, 1011

lymphopoiesis in, e117-1-e117-5, e117-1f, e117-2t, e117-4f

maternal disease and, 545

maternal medication and toxin exposure and, 546-547, 546t-547t

overgrowth of, e554-5

prenatal diagnosis of, 380t, 381, e89-2

of cystic fibrosis, 1490

genetic counseling in, 378

and prevention, 379, 548-550

radiation exposure to, 548

respiration regulation in, e365-17

steroid biosynthesis in, e568-2f, e568-3

teratogen exposure to, 547-548

FEV₁ See Forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV₁)

Fever(s), e169-1-e169-3

in acutely ill child, 275-276

in acute rheumatic fever, 922

in appendicitis, 1351t

in babesiosis, e281-1

in bacterial meningitis, 2094

clinical features of, e169-2

Colorado tick, 1142-1144

in common cold, 1435

in croup, 1446

defined, 896

dengue, 1147-1150

in dengue-like disease, 1148

double quotidian, e169-1

in drowning, 346

drug, HIV-related, e171-4t

in enterovirus infection, 1089-1090

etiology of, e169-1-e169-2

evaluation of, e169-2, e169-2t

exclusion from day care due to, e15-2t

glandular, 1110

hemorrhagic, 1150-1153, 1150t

dengue, 1147-1150, 1147t

with renal syndrome, 1151-1153

in herpangina, 1090

home remedies among African Americans for, e4-2t

with hyperimmunoglobulinemia D, 436

in immunocompromised patient, e171-6-e171-7

intermittent, e169-1

in Kawasaki disease, 863, 864f

Lassa, 1151-1152, 1152t

maintenance water and electrolytes and, 244

in malaria, 1200-1202

Mediterranean spotted, 1043-1044

in neonatal infection, 637-639

neutropenia and, e171-1, e171-4f, e171-5t, e171-6-e171-7

vancomycin for, e173-3

in newborn, e92-2

parrot, e219-1-e219-2

pathogenesis of, e169-1

Q, 1039t-1040t, 1051-1053

rat bite, 2457-2459

relapsing, e213-1-e213-2, e169-1, e213-1f, e169-1t

in returning travelers, e168-7

rheumatic, 920-925

in rheumatic disease, e147-1t

Rift Valley, 1151-1152

Rocky Mountain spotted, 1038-1043, 1041f-1042f

Kawasaki disease versus, 865-866

in Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 1042

in roseola, 1118

scarlet, 916, 916f

seizures due to, 2017-2019, 2017t, 2018f

in sickle cell disease, 1663, 1663t

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

in systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 832-834, 834f

treatment of, e169-2-e169-3

trench, 986

tsutsugamushi, 1045

typhoid, 954-958

valley, 1065-1068

without localizing signs, 896-898, 896t-898t

Haemophilus influenzae in, 943

yellow, e262-1-e262-2

Fever blister, 901, 1099-1100

Fever of unknown origin (FUO), 898-902

diagnosis of, 899-902, 900t-901t

etiology of, 898-899, 899t

in HIV, diseases associated with, e171-4t

prognosis for, 902

treatment of, 898t, 902

Fever syndromes, hereditary, 855-860, 855t-856t

Blau syndrome as, 858-859

chronic infantile neurologic cutaneous and articular disease as, 858

familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome as, 858

familial Mediterranean fever as, 856-857, 857f

hyperimmunoglobulinemia D syndrome as, 857-858

Muckle-Wells syndrome as, 858

periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and adenitis as, 859-860

pyogenic arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum, and acne syndrome as, 858-859

tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome as, 858, 859f

FEVR See Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR)

Fexofenadine

for allergic rhinitis, 777t-778t, 779

for urticaria and angioedema, 815t

FFAs See Free fatty acids (FFAs)

FFI See Fatal familial insomnia (FFI)

FGFR See Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)

FGFR3 gene, 2428, 2430, e685-2-e685-3, e685-2t

FGIDs See Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs)

FGR2 gene, 2012t

FGR3 gene, 2012t

FH See Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH)

FHA See Filament hemagglutinin (FHA)

FHC See Familial hypercholanemia (FHC)

FHGT See Familial hypertriglyceridemia (FHGT)

FHLH See Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytoses (FHLH)

Fiber, dietary

for functional abdominal pain, 1348t

reference intakes for, e41-2t-e41-3t, e41-16

in type 1 diabetes mellitus, 1982, 1982t

Fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES), 1472-1473, 1472t, e310-3

Fibrillary infiltrating astrocytoma, 1748-1749

Fibrillation

atrial, 1615-1616, 1616f

genetics of familial, e418-1t-e418-2t

ventricular, 1616

Fibrillin-1, abnormal biosynthesis of, 2440

Fibrinogen, 1696t

deficiency, 1704

reference values for, 1698t

Fibrinolytic system, tests of, 1699

Fibrinopurulent stage of empyema, 1507

Fibrin-stabilizing factor, 1696t

deficiency of, 1704

Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) mutations, 2013

Fibroids, uterine, 689t-690t

Fibroma

cardiac, e435-1

infantile digital, e662-2

ossifying of jaw, e308-1

Fibromyalgia, 375, 878-879, 879f, e115-2

Fibrosarcoma, 1762t

Fibrosis

congenital hepatic, e357-1t, e357-2

tubulointerstitial, e502-4

Fibula

congenital and angular deformities of, 2350-2351

fracture of, 2392-2393

Fibular hemimelia, 2351

Fictitious hyperkalemia, 219

Field triage, 333t, 334f

Fifth day fits, 2035

Fifth disease, 1095, 1095f-1096f See also Parvovirus B19

50% inhibitory dose (ID₅₀), 1069

Filament hemagglutinin (FHA), 944-945

Filamins, disorders involving, 2435

Filariasis, 1224-1225, 1225f, e271-1t-e271-11t

Financial costs See Costs

Financing, vaccine, 885

Fine motor development, e29-1

during first 2 years, 27t

Finger See Digit

Fingertip injury, 2387

FIO₂ See Fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO₂)

Fire ant, allergic responses to, 807f

Firearm injuries, 24-25

Fire-related injury, 18, 23-24 See also Burn(s)

Fire setting, 100

Fireworks-related injury, 23

ocular, 2186

First aid measures for burn injury, 350

First breath, 580

First-degree burn, 351, 351t

First-degree heart block, 1618

electrocardiography of, 1540

First-degree relative, 383

First-generation antihistamines, 771, 771t

First-generation cephalosporins, e173-3, e173-12t

First heart sound, auscultation of, 1533

First-pass effect of drug, e57-2

First year of life See Infant

FISH See Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)

Fish allergy, 821, 821t, 823t

Fish poisoning, e703-1-e703-5

Fish tank granuloma, 1013

Fish tapeworm, 1233-1234, e271-1t-e271-11t

Fissure

anal, 1359

examination of, e637-1

Fissured tongue, 1261, 2299

FISTS mnemonic, 669-670, 670t

Fistula

arteriovenous, e438-1

bronchobiliary, 1467

coronary-cameral, 1561

with Crohn disease, 1300-1301

hepatic arteriovenous, e438-1

perianal, 1360, 1360f

perilymphatic, e630-1, e634-1

pulmonary arteriovenous, e426-1-e426-3

rectobulbarurethral, 1357

rectoprostaticurethral, 1357

tracheoesophageal, 1261-1263, 1262f-1263f, e92-3t

urethral, 1857-1858

Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome, 936, 939, 1036

“Five Wishes”, 151

Five-year survival rates for cancer, 1726f

Fixation, external

for fracture, 2394, 2394t

for leg-length discrepancy, e668-3, e668-5f

Flaccid paralysis

due to botulism, 988-990

differential diagnosis of, 1084-1086, 1085t

in neuromuscular disorders, 2109-2110, 2112t

Flagyl See Metronidazole

Flail chest, 336t

Flame-retardant sleepwear, 23

Flatfoot

flexible, 2338, 2338f

peroneal spastic, 2339-2340

Flavivirus, 1147t

Flea bites, 2318

Flecainide, 1611t-1612t

Fleet enema, 228-229

“Flesh-eating bacteria”, e205-1

Flexible kyphosis, 2371

Flonase See Fluticasone

Flow cytometry

in B cell deficiency screening, 720

in leukocyte adhesion deficiency, 744

in T cell deficiency screening, 720-722

in X-linked agammaglobulinemia, 724

Flower cells, e269-1

Flow study, antegrade pressure-perfusion, 1841

Flow volume loop

in intrapulmonary airway obstruction, e365-3f

normal, e365-2f

Fluconazole, e225-1t, e225-2

for candidiasis, 1054t, 1056t

for coccidioidomycosis, 1067

for Cryptococcus neoformans, 1058

for leishmaniasis, 1190

for neonatal infection, 644

for Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, e233-1

Fluency, 114

Fluexitine, 692t

Fluid deficit, 246 See also Dehydration

Fluid intake

for premature and low birthweight infants, 559-560

sports and, 2421

Fluid management in kidney transplantation, e530-5

Fluid replacement, intraoperative, e70-9t

Fluid resuscitation

for burn injury, 352-353

for shock, 336-337

Fluids, body See Body fluids

Fluid therapy, 242, 242t

for bacterial meningitis, 2094

for chronic kidney disease, 1823-1824

for dehydration, 245-249, 247t

for diabetes insipidus, 1883-1884

for diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, 964

for drowning victim, 345

glucose in, 243

for hypernatremia, 214-215

hyponatremia and, 243-244

intravenous solutions for, 243, 243t

maintenance, 242, 242t

glucose in, 243

hyponatremia and, 243-244

intravenous solutions for, 243, 243t

selection of, 243

variations in, 244, 244t

water in, 242-243, 243t

replacement, 242, 244-245, 245t

selection of solutions for, 243

water in, 242-243, 243t

variations in, 244, 244t

Flukes, e293-1-e293-2, e271-1t-e271-11t

intestinal, e271-1t-e271-11t, e293-1-e293-2

liver, e293-1

lung, e293-1, e271-1t-e271-11t

Flumadine See Rimantadine

Flumazenil as poisoning antidote, 256t-257t

Flunarizine for migraine prophylaxis, 2044, 2044t

Flunisolide

for allergic rhinitis, 778t-779t

for asthma, 795t

Flunitrazepam, adolescent abuse of, 675t

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), 395-396, 397f-398f

in intellectual disability, 125

Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) test, 1019-1020

Fluoride, e51-1t

for dental caries prevention, 1256, 1256t

5-Fluorocytosine (5-FU), e225-1-e225-2

Fluoroquinolones, e206-3

drug interactions with, e57-13t-e57-14t

for Staphylococcus aureus, 907t

for typhoid fever, 957-958, 958t

Fluoroscopy

barium, 1262

in achalasia, 1264-1265, 1265f

in respiratory disease diagnosis, e366-2

Fluorosis, 1251

Fluoxetine

for depression and anxiety symptoms, 63t

for pain management, 364t

for weight loss in adults, 187t

Flutamide, 1893

Fluticasone

for allergic rhinitis, 778t-779t, 779-780

for asthma, 794t-795t

Flutter, atrial, 1615, 1615f, 1616t

Flutter-like oscillations of eye, 2162

Flying squirrel typhus, 1039t-1040t

Fly-through imaging, 1546, 1546f

FMF See Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF)

FMR1 gene, 411, 411t

fMRI See Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Foam cells, 1782

Focal cerebral arteriopathy (FCA), 2080

Focal cortical dysplasia, 2004

Focal dermal hypoplasia, 2222

Focal facial ectodermal dysplasia, 2222

Focalin See Dexmethylphenidate

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), 1803t, 1804

renal transplantation in, e530-2

Focal seizure, 2013, 2015-2016

Foci in tuberculosis, 998, 1002-1003

Focused assessment with sonography in trauma (FAST), 339

Fogo selvagem, 2247

Folate, 196-197

deficiency of, 197, 748t, e448-1

megaloblastic anemia due to, e448-1

dietary reference intakes for, e41-8t-e41-14t

for folate deficiency-related anemia, e448-1-e448-2

malabsorption of, 1320

myelomeningocele and, 2001

neural tube defects and, 1998

reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

toxicity of, 197

Folate receptors, autoantibody against, maternal, e89-2t

Folic acid, 194t

supplementation during pregnancy, 2001

supplementation for neural tube defect prevention, 552

Folinic acid as poisoning antidote, 258t

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), e550-2

in amenorrhea, 686

in hypogonadism, 1945-1946

Follicular bronchitis, 1463

Follicular conjunctivitis in Chlamydia trachomatis, 1035

Follicular cyst, 1957-1958

Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs), e117-5

Folliculitis, 2305, 2305f

eosinophilic pustular, 2220

hot tub, 2305, 2306f

Follistatin in testicular function, e576-4

Fomepizole, 256t-257t, 268

Fomivirsen, e237-1t, e237-4

Fontanels

in neurologic examination, e584-2

newborn examination of, 533-534, 534t

Fontan procedure

modified, for tricuspid atresia, 1581-1582

for pulmonary atresia, 1579-1580

Food See also Feeding See also Nutrition

adverse reaction to, 820-824, 820t-821t, 823f, 823t

anaphylaxis due to, 816-817, 816t

atopic dermatitis and, 806

challenge testing in, 768

chronic diarrhea due to, 1341

urticaria due to, 812t, 814

chemical pollutants in, e700-3

composition of for short method of dietary analysis, e708-12t-e708-14t

drug interaction with, e57-12

functional, 169

habits regarding in eating disorders, 92t

organic, 169

ready to use therapeutic, 177, 177f

as reward, 167

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 171

Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 547

Food assistance programs, 170

Food-borne illness

bacterial, 1324t-1325t

botulism, 987-991

Campylobacter, 968-969

Clostridium, e205-4

Listeria monocytogenes as, e181-1, e181-3t

listeriosis as, e181-2, e181-3t

noninfectious, 1328t-1329t, e703-1-e703-6

due to melamine poisoning, e703-1-e703-6

due to mushroom poisoning, e703-1-e703-2

due to seafood poisoning, e703-1-e703-5

due to solanine poisoning, e703-1-e703-3

parasitic, 1327t-1328t

Salmonella, 949-950

Shigella, 959

Staphylococcus aureus in, 906

toxoplasmosis, 1208-1216

during travel, e168-1

viral, 1326t

Food challenges in allergic disease, 768

Food environment, 167, 168f

Food insecurity, 170-171

Food intolerance, 820, 820t

Food safety, 169

Food security, 170

Foot

arthrogryposis involving, e674-3-e674-4, e674-4f

calcaneovalgus, 2336

cavus, 2340, 2340f

immersion, 358

limb rotation in, 2344

musculoskeletal pain syndrome of, 877t

painful, differential diagnosis for, 2344t

palmoplantar keratodermas of, 2272-2273

sports injury to, 2417f

venous access in, 292, 295f

vesicular dermatitis of, 2253

Football, injuries in, e684-1

Foot disorders

calcaneovalgus feet as, 2336

cavus feet as, 2340, 2340f

congenital vertical talus as, 2337-2338, 2337t, 2338f

hypermobile pes planus (flatfoot) as, 2338, 2338f

metatarsus adductus as, 2335, 2335f

osteochondroses/apophysitis as, 2340-2341, 2340f

painful foot in, 2344, 2344t

puncture wounds as, 2341

shoes and, 2344

talipes equinovarus (clubfoot) as, 2336, 2337f

tarsal coalition as, 2339-2340, 2339f, 2339t

toe deformities as, 2341-2342

Foot progression angle (FPA), 2345f-2346f, 2346

Foramen of Morgagni hernia, 597, 597f

Forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV₁), 1419

in asthma, 784, 785t, 786f, 789t-790t

in pulmonary function testing, e366-3

Forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV₁)/forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio, 1419

in asthma, 784, 785t, 786f, 789t-790t

Forced vital capacity (FVC)

in asthma, 784, 785t, 786f, 789t-790t

in pulmonary function testing, e366-3

Forchheimer spots, 1075-1076

Fordyce spots, 1260-1261, 2297

Forearm fracture, 2391-2392

Forefoot, 2335

Foregut, 1273

Foregut cyst, 1452

Foreign body(ies)

airway, 1453-1454, 1453f

aspiration of

croup versus, 1447

management of, 282-283

neonatal, 590, 591f

wheezing in, 1457

bronchial, 1453f, 1454

esophageal, 1271-1272, 1272f-1273f

external ear canal, e634-1

in eye, 2167t, 2185, 2185f

laryngeal, 1454

nose, 1431-1432

in stomach and intestine, 1290, 1290f

tracheal, 1454

uterine

abnormal uterine bleeding due to, 689t-690t

dysmenorrhea due to, 690

vaginal, 1866f, 1867

bleeding due to, 689t-690t, 1869

dysmenorrhea due to, 690

Foreign-born children See Immigrant children

Forensic evidence collection following rape, 704

Formeterol for asthma, 794t

Formula feeding, 162-164, 162f

human milk versus, 161t

otitis media and, 2200

of premature infant, 560

Fortaz See Ceftazidime

47,XYY, 410

Fosamprenavir for HIV infection, 1168t-1171t

Foscarnet, e237-1t-e237-2t, e237-3-e237-4

for cytomegalovirus infection, 1116-1117

for varicella-zoster virus, 1108

Foscavir See Foscarnet

Fosinopril for systemic hypertension, 1645t

Fosphenytoin

for neonatal seizures, 2037

for status epilepticus, 2038-2039

Foster care, e35-1-e35-3

early childhood trauma and, e35-1

epidemiology of, e35-1

health care for children and adolescents in, e35-1-e35-2, e35-2t

health issues associated with, e35-1, e35-2t

legislation in USA regarding, e35-1

Foster Care Independence Act of 1999, e35-1

Fostering Connections to Success and Increasing Adoptions Act, e35-1

Founder effect, 381

Fournier gangrene, e205-1

Fourth-generation cephalosporins, e173-3, e173-12t

Fourth Geneva Convention, e36-6

Fourth heart sound, auscultation of, 1533

Fourth nerve palsy, 2159-2160

Fox-Fordyce disease, 2288

Foxglove toxicity, 269t, 272t-273t

FOXP3 gene, e134-1, e134-2f

FPA See Foot progression angle (FPA)

FPS See Family Psychosocial Screening (FPS)

Fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO₂)

in mechanical ventilation, 327

oxygen administration and, 319

partial pressure of carbon dioxide divided into, 319

Fracture(s), 2387-2394, 2388f

avulsion, sports-related, 2408-2409, 2409f

as birth injury, 578-579

buckle or torus, 2390, 2391f

due to child abuse, 138-139, 2390

clavicular, 2392

as birth injury, 578-579

as delivery room emergency, 578-579

as sports injury, 2409

complete, 2390

complications of, 2394t

epiphyseal, 2390, 2390t, 2391f

as delivery room emergency, 579

of extremities, 579

femoral shaft, 2393, 2393t

forearm, 2391-2392

greenstick, 2390

healing of, 2389

hip, 2392

humeral

distal, 2392

proximal, 2392

as sports injury, 2410

supracondylar, 2410

lower extremity, 2392

metatarsal, 2393

of nose, as delivery room emergency, 579

orbital, 2186

outcomes of, 2394

overgrowth after, 2389

patterns of, 2389

pelvic, 339

phalangeal, 2391

plastic deformation, 2389-2390, 2389f-2390f

progressive deformity after, 2389, 2389f

remodeling of, 2388f, 2389

ribs

due to child abuse, 138

traumatic, 338

skull, in newborn, 565-566

stress, 2416-2417

calcaneal, 2418

femoral neck, 2413

humeral, 2410

metatarsal, 2418

navicular, 2418

in runners, e684-2

tibial, 2416

surgical treatment of, 2393-2394, 2394t

temporal bone, e634-1-e634-2, e634-1f

tibial and fibular, 2392-2393

Tillaux, 2393

timetable of radiologic changes in, 139t

toe, 2393

tooth, 1258, 1258f

triplane, 2393, 2393f

types of, 2388f

upper extremity, 2390-2391

Fragile chromosome sites, 411-412, 411t

Fragile X gene, 411

Fragile X syndrome, 411-412, e578-1

congenital heart disease with, 1531t

intellectual disability and, 127t

Fragmentation hemolysis, 1661f, 1683, e451-1t-e451-2t

Frameshift, genetic, e74-2

Framework for well child care, 16

Franceschetti syndrome, 1254

Francisella tularensis, 978-980, 978f, 978t-979t

in pneumonia, 1475t

Frank-Starling curves, 1638, e436-1f

Fraser syndrome, e576-1

Fraying in rickets, 202, 203f

FRC See Functional residual capacity (FRC)

Freckles, 2236

in neurofibromatosis, 2046-2047

Free bilirubin, 1375

Free fatty acids (FFAs), 520-521, 522t

Free recall, e29-3

Free water clearance, hyponatremia due to decreased, 1885

Freiberg disease, 2340-2341, 2436t

French-American-British (FAB) classification

of acute lymphocytic leukemia, 1732

of acute myeloid leukemia, 1737, 1737t

Frenulum, lingual, short, 1240

Freon, as inhalant, 681t

Freudian theory, e6-3-e6-4, e6-4t

Friedreich ataxia, 2055

cardiac manifestations of, 1531t

Frisen scale, e584-2-e584-3, e584-3f

Frohlich syndrome, 182t

Frontal plagiocephaly, 2012

Frontal sinuses, 1436

Frostbite, 358

of auricle, 2214

Frostnip, 357-358

Frovatriptin, 2044t

Fructokinase deficiency, 503

Fructose

defects in metabolism of, 503-504

malabsorption of, 1316-1317

Fructose-1,6-diphosphatase deficiency, 524t, 529

Fructose intolerance

hereditary, 494t-495t, 503, 524t

hypoglycemia in, 529

FSGS See Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)

FSGS1 gene, 1803t

FSGS2 gene, 1803t

FSH See Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

FSI See Fear of self-injecting (FSI)

FTA-ABS See Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) test

FTT See Failure to thrive (FTT)

5-FU See 5-Fluorocytosine (5-FU)

Fucosidosis, 484t, 489-490

Fukuda stepping test, e584-4

Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy, 2127

Full-thickness burn, 351, 351t

Fulminant colitis, 1297

Fulminant hepatic failure, 1412-1415, 1414t See also Acute liver failure (ALF)

Fumagillin, e271-1t-e271-11t

Functional abdominal pain, 1346-1349

Functional constipation, 1284, 1284t

Functional foods, 169

Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs), 1346-1349, 1346t-1348t

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), e584-11

Functional proteomics, e56-3-e56-4

Functional residual capacity (FRC), 1419, e365-2f

abnormalities of, e365-2

chest wall compliance and, e365-2

decreased, 1419

first breath and, 580

in mechanical ventilation, 322, 323f

Fundoplication

for gastroesophageal reflux disease, 1268-1269

Nissen, 527

Fundus

coloboma of, 2181

development of, e610-1

examination of, 2150

Fundus flavimaculatus, 2178

Fungal infections

due to Aspergillus, 1058-1062

due to Blastomyces dermatitidis, 1064-1065

due to Candida, 1053-1056

chronic mucocutaneous, 1056

in immunocompromised patients, 1055-1056, 1056t

neonatal, 1053-1054, 1054t

due to Coccidioides, 1065-1068

due to Cryptococcus neoformans, 1056-1058

cutaneous, 2309-2314

atopic dermatitis with, 806

candidal, 2313-2314

dermatophytoses as, 2309-2313, 2310f

tinea versicolor as, 2309, 2309f

fever of unknown origin in, 900t

following organ transplantation, e171-8

due to Histoplasma capsulatum, 1062-1064

HIV-related, e171-4t

due to Malassezia, e228-1

maternal, e89-3t

of nails, 2296

neonatal

diagnosis of, 642-644

sepsis due to, 635t-636t

due to Pneumocystis jiroveci, e236-1-e236-3

in pneumonia, 1475t

predisposition to due to immunodeficiency, 716t

due to Sporothrix schenckii, e234-1

therapy for, e225-1-e225-4, e225-1t

amphotericin B in, e225-1

azoles in, e225-2-e225-3

echinocandins in, e225-3-e225-4

polyenes in, e225-1

pyrimidine analogs in, e225-1-e225-2

zygomycosis as, e235-1-e235-2

Fungemia

blood culture for, e164-1-e164-2

Malassezia in, e228-1

Fungi

allergic reaction to, 769-770

rapid antigen detection of, e164-1

Funnel chest, 1516-1517, 1516f

FUO See Fever of unknown origin (FUO)

Furadantin See Nitrofurantoin

Furan See Nitrofurantoin

Furazolidone, e271-1t-e271-11t

for giardiasis, 1182, 1182t

for infectious diarrhea, 1337t

“Furious” rabies, 1154-1155

Furosemide

for acute renal failure, 1820

for heart failure, e436-3, e436-5t

for hypertensive emergencies, 1646t

for nephrotic syndrome, 1805

possible adverse reactions to in premature infant, 563t

for subcutaneous fat necrosis, 2284

for systemic hypertension, 1645t

Furuncle, 2305-2306, 2306f

external otitis versus, 2197

Furunculosis, 2198

Fusion, tooth, 1250

Fusion genes, cancer associated with, e486-1

Fusion inhibitors for HIV infection, 1168t-1171t

Fusobacterium, e205-4

Fusobacterium necrophorum, e205-1

Fusospirochetal gingivitis, 2299

Futility, life-sustaining medical treatment and, e3-1

Fuzeion See Enfuvirtide

FVC See Forced vital capacity (FVC)

FWT1 oncogene, 1757-1758

FWT2 oncogene, 1757-1758

G

GABA See γ-Amino butyric acid (GABA)

Gabapentin

adverse effects of, 2031t

for migraine prophylaxis, 2044t

for neuroirritability in palliative care, 155t-156t

for pain management, 364t, 369-370

neuropathic, 368t

in palliative care, 155t-156t

for seizures, 2030t

GABHS See Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GABHS)

GABRA1 gene, 2016t

GABRG2 gene, 2016t

GAD See Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD); Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) deficiency

GAG See Glycosaminoglycan (GAG)

Gag reflex, e584-5

brain death and, e63-2t

GAG region, 1157

Gain-of-function gene mutation, e74-3

Gait

assessment of, 2331-2332, 2332t, 2333f

in-toeing, 2347

of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, 2361

maturation of, e664-2

neurologic examination of, e584-9

Gait, arms, legs, spine screen (GALS), e664-2

Galactokinase deficiency, 502

cataracts with, 2171

Galactorrhea, e545-2-e545-3

Galactose, defects in metabolism of, 494t-495t, 502-503

Galactosemia, 524t

cataracts with, 2170-2171

fetal therapy for, 551t

malignancy susceptibility associated with, e486-2t-e486-3t

ovarian damage due to, 1956

transferase deficiency, 502-503

Galactosialidosis, 484t, e81-6-e81-8

Galerina poisoning, e703-1

Gallbladder

disorders of, e358-1-e358-2, e358-1t

with obesity, 184t

normal size of, 1387

Gallstones, e358-1-e358-2, e358-1t

Gambian trypanosomiasis, 1190-1193

Gambierdiscus toxicus, e703-3

Gammaglobulin for Kawasaki disease, 866-867, 867t

γ-Thalassemia, 1676

GAMT See Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency

Ganciclovir, e237-1t-e237-2t, e237-3

for cytomegalovirus infection, 1116-1117

Ganglion, 2385

Ganglioneuroblastoma, diarrhea caused by, e333-2t

Ganglioneuroma, diarrhea caused by, e333-2t

Gangliosidosis, 2069-2072

GM₁, 483-491, 2069-2070, 2072f

GM₂, 484-487, 2070-2071

Gang rape, 703

Gangrene

gas, e205-1, e205-3-e205-4

synergistic, e205-1

Gantanol See Sulfamethoxazole

Gantrisin See Sulfisoxazole

Garamycin See Gentamicin

Gardner syndrome, e337-1t

malignancy susceptibility associated with, e486-2t-e486-3t

GAS See Group A streptococcus (GAS)

Gases See also Oxygen administration

inhaled

in neonatal resuscitation, 576

for respiratory distress and failure, 319-320

toxic, 269-270

Gases composition

alveolar, 316

inspired, 316

Gas exchange, e365-1-e365-11

Gas gangrene, e205-1, e205-3-e205-4

Gasping, sudden infant death syndrome and, 1428

Gastric content aspiration, 1470

Gastric duplication, 1276

Gastric emptying, drug absorption and, e57-4-e57-5

Gastric fluid, loss of, 245

Gastric lavage for poisoning, 255-257

Gastric mucosa, e320-1

malabsorption due to defects of, 1305t

peptic ulcer disease and, 1291-1292

Gastric outlet obstruction, 1275-1276

Gastric volvulus, 1276

Gastrin in neuroendocrine tumor-associated diarrhea, e333-2t

Gastrinoma, diarrhea caused by, e333-2t

Gastroenteritis, 1323-1339

Aeromonas, e196-1

appendicitis versus, 1353

bacterial, 1324t-1325t

Campylobacter, 968-970

reactive arthritis due to, 970

clinical manifestations of, 1331-1332, 1332t

complications of, 1333-1334, 1333t

diagnosis of, 1333-1334, 1333t

eosinophilic, 1304

chronic diarrhea in, 1340-1341

due to hookworm, 1219

malabsorption due to, 1319-1322

epidemiology of, 1323, 1326f

Escherichia coli, 961-965

etiology of, 1323

global trends in, 1326f

noninfectious, 1328t-1329t

parasitic, 1327t-1328t

pathogenesis of, 1323-1330, 1330f-1331f, 1330t

Plesiomonas shigelloides, e196-1-e196-3

prevention of, 1337-1338

risk factors for, 1330-1331

rotavirus, calcivirus, and astrovirus, 1134-1137

Salmonella, 951-953, 953t

Shigella, 959-961

traveler’s diarrhea as, 1338-1339, 1338t

treatment of, 1334-1337, 1334t-1335t, 1335f-1336f, 1337t

viral, 1326t

Gastroesophageal junction (GEJ), e310-1

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), 1266-1270

aspiration due to, 1471

asthma and, 783, 791

bronchopulmonary dysplasia with, e410-1

clinical manifestations of, 1267

complications of, 1269-1270

due to congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 596

in cystic fibrosis, 1496

diagnosis of, 1267-1268, 1267f-1268f

epidemiology and natural history of, 1266

epilepsy versus, e587-2-e587-3

management of, 1268-1269

pathophysiology of, 1266

reactive airway disease, 1263

respiratory signs and symptoms of, e413-1t

wheezing in, 1458

Gastrointestinal bleeding, 1248-1249, 1248t

in acute renal failure, 1821

Gastrointestinal decontamination for poisoning, 255

Gastrointestinal disorders See Digestive system disorders

Gastrointestinal obstruction

causes of, 1243t

vomiting due to, 1242

Gastrointestinal stromal cell tumor (GIST), e337-3

Gastropathy, hypertrophic, 1276

Gastrostomy feeding of premature infant, 560

GATA3 gene, 1917

Gatifloxacin, e206-3

Gaucher disease, 484t, 487-488, 487f

cardiac manifestations of, 1531t

cutaneous manifestations of, 2268t

Gay men, 658

GBM See Glomerular basement membrane (GBM)

GBS See Gram-positive bacterial infection; Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)

GCAD See Graft coronary artery disease (GCAD)

GCS See Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)

GCTs See Germ cell tumors (GCTs)

Gefitinib, e488-2t

GEFS+ See Generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+)

GEJ See Gastroesophageal junction (GEJ)

Gell and Coombs classification, 824

Gemifloxacin, e173-13

Gemination, tooth, 1250

Gender consistency, 655

Gender constancy, 655

Gender factors

in childhood injuries, 20

in otitis media, 2200

Gender identity, 655

Gender identity disorder, 656, 657t

Gender labeling, 655

Gender queen, 655

Gender role, 655

Gender role nonconformity, 655-656

Gender variance, 655-656

Gender variant, 655

Gender variant identity, 656-658

Gene(s)

fusion, cancer associated with, e486-1

modifier, e74-4

in oncogenesis, e486-1

Gene amplification in proto-oncogene activation, e486-1, e486-1t

Gene polymorphism

defined, e56-1

effects on drug response, e56-2t

General anesthesia, 359, e70-1-e70-3

akinesia in, e70-1-e70-3

analgesia as goal of, e70-1

anesthetics used for, e70-6

awareness during, e70-11

cardiovascular effects of, e70-6

complications following, e70-10-e70-12

definitions of care in, e70-3t

drugs used in, e70-4t-e70-5t

evaluation before, e70-12-e70-14, e70-12t-e70-13t

fluid maintenance during, e70-9-e70-10

goals of, e70-1t

history taking in, e70-1t

hypnosis and amnesia in, e70-1

induction of, e70-5-e70-8

complications of, e70-8

parenteral presence during, e70-8

inhalation anesthetics for, e70-5-e70-6

intravenous anesthetics for, e70-6-e70-8

maintenance of, e70-8-e70-10

neurotoxicity of, 360

physiologic support during, e70-3

postanesthesia care following, e70-10-e70-12, e70-10t

recovery from, e70-10

respiratory effects of, e70-5-e70-6

specific diseases and their implications regarding, e70-2t-e70-3t

vigilance during, e70-3

General appearance

of newborn, 532-533

in pediatric emergency assessment, 279

General assessment in pediatric emergency, 279, 280f

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), 80, 80t

Generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+), 2017

Generalized lipodystrophy, 2286

Generalized motor seizure, 2023

Generalized seizure, 2013, 2023-2024

benign, 2023

secondary, 2021, 2022f

severe, 2023-2024

treatment of, 2028

Generation, skipped, 383-385

Gene-replacement therapies, 381

Genetic approach in pediatric medicine, 380-383

Genetic association, e77-3

Genetic counseling, 377-379, 378t

in acute intermittent porphyrias, e85-8

in chronic granulomatous disease, 746

in congenital heart disease, e418-3

in erythropoietic protoporphyria, e85-17

in hearing loss, 2196

in Marfan syndrome, 2446

in neurofibromatosis, 2048

in osteogenesis imperfecta, 2439-2440

in peroxisomal disorders, 467

in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, e270-4t

in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, 470

Genetic counselor, 382t

Genetic disorders

aneuploidy and polyploidy as, 399-400, 400t

burden of, 380-381

diabetes mellitus associated with, 1986

Down syndrome as, 400-403

failure to thrive in, 148t

47,XYY as, 410

genotype-phenotype correlations in, e74-4

hypomelanosis of Ito, 412

Klinefelter syndrome as, 410

management and treatment of, 379-380

of metabolism, 416-418, 417f

of amino acids, 418-456

of carbohydrates, e81-1-e81-8

hypoglycemia as, 517-531

of lipids, 456-492, 458f-459f

mucopolysaccharidoses as, 509-516, 510f-511f, 511t-512t

newborn screening for, 416, 417t

porphyrias as, e85-1-e85-17

progeria as, e84-1-e84-2, e84-1f, e84-2t

of purine and pyrimidine, e83-1-e83-9

of neurotransmitters, 445-447, 445t

obesity due to, 182t, 185

Pallister-Killian syndrome as, 412

severe intellectual disability in, 123t

Turner syndrome as, 409-410

vascular, 2230-2231

Genetic epidemiology, e77-1

Genetic factors

in childhood cancers, 1727t

in development, e6-1

in drug response See (Pharmacogenetics)

in febrile seizures, 2017

in high-risk pregnancy, e89-1

in immunodeficiencies, e117-6

antibody, 723t, 724-725, 724f

combined, 731t

in inflammatory bowel disease, 1294-1295

in meningococcus, 931

in otitis media, 2200

in psychosomatic illness, 68

in puberty, e555-1

in sudden infant death syndrome, 1423t, 1425-1427, 1426f

environmental factors interaction in, 1427, 1427f

Genetic heterogeneity, 376

Genetic imprinting, 391-393, 393f

Geneticists, 382t

Genetic professionals, 382, 382t

Genetic recombination, 376, 395, e74-4

Genetics

of acute lymphocytic leukemia, 1732-1733, 1732t-1733t

of allergic disease, e134-4-e134-5

of antibody deficiency disorders, 723t

of asthma, 781

of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 108

of autistic disorder, 102

of cancer, e486-1, e486-1t-e486-3t

changing paradigm of, 381-382

of Chédiak-Higashi syndrome, 744

of chorea, 2057t

of chronic granulomatous disease, 745-746

of combined immunodeficiency disorders, 731t

of common disorders, 415f, e77-1-e77-4, e77-2f

of congenital central hypoventilation syndrome, 1520-1521

of congenital diarrheal disease, 1342t

of congenital heart disease, e418-1-e418-3, e418-1t-e418-2t

of congenital muscle fiber-type disproportion, 2116

of craniosynostosis, 2012t

of cystic fibrosis, 1481-1482, 1483f, 1483t

cyto- See (Cytogenetics)

of developmental disorders of muscle, 2112-2113, 2113t

of diabetes mellitus

type 1, 1970-1971, 1970f, 1974

type 2, 1991

of DiGeorge syndrome, 728-729

of Down syndrome, 404t

of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy, 2121-2122, 2122f

of embryonic gonadal differentiation, e576-1, e576-2t-e576-3t

environment and, e6-1

of epilepsy, 2016t

ethical considerations, 382-383

of febrile seizures, 2017

fundamentals of molecular, e74-1-e74-2, e74-1f-e74-2f

of gluten-sensitivity enteropathy, 1308-1309

of hearing loss, 2189, 2190t

of hemolytic-uremic syndrome, 1792t

of hemophilia, 1700-1701

of hereditary spherocytosis, 1659t

human genome in, e74-1-e74-5

Human Genome Project in, e74-4-e74-5, e74-5f

of 21-hydroxylase deficiency, 1930

of hyperphenylalaninemia, 418

of hypopigmentation, 2238t

of inguinal hernia, 1363

internet reference sites associated with, 380t

of language and communication disorders, 116

of leukocyte adhesion deficiency as, 741

of maple syrup urine disease, 431

of Marfan syndrome, 2443

of multiple pituitary hormone deficiency, 1876-1878

of myeloperoxidase deficiency, 745

of myotonic muscular dystrophy, 2123f

of myotubular myopathy, 2115

of nemaline rod myopathy, 2117

of nephrotic syndrome, 1803t

of neuroblastoma, 1755t

of neuromuscular disorders, 2110

of overweight and obesity, 182-183, 182t

pharmaco- See (Pharmacogenetics)

of primary ciliary dyskinesia, e396-1-e396-2

of skeletal dysplasias, e685-2t, e685-4

of spinal muscular atrophy, 2137

of surfactant disorders, e399-1-e399-2

types of professions associated with, 382, 382t

of tyrosinemia, 422

variations and mutations in, e74-2-e74-4, e74-2f-e74-3f

of von Willebrand disease, 1706

of Wilms tumor, 1757-1758, 1757t

of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, 734

Genetic testing

in arthrogryposis, e674-1

in celiac disease, 1309

in cystic fibrosis, 1488

diagnostic, 376-377, 377f, 381-382

ethics of, 382-383, e3-4

fetal, 543t

in intellectual disability, 125, 127t

pharmacogenetic, 377

predicative, 377

predispositional, 377

in seizure therapy, 2029

Genetic transmission, 383-394

digenic inheritance in, 389, 390f

family history and pedigree notation in, 383, 384f-387f

genetic imprinting in, 391-393, 393f

mendelian inheritance in, 383-388

autosomal dominant, 383-385, 387f

autosomal recessive, 385-388, 388f

pseudodominant, 388, 388f

X-linked, 388, 388f-389f

mitochondrial inheritance, 390-391, 390f-391f, 391t

multifactorial and polygenic inheritance in, 393-394, 393f

pseudogenetic inheritance and familial clustering in, 389-390

in triplet repeat expansion disorders, 391, 392t, 393f

Y-linked inheritance in, 388-389, 390f

Genital culture, e164-2

Genital herpes, 708, 709t, 1100-1101, 1103

maternal, 1103-1104

sexual abuse and, 145t

treatment of, 713t

Genitalia

ambiguous See (Ambiguous genitalia)

aphthous ulcers of, 1866, 1866f

examination of, female

documentation of, e542-2

following rape, 704

following sexual abuse, 144-145, 144f

indications for, e542-1

neonatal, 1865

positioning for, e542-1-e542-2

preparation for, e542-1

newborn assessment of, 536

preschooler curiosity regarding, 35

Genital tuberculosis, 1007

Genital ulcer syndromes, 708

Genital warts, 1138-1139, 1139f, 2316, 2316f

sexual abuse and, 145, 145t

treatment in adolescents, 713t

Genitourinary disorders

anaerobic infection as, e205-1

Chlamydia trachomatis infection as, 1035-1036

due to cystic fibrosis, 1487

enteroviruses in, 1091

mycoplasmal infection as, 1032-1033

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

tuberculous infection as, 1006-1007

due to typhoid fever, 957t

Genitourinary system of newborn, e98-1

Genitourinary trauma, 339, e540-1-e540-2, e540-1f-e540-2f, e540-1t

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS), e56-2, e56-5f

Genomic disorders, 381

Genomic imprinting, 391-393, 393f

in cancer development, e486-3-e486-4

in oncogenesis, e486-3-e486-4

Genomics, pharmacology with See Pharmacogenomics

Genotype/genotyping

of acute lymphocytic leukemia, 1733f

defined, e56-1-e56-2

in dysmorphology, e102-6-e102-7

Genotype-phenotype correlations in genetic disorders, e74-4

Gentamicin, e173-3, e173-4t-e173-11t

for bacterial meningitis, 2093t

for brucellosis, 981t

for gonococcal disease, 939

for infective endocarditis, 1625t

for neonatal infection, 644, 645t

for plague, e704-8t

possible adverse reactions to in premature infant, 563t

for pyelonephritis, 1832

for Staphylococcus aureus, 907t

for tularemia, 979

Genu valgum, 2350

Genu varum, 2348-2350, 2348f, 2348t-2349t

Geocillin See Carbenicillin

Geodon See Ziprasidone

Geographic factors

in adolescent health, 660, 660f

in arboviral encephalitis, 1141-1143, 1142f-1143f

outside of U.S., 1145t

in dengue-like disease, 1147t

in developmental dysplasia of the hip, 2356

in echinococcosis, 1237, 1237f

in hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, 1154, e265-1f

in insect allergy, 807f

in Lyme disease, 1025, 1025f

in malaria, 1198-1199, 1198f

in poliovirus infection, 1081, 1082f

in porphyria cutanea tarda, e85-10

in tuberculosis, 996f-997f

in worldwide death rates, 3-4, 3t

Geographic tongue, 1261, 2298-2299, 2298f

Geopen injection See Carbenicillin

GERD See Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

German chamomile for sedation, 271t

German measles See Rubella

Germ cell tumors (GCTs), 1769-1771, 1770f

of central nervous system, 1752-1753

incidence and survival rates for, 1726t

ovarian, 1871-1872

risk factors for, 1727t

in undescended testis, 1859

work-up of, 1731t

Germinoma, 1770

Germline mosaicism, 383-385

Germ line stat 1 mutation, 735

Germ tube test in candidiasis, 1053

Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS), e270-1-e270-6, e270-1t

Gestational age

assessment of, 557, 558f

eye examination schedule based on, 2175t

large-for, e91-1-e91-5

GFGR2 gene, 2012t

GFR See Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

GGT See γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)

GH1 gene, 1878

Ghon complex in tuberculosis, 998

GHRH See Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

Gianotti-Crosti syndrome, 2266, 2266f

Epstein-Barr virus and, 1112-1113

Giant axonal neuropathy, e605-1-e605-3

Giant cells, in response to hepatic injury, 1394

Giant cell arteritis, 868t

Giant cell granuloma of jaw, e308-1

Giant cell pneumonia, 1071

Giant papillary conjunctivitis, 810

Giardia duodenalis, e271-1t-e271-11t

Giardia lamblia, 1180-1183, 1181t-1182t

gastroenteritis due to, 1327t-1328t

treatment of, 1337t

inflammatory bowel disease versus, 1298t

in traveler’s diarrhea, 1338t

Giemsa stain, e164-1t

in malaria, 1201

Gigantism

cerebral, e554-5

pituitary, e554-3-e554-5

Giggle incontinence, 1851

Gilbert syndrome, 606

abdominal pain of, 1247t

Gilmepride, 1992t

Gingival cysts of newborn, 2298

Gingival lesions, due to vitamin C deficiency, 198, 199f

Gingival overgrowth, cyclosporine- or phenytoin-induced, 1257

Gingivitis, 1257

necrotizing ulcerative, 1257-1258, 1260t, 2299, e205-1

Gingivostomatitis, herpetic, 1102, 1260, 1260f, 1260t

Ginkgo biloba for asthma, 271t

Girls

first sign of puberty in, 649

growth curves for, e9-1f-e9-4f

GIST See Gastrointestinal stromal cell tumor (GIST)

Gitelman syndrome, 223, 1813t, 1814, e52-10

GJB2 gene, 2190t

GJB6 gene, 2190t

GKB3 gene, 2190t

Gla-containing proteins, 210

Glanders, e197-1-e197-2

Glandular disease, Francisella tularensis, 979

Glandular fever, 1110

Glanzmann thrombasthenia, 1721-1722

Glargine insulin, 1976

Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)

in drowning victim, 347

in pediatric emergency, 281, 281t

in traumatic brain injury, 298, 337

Glaucoma, e624-1-e624-2, e624-1t, e624-2f

Gleevec See Imatinib

Glenn cavopulmonary anastomosis, e426-3

Glenn procedure, 1579-1580

Glenn shunt, bidirectional, 1581

Glenoid labrum tear, 2410

Gliding undescended testis, 1859

Glioma

brain stem, 1748t

environmental carcinogens and, e700-3

intranasal, 1431

optic nerve, e623-3

in neurofibromatosis, 2047f

Glipizide, 1992t

Glitinides, 1992t

GLL See Graduated licensing law (GLL)

Global abuse and neglect, 136

Global childhood injuries, 19

Global developmental delay, 124

Global hypoxic-ischemic insult, 301-303

Global impact of drowning, 342-343

Globin genes, e440-4, e440-4f

Globoid cell leukodystrophy, 490-491, 2071-2072

Globulins

drug binding and, e57-5

serum, liver disease and, 1378

Globus, 1240

Glomerular basement membrane (GBM), e502-1

Glomerular disease, e502-1-e502-5, e502-4f

isolated with recurrent gross, 1781-1783

Glomerular filtration, e502-1-e502-3, e502-3f

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), 1778, e502-1-e502-2, e502-3f

in anemia of renal disease, 1653

drug elimination and, e57-7, e57-7t

normal, e52-14

plasma osmolality and, e52-4

volume overload and, e52-5

Glomerular proteinuria, 1801, 1801t

Glomerular tubular balance, e52-5

Glomerulonephritis, e502-3, e502-4f

acute, 1785t

poststreptococcal, 1783-1785, 1783f-1784f, 1785t

associated with infection, 1333t, 1783-1786

associated with systemic lupus erythematosus, 1788-1789

due to leprosy, e208-2

membranoproliferative, 1787-1788

rapidly progressive, 1785t, 1789-1790, 1790f, 1790t

Glomerulopathy, membranous, 1786-1787

Glomerulosclerosis, focal segmental, 1803t, 1804

Glomerulus, anatomy of, e502-1-e502-2, e502-1f, e502-3f-e502-4f

Glossitis

migratory, 1261, 2298-2299

due to riboflavin deficiency, 193f

Glossopharyngeal nerve, neurologic examination of, e584-5

Gloves, e166-2t

Glucagon

for hypoglycemia, 1985

as poisoning antidote, 256t-257t

Glucagonoma syndrome, e637-5

Glucocorticoids

actions of, e568-5-e568-6

for allergic disease, 772

familial deficiency of, 1924-1925

for 21-hydroxylase deficiency, 1934-1935

receptor gene mutation, 1962

regulation of secretion of, e568-1-e568-4

for rheumatic disease, e148-4-e148-5

Glucocorticoid receptor, e568-4, e576-2t-e576-3t

Glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism, 236

Glucocorticoid-suppressible hyperaldosteronism, 1938-1939

Glucocorticosteroids, topical, 2217t

Gluconeogenesis, disorders of, 504, 529

Glucose See also Hyperglycemia See also Hypoglycemia

cerebral, 517

cerebrospinal fluid

in CNS infection, 2088t

normal, e584-9

in tuberculosis, 1006

homeostasis of

in infants and children, 518

in newborn, 518

impaired tolerance of See (Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT))

laboratory testing of

in diabetes mellitus, 1975-1976, e583-2t

in obesity, 185t

levels of in hyperinsulinism, 521t

in maintenance fluid therapy, 243

monitoring of in type 1 diabetes mellitus, 1976-1977, 1983-1984, 1983t

for pediatric resuscitation and arrhythmias, 294t

in plasma osmolality, e52-2

as poisoning antidote, 258t

reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

Glucose-galactose malabsorption, 1306t, 1317-1319

chronic diarrhea with, 1341

Glucose intolerance in chronic kidney disease, 1823t

Glucose-6-phosphatase dehydrogenase (G6PD)

deficiency of, 492-496, 504

hemolytic anemia due to, 1678-1680, 1679f-1680f, 1679t, e451-1t-e451-2t

hypoglycemia in, 528

primaquine therapy and, e168-7

Rocky Mountain spotted fever and, 1042

reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

Glucose tolerance test, 1993

reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT-1) defects, 529

Glucose transporter 2 (GLUT-2) defects, 499, 529

α-Glucosidase inhibitors, 1992t

Glucuronosyl transferase (UGT)

deficiency of, 1390

partial, 1390

drug biotransformation and, e56-8

drug metabolism and, e57-6-e57-7

GLUT-1 See Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT-1) defects

GLUT-2 See Glucose transporter 2 (GLUT-2) defects

Glutamate pyruvate in liver dysfunction evaluation, 1378

Glutamic acid, defects in metabolism of, 442f, 444f

Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) deficiency, 447

Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) transaminase deficiency, 447

Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase in liver dysfunction evaluation, 1378

Glutamine

in acid-base balance, e52-15

congenital deficiency of, 445

γ-Glutamylcysteine synthetase deficiency, 444

γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)

deficiency of, 444-445

reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

Glutaric aciduria, 454-455, 2060t

Glutathionemia, 444-445

Glutathione synthetase deficiency, 443-445, 444f, 742t

GLUT2 deficiency, 1319

Gluten, type 1 diabetes mellitus and early exposure to, 1972

Gluten-free diet, 1310-1311

Gluten-sensitivity enteropathy, 1308-1311, 1308f, 1309t-1310t, 1310f

Glycemic control in type 1 diabetes mellitus, 1984

long-term complications associated with, 1988-1989, 1988t

Glycemic index, e41-16

D-Glyceric acid aciduria, 440

Glycerin enema, 74t

Glycerin suppositories, 74t

Glycerol for bacterial meningitis, 2094

Glycine

defects in metabolism of, 438-441, 439f, 441f, 1319

genetic disorders of, 445t

Glycine encephalopathy, 439-440

Glycogenoses, 494t-495t, 2113t, 2132

Glycogenosis type II, 1523-1524

Glycogen storage diseases (GSDs), 492-501, 493f, 494t-495t, 748t, 751

cardiac manifestations of, 1531t

Fanconi-Bickel syndrome as, 499

glycogen synthetase deficiency as, 498

hypoglycemia in, 528

mimicking hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 500

type I, 492-496, 504

malignancy susceptibility associated with, e486-2t-e486-3t

type II, 499-500, 500f

type III, 496-497, 496f

type IV, 497

type IX, 497-498

type V, 500-501

type VI, 497

type VII, 501

Glycogen synthetase deficiency, 494t-495t, 498

hypoglycemia in, 528

Glycolytic enzyme deficiencies, 1677-1678

Glycopeptides, e173-3

Glycoprotein(s)

disorders of degradation and structure, e81-1-e81-8, e81-7t, e81-8f

Rhesus-associated, e454-1

variant surface, 1191

Glycoprotein syndrome, carbohydrate-deficient, 1311

Glycopyrrolate for respiratory secretions, 155t-156t

Glycosaminoglycan (GAG), 509, 514

Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA_1A), 1984

Glycosylation, congenital disorders of, 1311, e81-6-e81-8, e81-7t, e81-8f

Glycyrrhize glabra for asthma, 271t

GM-CSF See Granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)

GM₁ gangliosidosis, 483-491, 484t, 2060t, 2069-2070, 2072f

GM₂ gangliosidosis, 484-487, 484t, 2070-2071

Gnathostoma species, 1220t, 1227, e271-1t-e271-11t

GnRH See Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Goiter, 1905-1909

acquired, 1908-1909

congenital, 1905-1906, 1906f

endemic

cretinism and, 1906-1908

iodine-deficiency, 1897

maternal, e89-2t

fetal therapy for, 551t

intratracheal, 1906

due to iodine-deficiency, 1907f

in lymphocytic thyroiditis, 1903-1904

Goitrogens, 1908t

Goltz syndrome, 2222

Gonadal tumors, 1769-1771

non-germ cell, 1770

Gonadoblastoma, 1770, 1955, 1958

Gonadotropin deficiency

female, 1956

male, 1949

Gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty, familial male, 1893

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

for growth hormone deficiencies, 1881

in precocious puberty diagnosis, 1888

in puberty, 1886

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists

for endometriosis, 690-691

for precocious puberty, 1889

Gonadotropin-secreting tumors, 1891

Gonads

development and function of, genes involved in, e576-1, e576-2t-e576-3t

diagnostic aids, e576-5

dysfunction of due to cancer and its therapy, e488-7t-e488-9t

effects of eating disorders on, 92-93

gynecomastia as, 1950-1951

ovaries as

function of, e576-5

hypofunction of, 1951-1957

pseudoprecocity resulting from lesions of, 1957-1958

testes as

function of, e576-1-e576-5, e576-4f

hypofunction of, 1943-1950

pseudoprecocity resulting from tumors of, 1943-1950

therapeutic aids, e576-5

Gongylonemiasis, e271-1t-e271-11t

Gonococcus See Gonorrhea

Gonorrhea, 935-940

clinical manifestations of, 937

complications of, 939

in conjunctivitis, 2166-2167

diagnosis of, 710t, 937-938

epidemiology of, 935-936

etiology of, 935

maternal, e89-3t

neonatal, 632t

pathogenesis and pathology of, 936-937

prevention of, 939-940

prognosis for, 939

prophylaxis following rape, 704, 704t

sexual abuse and, 145t

treatment of, 938-939

in adolescent, 712t

Goodell sign, 700

Goodpasture disease, 1499, 1785t, 1790-1791, 1791f

Gordon syndrome, 221, 1814

Gorlin-Goltz syndrome, e486-2t-e486-3t

Gorlin syndrome, 408t, e102-3-e102-4, e662-3

Goserelin acetate for precocious puberty, 1889

Gottron papules

in juvenile dermatomyositis, 846-847, 847f, e637-3, e637-5f

in rheumatic disease, e147-2t

Gout, e83-2-e83-3

Gower’s sign, e584-6, e584-8f

Gown, e166-2t

G6PD See Glucose-6-phosphatase dehydrogenase (G6PD)

gp 41 protein, 1157-1158, 1158f

gp 120 protein, 1157-1158, 1158f

Graded exercise therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome, e115-3

Gradenigo syndrome, 2210-2211

Graduated licensing law (GLL), 22

Graff technique, 2358

Grafts

intestinal, e331-1, e331-2f

liver, e360-1

Graft coronary artery disease (GCAD), e437-3

Graft failure, stem cell transplantation, 762

Graft thrombosis, renal transplantation, e530-2

Graft versus host disease (GVHD)

cutaneous manifestations of, 760-761, e637-3t, e637-6f, e637-8-e637-9

in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, 760-762, 761f-762f, 761t

liver involvement in, e352-3

in intestinal transplantation, e331-2-e331-3

malabsorption due to, 1314

as oncologic emergency, e488-6t

Grain allergy, 823t

Gram-negative bacterial infections

due to Aeromonas, e196-1-e196-2

due to Bartonella, 982-987

breast-feeding and, 540t

due to Brucella, 980-982

due to Burkholderia, e197-1-e197-2

due to Campylobacter, 968-970

chancroid as, e187-1

cholera as, 965-968

due to Escherichia coli, 961-965

due to Haemophilus influenzae, 940-943

due to Legionella, e200-1-e200-3

due to Moraxella catarrhalis, e188-1-e188-2

due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 935-940

due to Neisseria meningitidis, 929-935

neonatal, 632t

sepsis due to, 635t-636t

pertussis as, 944-948

due to Plesiomonas shigelloides, e196-1-e196-3

pneumonia as, 1475t

due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 975-977

due to Salmonella, 948-958

enteric (typhoid) fever due to, 954-958

nontyphoidal, 949-954

due to Shigella, 959-961

due to Stenotrophomonas, e197-1-e197-3

tularemia as, 978-980

due to Yersinia, 971-974

Gram-positive bacterial infection

Actinomyces, e182-1-e182-3

due to diphtheria, e180-1-e180-4

due to enterococcus, e179-1-e179-3

due to group A streptococcus, 914-925

rheumatic fever as, 920-925

due to group B streptococcus, 925-928

due to Listeria monocytogenes, e181-1-e181-3

malignancy-related, e171-1

neonatal, 632t

sepsis due to, 635t-636t

Nocardia, e183-1-e183-2

due to non-group A or B streptococci, e178-1

due to staphylococci, 903-910

coagulase-negative, 909-910

Staphylococcus aureus, 904-908

toxic shock syndrome, 908-909

due to Streptococcus pneumoniae, 910-914

Gram stain, e164-1, e164-1t

in anaerobic infection, e205-2-e205-3

of cerebrospinal fluid, e584-9

Granisetron for vomiting, 1244t

Granular cells, 2215

Granule(s)

Birbeck, 1773-1774

deficiency of, 742t

sorting disorders of, 748t, 751

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)

in allergic disease, e134-3

for Fanconi anemia, 1686

fetal, e440-1, e440-1t

Granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)

in allergic disease, e134-3-e134-4

fetal, e440-1, e440-1t

in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, 1497, e398-1

Granulocytes, e121-3

Granulocyte transfusion (GTX), e466-1, e466-1t

Granulocytopoiesis

fetal, e440-1-e440-2

primary disorders of, 750

Granuloma

in brucellosis, 980

candidal, 2314

caseating in nontuberculous mycobacteria, 1012

cholesterol, of tympanic membrane, 2212

coccidioidal, 1065-1068

fish tank, 1013

giant cell of jaw, e308-1

pyogenic, 2229, 2229f

swimming pool, 1013

umbilical, e99-1-e99-2

Granuloma annulare, 2274-2275, 2274f

Granulomatosis

allergic, 868t

Wegener’s, 868t, 874-876, 874t, e147-3t

alveolar hemorrhage with, 1499

Granulomatous amebic meningoencephalitis, e272-1-e272-2, e272-2f

Granulomatous colitis See Crohn’s disease

Granulomatous disease

chronic, 742t, 745-746, 745f

aspergillosis with, 1061

fetal therapy for, 551t

fever of unknown origin in, 900t

hypercalcemia in, 1922

Granulomatous thyroiditis, subacute, 1905

Granulomatous vasculitis, 868t

Granulosa cell tumor, juvenile, ovarian, 1957-1958

Graphomotor function, e29-1-e29-2

Grasp response in neurologic examination, e584-7

“Grass”, 680-681

Graves disease, 1909-1913, 1909t, 1911f, 1912t

cardiac manifestations of, 1531t

maternal, e89-2t

Gray baby syndrome, e56-8, e346-3

Gray (Gy), 2448

Gray platelet syndrome, 1722

Great arteries

malposition of with double-outlet right ventricle, 1588-1589

transposition of See (Transposition of the great arteries (TGA))

Great saphenous vein, venous access in, 292, 295f

Green and Anderson method, e668-2-e668-3, e668-3f

Greenstick fracture, 2388f, 2390

Grey Turner sign, 1371

Grief, e16-2-e16-3

developmental perspective on, e16-3-e16-4

interventions for, e16-5

role of pediatrician in, e16-4-e16-5

spiritual issues in, e16-5

Griscelli syndrome type II, 748t, 751

Griseofulvin

drug interactions with, e57-13t-e57-14t

for tinea capitis, 2311

Gross motor development during first 2 years, 27t

Gross motor incoordination, e29-2

Ground transport, e61-8

Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GABHS)

glomerulonephritis development after, 1783-1785

in impetigo, 2299

in pharyngitis, 1439

in pharyngotonsillitis, 1443

Group A streptococcus (GAS), 914-925

clinical manifestations of, 916-917, 916f, 917t

complications of, 919

diagnosis of, 917-918

differential diagnosis of, 918

epidemiology of, 915

etiology of, 915

glomerulonephritis associated with, 1783-1785, 1783f-1784f, 1785t

obsessive-compulsive disorder associated with, 81

pathogenesis of, 915-916

in pneumonia, 1475t

prevention of, 920

prognosis for, 920

in rheumatic fever, 920-925

severe, 917, 917t

in toxic shock syndrome, 909

treatment of, 918-919

with varicella-zoster virus, 1109

in vulvovaginitis, 1868t

Group B streptococcus (GBS), 925-928

clinical manifestations of, 926-927, 926t

diagnosis of, 927

epidemiology of, 925-926, 925f

etiology of, 925

fetal therapy for, 551t

laboratory findings in, 927

maternal

breast-feeding and, 540t

fetal and neonatal effects of, e89-3t

neonatal, 632t

meningitis due to, 646

prophylaxis for, 640, 640f, 640t

sepsis due to, 635t

in osteomyelitis, 2394

pathogenesis of, 926

in pneumonia, 1475t

prevention of, 927-928

prognosis for, 927

treatment of, 927, 927t

Group C streptococci, e178-1

in pharyngitis, 1439

Group G streptococci, e178-1

Group therapy for eating disorders, 95

Growing pains, 878, 878t, e147-1

Growth and development

adolescent, 649-659, 650t

during early adolescence, 649-659, 650t-652t, 651f

during late adolescence, 654

during middle adolescence, 653-654

assessment of, e13-1-e13-5

accurate measurements in, e13-1

analysis of patterns in, e13-2-e13-4, e13-3t, e13-4f

body proportions in, e13-4

dental development in, e13-4, e13-5t

growth charts in, e13-1-e13-2, e9-1f-e9-4f, e13-1f

skeletal maturation in, e13-4

structural growth in, e13-4

attachment and contingency and, e6-2

behavioral during first year of life, 28t

biologic influences on, e6-1-e6-6, e6-2t

biopsychosocial models of, e6-1-e6-6, e6-1f

breast-feeding and, 162

caloric requirements for, e13-3t

centers of ossification in, 29t

child care and, e15-3

cognitive

during adolescence, 649-651, 653

age 0-2 months, 27

age 2-6 months, 30

age 6-12 months, 30

age 12-18 months, 31-32

age 18-24 months, 32

during middle childhood, 37-38, 37t

during preschool years, 34

communication

ages 2-6 months, 30

ages 6-12 months, 31

cystic fibrosis and, 1496

deviations in, e664-1t

domains of, e6-3-e6-4

with Down syndrome, 403t

ecologic model of, e6-2

effects on drug disposition, e57-3-e57-7, e57-5t-e57-7t

effects on pharmacodynamics, e57-7-e57-9, e57-8f

embryonic, e6-7

emotional

age 0-2 months, 27-28

age 2-6 months, 30

age 6-12 months, 30-31

age 12-18 months, 31, 32t

age 18-24 months, 32

during middle childhood, 38

during preschool years, 35-36

family systems and, e6-2

fetal, 541, 541f, e6-1-e6-9, e6-7f

behavioral, e6-7-e6-8

neurologic, e6-7f

psychologic changes in parents during, e6-8

restriction of See (Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR))

somatic, e6-7f

threats to, e6-8f

during first year, 26-31

age 0-2 months, 26-29

age 2-6 months, 29-30

age 6-12 months, 30-31

developmental milestones in, 27t

glucocorticoids and, e568-5

linguistic

age 12-18 months, 31

age 18-24 months, 33

during preschool years, 34

loss, separation, and grief and, e16-3-e16-4

during middle childhood, 36-39

moral

during adolescence, 649-651, 653

during middle childhood, 38

during preschool years, 35-36

newborn, e7-1-e7-3

maternal-infant attachment in, e7-1-e7-3, e7-1t

pediatrician’s role in, e7-3

overview of, 26

physical

adolescent, 649, 650t-652t, 651f-652f, 653-654

age 0-2 months, 27, 29f

age 2-6 months, 29-30

age 6-12 months, 30

age 12-18 months, 31-32

age 18-24 months, 32-33

during middle childhood, 36-37

percentile curves for, e9-1f-e9-4f

during preschool years, 33-34

of play during preschool years, 34-35

of premature infant, 562

during preschool years, 33-36

psychologic influences on, e6-2

resilience and, e6-2-e6-3

risk factors in, e6-2-e6-3, e6-3f

during second year, 31-33

developmental milestones in, 27t

in skeletal dysplasias, e685-1

social

during adolescence, 652-654

during middle childhood, 38

social factors in, e6-2

statistics used in describing, e6-4-e6-6, e6-6f

theories of emotion and cognition in, e6-3-e6-4

transactional model of, e6-2-e6-3, e6-3f

Growth charts, e9-3f-e9-4f, e13-1f, e9-1f-e9-2f

derivation and interpretation of, e13-1-e13-2, e13-1f

in obesity assessment, 179, 180f-181f, 184-185

Growth factor

deficiency of due to cancer and its therapy, e488-7t-e488-9t

hematopoietic, for fever in neutropenic patient, e171-1

insulin-like, e550-1

oncogenes code for, e486-1

recombinant for Fanconi anemia, 1686

vascular endothelial

in ovarian carcinomas, 1872t

in retinopathy of prematurity, 2174

in sudden infant death syndrome, 1422, 1427

Growth hormone (GH), e550-1

deficiency and insensitivity of

abnormalities of growth hormone receptor in, 1879

classification of, 1876-1878

clinical manifestations of, 1879

combined with other pituitary hormone deficiencies, 1876-1878, 1876t

complications and adverse effects of, 1881

diabetes insipidus due to, 1881-1884

differential diagnosis of, 1880-1881

genetic forms of, 1878

hypoglycemia in, 527-528

laboratory findings in, 1879-1880

obesity due to, 182t

post-receptor forms of, 1879

radiologic findings in, 1880

treatment of, 1881

excess secretion of, e554-3-e554-5

myopathies with, 2129-2130

human, 1880-1881

for Turner syndrome, 1954

hyponatremia due to disorders of, 1884-1886

for performance enhancement, 2423t

underproduction of See (Hypopituitarism)

Growth hormone (GH) receptor, e550-1

abnormalities of, 1879

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), e550-1

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) receptor, mutations in, 1878

Growth impairment

in chronic kidney disease, 1823t, 1824

in congenital hypothyroidism, 1898

constitutional, 1880

due to Crohn disease, 1300-1302

in cystic fibrosis, 1496

in failure to thrive, 147

fetal, 541, 541f

therapy for, 551t

in foreign-born adoptee, 131

after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, e133-1

in hypothyroidism, 1901, 1902f

due to immunosuppression therapy, e437-3

due to inhaled corticosteroids, 793

in 3-methylglutaconic aciduria, 433

with Turner syndrome, 1952, 1952f

Growth plate

sports injury to, 2408-2409, 2408f-2409f

widening of in rickets, 200, 202, 203f

Growth-remaining charts, epiphysoidesis and, e668-3f

Growth restriction, intrauterine, 555-564

definitions associated with, 555

factors related to, 557t

fetal therapy for, 551t

gestational age at birth assessment in, 557, 558f

incidence of, 555-556

nursery care in, 558-562

prognosis for, 562-563, 563t

spectrum of disease in, 558, 559t

type 2 diabetes mellitus and, 1990

Grunting

during expiration in newborn, 535

as sign of respiratory pathology, 1420

GSDs See Glycogen storage diseases (GSDs)

GSS See Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS)

GTX See Granulocyte transfusion (GTX)

Guanfacine, 111t

Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency, 441

Guidance, anticipatory

health eating habits, 188t

in injury prevention, 19t

in palliative care, 151-159

in well child care, 14

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), 2143-2146, 2144t, 2145f-2146f

botulism versus, 989-990

Campylobacter and, 919, 969, 1333t

poliovirus infection versus, 1084, 1085t

Gum boil, 1261

Gun injuries, 24-25

Günther disease, 2256, e85-8-e85-10

Gut, fetal development of, 1273

Guttate psoriasis, 2259

GVHD See Graft versus host disease (GVHD)

GWAS See Genome-wide association studies (GWAS)

Gy See Gray (Gy)

Gymnastics, injuries in, 2423t

Gynecological care for special needs girls, 1874-1875

Gynecological examination, e542-1-e542-3, e542-2t

of special needs girls, 1874

Gynecological problems, e548-3f

of breast, e545-1-e545-4, e545-1f-e545-2f, e545-2t-e545-3t

hirsutism as, e546-3-e546-4, e546-4t

history and physical examination in, e542-1-e542-3, e542-2t

neoplasms as, 1870-1874

cervical, 1873-1874, 1873t

impact of cancer therapy on fertility and, 1870-1871

ovarian, 1870-1871, 1872t

uterine, 1872-1873

vaginal, 1873

vulvar, 1873

polycystic ovary syndrome, e546-1-e546-3, e546-1f, e546-1t-e546-2t

vaginal bleeding as, 1869-1870

vulvovaginal and müllerian anomalies of, e548-1-e548-6, e548-1t, e548-3f

vulvovaginitis as, 1865-1869, 1865f-1866f, 1867t-1868t, 1868f

Gynecomastia, 1950-1951

due to drugs, e109-1t

Gyrate atrophy of retina and choroid, 453

H

H⁺ See Hydrogen ions (H⁺)

HAART See Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)

Habit cough, e376-2

Habit disorders, 75-76

Habit tic deformity, 2294

Habituation, fetal, e6-8

HACEK group, e182-1

HAE See Hereditary angioedema (HAE)

Haemophilus ducreyi, 712t, e187-1

Haemophilus influenzae, 940-943

antibiotic resistance by, 941

in bacterial meningitis, 2087

clinical manifestations and treatment of, 941-943

in cystic fibrosis infections, 1482, 1492t

diagnosis of, 941

epidemiology of, 940

etiology of, 940

immunity to, 941, 941t

neonatal, 632t

in otitis media, 2201, e188-1f

pathogenesis of, 940-941

prevention of, 943

testing for antibodies to, 719-720

vaccine for, 943

Haemophilus influenzae type b

in child-care setting, e167-1-e167-2, e167-1t

epidemiology of, 940

hearing loss due to, 2188-2189

immunity to, 941

in meningitis, 941-942, 2087, 2089

prevention of, 2095

in pneumonia, 1475t

prophylaxis for, 943

in septic arthritis, 2398

Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine (Hib), 881t, 941t, 943

diphtheria acellular pertussis vaccine with (DTaP/Hib), 884t

with hepatitis B vaccine (Hib-HepB), 884t

HIV infection and, 1173f

international, 894

recommended schedule for, 886, 887f

for travel, e168-2, e168-3t

Hageman factor, 1696t

Hair

axillary, development of, e555-1

bamboo, 2293

disorders of, 2289-2293, 2289t-2290t

effects of eating disorders on, 93t

effects of malnutrition on, 175t

over lumbosacral area in newborn, 533

pubic, sexual maturity ratings of changes in, 651f

repetitive pulling of, 75

spun-glass, 2293, 2293f

structural defects of, 2292

HAIR-AN syndrome, 686

Hair follicles, morphology of, e636-1

Hair loss See also Alopecia

acquired diffuse, 2291-2292

congenital diffuse, 2292-2293

Hair pulling, 2289-2290, 2290f

Haldol See Haloperidol

Half-life of drug, e57-2

Haller index on chest computed tomography, 1516

Hallopeau-Siemens epidermolysis bullosa, 2245t, 2246

Hallucinations, 106-107, 107f

hypnogogic/hypnopompic, 53

Hallucinogens, 682-683

Hallux valgus, 2341, 2341f

Halogen acne, 2327

Halo nevus, 2233, 2233f

Haloperidol, 63

for agitation in palliative care, 155t-156t

for pain management, 364t

for psychosis and agitation, 64t

Halo sign, 1060

Haltia-Santavuori disease, 2073

Hamartoma

connective tissue, 2235

hypothalamus, precocious puberty due to, 1890

intestinal, e337-1

in iris, due to neurofibromatosis, 2046-2047, 2047f

multiple, 2298

smooth muscle, 2235-2236

Hamartoma syndrome, overgrowth in, e554-2t

Hamman sign, 1512

Hammer toe, 2342

Ham test, e446-1t

Hand

arthrogryposis involving, e674-5

orthopedic problems of, 2385-2387, 2385f-2386f, 2385t-2387t

palmoplantar keratodermas of, 2272-2273, 2273f

venous access in, 292, 295f

vesicular dermatitis of, 2253, 2253f

Handedness, 33

Hand-foot-mouth disease, 1090, 1090f, 1260t

Hand-foot syndrome, 1663-1664

Handguns, 24-25, 667-668, 670t

Hand hygiene, e166-1, e166-2t

in child-care setting, e167-1

waterless, e166-1

Hand-Schüller-Christian disease, 1773-1774

Handwashing for prevention of neonatal infection, 647

Hansen disease, e208-1-e208-4, e208-2f

Hantavirus in pneumonia, 1475t

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), e265-1-e265-2, e265-1f

HAPE See High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE)

Haplo-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), e130-2

Haploid cells, 395, e74-1

Haploinsufficiency, e74-3

Haplotypes, e56-1

HapMap, e56-1

Haptoglobin, e446-1t

Harderoporphyrinogen, e85-13

Hardy-Weinberg formula, 388

Harlequin color change, 2218

in newborn, 533

Harlequin ichthyosis, 2267, 2268t

Harness, Pavlik, 2359, 2360f

Harrison groove, 200, 202f

Hartnup disorder, 429-430, 1319, 2258

Harvest mite bite, 2320

“Hash”, 680-681

Hashimoto thyroiditis, 1903-1905

myasthenia gravis with, 2133

type 1 diabetes mellitus with, 1996

Hassall’s corpuscles, e117-1-e117-2

HAT See Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT)

Havrix, e168-6t

Hawkinsinuria, 423

Hb See Hemoglobin (Hb)

HbA_1A See Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA_1A)

Hb AS See Hemoglobin AS

Hb C See Hemoglobin C (Hb C)

HBeAg See Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)

Hbf See Fetal hemoglobin (Hbf)

HBIG See Hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG)

Hb S See Hemoglobin S (Hb S)

HBsAg See Hepatitis B s antigen (HBsAg)

HCM See Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)

HCO₃⁻ See Bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻)

HCoV-229E See Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E)

HCoV-HKU1 See Human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1)

HCoV-NL63 See Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63)

HCoV-OC43 See Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43)

HCP See Hereditary coproporphyria (HCP)

HCS See Holocarboxylase synthetase (HCS) deficiency

HD See Huntington’s disease (HD)

HDL See High-density lipoproteins (HDL)

HDR syndrome, 1917

Head

centers of ossification appearance in, 29t

examination of in neurologic evaluation, e584-2-e584-3, e584-2f

newborn assessment of, 533-534, 534t

positioning of for bag-valve-mask ventilation, 284-285, 285f

rickets and, 201t

Headache, 2039-2046

in brain tumors, 1747

migraine

familial hemiplegic, e587-2

syncope induced by, e587-2

recurrent, sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

in Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 1042

secondary, 2045-2046, 2045t

sinus, 2045-2046

tention-type, 2046

thunderclap, 2084

Head and neck block for pain management, 371

Head circumference

in autistic disorder, 101-102

in neurologic examination, e584-2

percentile curves for, e9-3f-e9-4f

Head computed tomography (CT)

in lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection, e264-2, e264-2f

in toxoplasmosis, 1212-1213, 1212f

Head drop, 2019

Head injury See Traumatic brain injury (TBI)

Head lice See Pediculosis

HEADS/SF/FIRST mnemonic, 666, 666t

HEADSS screening interview, 57, 57t

Head-tilt/chin-lift maneuver, 282, 282f, 291f

Head trauma See also Traumatic brain injury (TBI)

abusive, 139-140, 139f

hemorrhagic stroke due to, 2084

Healing of fracture, 2389

Health

among postinfancy children, 2-4

child care and, e15-3, e15-5

genetic contribution to, 415f, e77-1-e77-3

homosexuality and, 659

worldwide, 3t

Health Belief Model, e6-4, e6-5t

Health care

access to

for adolescent, 662-663, 663f

international, e61-13

adolescent, delivery of, 664t, e106-1-e106-5

for at-risk populations, 10-11

costs of, 11

evaluation of, 11

foster and kinship care and, e35-1-e35-2, e35-2t

medical errors in, e2-6

patterns of, 9

prenatal, e87-3, e87-3t

preventive See (Preventive health care)

quality of See (Quality, of health care)

Health-care associated infection See Nosocomial infection

Health care providers

death of patient and, e16-5-e16-6

infection control and prevention for, e166-4

obesity prevention and, 187t

palliative care and, 153

training of for emergencies, e61-1

Health care reform, effects on quality, e2-7

Health information technology (HIT), e2-7

Health insurance

for adolescents, 663, 664f

travel and, e168-1

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA)

on adolescent confidentiality, e106-2

Health InterNetwork Access to Research Initiative (HINARI), e61-16

Health promotion

in community, 17

in well child care, 14

Health risk behaviors in adolescents, 661f

Health services See Health care

Hearing impairment or loss, 2188-2196

due to cancer and its therapy, e488-7t-e488-9t

in cleft lip and palate, 1253

clinical audiologic evaluation of, 2193-2196, 2193f

conductive, 2188

due to congenital rubella syndrome, 1077-1078

with Down syndrome, 403t

effects of, 2190-2192, 2191t

etiology of, 2188-2190, 2189t-2191t, 2191f

familial, cardiac manifestations of, 1531t

genetic counseling in, 2196

genetics of, 391t

identification of, 2192, 2193t

incidence and prevalence of, 2188

infectious causes of, 2191t, e633-1

language disorders due to, 119

maternally inherited diabetes and, 1994-1995

screening for, 2192, 2192f

in adolescent, 666

in intellectual disability, 127t

in neurologic examination, e584-4-e584-5

in newborn, 538

sensorineural, 2188

due to toxoplasmosis, 1213

treatment of, 2196, 2196t

types of, 2188

in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, 468

Heart See also Cardiac entries; Cardiovascular entries

abnormal position of, 1595-1596

development of, 1527-1528, 1528f, e414-1f

examination of, 1533-1536, 1536f

mumps virus in, 1080

newborn assessment of, 535, 535f

radiologic assessment of, 1537

transition from fetal to neonatal circulation in, 1529, e415-1f

tumors of, e435-1, e435-1f

following transplantation, e437-3

Heart block

atrioventricular, 1618-1619, 1618f

complete, 1618-1619, 1618f

genetics of, e418-1t-e418-2t

electrocardiography of

bundle branch, 1540

first degree, 1540

familial secundum atrial septal defect with, e418-1, e418-1t-e418-2t

fetal therapy for, 551t

sinoatrial, 1618

Heartburn, e310-1-e310-2

Heart disease

Aspergillus infection as, 1061-1062

congenital See (Congenital heart disease (CHD))

failure to thrive in, 148t

phosphorylase kinase deficiency as, 498

psychopharmacology and, 65

renal transplantation and, e530-2

rheumatic, 1626-1628

tuberculous, 1004

with Turner syndrome, 1952-1953

Heart failure, 1550, e436-1-e436-8

cardiogenic shock for, e436-1-e436-7, e436-7t

clinical manifestations of, e436-1-e436-2, e436-2t

in cystic fibrosis, 1494-1495

diagnosis of, e436-2

following open heart surgery, 1604

history of, 1530

hypothyroidism-associated, 1903t

pathophysiology of, e436-1-e436-6, e436-1f

physical examination of, 1531

total body water regulation and, e52-1

treatment of, e436-3-e436-6, e436-5t

Heart-lung transplantation, e437-1-e437-5

Heart murmur

auscultation of, 1535-1536

infective endocarditis and, 1623

of mitral insufficiency, 1571-1572

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

Heart rate

assessment of, 1531-1532, 1532t

fetal

acceleration of, 543-544

in biophysical profile, 543t

deceleration of, 543-544, 544f

monitoring of, 542, 543t

neonatal resuscitation and, 575-576

normal, 280t

Heart sounds

in acutely ill child evaluation, 276

in cardiac examination, 1533

Heart transplantation, e437-1-e437-4, e437-1f

acute graft rejection in, e437-2

for hypoplastic left heart syndrome, 1595

immunosuppression complications in, e437-2-e437-4

indications for, e437-1

perioperative management of, e437-1-e437-2

recipient and donor selection for, e437-1

Heart tube, embryonic, 1527

Heartworm, 1226

Heat cramps, 2420

Heat edema, 2420

Heat exhaustion, 2420

Heat injury, sports-related, 2402t-2404t, 2420-2421, 2421f

Heat loss in newborn

convective, 536-537

evaporation, 536-537

Heat stroke, 2420, 2421f

Heat syncope, 2420

Heat tetany, 2420

Heavy metal intoxication, e701-1-e701-5

with arsenic, e701-1-e701-2, e701-1t-e701-2t

with mercury, e701-2-e701-3, e701-2t

treatment of, e701-3-e701-4

Heel bisector line (HBL), 2346, 2347f

Hegar sign, 700

Height See also Length

for age, in nutrition assessment, 172

growth charts for assessment of, e13-3, e13-4f

Heimlich maneuver, 282-283, 283f

Heiner syndrome, 1498-1499

Heinz bodies, 1670-1671, 1678, e479-1

Helicobacter pylori, 1292, 1292f-1293f, 1293t, 1294

Heliotrope rash of juvenile dermatomyositis, 846-847

Heliox See Helium-oxygen mixture

Helium-oxygen mixture, 319-320

Helmet for bicycle injury prevention, 22-23

Helminthic disease

adult tapeworm, 1232-1234, 1232t, 1233f-1234f

Angiostrongylus cantonensis, 1226-1227

animal filariae, 1226

ascariasis, 1217

cysticercosis, 1234-1237, 1236f, 1237t

dracunculiasis, 1227

echinococcosis, 1237-1239, 1238f

enterobiasis, 1222, 1222f

flukes, e293-1-e293-2

Gnathostoma spinigerum, 1227

hookworms, 1218-1221

loiasis, 1225-1226, 1226f

lymphatic filariasis, 1224-1225, 1225f

Onchocera volvulus, 1225

schistosomiasis, 1230-1231, 1230f-1231f

strongyloidiasis, 1223-1224, 1223f

toxocariasis, 1227-1229, 1228t

treatment of, e271-11-e271-13

trichinosis, 1229-1230

trichuriasis, 1221-1222, 1221f

Helper T cells

in allergic disease, e134-1, e134-1f-e134-2f, e134-4

in amyloidosis, 860-861

development and differentiation of, e117-1

in Epstein-Barr virus, 1111

flow cytometry testing of, 720-722

in HIV/AIDS, 1157-1161

interaction with other immune cells, e117-5

Hemagglutinin protein in influenza virus, 1122

Hemangioendothelioma, 1762t

kaposiform, 2229

Hemangioma, 2226-2228, 2227f, 2227t-2228t, e499-1

abnormal uterine bleeding due to, 689t-690t

capillary of eyelid, 2164-2165, 2164f

hepatic, hypothyroidism due to, 1901

nasal, 1431

noninvoluting congenital, 2229

orbital, 2182, 2182f

rapidly involuting congenital, 2229

subglottic, e382-1-e382-3

vascular malformations versus, 2225t

Hemangiomatosis, diffuse, 2228, 2228f

Hemangiopericytoma, 1762t

Hematemesis, 1248

Hematochezia, 1248

Hematocrit

in abnormal uterine bleeding, 688-690

in anemia, 1648t

fetal, e440-3f

in polycythemia, e460-1t

reference intervals for, e708-2t-e708-8t

Hematologic disorders See Blood disorders

Hematoma

subcapsular, 578

subdural, due to child abuse, 139, 139f

Hematopoietic growth factor for fever in neutropenic patient, e171-1

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), 757

for acute lymphocytic leukemia, 757, 758f

for acute myeloid leukemia, 757-758

for aplastic anemia, 759, 759f

autologous, e130-3-e130-4, e130-3t

for β-thalassemia, 1676

for Chédiak-Higashi syndrome, 744-745

for chronic myelogenous leukemia, 758

for Diamond-Blackfan anemia, 1651

donors and sources for, e130-1-e130-4

children as, e3-6-e3-7

haploidentical, e130-2

HLA-compatible sibling, 757-760, 758t

umbilical cord, e130-1-e130-2, e130-1f

unrelated, e130-1, e130-1f

donor versus recipient NK-cell alloreactivity in, e130-2-e130-3, e130-3f

for Fanconi anemia, 1686

fungal infection associated with, 1055

graft versus host disease and rejection of, 760-762, 761f-762f, 761t

for Hodgkin disease, 759

for immunodeficiency disorders, 760

infectious complications of, 762-763, e171-6, e171-6t

enteroviruses in, 1092

for juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, 758

late effects of, e133-1, e133-1t

for Lesch-Nyhan disease, e83-5

for leukocyte adhesion deficiency, 744

liver disease due to, e352-3

for mucopolysaccharidoses, 514

for myelodysplastic syndromes, 758-759

for non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 759

pancytopenia caused by, 1692

for sickle cell disease, 759-760

for thalassemia, 759, 760f

for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, 468-469

Hematopoietic syndrome, duet to whole-body irradiation, e699-4

Hematopoietic system See also Blood disorders

cytokines in regulation of, e117-3t

development of, e440-1-e440-6, e440-2f-e440-3f

of erythrocytes, e440-4

of granulocytes, e440-1-e440-2

growth factors in, e440-1t

of hemoglobins, e440-4-e440-6, e440-4f-e440-5f

of platelets, e440-2-e440-4

neutrophils in, e121-1-e121-2, e121-1f

red cell life span of fetus and neonate in, e440-6

Hematuria

in Alport syndrome, 1782-1783, 1782f

anatomic abnormalities associated with, 1796-1799

due to autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, 1798, 1798f

due to autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease, 1796-1798, 1797f, 1797t

benign familial, 1783

clinical evaluation of, 1778-1781, 1779t-1780t, 1780f

in glomerulonephritis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus, 1788-1789

in Goodpasture disease, 1790-1791, 1791f

hematologic diseases causing, 1795-1796

in hemolytic-uremic syndrome, 1791-1794, 1791t-1792t

in Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis, 1789

due to idiopathic hypercalciuria, 1795

in immunoglobulin A nephropathy, 1781-1782, 1781f

isolated glomerular disease with recurrent gross, 1781-1783

lower urinary tract causes of, 1799

in membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, 1787-1788

in membranous glomerulopathy, 1786-1787

in rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, 1789-1790, 1790f, 1790t

due to renal vein thrombosis, 1794-1795

in thin basement membrane disease, 1783

due to trauma, 1799

due to vascular abnormalities, 1794

due to vigorous exercise, 1799

Heme biosynthetic pathway, e85-1-e85-3, e85-1t, e85-2f

Heme synthetase deficiency, e85-15-e85-17

Hemiconvulsion, hemiplegia, epilepsy (HHE) syndrome, 2038

Hemifacial microsomia, 1254

Hemimelia, fibular, 2351

Hemin for acute intermittent porphyrias, e85-7

Hemiparesis with seizures, 2016-2017

Hemiparetic gait, e584-7

Hemiplegia

alternating of childhood, 2060t, 2061, e587-3

strokelike events versus, 2086

in cerebral palsy, 2062, 2062t

Hemiplegic migraine, 2042

Hemispherectomy for seizures, 2032-2033

Hemlock toxicity, 269t

Hemochromatosis

cardiac manifestations of, 1531t

malignancy susceptibility associated with, e486-2t-e486-3t

neonatal, 1383, 1393

type 4, 1321

Hemodialysis

for end-stage renal disease, 1826

for metabolic acidosis, 235

osmolality during, e52-2

for poisoning with toxic alcohols, 268

Hemodynamics of ventricular septal defect, 1557-1558

Hemoglobin A_1C in obesity, 185t

Hemoglobin AS, 1670

Hemoglobin AS (Hb AS), 1670, 1670t-1671t

Hemoglobin C (Hb C), 1663-1670

Hemoglobin Eβ, 1670

Hemoglobin F, 1675

Hemoglobin (Hb)

in abnormal uterine bleeding, 688-690

adult, e440-5

alterations of by disease, e440-5-e440-6

in anemia, 1648t

of chronic disease, e445-1

neonatal, 612, 614-615

in congenital dyserythropoietic anemia, e446-1t

development of, e440-4-e440-6, e440-4f-e440-5f

embryonic, e440-5

fetal, e440-5, e440-5f

in erythroblastosis fetalis, 617

syndromes of hereditary persistence of, 1673-1674

glycosylated, 1984

in hereditary spherocytosis, 1660

in iron deficiency-anemia, 1656t-1657t

in polycythemia, e460-1t

reference intervals for, e708-2t-e708-8t

in systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 836

Hemoglobin (Hb M), 1672

Hemoglobinopathies, 1662-1677

abnormal hemoglobins causing cyanosis as, 1672

abnormal hemoglobins with increased oxygen affinity as, 1671

hemoglobin C as, 1663-1670

hemoglobin Eβ as, 1670

hereditary methemoglobinemia as, 1672-1673, 1673f

sickle cell disease as, 1663-1670

clinical manifestations of, 1663-1669, 1663t, 1665t, 1666f, 1668t

diagnosis of, 1669, 1669t

sickle cell trait as, 1663-1670, 1670t-1671t

syndromes of hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin as, 1673-1674

thalassemia syndromes as, 1674-1677, 1674t, 1675f

unstable hemoglobin disorders as, 1670-1671

Hemoglobin S (Hb S), 1663

Hemoglobinuria

paroxysmal cold, 1683

paroxysmal nocturnal, 748t, 755, e451-1t-e451-2t, e455-1, e455-1f

Hemolysis

chronic, 1653

in congenital erythropoietic porphyria, e85-9

defined, 1659

fragmentation, 1661f, 1683

Hemolytic anemia

acanthocytosis as, e455-1

autoimmune, 1680-1683, 1681t

due to bartonellosis, 982

definitions and classification of, e451-1-e451-3, e451-1f, e451-1t-e451-2t, e451-3f

enteric infection and, 1333t

enzymatic defects in, 1677-1680, 1678f-1680f, 1679t

after Epstein-Barr virus infection, 1114

due to extracellular factors, e459-1

hemoglobinopathies as, 1662-1677

abnormal hemoglobins causing cyanosis as, 1672

abnormal hemoglobins with increased oxygen affinity as, 1671

hemoglobin C as, 1663-1670

hemoglobin Eβ, 1670

hereditary methemoglobinemia as, 1672-1673, 1673f

sickle cell disease as, 1663-1670

sickle cell trait as, 1663-1670, 1670t-1671t

syndromes of hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin as, 1673-1674

thalassemia syndromes as, 1674-1677, 1674t, 1675f

unstable, 1670-1671

hereditary elliptocytosis as, e453-1

hereditary spherocytosis as, 1659-1662, 1659t, 1660f-1662f

hereditary stomatocytosis as, e454-1

paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria as, e455-1, e455-1f

parvovirus B19 infection and, 1095

Hemolytic disease of newborn, 615-619, 620t

due to ABO incompatibility, 619

due to Rh incompatibility, 615-619, 616t

Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), 1718, 1791-1794, 1791t-1792t

enteric infection and, 1333t

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), 744, 1774-1776, 1776t

Hemophilia A, 1699-1702, 1701t

Hemophilia B, 1699-1702, 1700f, 1701t

Hemophilia C, 1702-1703

Hemoptysis

as manifestation of extrapulmonary disease, e413-1t

pulmonary, 1503-1504, 1503t, 1504f

in cystic fibrosis, 1493

Hemorrhage/bleeding

into adrenal glands, 1927

as delivery room emergency, 578

alveolar, diffuse, 1498-1500, 1498t

cardiac arrest due to, 289t

into chest cavity, 1513-1514

in chronic kidney disease, 1823t

endobronchial, in cystic fibrosis, 1493

epistaxis as, 1432-1433

esophageal, 1261

gastrointestinal, 1248-1249, 1248t

in acute renal failure, 1821

due to hemangioma, 2227t

intracranial, 303-304

cerebral palsy and, 2061-2062

due to child abuse, 139, 139f

due to hypernatremia, 214

imaging studies in, e584-11t

in newborn, 566-568, 567f, 568t

in high-risk pregnancy, e89-4

in newborn, 620-621, 621t

from nose, 1432-1433, 1432t

peptic ulcer, 1293

perifollicular, due to vitamin C deficiency, 198-199, 199f

pulmonary, 1503-1504, 1503t, 1504f

neonatal, 599

retinal

due to child abuse, 139-140, 140f, 2186, 2186f

neurologic examination of, e584-3

in newborn, 534, 566, e610-1

due to vomiting, 1243t

subarachnoid

emergency management of, 304

in newborn, 566

subconjunctival, 2168-2169

in newborn, 566

subgaleal, 565

transplacental, anemia due to, 612-613

umbilical, e99-1

uterine, abnormal, 686t, 688-690, 689t-690t

vaginal, 1869-1870

variceal, 1376, e359-1-e359-3

vitamin K-deficiency, 210

Hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, due to enterovirus, 1091

Hemorrhagic corpus luteum, 1871

Hemorrhagic cystitis, 1799

adenovirus in, 1132

Hemorrhagic cystitis, acute, 1830

Hemorrhagic disease of newborn, 620-621, 621t

Hemorrhagic disorders

acquired inhibitors of coagulation in, 1712-1713

clinical and laboratory evaluation of, 1696-1699

disseminated intravascular coagulation as, 1713-1714, 1713t

hemostasis and, 1693-1699

hereditary clotting factor deficiencies as, 1699-1704

due to liver disease, 1712

platelet and blood vessel disorders as, 1714

megakaryopoiesis as, 1714, 1715f

thrombocytopenia as, 1714, 1716t

postnatal vitamin K deficiency as, 1712

thrombotic, hereditary predisposition to, 1707-1708, 1708t

von Willebrand disease as, 1704-1707, 1705f

Hemorrhagic edema, acute, 870

Hemorrhagic fever(s), 1150-1153, 1150t

dengue, 1147-1150, 1147t

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), 1151-1154

Hemorrhagic measles, 1072

Hemorrhagic stroke (HS), 2084-2085, 2084f, 2085t

Hemorrhagic telangiectasia, hereditary, 2230

Hemorrhoids, 1360, 1361f

Hemosiderin, 1499

Hemosiderinuria in congenital dyserythropoietic anemia, e446-1t

Hemosiderosis, pulmonary, 1498-1500, 1498t

Hemostasis, 1693-1699

clinical and laboratory evaluation of, 1695-1696

developmental, 1695

pathology of, 1695

process of, 1694, 1694f-1695f

Hemothorax, 1513-1514, 1514f

as life-threatening injury, 336t

HEMPAS, e446-1

Henderson-Hasselbach equation, e52-13

Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP), 868-871, 868t, 869f-870f, 870t, 874t, 1722, e147-1

abdominal pain of, 1247t

alveolar hemorrhage with, 1499

cutaneous manifestations of, e637-3t, e637-5, e637-5f

immunofluorescence in, e637-1t

nephritis associated with, 1789

scrotal involvement in, 1863

Hen’s egg allergy, 821, 821t

HEP See Hepatoerythropoietic porphyria (HEP)

HEPA See High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter

HepA See Hepatitis A vaccine (HepA)

Heparan sulfate

deficiency of, 1311

degradation of, 509, 510f

Heparin

low molecular weight, 1711

possible adverse reactions to in premature infant, 563t

for pulmonary embolism, 1502

unfractioned, 1710t, 1711

Hepatic arteriovenous fistula, e438-1

Hepatic crisis in tyrosinemia, 422

Hepatic disease See Liver disease

Hepatic encephalopathy, 1414t

Hepatic fibrosis, e357-1t, e357-2

Hepatic lipase deficiency, 473t, 477

Hepatic tumor, precocious puberty due to, 1891

Hepatitis

antivirals for, e237-5

autoimmune, 1408-1410, 1408t, 1410f

with inflammatory bowel disease, e352-1

in child-care setting, e167-2

congenital alloimmune, 1393

neonatal, biliary atresia versus, 1385-1386

peliosis, 987

psychopharmacology and, 64-65

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

viral, 1393-1404, 1393t

acute renal failure with, 1413

approach to, 1403-1404, 1403f

biochemical profiles in, 1394-1395

causes and differential diagnosis of, 1394, 1394t

pathogenesis of, 1394

Hepatitis A, 1395-1396, 1395f, 1396t

breast-feeding and, 540t

in child-care setting, e167-1-e167-2, e167-1t, e167-3t

exclusion from day care due to, e15-2t

gastroenteritis with, 1326t

in immigrant children, 133

malignancy susceptibility associated with, e486-3

Hepatitis A vaccine (HepA), 884t, 1396

with hepatitis B vaccine (HepA-HepB), 884t

HIV infection and, 1173f

recommended schedule for, 886-889, 887f-888f

for travel, e168-3, e168-6t

Hepatitis B, 1397-1400, 1398f

acute renal failure with, 1413

in adolescent, 709

in child-care setting, e167-1t, e167-2

maternal, 132-134

breast-feeding and, 161t, 540t

fetal and neonatal effects of, e89-3t

prophylaxis following rape, 704t

Hepatitis B arthirtis-dermatitis syndrome, 840

Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), 1397

Hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG), 882t, 1399, 1399t

Hepatitis B s antigen (HBsAg), 1397

Hepatitis B vaccine (HepB), 884t, 1399-1400, 1399t

with diphtheria acellular pertussis vaccine and inactivated polio vaccine (DTaP-HepB-IPV), 884t

with Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine (Hib-HepB), 884t

with hepatitis A vaccine (HepA-HepB), 884t

HIV infection and, 1173f

in newborn, 537

recommended schedule for, 886, 887f-888f

for travel, 891t, e168-2, e168-3t

as universal vaccine, 1399-1400

Hepatitis C, 1400-1402, 1400f

in child-care setting, e167-1t

hypothyroidism due to, 1901

in immigrant children, 133

maternal

breast-feeding and, 161t, 540t

fetal and neonatal effects of, e89-3t

in porphyria cutanea tarda, e85-11

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

Hepatitis D, 1402

Hepatitis E, 1402-1403

breast-feeding and, 540t

Hepatobiliary tract disorders

in cystic fibrosis, 1496

HIV-related, 1165

due to typhoid fever, 957t

Hepatoblastoma, 1771-1772, 1771f

incidence and survival rates for, 1726t

precocious puberty with, 1891

risk factors for, 1727t

Hepatocellular carcinoma, 1772

in type II glycogen storage disease, 496

Hepatocytes, e346-2, e346-2f

ultrastructure of, e346-2-e346-3, e346-2f

Hepatoerythropoietic porphyria (HEP), e85-1t, e85-3, e85-13

Hepatomegaly, 524t, 1375, 1375t

Hepatopathies, mitochondrial, 1405-1408, 1406t-1407t

Hepatoportoenterostomy procedure, 1387

Hepatopulmonary syndrome, 1376

Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS), 1376

Hepatorenal tyrosinemia, 422-425

Hepatosplenomegaly, due to cat-scratch disease, 985, 985f

Hepatotoxicity, 1410-1412

fulminant hepatic failure due to, 1413

HepB See Hepatitis B vaccine (HepB)

Hepsera See Adefovir

Herald patch, 2262

Herbal medicine, 270-273, 271t-272t

for atopic dermatitis, 805

drug interaction with, e57-12

nutritional aspects of, 169

Spanish-English translation chart, 274t

toxicity of, 272t-273t, 1412t

Herbivore bite, 2454-2460

Herculin gene, 2112

Hereditary angioedema (HAE), 753, 755, 815-816

Hereditary clotting factor deficiencies, 1699-1704

Hereditary coproporphyria (HCP), e85-1t, e85-13-e85-14

Hereditary elliptocytosis, 1661f, e451-1t-e451-2t, e453-1

Hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI), 494t-495t, 503

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), 2230

Hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria (HHRH), 207

Hereditary methemoglobinemia, 1672-1673, 1673f

Hereditary motor-sensory neuropathies (HMSNs), 2138-2140

Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC), 1773

Hereditary orotic aciduria, e83-7-e83-8

Hereditary osteoarthro-ophthalmopathy, 2426, 2426f

Hereditary periodic fever syndromes, 855-860, 855t-856t

Blau syndrome as, 858-859

chronic infantile neurologic cutaneous and articular disease as, 858

familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome as, 858

familial Mediterranean fever as, 856-857, 857f

hyperimmunoglobulinemia D syndrome as, 857-858

Muckle-Wells syndrome as, 858

periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and adenitis as, 859-860

pyogenic arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum, and acne syndrome as, 858-859

tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome as, 858, 859f

Hereditary spherocytosis, 1659-1662, 1659t, 1660f-1662f, e451-1t-e451-2t

Hereditary stomatocytosis, e454-1

Hereditary tyrosinemia, 422-425

Hereditary xanthinuria, e83-7

Hering-Breuer inflation index, 1421

Heritability, e77-2, e77-2f

Herlitz junctional epidermolysis bullosa, 2244-2246, 2245t

Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome (HWWS), e548-2

Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, 425, 748t, 2238t

Hernia/herniation

cerebral, 297, 299-300

diaphragmatic, 594-596, 594f

congenital (Bochdalek), 594-596, 595f-596f, e92-3t

as delivery room emergency, 575

epigastric, 1418

foramen of Morgagni, 597, 597f

hiatal, 1265, 1265f-1266f

inguinal, 1362-1368

abdominal pain of, 1247t

clinical presentation of, 1364

complications after surgical repair of, 1367-1368

direct, 1366-1367

embryology and pathogenesis of, 1362-1363, 1363f

evaluation of, 1364-1365

femoral, 1367

genetics of, 1363

incarcerated, 1365

incarceration of, 1367

incidence of, 1364

management of, 1365-1366, 1367f

pathology of, 1363-1364, 1364t

internal, 1289

intervertebral disk, 2377

as sports injury, 2412

lung, 1467

paraesophageal, 597

strangulated, 1365

umbilical, e99-2

Heroin

adolescent use of, 684-685

urine screening in, 676t

maternal addiction to, 623-624

Herpangina, 1090, 1260t

Herpes, genital, 708, 709t, 1100-1101, 1103

maternal, 1103-1104

sexual abuse and, 145t

treatment of, 713t

Herpes gestationis, immunofluorescence of, e637-1t

Herpes gladiatorum, 1100, 1102, e89-2t

Herpes labialis, 1099-1100, 1102, 1260, 1260t

Herpes simplex virus (HSV), 1097-1104

acyclovir for, e237-1

antivirals for, e237-2t

atopic dermatitis and, 806

in Bell palsy, 2147f

in child care setting, e167-1t

clinical manifestations of, 1099-1101

cutaneous, 1100, 1100f

diagnosis of, 1102

in encephalitis, 1101

epidemiology of, 1098

in erythema multiforme, 2241, 2242f

etiology of, 1098

exclusion from day care due to, e15-2t

of external ear, 2199

genital, 1100-1101

sexual abuse and, 145t

in gingivostomatitis, 1260, 1260f

in herpes labialis, 1099-1100, 1260

in immunocompromised patients, 1101

immunofluorescent-antibody testing of, e164-3

laboratory findings in, 1102

maternal

breast-feeding and, 161t, 540t

fetal and neonatal effects of, e89-3t

ocular, 1101

oropharyngeal, 1099, 1099f

pathogenesis of, 1098-1099

perinatal, 1101, 1102f

in pneumonia, 1475t

predisposition to infection due to immunodeficiency, 716t

prevention of, 1103-1104

prognosis for, 1103

treatment of, 1102-1103

in viral meningoencephalitis, 2096

vulvar, 1867t-1868t

Herpesviruses

antiviral therapy for, e237-1-e237-4

in child care setting, e167-1t, e167-2

human herpesvirus 6, 1117-1120

breast-feeding and, 540t

human herpesvirus 7, 1117-1120

breast-feeding and, 540t

Herpes zoster, 1104-1105, 1107-1109, 1107f-1108f

exclusion from day care due to, e15-2t

vaccine for, 1110

Herpetic gingivostomatitis, 1260, 1260f, 1260t

Herpetic whitlow, 1100, 1100f, 1102

Herplex See Idoxuridine

Herring lateral pillar classification, 2362, 2362f

Hers disease, 494t-495t, 497

HESX1 gene, 1876t, 1877

Heterochromia, 2156

Heterogeneity, 376

allelic, e77-2

locus, e77-2

Heterophile antibody test for Epstein-Barr virus, 1113

Heterophoria, 2157

Heterophyes heterophyes, e271-1t-e271-11t, e293-1-e293-2

Heterotaxy syndromes, cardiosplenic, 1589t, 1595-1596

Heterotopia, 2003-2004, 2003f

Heterotopic heart transplantation, e437-1

Heterotropia, 2157

Heterozygotes

detection in cystic fibrosis, 1490

double, 389

Heterozygous, defined, e56-1

Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), 474

Hexachlorophene, possible adverse reactions to in premature infant, 563t

Hexane, as inhalant, 681t

Hexose monophosphate pathway, deficiencies of enzymes of, 1678

HFE See Human factors engineering (HFE)

HFI See Hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI)

HFjV See High-frequency jet ventilation (HFjV)

HFO See High-frequency oscillation (HFO)

HFRS See Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS)

HFV See High-frequency ventilation (HFV)

HGE See Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE)

hGH See Human growth hormone (hGH)

HGPS See Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS)

HH See Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH)

HHE See Hemiconvulsion, hemiplegia, epilepsy (HHE) syndrome

HHH See Hyperammonemia-hyperornithinemia-homocitrullinemia (HHH) syndrome

HHRH See Hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria (HHRH)

HHT See Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT)

HHV-6 See Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6)

HHV-7 See Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7)

HHV-8 See Human herpesviruses 8 (HHV-8)

Hiatal hernia, 1265, 1265f-1266f

Hib See Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine (Hib)

Hibernian fever, familial, 858

Hickman catheter infection, e172-1

Hidden penis, 1856

Hidradenitis suppurativa, 2288

Hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, 2223

HIDS See Hyperimmunoglobulinemia D syndrome (HIDS)

HIE See Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE)

High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), 1469

High-density lipoproteins (HDL), 471, 472f, 472t, 479t

disorders of metabolism of, 477

obesity and, 185t

reverse cholesterol transport and, 473

High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter, 769

High endothelial venules, e117-1-e117-2

High-frequency jet ventilation (HFjV), 326-327

High-frequency oscillation (HFO), 326

High-frequency ventilation (HFV), 326-327

High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), 1138t

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), 1159

High molecular weight kininogen (HMWK)

deficiency of, 1703

reference values for, 1698t

High-production-volume (HPV) chemicals, e700-1-e700-4

High-quality child care, e15-3

High-risk infant, 552t, 553f, e91-1-e91-6

large-for-gestational-age, e91-1-e91-5

multiple gestation pregnancy and, 553-555, 554t, 555f

post-term, e91-1-e91-4

prematurity and intrauterine growth restriction and, 555-564

transport of, e91-1-e91-6

High-risk pregnancy, e89-1-e89-5

factors associated with, e89-1t

genetic, e89-1

maternal, e89-1-e89-4, e89-1f, e89-2t-e89-4t, e89-4f

High-tension electrical wire burn, 356

Hilgenreiner line, 2358

HINARI See Health InterNetwork Access to Research Initiative (HINARI)

Hindfoot, 2335

Hindgut, 1273

Hinman syndrome, 1849-1850, 1849f

Hip

arthrogryposis involving, e674-4

centers of ossification appearance in, 29t

dislocation of, with arthrogryposis, e674-4

disorders of, 2355-2365

developmental dysplasia as, 2356, 2357f-2359f

Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease as, 2361, 2362f

slipped capital femoral epiphysis as, 2363, 2364f

transient monoarticular synovitis as, 2360

fracture of, 2392

growth and development of, 2355

musculoskeletal pain syndrome of, 877t

normal development of, 2344

sports injury to, 2407t, 2413-2414

subluxation of, 2356

vascular supply to, 2356, 2356f

Hip click, 2357

HIPAA See Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA)

Hirschberg corneal reflex, 2157

Hirschsprung disease, 1283t, 1284-1287, 1285f-1286f, e320-1

congenital central hypoventilation syndrome with, 1520

intestinal atresia and meconium ileus versus, 1279

neonatal, 600

Hirsutism, e546-3-e546-4, e546-4t

Hispanic population

cultural values associated with, e4-1t-e4-2t

death rates for, 3t-4t

disease beliefs or practices of, e4-2t

empacho and, e4-4

infant mortality rates in, e87-1-e87-2

Histamine

genetic disorders of, 445t

in neuroendocrine tumor-associated diarrhea, e333-2t

Histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs)

for gastroesophageal reflux disease, 1268

for peptic ulcer disease, 1294

Histamine₁-type antihistamines, 771, 771t

Histerlin for precocious puberty, 1889

Histidine, defects in metabolism of, 453

Histidine decarboxylase deficiency, 447

Histidinuria, 1319

Histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis, e484-1-e484-4

Histiocytoma, 1762t, e662-2

Histiocytosis, 1773-1777

class I, 1775-1776, 1775f

classification and pathology of, 1773-1774, 1774t

class II, 1774-1776, 1776t

class III, 1776-1777

infections associated with, 1774t

Langerhans cell, 1773-1774

diabetes insipidus with, 1883

seborrheic dermatitis with, 2253-2254

Histiocytosis X, 1773-1774

Histone antibody in rheumatic disease, e147-3t

Histoplasma capsulatum, 1062-1064

in pneumonia, 1475t

Histoplasmosis, 1062-1064

HIV-related, e171-4t

oral ulcerations in, 1260t

History

in acute illness, 275-276

in allergic disease, 764-765

in anemia, 1648-1649

in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 109-110

in cardiovascular disease, 1530, 1530t-1532t

in dysmorphology, e102-5-e102-6

in fever, e169-2

in fever of unknown origin, 899-901

in gynecological problems, 1865

in hemostatic disorders, 1696-1699

in intellectual disability, 127t

in neurologic evaluation, e584-1, e584-1t

in orthopedic problems, 2331, 2332t

perinatal, 532

in poisonings, 251-253, 252t

in preanesthetic, e70-1t

in preparticipation sports examination, 2401-2405, 2402t-2404t, 2405f

in respiratory disease, e366-1

in seizures, 2019

in skin disorders, e637-1-e637-9

in wheezing, 1458, 1458t

History of pediatrics, 1-5

HIT See Health information technology (HIT)

HIV/AIDS, 1157-1177

in adolescent, 709

adrenal insufficiency with, 1925t

amebiasis with, 1179

bacillary angiomatosis in, 986

cardiovascular system involvement, 1165

central nervous system involvement in, 1164-1165

in child-care setting, e167-1t, e167-2

classification of, 1162, 1162t-1163t

clinical manifestations of, 1162-1166, 1162t-1163t

diagnosis of, 1166-1167, 1166t

predictive value theory and serologic testing for, e707-1-e707-2

encephalopathy in, 2068

epidemiology of, 1158-1159

etiology of, 1157-1158, 1158f

fetal therapy for, 551t

fever of unknown origin in, 899t, e171-4t

fever without a focus in, 896t

gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary tract involvement in, 1165

hematologic and malignant disease due to, 1166

in immigrant children, 134

infections with, 1162-1164, 1164t, e171-1t, e171-4t, e171-5-e171-6

Candida, 1055

coccidioidomycosis, 1065-1068

Cryptococcus neoformans, 1058

histoplasmosis, 1063-1064

Pneumocystis jiroveci, e236-1

toxoplasmosis, 1210

tuberculosis, 1007-1008

varicella-zoster virus, 1106, 1108-1109

inflammatory bowel disease versus enteropathy of, 1298t

malabsorption with, 1314

maternal

breast-feeding and, 161t, 540t

fetal and neonatal effects of, e89-3t

nutrition in, 174

pathogenesis of, 1159-1162, 1160f

in porphyria cutanea tarda, e85-11

prevention of, 1174-1177

prognosis for, 1174

prophylaxis following rape, 704, 704t

renal disease due to, 1165-1166

respiratory tract involvement in, 1165

seborrheic dermatitis with, 2253-2254

sexual abuse and, 145t

skin manifestations of, 1166

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

syphilis with, 1022

as threat to homosexual youth, 659

transmission of, 1159

treatment of, 1167-1174

adherence to, 1171-1172

antiretrovirals in, 1167-1172, 1168t-1171t

combination therapy in, 1167-1171

dosing in, 1172

initiation of, 1172

monitoring of, 1172-1173

supportive care in, 1173-1174, 1173f, 1174t-1176t

Hives, 811-816, 812t See also Urticaria (hives)

HLA See Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)

HLH See Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)

HLHS See Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS)

HMB See Hydroxymethylbilane (HMB)

HME See Human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME)

HMG See 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG) CoA synthase deficiency

HMG CoA See β-Hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl CoA (HMG CoA) synthase deficiency

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, 481-482, 481t

HMPV See Human metapneumovirus (HMPV)

HMSNs See Hereditary motor-sensory neuropathies (HMSNs)

HMWK See High molecular weight kininogen (HMWK)

H1N1 influenza, 1121-1122

H5N1 influenza, 1122

HNPCC See Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC)

Hoarseness, due to gastroesophageal reflux disease, 1269

Hockey, injuries in, e684-2

Hodgkin disease

Epstein-Barr virus-associated, 1112

hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for, 759

Hodgkin lymphoma, 1739-1743

diagnosis of, 1741, 1741t, 1742f

epidemiology of, 1740

incidence and survival rates for, 1726t

pathogenesis of, 1740-1741, 1740f-1741f, 1741t

prognosis for, 1743, 1744t

relapse of, 1743, 1744t

risk factors for, 1727t

treatment of, 1741-1742, 1743t

work-up of, 1731t

Holocarboxylase synthetase (HCS) deficiency, 432

secondary to pyruvate carboxylase deficiency, 506

Holoprosencephaly, 2005-2006, 2006f, e102-2t, e102-3-e102-4

Holosystolic murmur, 1535

Holter recordings in supraventricular tachycardia, 1614-1615

Holt-Oram syndrome, 1531t, e418-1t-e418-2t

Home care

of asthma exacerbations, 799

of child with life-threatening illness, 151

of premature or low birthweight infant, 564

Homeless children, 7-8

health services for, 10

Home mechanical ventilation, 1524-1526

equipment for, 1524-1525

noninvasive, 332

team approach to, 331-332, 331t

through tracheostomy interface, 332-333

Home monitoring

in congenital central hypoventilation syndrome, 1522

for sudden infant death syndrome prevention, 1428-1429

Homeostatic process in sleep, 46

Homes tremor, 2058

Homicide, 18

by age and type, 667t

with firearms, 25

Homocysteine testing, 1699

Homocystinemia, 425-429

Homocystinuria, 425-429, 428f, 1708

cardiac manifestations of, 1531t

methylmalonic acidemia with, 438

tall stature in, e554-1, e554-2t

Homophobia, 658

Homosexuality, adolescent, 658-659

Homozygous, defined, e56-1

Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), 473-474, 473f-474f

Homozygous hypobetalipoproteinemia, 1313

Homozygous variegate porphyria, e85-1t

Honeybee, allergic responses to, 807f

Hookworm, 1218-1221

clinical manifestations of, 1219

cutaneous larva migrans as, 1220, 1220f, 1220t

diagnosis of, 1219-1220, 1219f

dog and cat, e271-1t-e271-11t

epidemiology of, 1219

etiology of, 1218, 1218f

maternal, e89-3t

pathogenesis of, 1219

prevention of, 1220

treatment of, 1220, e271-1t-e271-11t

Hops for sedation, 271t

Hordeolum, 2164

Horizontal suspension test, e584-5-e584-6, e584-6f

Horizontal transmission, 385

Hormones See also Endocrine disorders

of adrenal glands, e568-1-e568-8

for amenorrhea, 688t

in bone regulation, e694-1-e694-3

for contraception, 696-698, 696t-697t, 697f See also (Oral contraceptives (OCs))

gynecomastia due to, e109-1t

of hypothalamus and pituitary gland, e550-1-e550-2

of parathyroid gland, e564-1-e564-2

of thyroid gland, e557-1

for undescended testis, 1860

Horner syndrome, 2155

eye manifestations in, e584-3-e584-4

neuroblastoma associated with, 1754, 1754t

Hornet, allergic responses to, 807f

Horseshoe kidney, 1828-1829, 1829f

Hospital

emergency care in, in developing world, e61-15

international resources associated with care in, e61-14t

referring, responsibility of in transport medicine, e61-8-e61-9

Hospitalization

of adolescents, 663, 663f

for asthma, 781, 799-801

for burn injury, 349-350, 349t

for eating disorders, 95t

for Kawasaki disease, 863

due to measles, 1072t

in patterns of health care, 9

for pertussis, 946

for pneumonia, 1478, 1478t

psychiatric, 66

separation due to, e16-2

Host factors

in Neisseria meningitidis infection, 931

in otitis media, 2201-2202

Hot tub folliculitis, 2305, 2306f

Household products, poisoning with, 266-268

Howell-Jolly bodies, e479-1

HP See Hypersensitivity pneumonia (HP)

HPRT See Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) deficiency

HPS See Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)

HPV See High-production-volume (HPV) chemicals; Human papillomavirus (HPV)

H2RAs See Histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs)

HRS See Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS)

HRVs See Human rhinoviruses (HRVs)

HS See Hemorrhagic stroke (HS)

HSCT See Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT)

HSD3B2 gene, e576-2t-e576-3t

HSD3B7 gene defect, 1383t

HSIL See High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL)

HSP See Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP)

HSV See Herpes simplex virus (HSV)

5-HT_1A See Serotonin 1A (5-HT_1A)

HTLV See Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV)

5-HTT, SIDS and, 1426

Huffing, 681-682

Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), 1190-1193

Human bite, 2454-2460

Human chorionic gonadotropin

in brain tumors, 1747-1748

in CNS germ cell tumors, 1752-1753

in germ cell tumor, 1770

in ovarian carcinomas, 1872t

Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E), 1134

Human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1), 1134

Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63), 1134

Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43), 1134

Human factors engineering (HFE), e2-6

Human genome, e74-1-e74-5

fundamentals of, e74-1-e74-2, e74-1f-e74-2f

genotype-phenotype correlations in genetic disease and, e74-4

variations in, e74-2-e74-4, e74-2f-e74-3f

Human Genome Project, e74-4-e74-5, e74-5f

Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE), 1039t-1040t, 1048-1050

Human growth hormone (hGH), 1880-1881

for Turner syndrome, 1954

Human herpesviruses 8 (HHV-8), 1121

malignancy susceptibility associated with, e486-3

Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), 1117-1120, 1119f

breast-feeding and, 540t

Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7), 1117-1120, 1119f

breast-feeding and, 540t

Human immunodeficiency virus See HIV/AIDS

Humanitarian disasters, e61-15-e61-16

international pediatric emergency medicine in, e61-15-e61-16

international resources associated with, e61-14t

Humanitarian efforts for protection of children from effects of war, e36-6-e36-7

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA), e117-4-e117-5

type 1 diabetes mellitus and, 1970-1971, 1970f

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27

in reactive arthritis, 839

in spondyloarthritides, 839, e150-1, e150-1t

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B51, 854

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ2, 1308-1309

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ8, 1308-1309

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQA1*05, 1308

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQA1*0501, 846

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQB1*02, 1308

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB*0301, 846, 1308

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB*0302, 1308

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matching for stem cell transplantation, 757

from sibling, 757-760

from unrelated donor, e130-1

Human metapneumovirus (HMPV), 1129-1131, 1130f, 1131t

in pneumonia, 1475t

Human milk See also Breast-feeding

collection of, 162

inadequate intake of, 161

infant formula versus, 161t

leakage of, 160

patterns of supply of, 162t

protective effects of, 161t

Human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME), 1039t-1040t, 1048-1050

Human papillomavirus (HPV), 1137-1141

in adolescent, 709, 713t

antivirals for, e237-5

clinical manifestations of, 1139, 1139f

complications of, 1140

cutaneous infection due to, 2315-2316

diagnosis of, 1139-1140

differential diagnosis of, 1140

epidemiology of, 1137-1139, 1138t

etiology of, 1137

predisposition to infection due to immunodeficiency, 716t

prevention of, 1140-1141

prognosis for, 1140-1141

prophylaxis following rape, 704t

treatment of, 1140

vaccine for, 884t, 888f, 891t, 1141

Human recombinant DNase, 1491

Human rhinoviruses (HRVs), 1133-1134

Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV), e269-1-e269-2

breast-feeding and, 161t, 540t

Humeral fracture

distal, 2392

proximal, 2392

as sports injury, 2410

supracondylar, 2410

Humerus, centers of ossification appearance in, 29t

Humidifier hypersensitivity pneumonia, 1473

Humidity, thermoregulation in premature infant and, 559

Humoral immunodeficiencies, infection with, e171-3

parvovirus B19, 1095

Humulus lupulus for sedation, 271t

Hungry bone syndrome, 226-227, e52-10

Hunter disease, 511-512, 511f, 512t

cardiac manifestations of, 1531t

Huntington’s disease (HD), 391, 2060t

Hurler disease, 510-511, 511f, 513f

cardiac manifestations of, 1531t

Hurler-Scheie disease, 511, 512t

HUS See Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS)

Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS), e84-1-e84-2, e84-1f, e84-2t

Hutchinson syndrome, 1754t

Hutchinson teeth, 1017t, 1019f

HWWS See Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome (HWWS)

Hyaline membrane disease, 581-590, 583f

Hyalinosis cutis et mucosae, 2276-2277

Hyaluronidase deficiency, 512t

Hybridization

comparative genomic, 396

array, 376, 377t, 396-398, 400f

fluorescence in situ, 395-396, 397f-398f

in intellectual disability, 125

multicolor, 396

Hydatid cyst/disease, 1237-1239, e271-1t-e271-11t

Hydatidosis, 1237-1239

Hydatid sand, 1238

Hydoxocalamin as poisoning antidote, 256t-257t

Hydralazine

for heart failure, e436-5t

for hypertensive emergencies, 1646t

for systemic hypertension, 1645t

Hydranencephaly, 2011, 2011f

Hydration

cutaneous, for atopic dermatitis, 804

in palliative care, 158

withholding of artificial, e3-2

Hydroa aestivate, e85-9

Hydroa vacciniforme, 2256-2257

Hydrocalycosis, 1841

Hydrocarbons

aspiration of, 1470-1471, 1470f

poisoning with, 267

Hydrocele, 1863-1864, 1863f

hernia and, 1363-1364, 1363f

Hydrocephalus, 2008-2011, 2008t, 2009f-2011f

in bacterial meningitis, 2089

imaging studies in, e584-11t

language disorders due to, 119

with myelomeningocele, 2001-2002

otitic, 2212

due to pork tapeworm, 1235

posthemorrhage, 567-568

Toxoplasmosis gondii, 1212

Hydrochlorothiazide for systemic hypertension, 1645t

Hydrocodone for pain management, 365t

Hydrocortisone, e568-6

for shock, 313

for thyroid storm, 1912t

hydrocytosis, e454-1

Hydrogen cyanide poisoning, 270

Hydrogen ions (H⁺) in acid-base balance, e52-14-e52-15, e52-14f

Hydrometrocolpos, 536

Hydromorphone

equianalgesic doses and half-life of, 367t

for pain management, 365t

in palliative care, 155t-156t

Hydronephrosis

abdominal pain of, 1247t

with urinary tract obstruction, 1839-1840, 1840t

Hydrops fetalis

edema in, 622

nonimmune, in congenital erythropoietic porphyria, e85-9-e85-10

parvovirus B19 infection and, 1095, 1653

Rh incompatibility and, 615-616

Hydrops of gallbladder, e358-1, e358-1t

Hydrothorax, 1513

Hydroxocobalamin for cyanide poisoning, 270, e704-8

3-Hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency

long-chain, 460

short-chain, 460

β-Hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl CoA (HMG CoA) synthase deficiency, 461-462

γ-Hydroxybutyrate, adolescent abuse of, 675t

γ-Hydroxybutyric aciduria, 447

Hydroxychloroquine

for juvenile dermatomyositis, 849

for lupus erythematosus profundus, 2283

for malaria, 1203t-1205t

for porphyria cutanea tarda, e85-12

for rheumatic disease, e148-2t-e148-3t, e148-4

for systemic lupus erythematosus, 844

3β-Hydroxy C₂₇-steroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) deficiency, 1384

Hydroxylase deficiency

dopamine, 421f, 446

tyrosine, 445

11β-Hydroxylase deficiency, 1932t, 1935-1936

adrenal insufficiency with, 1925t

17-Hydroxylase deficiency, 1936-1937, 1964

adrenal insufficiency with, 1925t

21-Hydroxylase deficiency, 1930-1935, 1932t

adrenal insufficiency with, 1925t

fetal therapy for, 551t

Hydroxymethylbilane (HMB), e85-2f

deficiency of, e85-4-e85-5

3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduria, 435

3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG) CoA synthase deficiency, mitochondrial, 435

4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase deficiency, 423

17-hydroxypregenolone, e568-2

Hydroxyproline malabsorption, 1319

3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) deficiency, 1932t, 1936

3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency, 1925t, 1964

17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency, 1959-1961

Hydroxyurea for sickle cell disease pain, 1665

Hydroxyzine

for depression and anxiety symptoms, 63t

for pruritus in palliative care, 155t-156t

for urticaria, 814

Hygiene

for gastroenteritis prevention, 1338

hand, e166-1, e166-2t

in child-care setting, e167-1

waterless, e166-1

for herpes simplex virus prevention, 1103

oral, for dental caries prevention, 1256

sleep, 48t-49t

Hygromas, cystic, e499-1-e499-2

Hymen

abnormalities of, e548-4

polyps of, 1869

sexual abuse examination and, 144, 144f-145f

Hymenolepiasis, 1232t, 1234, e271-1t-e271-11t

Hymenoptera, allergic responses to, 807-809, 807f

Hyoscyamine sulfate for respiratory secretions, 155t-156t

Hyperactivity, psychopharmacologic management of, 61t See also Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Hyperacusis in Tay-Sachs disease, 485

Hyperacute rejection of renal transplantation, e530-5

Hyperaldosteronism

glucocorticoid-suppressible, 1938-1939

myopathies with, 2129

Hyperammonemia, 447-453, 448f-449f, 448t, 450t

with persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy, 525

hyperammonemia-hyperornithinemia-homocitrullinemia (HHH) syndrome, 453

Hyperamylasemia, 1371, 1371t

Hyperargininemia, 448f, 452

Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) for carbon monoxide poisoning, 270

Hyperbilirubinemia

inherited conjugated, 1390

neonatal, 603-608, 607t

due to biliary atresia, 607

breast-feeding associated, 607, 607f

clinical manifestations of, 604, 604t

differential diagnosis of, 604-605, 605f, 606t

etiology of, 603-608, 604f, 604t

kernicterus due to, 608-612

pathologic, 606-607

physiologic, 605-606, 606f

treatment of, 610-612, 610f-611f, 611t-612t

nomogram for risk assessment of, e708-11f

pyloric stenosis with, 1274

unconjugated

differential diagnosis of, 1376t

familial nonhemolytic, 1389-1390

Hypercalcemia

causes of, 1921-1922

differential diagnosis of, 1921-1922

etiologic classification of, 1921t

due to hyperparathyroidism, 1921

as oncologic emergency, e488-6t

with subcutaneous fat necrosis, 2284

Hypercalciuria

hematuria in, 1795

hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets with, 207

in urinary lithiasis, e541-3t

Hypercapnia, due to surfactant deficiency, 582

Hypercapnia, permissive, 585

Hypercarbia, chronic, respiration regulation in, e365-17

Hypercholanemia, familial, 1384

Hypercholesterolemia, 473-475, 473f-474f, 475t

autosomal recessive, 475

hypertriglycerides with, 475-476

polygenic, 473t, 475

HyperCKemia, 2126

Hypercoagulable states, renal transplantation and, e530-2

Hypercyanotic attacks in tetralogy of Fallot, 1574

“Hyperdynamic pulmonary hypertension”, 1557

Hyperekplexia, e587-1

Hypereosinophilic syndrome, 740

Hyperfiltration injury in chronic kidney disease, 1822

Hypergammaglobulinema in HIV infection, 1161

Hyperglobulinemia in kala-azar, 1189

Hyperglycemia

in cystic fibrosis, 1496

in diabetes mellitus, 1979-1980

hyponatremia with, 1885

neonatal, 439

plasma osmolality and, e52-2

Hyperglycinemia, 438-441

ketotic, 436

nonketotic, 439-440

Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism

female, 1951-1956

gynecomastia with, 1950-1951

male, 1944-1945

Hyperhidrosis, 2287, 2287t

Hyperimmune animal antisera preparations, 882-883

Hyperimmune globulin preparations, 882

Hyperimmunoglobulinemia D syndrome (HIDS), 855t, 857-858

fever with, 436

Hyper-immunoglobulin E syndrome, 736, 736t, 742t

Hyper-immunoglobulin M syndrome, 726-727, 748t

Hyperinfection syndrome of strongyloidiasis, 1223

Hyperinsulinema, 521-527, 521t-524t, 525f-527f

in infants of diabetic mothers, 627-628

obesity due to, 182t

Hyperinsulinemic state, 518

Hyperkalemia, 219-222

in acute renal failure, 1820

cardiac arrest due to, 289t

in chronic kidney disease, 1823t

clinical manifestations of, 221

diagnosis of, 221

electrocardiogram of, 1541f

etiology and pathophysiology of, 219-221, 220t

fictitious, 219

as oncologic emergency, e488-6t

spurious, 219

treatment of, 221-222

Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, 220, 2113t, 2125t, 2130

Hyperkalemic renal tubular acidosis, 1810-1811

Hyperkeratosis, epidermolytic, 2268t, 2270, 2270f

Hyperleukocytosis as oncologic emergency, e488-6t

Hyperlexia, 119

Hyperlipidemia

in chronic kidney disease, 1823t

familial combined, 473t, 475

secondary causes of, 477t

Hyperlipoproteinemias, 473-482, 473t

blood cholesterol screening for, 479-480

conditions associated with low cholesterol as, 477-478, 478t

high-density lipoproteins metabolism disorders as, 477

hypercholesterolemia as, 473-475, 473f-474f, 475t

hypertriglycerides with, 475-476

hypertriglyceridemias as, 476, 476f, 477t

intracellular cholesterol metabolism disorders as, 478-479

risk assessment and treatment of, 480-482, 480f, 481t-482t

type III, 476

type IV, 476-477

Hyperlucent lung, unilateral, 1461

Hypermagnesemia, e52-11

in newborn, 623

Hypermenorrhea, 686t

Hypermethioninemia, 427-428

Hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, 2278

Hypermobile pes planus (flatfoot), 2338, 2338f

Hypermobility syndrome, benign, e147-1

Hypermyelinating neuropathy, 2140

Hypernasality, e628-1

Hypernatremia, 212-215

causes of, 1883

clinical manifestations of, 213-214

in diabetes insipidus, 1882-1883

diagnosis of, 214

etiology and pathophysiology of, 213, 213t

treatment of, 214-215, 214f

Hypernatremic dehydration, 248-249, 248t

Hyperopia, 2150-2151

of newborn, e610-1

Hyperostosis, 190, 191f, 2436-2437, 2436f

Hyperoxaluria, 440-441

Hyperoxia test, 1573

Hyperparathyroidism, 1920-1923

hypercalcemia versus, 1921-1922, 1921t

hypophosphatemia in, 227

maternal, e89-2t

myopathies with, 2129

Hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome, 1921

Hyperphenylalaninemia, 418-420

due to deficiency of BH₄, 420-421, 421f

maternal, 420

Hyperphosphatemia, 228-229, 228t, e697-1, e697-1f

in chronic kidney disease, 1822

as oncologic emergency, e488-6t

Hyperpigmented lesions, 2236-2238, 2236f-2237f

Hyperpituitarism, e554-1

Hyperplasia

β-cell in hyperinsulinemia, 521-522

congenital adrenal, 1930-1939, 1931f

adrenocortical insufficiency due to, 1924

due to 11β-hydroxylase deficiency, 1935-1936

due to 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency, 1936

diagnosis and treatment of, 1931f, 1932t

due to 17-hydroxylase deficiency, 1936-1937

due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency, 1930-1935

hypokalemia in, 223-224

metabolic alkalosis in, 236

gingival, 1257

lipoid adrenal, 1937, 1964

nodular lymphoid, e337-3

sebaceous, 2218

Hyperprolactinemia

in BH₄ deficiency, 421

delayed puberty due to, 1949

Hyperprolinemia, 442-443, 447, 454

Hypersensitivity

in adverse drug reactions, 824

cow’s milk, 1498

cutaneous manifestations of, e637-3t

drug, 824-828

fever of unknown origin in, 900t

to food, 820t

to inhaled materials, e391-1-e391-2, e391-1f, e391-2t

serum sickness as, 819

in tuberculosis pathogenesis, 998

to vaccine, 827, 892

Hypersensitivity angitis, 868t

Hypersensitivity pneumonia (HP), e391-1-e391-2

Hypersensitivity syndrome, drug-induced, 827-828, 827t

Hypersensitivity vasculitis, 876, 876t

Hypersomnia, 53

Hypersplenism, e480-1, e451-1t-e451-2t

Hypertelorism, 2181-2182

Hypertension

in acute renal failure, 1821

in chronic kidney disease, 1823t, 1825

due to immunosuppression therapy, e437-3

maternal, 545

with obesity, 184t

persistent pulmonary of the newborn, 592-594, 592f, 1420

portal, e359-1-e359-3, e359-1t

as manifestation of liver disease, 1376

primary (essential), 1639-1647

blood pressure measurement in, 1639-1640

clinical manifestations of, 1641-1642

diagnosis of, 1642, 1642f, 1643t-1644t

etiology and pathophysiology of, 1640-1641, 1641t

prevalence of, 1639

treatment of, 1642-1647, 1644f-1646f, 1645t-1646t

pulmonary, 1421, 1570-1571, 1600-1602, 1600t, 1601f, 1602t

“hyperdynamic”, 1557

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

in systemic scleroderma, 851

“rebound”, 1569

renovascular, 1642, 1644f, 1646f

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

with type 2 diabetes mellitus, 1993t

white coat, 1639

in Wilms tumor, 1758

Hypertensive encephalopathy, 2068

strokelike events versus, 2086

Hypertensive retinopathy, 2179, 2179f

Hyperthermia

with anhidrosis, 2287

malignant, 2130-2131

hyperkalemia and, 220

postoperative, e70-11-e70-12

microcephaly with, 2007t

in newborn, 622

Hyperthyroidism, 1909-1913

causes of, 1909, 1909t

congenital, 1913, 1913f

in Graves disease, 1909-1913, 1909t, 1911f, 1912t

maternal, 545

myopathies with, 2129

Hyperthyroxinemia, familial dysalbuminemic, e558-1

Hypertonic saline for cystic fibrosis, 1491

Hypertrichosis, 2289, 2289t

alopecia and, 2289, 2289t

Hypertriglyceridemias, 473t, 476-477, 476f, 477t

Hypertriglycerides, hypercholesterolemia with, 475-476

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), 1629t-1630t, 1631-1632, 1632f

genetics of, e418-1, e418-1t-e418-2t

glycogen storage diseases mimicking, 500

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

sudden death due to, 1619-1620

Hypertrophic gastropathy, 1276

Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy, e163-1

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, 1274-1275, 1274f-1275f

Hypertrophy

assessment in neurologic examination, e584-6

breast, e545-1

ventricular

electrocardiography of, 1538, 1538f

radiographic assessment of, 1537

systemic hypertension with, 1642

Hyperuricemia as oncologic emergency, e488-6t

Hyperventilation

for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, 593

respiratory alkalosis and, 241

Hyperventilation spell, seizure versus, e587-4

Hyperviscosity in plethora, 619

Hypervitaminosis A, 190-191, 191f

Hypervitaminosis D, 208-209

hypercalcemia with, 1923

Hypervolemic hyponatremia, 216, 218

Hyphema, 2185

Hypnosis as goal of anesthesia, e70-1

Hypnotherapy for pain management, 371

Hypnotics

for anesthesia, e70-4t-e70-5t

poisoning with, 253t

Hypoalbuminemia in protein losing enteropathy, 1307

Hypoalphalipoproteinemia, 477

Hypobetalipoproteinemia

familial, 478

homozygous, 1313

Hypocalcemia

in acute renal failure, 1821

etiologic classification of, 1917t

hypomagnesemia with secondary, e52-9-e52-10

due to hypoparathyroidism, 1916-1917

in newborn, 623

in poisonings, 254t

Hypocalcification of tooth, 1250-1251

Hypocellular marrow, 1684

Hypochloremic alkalosis in cystic fibrosis, 1487

Hypochondroplasia, 2430

Hypochromic microcytic anemia, e450-1

Hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis, 876

Hypodysplasia, renal, 1827

Hypogammaglobulinemia

acquired, 724-725

enterovirus and, 1089

HIV-related, 1175t-1176t

Hypoglossal nerve, neurologic examination of, e584-5-e584-6

Hypoglycemia, 517-531

with adrenal insufficiency, 1927

classification of, 519-521, 520t

clinical manifestations of, 518-519, 519f, 519t, 521t, 524t

definition of, 517

diagnosis and differential diagnosis of, 524t, 530

endocrine deficiency and, 527-528

factitious, 521

in infants of diabetic mothers, 628

intraoperative, e70-9

ketotic, 524t, 528

leucine-sensitive, 525

malarial, 1206

management of in protein-energy malnutrition, 178t

neonatal seizures due to, 2034

in newborn, 518

persistent or recurrent, 521-530, 522t-523t, 525f-527f

in poisonings, 254t

prognosis for, 531

significance and sequelae of, 517-518

stroke-like events versus, 2085

treatment of, 530-531

in type 1 diabetes mellitus, 1985

in type I glycogen storage disease, 492-493

Hypoglycemics

oral, 1992-1993, 1992t

poisoning with, 251t, 263

Hypoglycinemia, 438-441

Hypogonadism

female

primary, 1951-1956

secondary, 1956-1957

hypergonadotropic, gynecomastia with, 1950-1951

male, 1943-1950, 1944t

primary, 1944-1945

secondary, 1948-1949

Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH)

female, 1956-1957

male, 1944-1945

Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, 2223, 2223f, 2223t

Hypokalemia, 222-224

cardiac arrest due to, 289t

clinical manifestations of, 224

diagnosis of, 224, 225f

electrocardiogram of, 1540f

etiology and pathophysiology of, 222-224, 222t

with primary aldosteronism, e572-1

treatment of, 224

Hypokalemic periodic paralysis, 222-223, 2125t, 2130

poliovirus infection versus, 1085t

Hypolactasia, primary adult type, 1317

Hypomagnesemia, e52-9-e52-11, e52-9t

cardiac arrest due to, 289t

neonatal seizures due to, 2034

in newborn, 623

Hypomania, 85

Hypomastia, e545-2

Hypomelanosis of Ito, 412, 2239-2240, 2240f, 2240t

Hypomenorrhea, 686t

Hypomyelinating neuropathy, congenital, e605-1-e605-4

Hyponatremia

in acute intermittent porphyrias, e85-6

in acute renal failure, 1821

causes of, 1884-1885

in diabetes insipidus, 215-219

clinical manifestations of, 217

diagnosis of, 217-218

etiology and pathophysiology of, 215-217, 215t, 217t

treatment of, 218-219

differential diagnosis of, 1884t

emergency treatment of, 1886

hypothyroidism-associated, 1903t

maintenance fluids and, 243-244

neonatal seizures due to, 2034

as oncologic emergency, e488-6t

runner’s, 1885

treatment of, 1885-1886

Hyponatremic dehydration, 247-248

Hypoparathyroidism, 1916-1919, 1917t

maternal, 1917

Hypophosphatasia, 454, 1922

Hypophosphatemia, 226-228, 227t, e696-1, e696-1f

Hypophosphatemic rickets, 202t

autosomal dominant, 207

autosomal recessive, 202t

due to Fanconi syndrome, 207

hereditary with hypercalciuria, 207

X-linked, 206-207

Hypopigmentation

in albinism, 424

genes associated with, 2238t

Hypopigmented lesion, 2238-2240, 2238f-2240f, 2238t, 2240t

Hypopituitarism, 1876-1881

abnormalities of growth hormone receptor in, 1879

acquired forms, 1878-1879

causes of, 1877t

classification of, 1876t-1877t

clinical manifestations of, 1879

congenital, 1878-1879

differential diagnosis of, 1880-1881

genetics of, 1876-1878

hypoglycemia with, 518

hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with, 1956

laboratory findings in, 1879-1880

primary, 1880-1881

psychosocial causes of, 1881

radiologic findings in, 1880

treatment of, 1881

complications and adverse effects of, 1881

Hypoplasia

adrenal, 1924

cartilage hair, 733-734, 1690, 2434

cerebellar, 2118

focal dermal, 2222

lipoid adrenal, 1925t

lymphoid in X-linked agammaglobulinemia, 724

of mandible, as delivery room emergency, 575

nasal, 1430

optic nerve, e623-1

parathyroid gland, 1917

pontocerebellar, 2007

pulmonary, 1464

with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 594

due to oligohydramnios, e89-2

renal, 1827-1828

thumb, 2386, 2386f

thymic, 728-729

tooth, 1250-1251

urethral, 1846-1847, 1857-1858

Hypoplastic anemia, congenital, 1650-1651

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS), 1592-1595, 1593f-1595f

Hypoplastic nail, e102-7t

Hypopyon, 2156

Hyposmia, 1948

Hypospadias, 1852-1854, 1853f

Hyposplenism, e481-1

Hypotelorism, 2181-2182

Hypotension

during induction of anesthesia, e70-8

in newborn, e92-1

orthostatic, e587-1-e587-2

Hypothalamus See also Pituitary gland disorders

fever of unknown origin due to dysfunction of, 901

hamartoma of, precocious puberty with, 1890

hormones of, e550-1-e550-2

hypothyroidism due to disease of, 1901

puberty physiology and, e555-1

Hypothermia

cardiac arrest due to, 289t

as cold injury, 358, 359f

due to drowning or submersion injury, 343-344, 346-347

hypothyroidism-associated, 1903t

induced

for hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, 302, 571

in post-resuscitation care, 296

management of in protein-energy malnutrition, 178t

in newborn, e92-2

postoperative, e70-11

Hypothyroidism, 1895-1903

acquired

clinical manifestations of, 1901-1902, 1902f, 1903t

diagnostic studies of, 1902-1903

epidemiology of, 1901

etiology of, 1901, 1901t

treatment and prognosis for, 1903, 1903t

amenorrhea due to, 686

due to cancer and its therapy, e488-7t-e488-9t

cardiac manifestations of, 1531t

classification of, 1895t

congenital, 1895-1901

clinical manifestations of, 1898-1899, 1898f

epidemiology of, 1895

etiology of, 1895-1897

laboratory findings in, 1899-1900, 1899t, 1900f

in preterm babies, 1897

prognosis for, 1900-1901

thyroid hormone unresponsiveness as, 1897

treatment of, 1900

with Down syndrome, 403t

due to iodine deficiency, e51-1

maternal, 545

myopathies with, 2129

obesity due to, 182t, 185

precocious puberty and, 1891

due to total body irradiation, e133-1

Hypothyroxinemia of prematurity, 627

Hypotonia

assessment in neurologic examination, e584-6

benign congenital, 2119

in neuromuscular disorders, 2109-2110, 2115t

Hypoventilation, alveolar, 1523

Hypoventilation syndrome

congenital central, 1520-1522, e365-15

obesity, 1522-1523

Hypovolemia

cardiac arrest due to, 289t

with fulminant hepatic failure, 1414

Hypovolemic hyponatremia, 215-218

Hypovolemic shock, 285, 307t

clinical manifestations of, 308

defined, 305

hemodynamic variables in, 311t

pathophysiology of, 305

Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) deficiency, e83-3-e83-5

Hypoxemia, 1419

permissive, in mechanical ventilation for respiratory distress syndrome, 585

respiratory alkalosis due to, 240-242, 241t

Hypoxia

cardiac arrest due to, 289t

chronic, respiration regulation in, e365-17

fetal, 550

therapy for, 551t

due to surfactant deficiency, 582

tissue, respiratory alkalosis due to, 240, 241t

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), 298f-299f, 301-303, 302f, 569-573, 569t-570t

in drowning, 346

microcephaly with, 2007t

seizure due to, 2034

stroke-like events versus, 2085

Hypoxic-ischemic insult, global, 301-303

Hypsarrhythmia, 2024

I

IAHS See Infection-associated hemophagocytic syndrome (IAHS)

IAR See Intermittent allergic rhinitis (IAR)

Iatrogenic cryptorchidism, 1367

IBD See Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

Ibuprofen

for dysmenorrhea, 691t

for juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 838t

for migraine, 2043, 2044t

for pain management, 364t

poisoning with, 260-261

for rheumatic disease, e148-2t-e148-3t

IC See Inspiratory capacity (IC)

“Ice”, 683-684

Ice hockey, injuries in, e684-2

I-cell disease, 491-492

I-cell disease mucolipidosis type II, 1523

ICF See Intracellular fluid (ICF)

Ichthyosiform dermatoses, 2271-2272

Ichthyosiform erythroderma, 2268t

Ichthyosis, 2267-2272, 2268t

follicularis, 2268t

harlequin, 2267

hystrix, 2234, 2268t

lamellar, 2267-2268, 2269f

vulgaris, 2269, 2269f

X-linked, 2269-2270, 2270f

ICP See Intracranial pressure (ICP)

ICs See Inhaled corticosteroids (ICs)

Icteric leptospirosis, 1024

Icteropyloric syndrome, 1274

Icterus See Jaundice

Icterus neonatorum, 605-606, 606f

ID₅₀ See 50% inhibitory dose (ID₅₀)

Idamycin See Idarubicin

Idarubicin for cancer therapy, e488-4t

IDDM2 gene locus, 1971

IDEA See Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

Identification, microbial, e164-1-e164-4

Identity

adolescent formation of, 650t

gender, 655

Idiogenic osmoles, 214

Idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage (IPH), 1498-1500

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), 1714-1718, 1717f

maternal, e89-2t

IDL See Intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL)

Idoxuridine, e237-1t

IEP See Individualized education program (IEP)

IF See Intestinal failure (IF), transplantation for; Intrinsic factor (IF)

IFA See Immunofluorescent-antibody (IFA) technique

Ifex See Ifosfamide

IFN-γ See Interferon-γ (IFN-γ)

Ifosfamide for cancer therapy, e488-4t

IFSP See Individualized family service plan (IFSP)

IgA See Immunoglobulin A (IgA)

IGF-1 See Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)

IGF2 See Insulin-like growth factor receptor 2 (IGF2) gene inactivation

IGFBP See Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP)

IgG See Immunoglobulin G (IgG)

IgG-IFA See Immunoglobulin G indirect fluorescent-antibody (IgG-IFA) testing, in toxoplasmosis

IgM See Immunoglobulin M (IgM)

IgM-ELISA See Immunoglobulin M enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IgM-ELISA), in toxoplasmosis

IgM-IFA See Immunoglobulin M indirect fluorescent-antibody (IgM-IFA) testing, in toxoplasmosis

IGT See Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)

IL See Indeterminate leprosy (IL)

IL-1 See Interleukin-1 (IL-1)

IL-3 See Interleukin-3 (IL-3)

IL-4 See Interleukin-4 (IL-4)

IL-5 See Interleukin-5 (IL-5)

IL-6 See Interleukin-6 (IL-6)

IL-9 See Interleukin-9 (IL-9)

IL-12 See Interleukin-12 (IL-12)

IL-13 See Interleukin-13 (IL-13)

ILAR See International League of Association for Rheumatology (ILAR)

IL-1β See Interleukin-1β (IL-1β)

ILD See Interstitial lung disease (ILD)

Ileal atresia and obstruction, 1278-1280, 1279f

Ileitis, regional See Crohn’s disease

Ileoileal intussusception, 1289

Ileus, 1277-1281, 1287

abdominal pain of, 1248t

closed-loop, 1287-1289

congenital, e92-3t

in cystic fibrosis, 1495

duodenal, 1277-1278

hypothyroidism-associated, 1903t

intrinsic versus extrinsic, 1277

jejunal and ileal, 1278-1280

due to malrotation, 1280-1281

meconium, 601, 601f, 1279

in cystic fibrosis, 1486, 1487f, 1495

Iliohypogastric nerve block, 372

Ilioinguinal nerve block, 372

Iliotibial band (ITB) syndrome, 2416, e684-2

Ilium, 2355

Ilizarov device, e674-3, e668-5f, e674-4f

Illicium anisatum, potential toxicity of, 272t-273t

Illness

exclusion from day care due to, e15-1, e15-2t

integrated management of childhood and, 1334, 1335f

Iloprost for pulmonary hypertension, 1602t

Ilopsoas muscle, blood into, 1699-1700, 1700f

IM See Intramuscular (IM)

IMAGe syndrome, 1925t

Imaging studies See also Radiology

in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, 2079

in cancer, e488-1

in chronic diarrhea, 1344

in coccidioidomycosis, 1067, 1067f

in febrile seizures, 2018

fetal, 543t

hepatic, 1381

in intellectual disability, 127t

in malabsorption disorders, 1308

in migraine, 2042, 2043t

in neurologic assessment, e584-10-e584-11, e584-11t

in neurologic disorders, e584-10-e584-11, e584-11t

in neuromuscular disorders, 2111

in orthopedic problems, 2334

radiation exposure and, e699-1t

in rheumatic disease, e147-2-e147-3

in urinary tract infection, 1833, 1833f

in urinary tract obstruction, 1839-1841, 1839f-1841f, 1840t

Imatinib, 1739, e488-2t

IMCI See Integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI)

Imerslund-Grasbeck syndrome, 1320

I231-MIBG studies See Iodine-123 meta-iodobenzylguanidine (I231-MIBG) studies

IMIG See Intramuscular immunoglobulin (IMIG)

Iminoglycinuria, 1319

Imipenem, e173-3

for neonatal infection, 645t

Imipenem-cilastin for cystic fibrosis lung infection, 1492t

Imipramine

for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 111t

for depression and anxiety symptoms, 63t

for nocturnal incontinence, 1852

Imiquimod

for genital warts, 713t

for human papillomavirus, 1140

Imitres See Sumatriptan

Immersion, cold water, 343-344

Immersion burn, due to child abuse, 138

Immersion foot, 358

Immigrant children, 6-7

adoption of, 130-134

effects of relocation on, e16-2

medical evaluation of, 132-134

Immobility

as goal of anesthesia, e70-1-e70-3

hypercalcemia due to prolonged, 1923

Immotile cilia syndrome, e396-1-e396-4, e396-1f, e396-2t

Immune complexes

in adverse drug reactions, 824

in glomerular disease, e502-3

in hepatitis B, 1397

in serum sickness, 819

Immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked (IPEX) syndrome, 738, 1312, 1341, 1969, 1995

Immune neutropenia, 749

Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), 1162

Immune response

to immunizations, 883

in influenza virus, 1122-1123

of lung to injury, e365-1-e365-14

in tuberculosis, 998, 999f

Immune system

complement in, e127-1-e127-3

evaluation of, 715-722

fetal development of, e117-1-e117-5, e117-1f, e117-2t, e117-4f

glucocorticoids and, e568-5

malignancy susceptibility associated with, e486-1-e486-3

phagocytic

disorders of, 741-746, 742t

eosinophils in, 739-741

monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells in, e122-1-e122-3

neutrophils in, e121-1-e121-4

postnatal development of, e117-5-e117-6

T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells in, e117-1-e117-7

Immunity

acquired, 722

to group B streptococci, 926

to Haemophilus influenzae, 941, 941t

immune cell interaction in, e117-4-e117-5

innate, 722

to meningococcus, 931

in newborns, 631-632

after Plasmodium, 1200

to Shigella, 959

to tuberculosis, 1000-1001

to varicella, 1109, 1109t

Immunization(s), 881-895, 881t See also Vaccine(s)

active, 883-884, 884t

for adolescents, 664

chronic kidney disease and, 1825

congenital heart disease and, 1603

HIV infection and, 1173, 1173f

for homosexual youth, 659

immigrant children and, 132, 134

immunodeficiencies and, 889-891, 892t

improving coverage of, 893, 893t

international practices on, 893-895

maternal, group B streptococcus, 928

National Immunization Days and, 1087

parental refusal of, 893, e3-6-e3-7

passive, 881-883

precautions and contraindications for, 892-893

recommended schedule for, 886, 887f-888f, 890f

catch-up, 889, 890f

renal transplantation and, e530-2-e530-3

safety monitoring of, 886, 886t

in special circumstances, 889-891

sudden infant death syndrome and, 1425

for travel, 889, 891t, e168-1, e168-3t, e168-6t

type 1 diabetes mellitus and, 1972

vaccination system in USA and, 884-886, 885f

websites and resources associated with, 894t

Immunocompromised patient

bacillary angiomatosis in, 986

fever without a focus in, 896t

infections in, e171-1-e171-9, e171-1t

with acquired immunodeficiencies, e171-4-e171-5, e171-4t

adenovirus in, 1132

with B cell defects (humoral immunodeficiencies), e171-3

blastomycosis, 1064-1065

candidal, 1055-1056

Cryptococcus neoformans, 1056-1057

cryptosporidiosis, 1184

cytomegalovirus, 1116-1117

with defective splenic function, opsonization, and complement activity, e171-2-e171-3

with fever and neutropenia, e171-6-e171-7

herpes simplex virus, 1101, 1103

histoplasmosis, 1063

with malignancies, e171-4f, e171-5t, e171-6-e171-8

parvovirus B19, 1096

with phagocytic defects, e171-2

Pneumocystis jiroveci, e236-1

with primary immunodeficiencies, e171-2

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 976

with T cell defects (cell-mediated immunodeficiencies), e171-3

Toxoplasmosis gondii, 1208, 1210, 1215

with transplantation, e171-6, e171-6t-e171-7t

Trypanosoma cruzi, 1196

varicella-zoster virus, 1107

vaccine recommendations for, 889-891, 892t

Immunodeficiency(ies), 715-722, 716t, 721t

acquired, e171-4-e171-5 See also (HIV/AIDS)

antibody, 722-728, 724f

common variable immunodeficiency as, 724-725, 724t

genetics of, 723t

hyper-immunoglobulin M syndrome as, 726-727

immunoglobulin A deficiency as, 725

immunoglobulin G subclass deficiencies as, 725-726

immunoglobulin heavy- and light-chain deletions as, 726

X-linked agammaglobulinemia as, 723-724, 723f

X-linked lymphoproliferative disease as, 727

atopic dermatitis versus, 803-804, 803t

autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome as, 737-738, 737t, 738f

B cell

evaluation of, 715-720

infection with, e171-3

treatment of, 727-728

cellular, 728-729, 728t

autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis ectodermal dysplasia as, 730

CD8 lymphocytopenia as, 730

defective cytokine production as, 729

defective expression of T-cell receptor-CD3 complex as, 729, 729f

thymic hypoplasia as, 728-729

treatment of, 736-737, 737t

classification of, 721t

clinical manifestations of, 716t-718t

combined, 730-738

genetic basis of, 731t

infection with, e171-4

severe, 730-733, 731t, 732f

treatment of, 736-737, 737t

common variable, 724-725

complement system, 722

dysregulation, 737-738

evaluation of, 715, 718t, 719f, 720t

hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for, 760

immunization and, 889-891, 892t

infections with, e171-2

inheritance in development of, e117-6

in innate immunity, 735-736

malabsorption with, 1313-1314

malignancy susceptibility associated with, e486-1-e486-3, e486-2t-e486-3t

maternal, 545

neutropenia in, 751-752

NK cells, 722

phagocytic

evaluation of, 722

infection with, e171-2-e171-3

prenatal diagnosis and carrier detection in, e117-6

pulmonary manifestations of, e413-1t

red blood cell aplasia in, 1653

T cell

evaluation of, 720-722

infection with, e171-3

with thrombocytopenia and eczema, 734-735

Immunofluorescence studies

in Chlamydophila pneumoniae, 1034-1035

in parainfluenza viruses, 1125t

in skin disorders, e637-1t, e637-2

in toxoplasmosis, 1213

Immunofluorescent-antibody (IFA) technique, e164-3

Immunoglobulin(s), 882t

administered with measles vaccine, 1074, 1074t

botulism, 990

for chronic diarrhea therapy, 1345-1346

cytomegalovirus, 882t

development and differentiation of, e117-2-e117-4

for enterovirus infection, 1093-1094

heavy- and light-chain deletions of, 726

hepatitis A, 1396, 1396t

hepatitis B, 882t, 1399, 1399t

intramuscular, 882, 882t

intravenous, 882t

for B-cell defects, 727-728

for cytomegalovirus prophylaxis, 1117

for hepatitis A virus, 1396, 1396t

for hepatitis B virus, 1399, 1399t

for hyperbilirubinemia, 611-612

for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, 1717

for myasthenia gravis, 2135

for rheumatic disease, e148-2t-e148-3t

for seizures, 2032

specific preparations of, 882, 882t

for tetanus, 992-993

for urticaria and angioedema, 815t

for viral infection, e237-5

in neonatal immunity, 631

postnatal, e117-5-e117-6

rabies, 882t

subclasses of, e117-2-e117-4

subcutaneous, for B-cell defects, 727-728

tetanus, 882t, 992

vaccinia, 882t

varicella-zoster, 882t, 1106, 1110, e237-5

Immunoglobulin A (IgA)

deficiency of, 725, 748t

celiac disease and, 1309

malabsorption with, 1314

development and differentiation of, e117-2-e117-4

in Henoch-Schönlein purpura, 868-869

postnatal, e117-6

reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

in screening for B cell defects, 719

subclasses of, e117-2-e117-4

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) dermatosis, linear, 2249, 2249f

immunofluorescence of, e637-1t

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy, 1781-1782, 1781f, 1785t

Immunoglobulin D (IgD), reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

Immunoglobulin E (IgE)

in adverse drug reactions, 824

in allergic disease, 766, e134-3-e134-4

radioallergosorbent testing of, 766-767, 767t

allergic rhinitis, 775-777

anti-

for allergic disease, 772

for asthma, 794t, 796

for atopic dermatitis, 805

in atopic dermatitis, 802

development and differentiation of, e117-2-e117-4

in food adverse reactions, 820-822, 823t

hyper-, 736, 736t

in insect allergy, 807-808

in nonallergic disease, 767t

reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

in urticaria and angioedema, 811

Immunoglobulin G (IgG), e164-4

in adverse drug reactions, 824

antibody testing for, e164-4

in cytomegalovirus, 1116

deficiencies of

in common variable immunodeficiency, 725

development and differentiation of, e117-2-e117-4

in hepatitis A, 1395, 1396t

in Lyme disease, e164-4

in neonatal immunity, 631

postnatal, e117-6

reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

in screening for B cell deficiencies, 720

subclasses of, e117-2-e117-4

deficiencies of, 725-726

Immunoglobulin G indirect fluorescent-antibody (IgG-IFA) testing, in toxoplasmosis, 1213

Immunoglobulin M enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IgM-ELISA), in toxoplasmosis, 1213-1214

Immunoglobulin M (IgM)

in adverse drug reactions, 824

antibody testing for, e164-4

in arboviral encephalitis, 1144

in cytomegalovirus, 1116

development and differentiation of, e117-2-e117-4

hyper-, 726-727

in Lyme disease, 1028, e164-4

in measles, 1071

postnatal, e117-5-e117-6

reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

of rubella, 1076-1077

Immunoglobulin M indirect fluorescent-antibody (IgM-IFA) testing, in toxoplasmosis, 1213

Immunoproliferative small intestinal disease (IPSID), 1314-1315

Immunoprophylaxis See also Prophylaxis

cytomegalovirus, 1117

otitis media, 2213

respiratory syncytial virus, 1129

Immunosorbent agglutination test (ISAGA), in toxoplasmosis, 1214

Immunosuppression

complications of, e530-6, e437-2-e437-4, e530-7f

cutaneous manifestations in setting of, e637-6

dental problems associated with, 1251t

for heart transplantation, e437-1-e437-4

for intestinal transplantation, e331-2

for kidney transplantation, e530-3-e530-5

for liver transplantation, e360-1

Immunosuppression, pharmacokinetics and, e56-3t

Immunotherapy

allergen, 773-775

for atopic dermatitis, 805

venom, for insect allergy, 808-809, 809t

Imodium See Loperamide

Impacted fracture, 2388f

Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), 1993, e583-2t

Impending status epilepticus, 2037-2038

Impenem-cilastatin, e173-4t-e173-11t

Imperforate anus, 1356, 1356f-1357f

neuropathic bladder and, e536-3

Impetigo, 2299-2300, 2300f

Bockhart, 2305

bullous, group A streptococci in, 917

in child-care setting, e167-1t, e167-3t

exclusion from day care due to, e15-2t

group A streptococcus in, 916-917

streptococcal, 915

Implant

cochlear, 2196, 2196t

progestin, for special needs girls, 1875

Implicit memory, e29-3

Impramine for nocturnal enuresis, 73t

Imprinting, genetic, 391-393, 393f

in cancer development, e486-3-e486-4

Imprinting disorders, 413-414, 414f

Impulsivity, psychopharmacologic management of, 61t

IMRT See Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT)

IMV See Intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV)

Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), 884t, 1087-1088

with diphtheria acellular pertussis vaccine and hepatitis B vaccine (DTaP-HepB-IPV), 884t

with diphtheria acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP-IPV), 884t

with diphtheria acellular pertussis vaccine Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine (DTaP-IPV/Hib), 884t

HIV infection and, 1173f

recommended schedule for, 886-889, 887f-888f

for travel, e168-3

Inamrinone, 294t

Inattention, psychopharmacologic management of, 61t

Inborn errors of metabolism, 416-418

of amino acids, 418-456

of arginine, citrulline, and ornithine, 447-453, 448f-449f, 448t, 450t

of aspartic acid, 455-456, 456f

of cysteine/cystine, 429

of glutamic acid, 443-445, 444f

of glycine, 438-441, 439f, 441f

of histidine, 453

of lysine, 453-455, 454f

malabsorption due to, 1318

of methionine, 425-429, 426f

of neurotransmitters, 445-447

newborn screening for, 416, 417t

of phenylalanine, 418-422, 419f, 421f

of proline, 442-443, 442f

of serine, 442

of tryptophan, 429-430, 429f

of tyrosine, 422-425

of valine, leucine, isoleucine, and related organic acidemias, 430-438, 430f

of carbohydrates, 493f, 494t-495t, e81-1-e81-8

of fructose, 503

of galactose, 502-503

glycogen storage diseases as, 492-501, 496f, 500f

of glycoprotein, e81-1-e81-8, e81-7t, e81-8f

with lactic acidosis, 503-509, 504f-505f, 507t-509t, 508f

malabsorption due to, 1318

of pentose, e81-1-e81-5

cardiac manifestations of, 1531t

clinical manifestations of, 416-418, 417f, 418t

common characteristics of, 416

hepatic, 1388-1393, 1389t

α-antitrypsin deficiency, 1393

inherited deficient conjugation of bilirubin as, 1389-1390

neonatal iron storage disease as, 1393

Wilson disease, 1391, 1391f

of lipids, 456-492

of lipoprotein metabolism and transport, 470-482, 471f-474f, 472t-473t, 476f, 477t-479t, 480f, 481t-482t

lysosomal storage disorders as, 482-491, 483f, 484t-485t, 486f-487f, 489f, 491f

of mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation, 456-462, 457t, 458f-459f

mucolipidoses as, 491-492

of very long chain fatty acids, 462-470, 462t-464t, 464f-465f, 466t, 469f

liver effects of, 1389t

metabolic acidosis due to, 233

myocardial disease with, 1629t

neonatal seizures due to, 2036

newborn screening for, 416, 417t

physiologic therapies for, 379

of purine and pyrimidine, e83-1-e83-9, e83-1f-e83-2f

gout as, e83-2-e83-3

purine catabolism disorders as, e83-6-e83-7

purine nucleotide synthesis disorders as, e83-5-e83-6

purine salvage abnormalities as, e83-3-e83-5, e83-4f

pyrimidine metabolism disorders as, e83-7-e83-9

severe intellectual disability in, 123t

strokelike events versus, 2086

treatment of, 418

Incarcerated inguinal hernia, 1365

Incidentalomas, e573-2

Incomplete penetrance, 383-385, 387f

Inconspicuous penis, 1856, 1856f

Incontinence

diurnal, 73

fecal, 73-74

giggle, 1851

urinary, 1848t, 1850-1851, 1850f

diurnal, 1847-1848, 1848f-1849f

due to neuropathic bladder, e536-2, e536-2f

Incontinentia pigmenti, 2052-2053, 2053f

Incoordination

cricopharyngeal, 1264

gross motor, e29-2

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP), 297

in bacterial meningitis, 2089, 2094

in brain tumors, 1747

general anesthesia and, e70-2t-e70-3t

migraine secondary to, 2046

as oncologic emergency, e488-6t

Incubated osmotic fragility test, 1660-1661

IND See Intestinal neuronal dysplasia (IND)

Inderal See Propranolol

Indeterminate leprosy (IL), e208-1

India Ink stain, e164-1t

Indian childhood cirrhosis, 1392

Indian Health Service, 10

Indian tick typhus, 1043-1044

Indicanuria, 1319

Indinavir

drug interactions with, e57-13t-e57-14t

for HIV infection, 1168t-1171t

Indinavir calculi, e541-4

Indirect bilirubin, 605-606

Indirect cystography, 1836

Indirect fluorescent-antibody testing, in toxoplasmosis, 1213

in intellectual disability, 128

Individualized family service plan (IFSP), e15-4

in intellectual disability, 128

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), 122-123, e15-4

Indole intoxication, e703-2

Indomethacin

possible adverse reactions to in premature infant, 563t

for prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage, 568

Indoor air pollution, e700-1

Induction of general anesthesia, e70-5-e70-8

adverse reactions to agents used for, 827

complications of, e70-8

parenteral presence during, e70-8

Infant See also Newborn

acne in, 2327, 2327f

asthma in, 800-801

behavioral and psychosocial assessment of, 56

botulism in, 987-991

child restraint in motor vehicles for, 21t

developmental dysplasia of hip in, 2357-2360, 2357f-2358f, 2360f

of diabetic mother, 545, e89-2t

congenital heart disease with, 1531t

fetal therapy for, 551t

digital fibroma in, e662-2

disruptive behavioral disturbances in, 99

drowning or submersion injury to, 342

feeding of

breast-feeding, 160 See also (Breast-feeding)

complementary feeding, 164-165

formula feeding, 162-164, 162f

fever without a focus in, 896t

fever without localizing signs in, 897-898, 897t

gonococcal infection in, 939

growth and development of, 26-31, 28t-29t

age 0-2 months, 26-29

age 2-6 months, 29-30

age 6-12 months, 30-31

breast-feeding and, 162

charts for assessment of, e13-2-e13-3

cognitive, 27, 30

communication, 30-31

developmental milestones in, 27t

emotional, 27-28, 30-31

physical, 27, 29-31, 29f

gynecological examination of, e542-1

hypoglycemia in, 518-521, 520t

intellectual disability in, 125t

leading causes of death for, 5t

leukemia in, 1739

pain assessment in, 361

perception and effects of pain on, 373-375

pertussis in, 945

respiration regulation in, e365-17

sleep changes in, 47t

well child care for, 16

Infant formula, 162-164, 162f

human milk versus, 161t

otitis media and, 2200

Infantile acropustulosis, 2220

Infantile cortical hyperostosis, 2436-2437, 2436f

Infantile encephalopathy, early epileptic, 2023

Infantile parkinsonism, 445

Infantile polyarteritis nodosa, 862-867

Infantile Refsum disease, 464, 466t

Infant mortality rates, e87-1-e87-2, e87-2f

Infants born to diabetic mothers, 627-629, 627f-628f

hypoglycemia in, 521

Infarction

periventricular hemorrhage, 566

pulmonary, 1500-1502, 1501t

Infasurf, 585

Infected wound, perioperative prophylaxis and, e166-2, e166-4t

Infection(s)

adrenocortical insufficiency due to, 1927

anaerobic

botulism as, 987-991

Clostridium difficile infection as, 994-995

due to other organisms, e205-1-e205-4, e205-2t-e205-3t

pneumonia as, 1475t

tetanus as, 991-994

antibiotic therapy for, e173-4t-e173-11t

age- and risk-specific use of, e173-1-e173-3

aminoglycosides in, e173-3-e173-12

carbapenems in, e173-3

cephalosporins in, e173-3

daptomycin in, e173-14

glycopeptides in, e173-3

for immunocompromised and hospitalized patients, e173-2

lincosamides in, e173-13

macrolides in, e173-13

with medical devices, e173-2-e173-3

penicillins in, e173-3

principles of, e173-1-e173-14

quinolones in, e173-13-e173-14

streptogramins and oxazolidinones in, e173-14

sulfonamides in, e173-13

tetracyclines in, e173-13

in arthritis development, 839-841, 840f, 840t

ataxia due to, 2054

atopic dermatitis and, 806

bacterial See (Bacterial infections)

due to bites, 2455

bone, 2394-2398

central nervous system, 2086-2098

anaerobic, e205-1

Aspergillus in, 1061

bacterial meningitis as, 2087-2095

eosinophilic meningitis as, 2097-2098

neonatal seizures due to, 2034

Staphylococcus aureus, 905

stroke-like events versus, 2085

tuberculous, 1005-1006

viral meningoencephalitis as, 2095-2097

due to chemotherapy, e488-5t

in child care setting, e167-1-e167-4, e167-1t

blood-borne pathogens, e167-2

epidemiology of, e167-1

exclusion of children due to, e167-3t-e167-4t

gastrointestinal tract infection, e167-1-e167-2

herpesvirus, e167-2

invasive organisms, e167-2

prevention of, e167-2-e167-4

respiratory tract infection, e167-1

skin diseases, e167-2

chlamydial

Chlamydia trachomatis, 1035-1038

Chlamydophila pneumoniae, 1033-1035

psittacosis as, e219-1-e219-2

in cystic fibrosis, 1484

disk space, 2376, 2376t

eosinophilia and, 740

failure to thrive in, 148t

fetal therapy for, 551t

fungal See (Fungal infections)

glomerulonephritis associated with, 1783-1786, 1783f-1784f, 1785t

gram-positive See (Gram-positive bacterial infection)

hearing loss due to, 2188-2189, 2191t, e633-1

hematopoietic stem cell transplantation-related, 762-763

in immigrant children, 131t, 132-134

in immunocompromised patient, e171-1-e171-9, e171-1t

with acquired immunodeficiencies, e171-4-e171-5, e171-4t

adenovirus in, 1132

with B cell defects (humoral immunodeficiencies), e171-3

Candida, 1055-1056, 1056t

cytomegalovirus, 1116-1117

with defective splenic function, opsonization, and complement activity, e171-2-e171-3

with fever and neutropenia, e171-6-e171-7

herpes simplex virus, 1101, 1103

with malignancies, e171-4f, e171-5t, e171-6-e171-8

parvovirus B19, 1096

with phagocytic defects, e171-2

with primary immunodeficiencies, e171-2

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 976

with T cell defects, e171-3

Toxoplasmosis gondii, 1208, 1210, 1215

with transplantation, e171-6, e171-6t-e171-7t

Trypanosoma cruzi, 1196

international health care and, e61-12

international prevention of, e61-12

intestinal, 1313 See also (Gastroenteritis)

Aeromonas in, e196-1

Campylobacter in, 969-970

eosinophilic, 1304, 1319-1322

in immigrant children, 133

salmonellosis, 951

juvenile idiopathic arthritis and, 835

malnutrition and, 173, 178t

maternal, 545

medical device-associated, e172-1-e172-3

molecular diagnosis of, e164-4-e164-5

mycobacterial

DNA probes in, e164-4

Hansen disease as, e208-1-e208-4

HIV-related, 1163-1164

nontuberculous, 1011-1016

in cystic fibrosis, 1494

predisposition to due to immunodeficiency, 716t

treatment of, e206-1-e206-5, e206-1t, e206-5t

tuberculosis as, 996-1011

mycoplasmal

genital, 1032-1033

Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 1029-1032

of nails, 2296, 2296f

neonatal, 629-648

bacterial, 630, 630f-631f, 636-637, 638t, 642-644

brain injury due to, 568-569

clinical manifestations of, 636-639, 637t-638t

complications and prognosis for, 646, 647t

diagnosis of, 639-644

early-onset, 633-636, 634t

Enterococcus, e179-2

enterovirus in, 1092

epidemiology of, 629, 633-636

etiology of, 632-633, 633t

evaluation of, 643t

fungal, 642-644

Haemophilus influenzae in, 943

immunity and, 631-632

intrauterine, 629-630, 630f, 636-642, 637t

late-onset, 631, 633-636, 634t-635t

listeriosis, e181-2

modes of transmission of, 629-631

nosocomial, 634-636, 635t-636t, 647-648

pathogenesis of, 629-631, 630f-631f

postnatal, 631

prematurity and low birth weight and, 634, 634f-635f

prevention of, 647-648, 647t

prophylaxis for, 640f-642f, 640t

systemic inflammatory response syndrome due to, 637-639

treatment of, 644-646, 645t

varicella-zoster virus, 1106

with nephrotic syndrome, 1805

neutropenia associated with, 747-748, 749t

nosocomial See (Nosocomial infection)

orbital, 2182-2184

parasitic See (Parasitic infections)

perinatal

congenital lymphocytic choriomeningitis, 548

cytomegalovirus, 1116

predisposition to, 716t

prevention and control of See (Infection prevention and control (IPC))

prevention of

in burn injury, 353-354, 353t

in child care setting, e167-2-e167-4

immunizations for, 881-895, 881t-882t

in premature and low birthweight infants, 353-354

as protection against diabetes mellitus, 1972

renal transplantation and, e530-2

respiratory tract

actinomyces in, e182-2

diphtheria in, e180-1-e180-2, e180-2f

group A streptococcus in, 916

Staphylococcus aureus in, 905

rickettsial, 1038, 1039t-1040t

due to Anaplasmosis, 1048-1050

ehrlichioses as, 1048-1050

Mediterranean spotted fever as, 1043-1044

Q fever as, 1051-1053

Rocky Mountain spotted fever as, 1038-1043

scrub typhus as, 1045-1046

typhus group rickettsiae as, 1046-1048

serologic diagnosis of, e164-4

spirochetal

bejel as, e211-1-e211-2

leptospirosis as, 1023-1025

Lyme disease as, 1025-1029

pinta as, e211-1-e211-3

relapsing fever as, e213-1-e213-2

syphilis as, 1016-1023

yaws as, e211-1

systemic inflammatory response syndrome and, 309t

after transplantation

heart, e437-2-e437-3, e437-2f

intestinal, e331-3

kidney, e530-6

travel and, e168-1-e168-8

immunizations prior to, 889, 891t

in type 1 diabetes mellitus, 1987, 1987t

umbilical, e99-2

urinary tract, 1829-1834

alternate recommendations for, 1833-1834

clinical manifestations and classification of, 1829-1830, 1830f

coagulase-negative staphylococci in, 910

diagnosis of, 1831-1832

hematuria in, 1791-1795, 1799

imaging studies of, 1833, 1833f

pathogenesis and pathology of, 1830-1831, 1831f, 1831t

prevalence and history of, 1829

treatment of, 1832-1833, 1832f

viral See (Viral infections)

wound

following inguinal surgery repair, 1367

prophylaxis for prevention of, e166-2-e166-4

Infection-associated hemophagocytic syndrome (IAHS), 1774, 1774t

Infection prevention and control committee, e166-1

Infection prevention and control (IPC), e166-1-e166-4

for employee health, e166-4

hand hygiene in, e166-1

isolation in, e166-1-e166-2, e166-3t

standard precautions in, e166-1, e166-2t

surgical antibiotic prophylaxis in, e166-2-e166-4

Infection preventionists, e166-1

Infectious mononucleosis, 1110-1115

Infectious mononucleosis-like illness, 1110

Infective endocarditis, 1622-1626

acute rheumatic fever versus, 923, 923t

clinical manifestations of, 1623, 1623t

congenital heart disease and, 1609

dental procedures prophylaxis, 1626t

diagnosis of, 1623-1624, 1624t

epidemiology of, 1622-1623

etiology of, 1622, 1622t

prevention of, 1626, 1626t

prognosis and complications of, 1624

in tetralogy of Fallot, 1576

treatment of, 1624-1626, 1625t

Infergen See Interferon-α

Infertility

due to cancer and its therapy, 1870-1871, e488-7t-e488-9t, e699-5

inguinal hernia repair and, 1368

Infestation

pediculosis, 2321-2322, 2321f

scabies, 2319-2320, 2319f-2320f

seabather’s eruption, 2322

Infiltrates, lung

in acute lung injury, 317f

in amyloidosis, 861, 861f

in eosinophilic lung disease, e391-1-e391-6

recurrent or persistent, e376-3-e376-4, e376-4t

Infiltration, bone marrow, 1684

Inflammation

breast, e545-2

chronic, obesity and, 183-184

cutaneous, pigmentary changes due to, 2238

cytokines in regulation of, e117-3t

newborn brain injury due to, 568-569, 568f

orbital, 2182

paronychial, 2296-2297, 2297f

systemic inflammatory response syndrome and, 307, 309t, 310f, 637-639, 639t

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), 1294-1304, 1295t-1296t

arthritis with, e150-1t, e150-2

Crohn’s disease as, 1300-1304

cutaneous manifestations of, e637-3t, e637-5-e637-6

juvenile idiopathic arthritis and, 835

liver disease with, e352-1-e352-4

malabsorption due to, e330-1-e330-8, e330-9t

ulcerative colitis as, 1295-1300

Inflammatory diarrhea, 1330

Inflammatory mediators in neonatal immunity, 632

Inflammatory pseudotumor, tracheal, e382-1-e382-5

Inflammatory response

in allergic disease, e134-4

genetic basis of, e134-4-e134-5

phagocytic, e121-1, e121-1t

Infliximab

antibodies to, 1303

for Crohn disease, 1303

for juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 838t

for rheumatic disease, e148-2t-e148-3t, e148-5, e148-5t

Influenza vaccine, 884t

HIV infection and, 1173f

recommended schedule for, 886-889, 887f-888f

for travel, e168-3-e168-4, e168-6t

Influenza viruses, 1121-1125, 1123t-1124t

antivirals for, e237-2t

in pneumonia, 1475t

Information explosion of 21st century, 11-12

Information technology, quality improvement and, e2-7

Infrequent voiding, 1850

Infundibular stenosis, 1841

pulmonary valve, 1564

ventricular septal defect with, 1558

Ingestion

caustic, 1272-1273, 1272t

of foreign bodies, 1271-1272, 1272f-1273f

Ingrown nail, 2297

Inguinal hernia, 1362-1368

abdominal pain of, 1247t

clinical presentation of, 1364

complications after surgery for, 1367-1368

direct, 1366-1367

embryology and pathogenesis of, 1362-1363, 1363f

evaluation of, 1364-1365

femoral, 1367

genetics of, 1363

incarcerated, 1365, 1367

incidence of, 1364

management of, 1365-1366, 1367f

pathology of, 1363-1364, 1364t

Inguinal swelling, evaluation of, 1364-1365

Inguinal undescended testis, 1859

INH See Isoniazid (INH)

Inhalants abuse, 673t, 681-682, 681t-682t

Inhalation anesthetics, e70-4t-e70-5t, e70-5

cardiovascular effects of, e70-6

respiratory effects of, e70-5-e70-6

types of, e70-6

Inhalation botulism, 987-991

Inhalation injury, 354-355

Inhaled β-agonists for asthma

long-acting, 794-795

short-acting, 792t, 796, 797t-798t

Inhaled corticosteroids (ICs)

for asthma, 791-793, 794t-795t

for wheezing, 1459

Inhaled gases for respiratory distress and failure, 319-320

Inhaled insulin therapy, 1977-1979

Inhaled materials, hypersensitivity to, e391-1-e391-2, e391-1f, e391-2t

Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO)

for anesthesia, e70-4t-e70-5t, e70-6

for congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 595

for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, 593

for respiratory distress and failure, 319, 586

Inhaler, dry powder, 796-798

Inherent strengths in special risk populations, 8-9

Inheritance

digenic, 389, 390f

in immunodeficiency development, e117-6

mendelian, 383-388

autosomal dominant, 383-385, 387f

autosomal recessive, 385-388, 388f

pseudodominant, 388, 388f

X-linked, 388, 388f-389f

mitochondrial, 390-391, 390f-391f, 391t

multifactorial and polygenic, 393-394, 393f

pseudogenetic, 389-390

Y-linked, 388-389, 390f

Inherited conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, 1390

Inherited deficient conjugation of bilirubin as, 1389-1390

Inherited pancytopenia, 1684-1690, 1684t

Inherited primary dystonias, 2059

Inhibin

in ovarian carcinomas, 1872t

in testicular function, e576-4

Inhibition control, e29-4

Initial examination of newborn, 532

Injection, contraceptive, 695t, 697-698

Injury(ies), 333-341 See also Emergency(ies)

abdominal, 338-339, 338t-339t, 339f

due to child abuse, 140

abrasions as, 341

in adolescents, 661-662

bicycle, 22-23

birth

brachial plexus palsy due to, 2383

facial palsy as, 2147

fractures as, 578-579

of peripheral nerves, 573-574

of spine and spinal cord, 573

visceral, 578

breast, e545-2

burns as, 349-357

cold, 357-359

neonatal, 622

cutaneous, warts with, 2315, 2315f

death due to, 17-18, 17t

dental, 1258-1259, 1258f-1259f, 1258t

drowning, 24

of ear, e634-1-e634-2

early childhood, foster and kinship care and, e35-1

epidemiology of, 333

eye, 2184-2187, 2184f-2186f

cataracts due to, 2171

falls, 25

fingertip, 2387

fire- and burn-related, 23-24

firearm, 24-25

genitourinary, e540-1-e540-2, e540-1f-e540-2f, e540-1t

global, 19

inhalation injury as, 354-355

international health care and, e61-12

international pediatric emergency medicine and, e61-15

international prevention of, e61-12

to kidney, 1799

lacerations and cuts as, 340-341

leading causes of, 18f

mechanism of, 21-25

migraine secondary to, 2045

motor vehicle, 21-22, 21f, 21t

nonfatal, 19, 19f

optic nerve, e623-3

overuse, 2406-2407, 2407t

pedestrian, 23

peripheral nerve in newborn, 573-574, 574f

poisoning, 24

primary survey of, 333-337

airway/cervical spine, 335

breathing, 336, 336t

circulation, 336-337, 336t

exposure and environmental control, 337

neurologic deficit, 337

psychological and social support for, 340

psychosocial consequences of, 25

puncture wounds of foot, 2341

regionalization and trauma teams for, 333, 333t, 334f-335f, 335t

retinopathy due to, 2180, 2181f

risk factors for, 20-21

secondary survey, 337-340

abdominal trauma, 338-339, 338t-339t, 339f

cervical spine trauma, 337-338, 338f

extremity trauma, 339-340

head trauma, 337, 337f

lower genitourinary trauma, 339

pelvic trauma, 339

radiologic and laboratory evaluation, 340

thoracic trauma, 335t, 338

ski- and snow board-related, 23

spinal and spinal cord, 2106

during birth, 573

respiratory insufficiency due to, 1523

to spleen, e481-1

sports

acute, 2406

of ankle, 2417-2418, 2417f

differential diagnosis of, 2408

of elbow, 2410-2412, 2411f-2412f

epidemiology and prevention of, 2401-2406

of foot, 2418

of growth plate, 2408-2409, 2408f-2409f

of head and neck, 2418-2420

due to heat, 2420-2421, 2421f

of hip and pelvis, 2407t, 2413-2414, 2413f

initial evaluation of, 2407

of knee, 2414-2416, 2414t, 2415f

of low back, 2412-2413

of lower leg, 2416-2417

mechanism of, 2406-2407

ocular, 2186-2187

overuse, 2406-2407, 2407t

return to play following, 2407-2408

of shoulder, 2409-2410, 2410f

of temporal bone, e634-1-e634-2

transport following, 278

traumatic brain, 297-301, 298f-301f

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder following, 108

due to child abuse, 139-140, 139f, 301, 2181f

mild, 301

sports-related, 2418-2419, 2419t

in trauma survey, 337

during travel, e168-1

violence, 25

vulvar or vaginal, 1869

Injury control, 17, 18f

principles of, 19-20, 19t-20t

Innate immunity, 722

immunodeficiencies in, 735-736

to Shigella, 959

Inner ear

congenital malformations of, e630-1

diseases of, e633-1-e633-2

iNO See Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO)

Inocybe poisoning, e703-1

Inorganic mercury salts, e701-1-e701-2, e701-2t

Inpatient services in international pediatric emergency medicine, e61-15

INR See International normalized ratio (INR)

Insect allergens, 769

Insect allergy, 807-809, 807f, 809t

Insect-borne infection during travel, e168-1

Insecticides, poisoning with, 266-267

Insect repellent

for malaria prevention, 1207

for travelers, e168-1

for tularemia prevention, 980

Insertion, genetic, 407, e74-2

Insomnia, 47-48, 48t-49t See also Sleep disorders

fatal familial, e270-1-e270-6

treatment of in palliative care, 155t-156t

Inspection in orthopedic problems, 2331, 2332t

Inspiratory capacity (IC), 1419, e365-2f

Inspiratory flow pattern in mechanical ventilation, 327-328

Inspiratory flow waveform, 326

Inspiratory time constant in mechanical ventilation, 323

Inspiratory time in mechanical ventilation, 325-327

Inspired gas, composition of, 316

Inspissated bile syndrome, 618

Instability

autonomic, e7-2

cervical spine, 2380-2382

in Down syndrome, 2381-2382, 2382f

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

Institute of Medicine (IOM)

on quality of care, e2-1

on safety vaccine, 886

Institutional review boards (IRBs), e3-5-e3-6

Insulin

adverse reaction to, 827

diabetes mellitus and

type 1, 1971

type 2, 1990

genetic defects of action of, 1995-1996

in hyperinsulinism, 521, 521t-522t

in hypoglycemia, 521t

laboratory testing of in obesity, 185t

as poisoning antidote, 256t-258t

resistance to in polycystic ovary syndrome, e546-1-e546-2

Insulin gene abnormalities, 1995

Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP), 521

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), e550-1

for growth hormone deficiencies, 1881

for growth hormone excess, e554-4

Insulin-like growth factor receptor 2 (IGF2) gene inactivation, e486-3

Insulin lipodystrophy, 2286

Insulinoma, e345-1

Insulin pump therapy, 1977

Insulin resistance in diabetes mellitus, 1972

Insulin resistance syndrome, e583-2

Insulin therapy

continuous subcutaneous infusion for, 1977

current intensive regimens for, 1984-1985

fear of self-injecting and self-testing in, 1986

inhaled or oral, 1977-1979

for type 1 diabetes mellitus, 1976-1979, 1977f-1978f, 1979t

during surgery, 1987, 1987t

Insurance, health

for adolescents, 663, 664f

travel and, e168-1

Integrase inhibitors for HIV infection, 1168t-1171t

Integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI), 1334, 1335f, e61-15-e61-16

Integrative medicine, 270-274 See also Complementary and alternative medicine

Intelence for HIV infection, 1168t-1171t

Intellectual disability, 122-129

in Becker muscular dystrophy, 2120

clinical manifestations of, 124-125, 125t

complications of, 127

diagnosis of, 122-124, 123t

diagnostic psychologic testing in, 126-127

differential diagnosis of, 125-126

in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 2119

epidemiology of, 124

etiology of, 123t, 124

in homocystinuria, 425-426

laboratory findings in, 125, 126f, 127t

language disorders of, 118, 118f

in myotonic muscular dystrophy, 2124

pathology and pathogenesis of, 124

prevalence of, 4

prevention of, 127-128

prognosis for, 129, 129t

supportive care and management of, 128-129

treatment of, 128

Intellectual function, e29-4-e29-5

Intelligent quotient (IQ)

in intellectual disability, 123

intellectual functioning and, e29-4-e29-5

risk factors and, e6-3, e6-3f

Intensification treatment for acute lymphocytic leukemia, 1735

Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), e488-5

Intensity of pain, e664-1t

Intention tremor, 2056-2057

Interactional abilities of newborn, e7-1-e7-2

Intercostal block, 372

Interdisciplinary management of intellectual disability, 128

Interferon-α, e237-1t

Interferon-α 2a

for Behçet disease, 854

plus ribavirin, e237-1t

Interferon-α2b

for hepatitis B, 1399

for hepatitis C, 1401

plus ribavirin, e237-1t

Interferons for hepatitis and human papillomavirus, e237-5

Interferon-γ (IFN-γ)

for atopic dermatitis, 805

for chronic granulomatous disease, 746

in Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 1041

Interferon-γ receptor 1 mutations, 735

Interferon-γ receptor 2 mutations, 735

Interferon-γ release assay, e164-4

for tuberculosis, 1001, 1002t

Interferon-induced helicase gene, 1971

Interferon signature in systemic lupus erythematosus, 843

Interiginous candidosis, 2314, 2314f

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) antagonists

for juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 838t

for rheumatic disease, e148-5-e148-6

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor, type 1 diabetes mellitus and, 1971

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor antagonists, deficiency of, 858

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor

α chain mutation, 733

type 1 diabetes mellitus and, 1971

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor antibodies, in renal transplantation, e530-3-e530-4

Interleukin-3 (IL-3), in allergic disease, e134-3-e134-4

Interleukin-4 (IL-4)

in allergic disease, e134-2f, e134-3-e134-4

in atopic dermatitis, 802

Interleukin-5 (IL-5), in allergic disease, e134-2f, e134-3-e134-4

Interleukin-6 (IL-6), sudden infant death syndrome and, 1427

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) antagonist, for rheumatic disease, e148-6

Interleukin-7(IL-7) Rα deficiency, 732

Interleukin-9 (IL-9), in allergic disease, e134-2f, e134-4

Interleukin-12 (IL-12)

for allergic disease, 773

defects of, e122-3

Salmonella and, 951

Interleukin-12 (IL-12) receptor β1 mutation, 735

Interleukin-13 (IL-13)

in allergic disease, e134-2f, e134-3-e134-4

in atopic dermatitis, 802

Interleukins (ILs), e117-1

in allergic disease, e134-2f, e134-3-e134-4

celiac disease, 1308

fetal, e440-1t

in HIV infection, 1161

interaction with other immune cells, e117-5

in systemic lupus erythematosus, 843

Interleukin-1R-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) deficiency, 735-736

Intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL), 471-473, 472f, 472t

Intermittent acute porphyria, e85-4-e85-8

Intermittent allergic rhinitis (IAR), 775

Intermittent dialysis, 1821, 1821t

Intermittent fever, e169-1

Intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV), 324, 324f

Internal femoral torsion, 2347

Internal jugular vein, venous access in, 295f

Internal radiation contamination, e699-6-e699-7, e699-7t

Internal tibial torsion, 2347

International Association for Medical Assistance to Travelers, e168-1

International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2040, 2040t-2041t

International conventions for protection of children from effects of war, e36-6

International efforts for quality improvement, e2-7-e2-8

International immunization practices, 893-895

International League of Association for Rheumatology (ILAR), 829, 830t

International Neuroblastoma Staging System, 1755t, 1756

International normalized ratio (INR), 1696

in fulminant hepatic failure, 1412-1415

in liver disease, 1378-1379

International pediatric emergency medicine (IPEM), 278, e61-12

continuum of care model in, e61-12

in humanitarian disasters, e61-15-e61-16

professional organizations for, e61-12t

quality of care improvement in, e61-16

research collaborations in, e61-12t

resources for, e61-14t

International Union of Pharmacology (IUPHAR), e56-10-e56-12

Internet

harassment on, 668

resources on, 11

for genetic disorders, 380t

for pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics, e56-7t

for vaccines, 894t

Internuclear ophthalmoplegia in neurologic examination, e584-4

Interpersonal violence, 668-669

Interphase of mitosis, 394-395

Interstitial compartment, pulmonary edema and, 1468

Interstitial cystitis, 1830

Interstitial fluid, e52-1, e52-1f

Interstitial keratitis, e619-3

Interstitial lung disease (ILD), e397-1-e397-2, e397-1t

Interstitial nephritis, 1814-1816

nephrotoxins in, 1817t

Interstitial pneumonia

lymphocytic, HIV-related, 1165

in lysinuric protein intolerance, 455

Intervertebral disk herniation, 2377

Intervertebral disk space infection, 2376t

Interviewing

of adolescent, 665-666, 666t

following rape, 704

for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 109-110

for psychologic disorders, 56-58, 57t

Intestinal disorders

acute appendicitis as, 1349-1355

clinical features of, 1349-1350

diagnostic approach to, 1353-1354

diagnostic studies in, 1351-1353, 1351f-1352f, 1351t

differential diagnosis of, 1353

pathology of, 1349

physical examination in, 1350

adhesions as, 1287

anorectal, 1355-1362

anal fissure as, 1359

hemorrhoids as, 1360, 1361f

malformations as, 1355-1356, 1356f, 1357t, 1359t

perianal abscess and fistula as, 1360, 1360f

pilonidal sinus and abscess as, 1362

rectal mucosal prolapse as, 1361

atresia, stenosis, and malrotation as, 1277-1281, 1279f-1280f

bezoars as, 1291

chronic diarrhea as, e333-1-e333-2

assessment of, 1340-1341, 1343f, 1343t-1345t

definition and epidemiology of, 1339-1346

etiology of, 1339, 1340t, 1342t

due to neuroendocrine tumor, 1344-1346, e333-2t

pathophysiology of, 1339, 1339f-1340f

treatment of, 1342-1344

clinical approach to, 1305-1306

closed-loop obstruction as, 1287-1289

in cystic fibrosis, 1486-1487, 1487f

treatment of, 1495-1496

duodenal obstruction, 1277-1278, 1278f

duplication as, 1281

eosinophilic gastroenteritis as, 1304

foreign bodies as, 1290, 1290f

functional abdominal pain as, 1346-1349, 1346t-1348t

functional constipation as, 1284, 1284t

gastroenteritis as, 1323-1339 See also (Gastroenteritis)

bacterial, 1324t-1325t

clinical manifestations of, 1331-1332, 1332t

complications of, 1333-1334, 1333t

diagnosis of, 1333-1334, 1333t

etiology of, 1323

global trends in, 1326f

noninfectious, 1328t-1329t

parasitic, 1327t-1328t

pathogenesis of, 1323-1330, 1330f-1331f, 1330t

prevention of, 1337-1338

risk factors for, 1330-1331

traveler’s diarrhea as, 1338-1339, 1338t

treatment of, 1334-1337, 1334t-1335t, 1335f-1336f, 1337t

viral, 1326t

Hirschsprung disease as, 1283t, 1284-1287, 1285f-1286f

ileus as, 1287

in cystic fibrosis, 1495

in immigrant children, 133

immunoproliferative, 1314-1315

inflammatory bowel disease as, 1294-1304, 1295t-1296t

inguinal hernia as, 1362-1368

clinical presentation of, 1364

complications after surgical repair of, 1367-1368

direct, 1366-1367

embryology and pathogenesis of, 1362-1363, 1363f

evaluation of, 1364-1365

femoral, 1367

genetics of, 1363

incarcerated, 1365

incidence of, 1364

management of, 1365-1366, 1367f

pathology of, 1363-1364, 1364t

intestinal neuronal dysplasia s, e324-1-e324-4

intussusception as, 1287-1289, 1289f

malabsorption as, 1305t, e330-1-e330-9

of bile acid, 1312

of carbohydrates, 1306-1307

classification of, 1305t

clinical approach to, 1305-1306, 1306f, 1306t

due to enzyme deficiencies, 1317-1319

in eosinophilic gastroenteritis, 1319-1322

evaluation of, 1306-1308

exocrine pancreatic function and, 1307-1308, 1307f

of fat, 1307

due to gluten-sensitivity enteropathy, 1308-1311, 1308f, 1309t-1310t, 1310f

with immunodeficiency disorders, 1313-1314

due to immunoproliferative small intestinal disease, 1314-1315

in inflammatory bowel disease, e330-1-e330-8, e330-9t

due to intestinal infections and infestations, 1313

due to intestinal mucosal disorders, 1308

due to liver and biliary disorders, 1318

due to malnutrition, 1315

other syndromes of, 1311-1313

of protein, 1307

rare inborn defects causing, 1317

due to short bowel syndrome, 1314, 1315t, 1316f

Meckel diverticulum and other remnants of omphalomesenteric duct as, 1281-1282, 1282f

motility disorders as, e324-1-e324-5

chronic diarrhea due to, 1341

peptic ulcer disease as, 1291-1294, 1291t, 1292f-1293f, 1293t

pseudo-obstruction as, 1283-1284, 1283t

superior mesenteric artery syndrome, e324-1-e324-5

transplantation for, e331-1-e331-3, e331-1t, e331-2f

tumors as, e337-1-e337-3

Intestinal epithelial dysplasia, 1341

Intestinal failure (IF), transplantation for, e331-1t

Intestinal flukes, e293-1-e293-2, e271-1t-e271-11t

Intestinal lymphangiectasia, 1311

Intestinal microsporidiosis, e271-1t-e271-11t

Intestinal mucosal disorders, 1308

Intestinal myopathy, 1283

Intestinal neuronal dysplasia (IND), e324-1-e324-4

Intestinal neuropathy, 1283

Intestinal obstruction See Ileus

Intestine

digestion and absorption in, e320-1-e320-2

disorders of See (Intestinal disorders)

in drug absorption, e57-3-e57-5, e57-5t

normal development, structure, and function of, e320-1-e320-2

transplantation of, e331-1-e331-3, e331-1t, e331-2f

In-toeing gate, 2347

Intoxication See Poisoning

Intracellular fluid (ICF), e52-1, e52-1f-e52-2f

electrolyte composition in, e52-1-e52-2

osmolality of, e52-2

Intracerebral hemorrhage, 303-304

cerebral palsy and, 2061-2062

Intracranial hemorrhage

due to child abuse, 139, 139f

in newborn, 565f, 566-568

in high-risk pregnancy, e89-4

Intracranial pressure (ICP), 296

drowning and, 345-346

increased, 297

in bacterial meningitis, 2089, 2094

in brain tumors, 1747

general anesthesia and, e70-2t-e70-3t

migraine secondary to, 2046

as oncologic emergency, e488-6t

monitoring of, 297

traumatic brain injury and, 298-300, 301f, 337

Intractable diarrhea syndrome, 1341, 1342t

Intrahepatic cholestasis, 452, 1381-1384, 1382t-1384t

Intraluminal impedance, e310-3

in gastroesophageal reflux disease, 1267

Intramembranous ossification, e664-1

Intramuscular (IM) drug administration, e57-11

Intramuscular (IM) epinephrine for anaphylaxis, 817

Intramuscular immunoglobulin (IMIG), 882, 882t

Intranasal inhaled corticosteroids, 778t-780t, 779-780

Intraoral dental radiographs, 1261

Intraosseous (IO) access for emergencies, 292, 296f, 336

Intraosseous (IO) drug administration, e57-11-e57-12

Intrapulmonary airway, e365-5

obstruction of, 1420, e365-8f, e365-9t

Intrapulmonary sequestration, 1466

Intrapulmonary shunt, 317-318

Intrathecal analgesia, 373

Intrathoracic-extrapulmonary airway, e365-5

obstruction of, 1419, e365-7f, e365-9t

Intrauterine devices (IUDs), 695t, 699

actinomycosis with, e182-1-e182-2

for special needs girls, 1875

Intrauterine diagnosis of fetal disease, 548-550, 549f, 550t

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), 555-564

definitions associated with, 555

factors related to, 557t

fetal therapy for, 551t

gestational age at birth assessment in, 557, 558f

incidence of, 555-556

nursery care in, 558-562

prognosis for, 562-563, 563t

spectrum of disease in, 558, 559t

type 2 diabetes mellitus and, 1990

Intrauterine infection

clinical manifestations of, 636-639, 637t

diagnosis of, 640-642

pathogenesis of, 629-630, 630f

Intravascular access device, infections associated with, e172-1-e172-2

Intravascular stent, 1548, 1548f

for coarctation of the aorta, 1569

Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), 882, 882t

for B-cell defects, 727-728

for cytomegalovirus prophylaxis, 1117

for erythroblastosis fetalis, 618

hepatitis A, 1396, 1396t

for hyperbilirubinemia, 611-612

for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, 1717

for Kawasaki disease, 866-867, 867t

for myasthenia gravis, 2135

for rheumatic disease, e148-2t-e148-3t, e148-6

for seizures, 2032

for tetanus, 992-993

for urticaria and angioedema, 815t

Intravenous (IV) anesthetics, e70-6-e70-8

Intravenous (IV) drug administration, e57-11

Intravenous (IV) maintenance solutions, 243, 243t

glucose in, 243

hyponatremia and, 243-244

for office emergencies, e61-2t

selection of, 243

Intravenous regional block (IVRA), 372

Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), 566-568, 567f, 568t

Intrinsic factor (IF), 1320

megaloblastic anemias due to deficiency of, e448-3-e448-4

Intrinsic renal acute renal failure, 1819

Intro-A See Interferon-α

Introns, genetic, e74-1, e74-1f

Intrusion injury, dental, 1259

Intubation

endotracheal

for asthma exacerbation, 800

for congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 595

in infant botulism, 990

for infectious acute upper airway obstruction, 1448

manual ventilation before and after, 320-321

medications for placement of tube in, 321t

placement of tube in, 285, 286f, 287t

for respiratory distress and failure, 320

selection of tube for, 285

size and depth dimensions of tube for, 320t

rapid sequence, 285, 287t

Intussusception, 1287-1289, 1289f

abdominal pain of, 1247t-1248t

Intussusceptum, 1288

Intussuscipiens, 1288

In utero positioning, orthopedic problems and, e664-1

Inversion

chromosomal, 405-406

Inversion stress test for ankle, 2417, 2417f

Invirase See Saquinavir

Involuntary movement assessment in neurologic examination, e584-7

IO See Intraosseous (IO)

Iodide(s)

defects of transport of, 1896

goiter due to, 1908

Iodine, e51-1t

deficiency of, e51-1

goiter or cretinism due to, 1906-1908

hypothyroidism due to exposure to, 1897

intake of, 1894

radioactive for Graves disease, 1912t

Iodine-deficiency endemic goiter, 1897

Iodine-deficiency goiter and cretinism, 1906-1908

Iodine-123 meta-iodobenzylguanidine (I231-MIBG) studies, 1754-1756

Iodoquinol

for amebiasis, 1180t

for balantidiasis, 1183, e271-1t-e271-11t

for infectious diarrhea, 1337t

IOM See Institute of Medicine (IOM)

Ion channels

pharmacogenetics and, e56-10-e56-12, e56-11f

strokelike events versus mutations of, 2086

Ionized calcium, reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

Ion transporters, skeletal dysplasias involving, 2430-2431

Iota toxin, e205-3

IPC See Infection prevention and control (IPC)

IPEM See International pediatric emergency medicine (IPEM)

IPEX syndrome, 738, 1312, 1341, 1969, 1995

IPH See Idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage (IPH)

Ipratropium bromide

for allergic disease, 770

for allergic rhinitis, 779, 780t

for asthma, 796, 797t-798t

for wheezing, 1459

IPSID See Immunoproliferative small intestinal disease (IPSID)

IPV See Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV)

IQ See Intelligent quotient (IQ)

IRAK4 See Interleukin-1R-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) deficiency

Irbesartan for systemic hypertension, 1645t

IRBs See Institutional review boards (IRBs)

Iridocyclitis, 2173

IRIS See Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS)

Iris

abnormalities of, 2154-2157, 2154f

development of, 2148

hamartomas in, due to neurofibromatosis, 2046-2047, 2047f

neurologic examination of, e584-4

Iritis, 2172-2174

Iron

dietary reference intakes for, e41-5t-e41-7t

in malnutrition with chronic diarrhea, 1343t

poisoning with, 263

antidote for, 256t-257t

reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

as trace element, e51-1t

vegetarian diets and, 168

Iron-deficiency anemia, 1655-1658

with celiac disease, 1309

clinical manifestations of, 1656

differential diagnosis of, 1657, 1658t

etiology of, 1656

due to hookworm, 1219

laboratory findings in, 1656-1657, 1656t-1657t, 1657f

prevention of, 1657-1658

treatment of, 1658, 1658t

Iron lung, 1524

Iron overload

due to blood transfusions, 1675-1676

in sickle cell disease, 1667

Iron storage disease, neonatal, 1383, 1393

Irradiation See also Radiation exposure See also Radiation therapy

conformal, 1732

Irreversible shock, 285

Irrigation

of laceration, 341

whole-bowel for poisoning, 257

Irritability in newborn, e92-2

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), 1348-1349

abdominal pain of, 1247t, 1346t, 1348-1349

Campylobacter and, 969

chronic diarrhea with, 1341

Irritant contact dermatitis, 2250

Irritant receptors in respiration regulation, e365-13

Irritants, avoidance of in atopic dermatitis, 806

ISAGA See Immunosorbent agglutination test (ISAGA), in toxoplasmosis

Ischemia, due to drowning, 343

Ischemic stroke, arterial, 2080-2082, 2081f-2082f, 2081t-2082t

Ischium, 2355

Iselin disease, 2341

Islet cells

adenoma of, 527

transplantation of, 1989-1990

Isochromosomes, 407

Isoenzymes, reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

Isoflurane for anesthesia, e70-6

Isohemagglutinins, 719

Isolation for infection prevention and control, e166-1-e166-2

for pertussis, 946

Isolation techniques

in bacterial infection diagnosis, e164-1-e164-3

in viral infection diagnosis, e164-4

Isoleucine, defects in metabolism of, 430-438

Isoniazid (INH), e206-1

antidote for poisoning with, 256t-257t

drug interactions with, e57-13t-e57-14t, e206-1t

for tuberculosis, 1007, 1008t, e206-1t

prophylaxis in HIV infection, 1175t-1176t

Isopropyl alcohol poisoning, 267-268

Isoproterenol for heart failure, e436-4, e436-5t

Isospora belli, 1184, e271-1t-e271-11t

inflammatory bowel disease versus, 1298t

treatment of, 1337t

Isotonic fluids, 243

Isotretinoin

for acne, 2325t, 2326

for cancer therapy, e488-4t

Isovaleric acidemia, 431-432

Isovolumic hyponatremia, 218

Isoxazole intoxication, e703-2

Isradipine for systemic hypertension, 1645t

Israeli spotted fever, 1043-1044

ITB See Iliotibial band (ITB) syndrome

ITP See Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)

Itraconazole, e225-1t, e225-2

for blastomycosis, 1065

for chronic granulomatous disease, 746

for coccidioidomycosis, 1067

for Cryptococcus neoformans, 1058

for Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, e233-1

for tinea capitis, 2311

IUDs See Intrauterine devices (IUDs)

IUGR See Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)

IUPHAR See International Union of Pharmacology (IUPHAR)

IV See Intravenous (IV)

Ivemark syndrome type 2, e357-1t

Ivermectin, e271-1t-e271-11t, e271-13

for strongyloidiasis, 1224

IVH See Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH)

IVIG See Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)

IVRA See Intravenous regional block (IVRA)

Ixodes scapularis, 1026

Iyengar yoga, 371

J

Jacksonian march, 2021

Jackson-Weiss syndrome, 2012t

Jacobsen syndrome, 408t

Jactatio capitis nocturna, e587-5

Jadassohn-Lewandowsky syndrome, 2273

JAG1 gene defect, 1383t

Jak3 deficiency, 732

JAK2 mutation, 1683

Jamaican vomiting syndrome, 529

Janeway lesion, 1623

Jansen metaphyseal dysplasia, 2430

Jansen-type metaphyseal chondrodysplasia, 1923, 2446

Jansky-Bielschowsky disease, 2073

Janz syndrome, 2023

Japanese encephalitis, 1145

poliovirus infection versus, 1085t

Japanese encephalitis vaccine, 884t, 894, 1146, e168-4

for travel, 891t, e168-6t

Japanese immunization schedule, 895

Japanese star, potential toxicity of, 272t-273t

Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction, 1021-1022, 1029

JAS See Juvenile ankylosing spondylitis (JAS)

Jatene procedure, 1586, 1587f

Jaundice, e297-1 See also Cholestasis

breast-feeding, 162

in cystic fibrosis, 1496

as manifestation of liver disease, 1375, 1376t-1377t

neonatal, 603-608, 607t, e92-2

due to biliary atresia See (Biliary atresia (BA))

breast-feeding associated, 607, 607f

clinical manifestations of, 604, 604t

differential diagnosis of, 604-605, 605f, 606t

etiology of, 603-608, 604f, 604t

pathologic, 606-607

physiologic, 605-606, 606f

due to Rh incompatibility, 616

treatment of, 610-612, 610f-611f, 611t-612t

Jaw

disorders of, e308-1

hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome, 1921

lumpy, e182-1, e182-1f

Jaw-thrust/spine stabilization maneuver, 291f

JC virus, e267-1

JDM See Juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM)

JEB See Junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB)

Jejunal atresia, 1278-1280, 1279f

Jejunum, short bowel syndrome and, 1315, 1316f

Jequirity bean toxicity, 269t

Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome

cardiac manifestations of, 1531t

genetics of, e418-1t-e418-2t

JET See Junctional ectopic tachycardia (JET)

Jeune syndrome, e357-1t

JIA See Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)

Jimsonweed toxicity, 269t, 272t-273t

Jitteriness versus seizures, 2034, e92-1, e587-3-e587-4

JMML See Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML)

Joint(s)

Clutton, 1017t, 1018

orthopedic problems of See (Orthopedic problems)

Joint complications

in cystic fibrosis, 1494

in typhoid fever, 957t

Joint infection See also Septic arthritis

nontuberculous mycobacterial, 1013

tuberculous, 1006

Jones criteria, 921, 921t

Joubert syndrome, 1816, 2006, 2054, e357-1t

JPFS See Juvenile primary fibromyalgia syndrome (JPFS)

JPS See Juvenile polyposis syndrome (JPS)

JRA See Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA)

J receptors in respiration regulation, e365-13

J tracking, 2355

Judgment in adolescent, 649-651

Jugular vein, venous access in, 292, 295f

Jugular venous pulse assessment, 1533

Jumper’s knee, 2416, e684-2

Junctional ectopic tachycardia (JET), 1615, 1616t

Junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB), 2244-2246, 2246f

Justice, pediatric ethics and, e3-6

Just right phenomenon, 78

Juvenile ankylosing spondylitis (JAS), e150-1-e150-3, e150-1t

Juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM), 846-850, 847f-849f, 848t

arthralgia in, e147-1

cutaneous manifestations of, e637-3t, e637-4-e637-5, e637-5f

evaluation of, e147-3t

Juvenile granulosa cell tumor, ovarian, 1957-1958

Juvenile hallux valgus, 2341, 2341f

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), 829-839, 831t

arthralgia in, e147-1

cardiac manifestations of, 1532t

classification of, 829t-830t

clinical manifestations of, 831-835, 832f-834f, 833t, 835t

diagnosis of, 835, e147-3t

differential diagnosis of, 835, 836t

epidemiology of, 829

etiology of, 829-831

eye examinations in, 2173t

fever of unknown origin in, 899

laboratory findings in, 835-836, 837f

pathogenesis of, 831, 831f-832f

prognosis for, 838-839, 839f

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

treatment of, 837-838, 838t

Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML), 1739

hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for, 758

Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, 2023

Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma, 1432-1433

Juvenile osteochondroses, 2435, 2436t

Juvenile plantar dermatosis, 2250-2251, 2251f

Juvenile polyposis syndrome (JPS), e337-1, e337-1t

malignancy susceptibility associated with, e486-2t-e486-3t

Juvenile primary fibromyalgia syndrome (JPFS), 878-879

Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), 829

Juvenile xanthogranuloma, e662-2-e662-3, e662-3f

ocular lesion of, 2156

K

Kala-azar, 1188-1189, 1189f

Kaletra See Lopinavir/ritonavir

KAL gene, 1948

Kallmann syndrome, 1948, 2269

Kanamycin, e173-3, e206-2-e206-3

for tuberculosis, 1008t

Kangaroo mother care, 559

Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma, 2229

Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS)

HIV-related, e171-4t

human herpesvirus 8 in, 1121

Kaposi varicelliform eruption, 806

Kartagener triad

congenital heart disease with, 1531t

Karyotyping

in dysmorphology, e102-6-e102-7, e102-8t

spectral, 396

Kasabach-Merritt syndrome, 1719, 2227t, 2229, e499-1

Kasai procedure, 1387

Katayama syndrome, 1230-1231

Kava kava for sedation, 271t

Kawasaki disease (KD), 862-867, 868t

aneurysms in, 1638, e438-1f

clinical manifestations of, 863-864, 863t, 864f-865f

cardiac, 1531t

cutaneous, e637-3t

complications of, 867

cutaneous manifestations of, e637-5

diagnosis of, 865, 866f

differential diagnosis of, 865-866, 866t

epidemiology of, 863

etiology of, 862-863

laboratory findings in, 865

pathology of, 863

prognosis for, 867

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

treatment of, 866-867, 867t

Kayser-Fleischer ring, 1391, 1391f

KCNE2 gene, 1425-1426

KCNH2 gene, 1425-1426

KCNJ11 gene, 1995

KCNQ1 gene, 1425-1426

KCNQ2 gene, 2016t

KCNQ3 gene, 2016t

KCNQ4 gene, 2190t

KD See Kawasaki disease (KD); Krabbe disease (KD)

Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS), 391t, 2067-2068

adrenal insufficiency with, 1925t

cardiac manifestations of, 1531t

myopathies with, 2131

Keflex See Cephalexin

Keftab See Cephalexin

Kefurox See Cefuroxime

Kefzol See Cefazolin

Kegel exercise, 1849

Kelley-Seegmiller syndrome, e83-3

Keloid, 2273-2274, 2273f

Kenya tick typhus, 1043-1044

Keratinization, disorders of, 2267-2273

Keratinocytes, 2215

Keratitis, 2167t

Acanthamoeba, e271-1t-e271-11t, e272-1

dendritic, e619-2

with ichthyosis and deafness, 2268t

interstitial, e619-3

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 976t

Keratoconjunctivitis

atopic, 806, 810

epidemic, 2168

herpes simplex virus, 1101

vernal, 810, 810f

Keratoconus, e619-1

in allergic disease, 765

in atopic dermatitis, 806

Keratoderma blennorrhagica, 840, 840f

Keratodermas, palmoplantar, 2272-2273, 2273f

Keratolysis, pitted, 2306

Keratolytic agents for skin disorders, 2216

Keratosis follicularis, 2263, 2263f

Keratosis pilaris, 2261, 2261f

Kerion, 2310, 2311f

Kerner-Morrison syndrome, 1754t

Kernicterus

dystonia with, 2060t

in newborn, 608-612

clinical manifestations of, 608-612, 608t

incidence and prognosis for, 608

prevention of, 608-610, 609f

treatment of, 610-612, 610f-611f, 611t-612t

Kernig sign, 2090

Ketamine

adolescent abuse of, 675t

for anesthesia, e70-4t-e70-5t, e70-7

for intubation, 321t

Keto acid accumulation, in type diabetes mellitus, 1980-1981

Ketoacidosis

diabetic, 1975

treatment of, 1979, 1979t

starvation, 232

Ketoconazole

adrenal insufficiency due to, 1927

drug interactions with, e57-13t-e57-14t

for familial male gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty, 1893

Ketogenic diet for seizures, 2032

Ketolorac tromethamine, 811t

Ketone

defects in synthesis of, 461-462

defects in utilization of, 462

Ketonuria, branched-chain, 528

Ketorolac

for pain management, 363, 364t

for vomiting, 1244t

17-Ketosteroid reductase deficiency, 1964-1967

β-Ketothiolase deficiency, 433-434, 434f

Ketotic hyperglycinemia, 436

Ketotic hypoglycemia, 524t, 528

Ketotifen fumarate, 811t

Kidneys

in acid-base balance, e52-14-e52-16, e52-14f-e52-15f

anatomy of, e502-1-e502-2, e502-1f, e502-3f-e502-4f

Ask-Upmark, 1828

biopsy in renal transplantation, e530-5

congenital anomalies of, 1827-1829

in drug elimination, e57-7, e57-7t

ectopic, 1828, 1829f

embryonic development of, e531-1

glucocorticoids and, e568-5

horseshoe, 1828-1829, 1829f

medullary sponge, 1810

shock-related dysfunction of, 307t

sodium regulation in, e52-4

traumatic injury to, e540-1-e540-2

Kidney disease See also Nephrology See also Urologic disorders

Alport syndrome as, 1782-1783, 1782f

due to cancer and its therapy, e488-7t-e488-9t

end-stage, 1825-1826, 1826t

due to diabetic nephropathy, 1988

failure to thrive in, 148t

glomerulonephritis as

associated with infection, 1783-1786, 1783f-1784f, 1785t

associated with systemic lupus erythematosus, 1788-1789

membranoproliferative, 1787-1788

rapidly progressive, 1789-1790, 1790f, 1790t

Goodpasture disease as, 1790-1791, 1791f

hematuria in

anatomic abnormalities associated with, 1796-1799

clinical evaluation of, 1778-1781, 1779t-1780t, 1780f

due to congenital anomalies, 1796

hematologic diseases causing, 1795-1796

due to idiopathic hypercalciuria, 1795

isolated glomerular disease with recurrent gross, 1781-1783

lower urinary tract causes of, 1799

membranous glomerulopathy as, 1786-1787

due to renal vein thrombosis, 1794-1795

in thin basement membrane disease, 1783

due to trauma, 1799

upper urinary tract causes of, 1794-1795

due to vascular abnormalities, 1794

due to vigorous exercise, 1799

hemolytic anemia secondary to, e459-1

hemolytic-uremic syndrome as, 1791-1794, 1791t-1792t

Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis as, 1789

hypomagnesemia due to, e52-9t

immunoglobulin A nephropathy as, 1781-1782, 1781f

neoplasms as, 1757-1760, 1757t-1759t, 1759f

nephrotic syndrome as, 1801-1807, 1803t, 1806t

congenital, 1807, 1807t

etiology of, 1802, 1802f, 1802t

idiopathic, 1803t, 1804-1806, 1804f

pathophysiology of, 1802-1804

secondary, 1806

polycystic

autosomal dominant, 1531t, 1798, 1798f, e357-2

autosomal recessive, 1796-1798, 1797f, 1797t, e357-1

in premature infants, 559t

proteinuria and, 1799-1800

fixed, 1800-1801, 1801t

orthostatic, 1800

transient, 1800

psychopharmacology and, 65

renal failure as, 1818-1826

acute, 1818-1822, 1818t-1821t

chronic, 1822-1825, 1823t

cortical necrosis in, 1818

renal tubular acidosis as, 1808-1811, 1809t

in sickle cell disease, 1668-1669

toxic nephropathy as, 1816-1818, 1817t

transplantation for, e530-1-e530-7

tuberculous, 1006-1007

tubular

Bartter syndrome as, 1813-1814, 1813t

Gitelman syndrome as, 1814

inherited transport disorders of, 1813-1814

nephrogenic diabetes insipidus as, 1812

renal tubular acidosis as, 1811f

tubulointerstitial nephritis as, 1814-1816, 1815t

uromodulin-associated, e83-3

Kidney manifestations

in multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, 312t

in mushroom poisoning, e703-1

in systemic lupus erythematosus, 843t

in Turner syndrome, 1953

Kidney stones, e541-1-e541-5, e541-1f, e541-1t-e541-2t

abdominal pain of, 1248t

as complication of enterocystoplasty, e536-2

Kidney transplantation, e530-1-e530-7

complications with immunosuppression infections in, e530-6, e530-7f

donors and recipients for, e530-1-e530-2

evaluation and preparation for, e530-2-e530-3

fluid management in, e530-5

graft survival in, e530-5-e530-6

incidence and etiology of, e530-1, e530-1t

indications for, e530-1

long-term outcome of, e530-6

maternal, e89-2t

rejection of, e530-5

renal biopsy in, e530-5

KID syndrome, 2268t, 2272

Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease, e484-1-e484-4

Kindler syndrome, 2244

Kindling, 2024-2025

Kinetic tremor, simple, 2056-2057

Kingella kingae, 2394

Kininogen, high molecular weight

deficiency of, 1703

reference values for, 1698t

Kinky hair disease, 2075

Kinship care, e35-1-e35-3

early childhood trauma and, e35-1

epidemiology of, e35-1

health issues associated with, e35-1, e35-2t

legislation in USA regarding, e35-1

Kinyoun stain, e164-1t

Kippel-Feil syndrome, 2379-2380, 2380f

Kissing bugs in trypanosomiasis, 1195

Kiwi allergy, 821, 821t

Klebsiella in neonatal infection, 632t

sepsis due to, 635t-636t

Kleeblattschädel deformity, 2012, 2428

Kleihauer-Betke test, 612-613

Klein line, 2364, 2364f

Klein-Waardenburg syndrome, 2239

Klinefelter syndrome, 409t, 410, 1946

gynecomastia with, 1950-1951

malignancy susceptibility associated with, e486-2t-e486-3t

tall stature in, e554-2t

Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome, 2225-2226, 2226f

Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome, 2225-2226

Klisic test, 2357, 2358f

Klonopin See Clonazepam

Klotho gene, e694-2

Klumpke paralysis, 573-574

Knee

arthrogryposis involving, e674-4

avulsion fracture of, 2408-2409

centers of ossification appearance in, 29t

musculoskeletal pain syndrome of, 877t

normal coronal alignment of, 2345f

normal development of, 2351-2352

orthopedic disorders of, 2351-2355

discoid lateral meniscus as, 2352, 2352f

idiopathic adolescent anterior knee pain syndrome as, 2354

Osgood-Schlatter disease as, 2354, 2354f

osteochondritis dissecans as, 2353, 2353f

patellar subluxation and dislocation, 2355

popliteal cyst as, 2353

range of motion of, 2352

sports injury to, 2414-2416, 2414t, 2415f

runner’s knee as, e684-2

in wrestlers, e684-1

Knee pain, 2351-2352

Kniest dysplasias, 2425

Knock-knees, 2350

Knowledge, cultural, e4-4

Köbberlingg-type lipodystrophy, 2285-2286

Kocher-Debré-Sémèlaigne syndrome, 1898-1899, 2129

Koebner phenomenon

Gianotti-Crosti syndrome, 2266

in psoriasis, 829, 2244

in systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 832-834

KOH See Potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation

Kohlberg theory, e6-4, e6-4t

Köhler disease, 2340-2341, 2340f

Koilonychia, 2293, 2294f

Koplik spots, 1070, 1070f

Kostmann syndrome, 748t, 750

Krabbe disease (KD), 484t, 490-491, 2071-2072

KS See Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS)

KSS See Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS)

Kugelberg-Welander disease, 2136

Kupffer cells, e122-1

Kuru, e270-1-e270-6, e270-1t

Kveim-Siltzbach test, 862

Kwashiorkor, 175, 175f-176f, 2329

Kyasanur Forest disease, 1150, 1152

Kyphoscoliosis, 1518, 2278

Kyphosis, 2371-2373, 2372f

congenital, 2372-2373

flexible, 2371

Kytril See Granisetron

L

LA See Latex agglutination (LA) test; Linoleic acid (LA)

LABAs See Long-acting inhaled β-adrenergic agents (LABAs)

Labetalol

for hypertensive emergencies, 1646t

for systemic hypertension, 1645t

Labial agglutination, 1867t-1868t

Labile factor, 1696t

Labor

history of in neurologic evaluation, e584-1

premature

group B streptococci prophylaxis in, 640f

therapy for, 551t

Laboratory geneticist, 382t

Laboratory test(s), e707-1-e707-4

abbreviations in, e708-1t

accuracy and precision of, e707-1

for differential diagnosis, e707-3-e707-4, e707-4t

key to comments in, e708-1t

for neonatal screening, e707-2-e707-3, e707-3t

predictive value of, e707-1-e707-2, e707-1t-e707-2t

prefixes denoting decimal factors in, e708-1t

reference intervals for, e708-1-e708-16, e708-2t-e708-8t

sensitivity, accuracy, and analytic, e707-1

symbols in, e708-1t

Labrum, 2355

Labyrinthitis, 2211, e633-1

ataxia versus, 2054

Laceration, 340-341

of eyelid, 2184

Lachman test, 2415f

Lacrimal apparatus, examination of, 2150

Lacrimal system disorders, 2165-2166, 2165f

La Crosse encephalitis, 1142-1144

Lactase deficiency, 1306t, 1317

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDL)

in congenital dyserythropoietic anemia, e446-1t

in ovarian carcinomas, 1872t

reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

Lactic acidosis, 232

carbohydrate metabolism defects with, 503-509, 504f-505f, 507t-509t, 508f

in type I glycogen storage disease, 492-493

Lactobacillus rhamnosus

for atopic dermatitis, 805

for functional abdominal pain, 1348t

for infectious diarrhea, 1336-1337

Lactobezoars, 1291

Lactose, resumption of intake following gastroenteritis, 1336

Lactose-free diet, 1348t

Lactose intolerance

abdominal pain of, 1247t

chronic diarrhea with, 1341

secondary, 1317

Lactulose

for constipation in palliative care, 155t-156t

for constipation maintenance therapy, 74t

for fecal disimpaction, 74t

LAD See Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD)

Ladd bands, 1280

Lafora body disease, 2024

Lagophthalmos, 2163

LAIV See Live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV)

Lambert-Eaton myasthenia gravis (LEMS), 2133t

LAMB2 gene, 1807

LAMB syndrome, 2236

Lamellar ichthyosis, 2267-2268, 2268t, 2269f

Lamictal See Lamotrigine

Lamivudine, e237-1t

for hepatitis B, 1399

for HIV infection, 1168t-1171t

Lamotrigine

for mood stabilization, 64t

for neuropathic pain, 368t

for seizures

adverse effects of, 2031t

dosages of, 2030t

LAMP2 See Lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2 (LAMP2) deficiency

Lamuvidine, e237-5

Lancefield carbohydrate C, 910

Landau-Kleffner syndrome, 119, 2023-2024

Landouzy-Dejerine disease, 2126

Landry ascending paralysis, 2143

Langer-Giedion syndrome, 408t

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), 1773-1774

diabetes insipidus with, 1883

seborrheic dermatitis with, 2253-2254

Langerhans cells, 2215

in allergic disease, e134-1-e134-2

Language

chronically ill child and, e39-3

cultural skill by health care worker and, e4-4

development of, 115t

age 12-18 months, 31

age 18-24 months, 33

during first 2 years, 27t

in foreign-born adoptee, 131

during preschool years, 34

elementary school success and, 37t

expressive, 115-116

receptive, 114-116

speech versus, 34

Language disorders

in Asperger’s syndrome, 118

in autism and pervasive developmental disorders, 118

classification of, 117, 117t

due to cleft lip and palate, 1253

clinical manifestations of, 117

comorbid psychiatric disorders, 121

diagnostic evaluation of, 120-121

dysfluency (stuttering, stammering) as, 122, 122t

epidemiology of, 116

etiology of, 116

isolated expressive language disorder as, 118

in mental retardation, 118

motor speech disorders as, 118-119

as neurodevelopmental dysfunction, e29-2

non-causes of, 120

pathogenesis of, 116-117

pragmatic language disorder as, 118

prognosis for, 121

rare causes of, 119

screening for, 119-120, 120t

selective mutism as, 118

specific language impairment as, 117-118

treatment of, 121

due to velopharyngeal dysfunction, 1253

Lansoprazole

CYP2C19 gene in metabolism of, e56-7

for Helicobacter pylori gastritis, 1293t

Lanugo, e636-1

Laparoscopic surgery

for appendicitis, 1355

in contralateral inguinal exploration, 1366, 1367f

for inguinal hernia, 1366

Lap belt restraint, 22

Large-for-gestational-age (LGA) infant, e91-1-e91-5

Larva currens, 1223

Larva migrans

cutaneous, 1220, 1220f, 1220t, e271-1t-e271-11t

ocular, 1227-1229, 1228t

Laryngeal actinomycosis, e182-2

Laryngeal cleft, posterior, 1452

Laryngeal diphtheria, e180-1-e180-2

Laryngeal edema, 815

Laryngeal foreign body, 1454

Laryngeal swelling, allergic, 1448

Laryngeal webs and atresia, 1451, 1451f

Laryngitis

acute infectious, 1447

reflux, 1269

Laryngocele, 1451-1452

Laryngomalacia, 1450, 1450f

Laryngoscopy, e366-4

in laryngomalacia, 1450, 1450f

Laryngospasm during induction of anesthesia, e70-8

Laryngotracheal stenosis, 1454-1455

Laryngotracheitis, 1446

Laryngotracheobronchitis, 1446-1447, 1446f

Laryngotracheobronchoscopy, 1267

Laryngotracheoesophageal cleft (LTEC), 1263, 1452

Larynx

congenital anomalies of, 1450-1452

neoplasms of, 1455-1456

papillomatosis of, 1139

tuberculosis of, 1004-1005

Laser photocoagulation, 2175-2176

Laser therapy for skin disorders, 2218

LASIK, 2151

Lassa fever, 1151-1152, 1152t

Late adolescence, growth and development during, 654

Late deceleration of fetal heart rate, 543-544, 545t

Latency, 36

Latent syphilis, 1016-1017

Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), 996-997

Late-onset central hypoventilation syndrome with hypothalamic dysfunction (LO-CHS), 1521-1522

Lateral epicondylitis, 2411

Lateral meniscus, discoid, 2352, 2352f

Lateral penile curvature, 1857

Lateral pivot shift test, 2415f

Latex agglutination (LA) test, e164-1

Latex allergy

anaphylactic reaction to, 816, 816t

neuropathic bladder and, e536-3

Latino population

cultural values associated with, e4-1t-e4-2t

death rates for, 3t-4t

disease beliefs or practices of, e4-2t

empacho and, e4-4

as special needs population, 7

Latrodectus antivenin, 258t

Laundry, infection protection and control and, e166-2t

Lavage

broncheoalveolar, e366-4-e366-5

in aspiration syndromes, 1472t

for cystic fibrosis, 1493

gastric for poisoning, 255-257

Lavandula for sedation, 271t

Lavender for sedation, 271t

Laxatives, 92t

Lazarus sign, e63-2

LBW See Low birthweight (LBW)

LBWC See Limb-body wall complex (LBWC)

LCA See Leber congenital retinal amaurosis (LCA)

LCAT See Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency

LCH See Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH)

LCHAD See Long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (LCHAD) deficiency

LCL See Localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL)

LCMV See Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)

LCPD See Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (LCPD)

LCT gene, 1317

LDL See Low-density lipoproteins (LDL)

Lead, reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

Lead exposure/poisoning, e700-2

abdominal pain of, 1247t

δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase deficiency due to, e85-4

antidote for, 256t-257t

clinical effects of, 2450

clinical symptoms of, 2450-2451

diagnosis of, 2451-2452, 2451t-2452t

intellectual disability and, 127t

metabolism in, 2449-2450

public health history of, 2448-2449

sources of, 2449, 2449t

treatment of, 2452-2453, 2453t

Lead mobilization test, 2451

Lead pipe, e584-6

LEAN Methodology, e2-4f

Learning disorders, e29-1 See also Neurodevelopmental dysfunction

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder as, 108

clinical manifestations of, 108-109

diagnosis and differential diagnosis of, 109-110, 109t

epidemiology of, 108

etiology of, 108

pathogenesis of, 108

prevention of, 112

prognosis for, 112

treatment of, 110-112, 111t, 112f

dyslexia as, 112-114, 113f

intellectual disability as, 122-129

clinical manifestations of, 124-125, 125t

complications of, 127

diagnosis of, 122-124, 123t

diagnostic psychologic testing in, 126-127

differential diagnosis of, 125-126

epidemiology of, 124

etiology of, 123t, 124

laboratory findings in, 125, 126f, 127t

pathology and pathogenesis of, 124

prevention of, 127-128

prognosis for, 129, 129t

supportive care and management of, 128-129

treatment of, 128

language and communication disorders as, 114-122

in Asperger’s syndrome, 118

in autism and pervasive developmental disorders, 118

classification of, 117, 117t

clinical manifestations of, 117

comorbid psychiatric disorders, 121

diagnostic evaluation of, 120-121

dysfluency (stuttering, stammering) as, 122, 122t

epidemiology of, 116

etiology of, 116

isolated expressive language disorder as, 118

in mental retardation, 118

motor speech disorders as, 118-119

non-causes of, 120

pathogenesis of, 116-117

pragmatic language disorder as, 118

prognosis for, 121

rare causes of, 119

screening for, 119-120, 120t

selective mutism as, 118

specific language impairment as, 117-118

treatment of, 121

neurodevelopmental dysfunction as, e29-1-e29-9

assessment and diagnosis of, e29-7

attention, e29-3-e29-4

clinical manifestations of, e29-5-e29-7

etiology of, e29-1

executive functioning, e29-4

intellectual, e29-4-e29-5

language, e29-2

mathematics disorder, e29-6-e29-7

memory, e29-3

neuroacademic problems, e29-7

pathogenesis of, e29-5

reading disorders, e29-6, e29-6t

sensory and developmental, e29-1-e29-2

social cognition, e29-5

spelling and writing impairments, e29-6

terminology and epidemiology of, e29-1

treatment of, e29-7-e29-8

visual-spatial and perceptual impairments, e29-2-e29-3

Leber congenital retinal amaurosis (LCA), 2177

Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), 391t, 2067, e623-2-e623-3

Lecithin, amniotic fluid, 548

Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency, 477

Lecithin-sphingomyelin (L:S) ratio, 548-549

Lectin pathway of complement system, e127-1-e127-2, e127-1t

deficiencies of, 754t

Leflunomide

for juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 838t

for rheumatic disease, e148-2t-e148-3t, e148-4

Left shift, e126-1

in appendicitis, 1351

Left-to-right-shunt

in adults, 1605-1606

cardiac lesions of, 1551-1561

evaluation of, 1549-1550

in neonatal circulation, e415-2

Left ventricle

diverticulum, 1599-1600

hypertrophy of

electrocardiographic assessment of, 1539-1540, 1540f

systemic hypertension with, 1642

Left ventricular assist device (LVAD), 1638

Left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC), 1629t-1630t, 1633-1634, 1634f

Leg See Lower extremity(ies)

Legal issues in adolescent health care, e106-1-e106-2, e106-2t

Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (LCPD), 2361, 2362f, 2436t

Legionella, e200-1-e200-3

in infective endocarditis, 1624t

in pneumonia, 1475t

Legislation

foster and kinship care, e35-1

Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and restriction to Chemicals (REACH), e700-1

Leg-length discrepancy (LLD), e668-1-e668-6, e668-1f

causes of, e668-1t

diagnosis and clinical findings in, e668-1, e668-2f

in posteromedial tibial bowing, 2351

radiographic evaluation of, e668-1-e668-2, e668-2f

treatment of, e668-2-e668-5, e668-3f-e668-5f

Legume allergy, 823t

Leigh disease, 391t, 506-509, 2067, 2132

Leiomyoma, 1873, e337-3

Leiomyosarcoma, 1762t, 1873

risk factors for, 1727t

Leishmaniasis, 1186-1190

diagnosis of, 1189

differential diagnosis of, 1189

etiology of, 1186-1187

laboratory findings in, 1189

mucosal, 1188

pathogenesis of, 1187-1189, 1188f

pathology of, 1187

predisposition to due to immunodeficiency, 716t

prevention of, 1190

treatment of, 1189-1190, e271-1t-e271-11t

visceral, 1188-1189

Leisure and recreational activities in intellectual disability management, 128-129

Lemierre syndrome, 1439, 1442, 1442f, e205-1, e205-3

Lemon balm for sedation, 271t

LEMS See Lambert-Eaton myasthenia gravis (LEMS)

Lenalidomide for rheumatic disease, e148-6

Length, percentile curves for, e9-1f-e9-4f

derivation and interpretation of, e13-1-e13-2

Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, 2022-2024, 2027

Lens

development of, e610-1

disorders of, 2169-2172, 2170f-2172f, 2170t

Lente insulin, 1976, 1977f

Lenticonus, 2172

Lentigines, 2236-2237, 2236f

Lentiginosis profusa, 2236

Lentiginous nevus

speckled, 2233, 2233f

zosteriform, 2233

LEOPARD syndrome

cardiac manifestations of, 1531t

cutaneous manifestations of, 2236, 2236f

Lepra reaction, e206-4

Leprechaunism, 1995-1996

LEPRE1 gene, 2439

Lepromatous leprosy (LL), e208-1

Leprosy, e208-1-e208-4, e208-2f

Leprosy patient, 1011

Leptin deficiency, obesity due to, 182t

Leptin receptor gene deficiency, obesity due to, 182t

Leptospira, 1023-1025, 1024f

Leptospira biflexa, 1023

Leptospira interrogans, 1023

Leptospiruric leptospirosis, 1024

Leri-Weil dyschondrosteosis, 388-389

LES See Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

Lesbian, 658

Lesch-Nyhan disease (LND), 2057t, e83-3-e83-5, e83-4f

Lethal neonatal dwarfism, e685-3t

Lethal spondyloepiphyseal dysplasias, 2424, 2424f

Lethal toxic encephalopathy, 960

Lethargy in newborn, e92-1-e92-2

Letrozole, 1893

Letterer-Siwe disease, 1773-1774

Leucine, defects in metabolism of, 430-438

Leucine-sensitive hypoglycemia, 525

Leukemia, 1732-1739

acute lymphocytic, 1732-1737

arthralgia and, e147-1

cellular classification of, 1732-1733, 1733f, 1733t

clinical manifestations of, 1733-1734

diagnosis of, 1734

differential diagnosis of, 1734

epidemiology of, 1732

etiology of, 1732, 1732t

hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for, 757, 758f

incidence and survival rates for, 1726t

prognosis for, 1736-1737

risk factors for, 1727t

secondary, due to radiation therapy, e699-5t

supportive care for, 1736

treatment of, 1734-1736, 1735f-1736f

acute myeloid, 748t, 1737-1738, 1737t-1738t

hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for, 757-758

incidence and survival rates for, 1726t

risk factors for, 1727t

adult T-cell, e269-1

chromosomal translocation of, e486-1

chronic myelogenous, 748t, 1738-1739

hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for, 758

in Down syndrome, 1738, 1738f

environmental carcinogens and, e700-3

infant, 1739

juvenile idiopathic arthritis versus, 835

juvenile myelomonocytic, 1739

hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for, 758

of temporal bone, e635-1

treatment of, e488-1

work-up of, 1731t

Leukemia cutis, 1739

Leukemoid reaction, e126-1

Leukocoria, 1768-1769, 1768f, 2157, 2157f

Leukocystoclastic vasculitis, 868t

Leukocytes

cerebrospinal fluid in CNS infection, 2088t

fecal in chronic diarrhea, 1344t

fetal, 1648

polymorphonuclear, 2220

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD), 741-744, 742t, e122-2

Leukocyte differential, 718t, e708-2t-e708-8t

Leukocytoclastic vasculitis, 876

due to cat-scratch disease, 985

Leukocytosis, e126-1-e126-3

in eosinophilic pustular folliculitis, 2220

in Epstein-Barr virus infection, 1113

in hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, e265-1

monocytosis as, e126-1-e126-3, e126-2t

neutrophilia as, e126-1, e126-2f

as oncologic emergency, e488-6t

in pertussis, 945

Leukodystrophy, 2075, 2140

adrenal insufficiency with, 1924, 1925t

globoid cell, 490-491, 2071-2072

metachromatic, 484t, 490, 2072

Leukokoria in newborn, 534

Leukomalacia, periventricular, 566-568

cerebral palsy and, 2061-2063

optic nerve hypoplasia with, e623-1

Leukonychia, 2294

Leukopenia, 746-752, 747t

due to ehrlichiosis, 1049

HIV-related, 1166

infections with, e171-1t

in kala-azar, 1189

neutropenia as, 746-750

in varicella-zoster virus, 1108

Leukoplakia, oral hairy, 2299

Leukorrhea, physiologic, 1866

Leukotriene-modifying agents (LTRAs)

for allergic disease, 772

for asthma, 794t, 795-796

for urticaria and angioedema, 815t

Leukovorin for toxoplasmosis, 1215

Leuprolide

for endometriosis, 690-691

for precocious puberty, 1889

for premenstrual dysphoric disorder, 692t

Levalbuterol for asthma, 796, 797t-798t

Levamisole for nephrotic syndrome, 1805

Level of consciousness (LOC) in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, 571t

Levetiracetam

adverse effects of, 2031t

dosages of, 2030t

for migraine prophylaxis, 2044t

Levocabastine for allergic conjunctivitis, 811t

Levocardia, 1596

Levocetirizine for allergic rhinitis, 777t-778t, 779

Levodopa for spasticity of cerebral palsy, 2064

Levofloxacin, e173-13, e206-3

for Chlamydia trachomatis, 1036

for tuberculosis, 1008t

Levorphanol for neuropathic pain, 368t

Levothyroxine for hypothyroidism, 1900, 1903

Lewisite, in terrorism, e704-6, e704-9t

Lexapro See Escitalopram

Lexiva See Fosamprenavir

Leydig cell aplasia, 1964

Leydig cell tumor, testicular, 1950

LGA See Large-for-gestational-age (LGA) infant

LGAs See Low-grade astrocytomas (LGAs)

LGI1 gene, 2016t

L-glyceric aciduria, 441

LGMD See Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD)

LH See Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Lhermitte’s sign, e699-4

LHGCR gene, e576-2t-e576-3t

LHON See Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON)

LHRH See Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH)

LHX3 gene, 1876t, 1877

LHX4 gene, 1876t, 1877-1878

Lice See Pediculosis

Licensing, child care, e15-1

Lichenification

in atopic dermatitis, 802, 803f

examination of, e637-1

Lichen nitidus, 2263-2264, 2264f

Lichenoid eruption in graft versus host disease, e637-6f

Lichen planus, 2264-2265, 2265f

Lichen sclerosus, 1867t-1868t, 1868f, 2275, 2275f

vaginal bleeding due to, 1869

Lichen simplex chronicus, 2252, 2253f

Lichen spinulosus, 2261-2262

Lichen striatus, 2264

Licorice for asthma, 271t

Liddle syndrome, 223-224, 236, 1814

Lidocaine

for arrhythmias, 1611t-1612t

for pediatric resuscitation and arrhythmias, 294t

in rapid sequence intubation, 287t

Lid(s)

abnormalities of, 2163-2165, 2164f

due to trauma, 2184

examination of, 2150

Life course-limited offenders, 669

Lifestyle

polycystic ovary syndrome and, e546-2-e546-3

type 2 diabetes mellitus and, 1991

Life-sustaining medical treatment (LSMT)

ethics of, e3-1-e3-2

withholding and withdrawing of, e3-2

Li-Fraumeni syndrome, 1747t, 1750-1751, 1763, 1941, e486-2t-e486-3t

Lightning burns, 356

Light pupillary reflex, 2157, 2157f

brain death and, e63-2t

in newborn, 534

in retinoblastoma, 1768-1769, 1768f

as sign of cancer, 1730f

Light sedation, e70-3t

Light sensitivity in migraine, 2041

Likert Scale, 363t

Lily of the valley toxicity, 269t

Limb

deformities of, 2346

normal development of, 2344, 2345f-2346f

Limb-body wall complex (LBWC), 2221

Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD), 2113t, 2126, 2126t

Limb lengthening, e668-3, e668-5f

Limit dextrinosis, 496-497, 496f

Limp

assessment of, 2332, 2334t

of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, 2361

Lincosamides, e173-13

Lindane toxicity, 251t

Linear immunoglobulin A dermatosis, 2249, 2249f

immunofluorescence of, e637-1t

Linear nevus syndrome, 2052

Linear nondose threshold (LNT), 2448

Linear scleroderma, 850, 851f

Linens, infection protection and control and, e166-2t

Line sepsis, 910

Linezolid, e173-13, e206-3, e173-4t-e173-11t

for cystic fibrosis lung infection, 1492t

for neonatal infection, 645t

for Staphylococcus aureus, 907t

for vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, e179-2

Lingual frenulum, short, 1240

Linguistic development

age 12-18 months, 31

age 18-24 months, 33

during preschool years, 34

Linkage testing, 376, 377t, e77-2-e77-3

Linoleic acid (LA), e41-15

deficiency, cutaneous manifestations of, 2329

LIP See Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (LIP)

Lip

assessment of in allergic disease, 765

cleft, 1252-1253, 1252f

dental problems associated with, 1251t

congenital pits of, e308-1

Lipase, e339-3

deficiency of, 1369-1370

diarrhea due to, 1306t

hepatic, 473t, 477

reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

replacement of, 1370

serum in pancreatitis, 1371

Lipids

atherogenesis and, 470-471, 471f

cardiovascular disease and, 470

metabolism and transport of, 471-473, e346-3

storage disorders of, 484t

Lipid metabolism defects, 456-492

of lipoprotein metabolism and transport, 470-482, 471f-474f, 472t-473t, 476f, 477t-479t, 480f, 481t-482t

liver effects of, 1389t

lysosomal storage disorders as, 482-491, 483f, 484t-485t, 486f-487f, 489f, 491f

of mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation, 456-492, 457t, 458f-459f

mucolipidoses as, 491-492

of very long chain fatty acids, 462-470, 462t-464t, 464f-465f, 466t, 469f

Lipidoses, 482-491, 483f, 486f

cholesterol ester storage disease as, 491

clinical findings in, 484t

Fabry disease as, 488-489, 489f

Farber disease as, 491, 491f

fucosidosis as, 489-490

Gaucher disease as, 487-488, 487f

GM₁ gangliosidosis as, 483-491

GM₂ gangliosidosis as, 484-487

Krabbe disease as, 490-491

metachromatic leukodystrophy as, 490

multiple sulfatase deficiency as, 490

Niemann-Pick disease as, 488

Schindler disease as, 490

symptoms of, 485t

Wolman disease as, 491

Lipoatrophic diabetes, 1995

Lipodystrophy, 2285-2286

in juvenile dermatomyositis, 847

Lipofuscinoses, neuronal ceroid, 2073, 2073t

Lipoid adrenal hyperplasia, 1937, 1964

Lipoid adrenal hypoplasia, 1925t

Lipoid proteinosis, 2276-2277

Lipoma, e662-3

Lipophosphoglycan (LPG), 1186-1187

Lipoprotein a, 1708

Lipoproteins

atherogenesis and, 470-471, 471f

cardiovascular disease and, 470

characteristics of, 472t

disorders of, 473-482, 473f-474f, 473t, 475t, 476f, 477t-479t, 480f

blood cholesterol screening for, 479-480

risk assessment and treatment of, 480f, 481-482, 481t-482t

high-density, 471, 472f, 472t, 479t

disorders of metabolism of, 477

obesity and, 185t

reverse cholesterol transport and, 473

low-density, 471-473, 472f, 472t, 479t

obesity and, 185t

metabolism and transport of, 471-473, 472f

patterns of in children and adolescents, 479, 479t

Liposarcoma, 1762t

Liposomal amphotericin B, 1053

for candidiasis, 1054t, 1056t

for Leishmania infection, e271-1t-e271-11t

for leishmaniasis, 1190

5-Lipoxygenase inhibitor for asthma, 794t

Lisch nodules, 2046-2047, 2047f, 2156

Lisinopril for systemic hypertension, 1645t

Lispro insulin analogs, 1976, 1977f

Lissencephaly, 2003, 2004f, e102-2t

Listeria monocytogenes, e181-1-e181-3, e181-1t-e181-3t

in bacterial meningitis, 2091

gastroenteritis due to, 1324t-1325t

maternal

breast-feeding and, 540t

fetal and neonatal effects of, e89-3t

neonatal, 632t

sepsis due to, 636t

Listeriolysin, e181-1

Lithiasis

gallbladder, e358-1-e358-2, e358-1t

urinary, e541-1-e541-5, e541-1f, e541-1t-e541-2t

abdominal pain of, 1248t

as complication of enterocystoplasty, e536-2

Lithium carbonate, goiter due to, 1908

Lithium for mood stabilization, 63, 64t

Lithobid See Lithium

Lithotripsy, e541-3

Live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV), 883-884, 884t

Liver

birth injury to, 578

enlarged, sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

excretory function of, e346-4t

fatty

nonalcoholic, 184t, e352-1-e352-2

with type 2 diabetes mellitus, 1993t

hepatocytic function in, e346-2-e346-3, e346-2f

insulin level effects on, 1975t

metabolic functions of, e346-3-e346-4

morphogenesis of, e346-1-e346-4, e346-1f, e346-1t

newborn assessment of, 535

porphyria cutanea tarda and, e85-11

shock-related dysfunction of, 307t

transport of lipids from, 471-473

Liver biopsy, 1381

fetal, 543t

in neonatal cholestasis, 1385-1386

Liver disease

abscess as, 1404-1405, 1404f-1405f

amebic, 1179

autoimmune hepatitis as, 1408-1410, 1408t, 1410f

biliary atresia as, 1385-1387, 1386f-1387f

due to cancer and its therapy, e488-7t-e488-9t

cholestasis as, 1381-1388, 1381f

evaluation of, 1382, 1382t

intrahepatic, 1382-1384, 1383t-1384t

management of, 1387-1388, 1387t

mechanism of, 1381-1382

in older child, 1388

prognosis for, 1388

types of, 1382t

chronic diarrhea with, 1341

cystic, e357-1-e357-3, e357-1t

drug- and toxin-induced injury as, 1410-1412, 1412t

in erythropoietic protoporphyria, e85-16-e85-17

evaluation of, 1379, 1380f

fulminant hepatic failure as, 1412-1415, 1414t

general anesthesia and, e70-2t-e70-3t

glycogen storage disease as, 492-499

hemolytic anemia secondary to, e459-1

hemorrhagic disorders due to, 1712

due to intestinal failure, e331-1

liver transplantation for, e360-1-e360-2

malabsorption due to, 1318

manifestations of, 1374-1381, 1375t-1377t

hepatomegaly as, 1375t

metabolic, 1388-1393, 1389t

α-antitrypsin deficiency, 1393

Indian childhood cirrhosis, 1392

inherited deficient conjugation of bilirubin as, 1389-1390

neonatal iron storage disease as, 1393

Wilson disease, 1391, 1391f

mitochondrial hepatopathies as, 1405-1408, 1406t-1407t

neoplastic, 1771-1772, 1771f

in porphyria cutanea tarda, e85-11-e85-12

portal hypertension and varices as, e359-1-e359-3

propylthiouracil and, 1911-1912

psychopharmacology and, 64-65

pulmonary manifestations of, e413-1t

with systemic disorders, e352-1-e352-4

viral hepatitis as, 1393-1404, 1393t

approach to, 1403-1404, 1403f

biochemical profiles in, 1394-1395

causes and differential diagnosis of, 1394, 1394t

due to hepatitis A virus, 1395-1396, 1395f, 1396t

due to hepatitis B virus, 1397-1400, 1398f, 1399t

due to hepatitis C virus, 1400-1402, 1400f

due to hepatitis D virus, 1402

due to hepatitis E virus, 1402-1403

pathogenesis of, 1394

Liver failure, acute, 1412-1415, 1414t

with hepatitis A, 1395-1396

with hepatitis B, 1397-1398

Liver flukes, e293-1, e271-1t-e271-11t

Liver-kidney microsomal (LKM) antibody, 1409

Liver phosphorylase deficiency, 497

hypoglycemia in, 528

Liver phosphorylase kinase deficiency, 498

Liver transplantation, e360-1-e360-2

for acute liver failure, 1414

for type I glycogen storage disease, 495

Liver tumor

precocious puberty due to, 1891

work-up of, 1731t

Livostin See Levocabastine

LKM See Liver-kidney microsomal (LKM) antibody

LL See Lepromatous leprosy (LL); Lymphoblastic lymphoma (LL)

LLD See Leg-length discrepancy (LLD)

L/L genotype, 1426

LMNA gene mutations, e84-2, e84-2t

LMW See Low molecular weight (LMW) heparin

LMX1B gene, 1803t, 2431, e685-2t

LND See Lesch-Nyhan disease (LND)

LNT See Linear nondose threshold (LNT)

Loading dose of antiepileptics, 2029-2031

Loa loa, 1225-1226, 1226f, e271-1t-e271-11t

Lobar nephronia, acute, 1830, 1830f

Lobar panniculitis, 2282-2283

Lobelia inflata, potential toxicity of, 272t-273t

Lobular capillary hemangioma, 2229

Local anesthesia

adverse reaction to, 827

definition of, e70-3t

for pain management, 367-368, 367t-368t

toxicity, neonatal seizures due to, 2034, 2036

Localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL), 1187-1188

Location of pain, e664-1t

LO-CHS See Late-onset central hypoventilation syndrome with hypothalamic dysfunction (LO-CHS)

Loci of developmental disorders of muscle, 2113-2114, 2113t

Lockjaw, 991

Locus heterogeneity, e77-2

Lodoquinol, e271-1t-e271-11t

Lodoxamide tromethamine

for allergic conjunctivitis, 811t

for allergic disease, 772

Loeffler syndrome, 1223

Loeys-Dietz syndrome, 2444t, e554-2t

Löffler syndrome, e391-4

Logical thinking in adolescent, 649-651

Logistic access in chronic illness, e39-3

Loiasis, 1225-1226, 1226f

Lomotil toxicity, 251t

Lone star tick, 1048-1049

Long-acting inhaled β-adrenergic agents (LABAs)

for allergic disease, 770

for asthma, 791-792, 794-795

Long bones, e664-1, e664-1f

osteomyelitis in, 2395

Long-chain fatty acid transporter deficiency, 457t

Long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (LCHAD) deficiency, 457t, 460

Longdan xieganwan, potential toxicity of, 272t-273t

Longitudinal deficiency

radial, 2384, 2384t

tibial, 2351

Longitudinal vaginal septa, e548-4

Long Q-T syndrome (LQTS), 1616-1618, 1617t, e74-4

electrocardiogram of, 1540f

genetics of, e418-1t-e418-2t, e418-3

seizures versus, e587-1-e587-2

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

sudden death due to, 1620, 1620f

sudden infant death syndrome and, 1425-1426, 1426f

Long terminal repeats, 1157

Long-term memory (LTM), e29-3

Long-term survivors (LTSs), HIV, 1161

Long-term video electroencephalography monitoring, e584-10

Loop diuretics, metabolic alkalosis due to, 236

Looping, cardiac, e414-1-e414-2

Loop of Henle, e52-5

Loose folds of skin, 2220

Loperamide

for infectious diarrhea, 1337

for traveler’s diarrhea, e168-5

Lopinavir/ritonavir, 1168t-1171t

Lorabid See Loracarbef

Loracarbef, e173-4t-e173-11t

Loratadine

for allergic rhinitis, 777t-778t, 779

for urticaria and angioedema, 815t

Lorazepam

for anxiety

in burn injury, 355

in palliative care, 155t-156t

for cyclic vomiting syndrome, 1244t

for depression and anxiety symptoms, 63t

for hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, 571

for intubation, 321t

for nausea in palliative care, 155t-156t

for pain management in palliative care, 155t-156t

for seizures

dosages of, 2030t

neonatal, 2037

in palliative care, 155t-156t

for sleep disturbance/insomnia in palliative care, 155t-156t

for status epilepticus, 2038, 2039t

Lorenzo’s oil therapy, 469

Losartan for systemic hypertension, 1645t

Loss, e16-1-e16-6

developmental perspective on, e16-3-e16-4

divorce and, e16-1

interventions for, e16-5

move or family relocation and, e16-1-e16-2

parent/sibling death and, e16-2

separation and, e16-1

spiritual issues in, e16-5

Lotions, 2216

Louse-borne disease

relapsing fever, 1025

typhus, 1039t-1040t

epidemic, 1047-1048

Lovenorgestrel, 698

Low back sports injury, 2412-2413

Low birthweight (LBW), e87-2-e87-3 See also Prematurity/premature infant

dental problems associated with, 1251t

incidence of, 555

prenatal nutrition and, e6-8-e6-9

rates of, e87-2, e87-2f

spectrum of disease in, 558, 559t

type 2 diabetes mellitus and, 1990

Low-density lipoproteins (LDL), 471-473, 472f, 472t, 479t

obesity and, 185t

Lower body segment, body proportions and, e13-4

Lower esophageal sphincter (LES), e310-1-e310-2

dysmotility of, 1264-1265, 1265f

gastroesophageal reflux disease and, 1266

Lower extremity(ies)

arthrogryposis involving, e674-3-e674-4, e674-4f

assessment of, e664-1f

fractures of, 2392, 2393t

as delivery room emergency, 579

growth and development of, e664-1f, e664-2

musculoskeletal pain syndrome of, 877t

septic arthritis in, 2399

sports injury to, 2416-2417

venous access in, 295f

Lower extremity nerve block, 372

Lower genitourinary tract trauma, 339

Lower inflection point, 323-324

Lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI)

anaerobic, e205-1

human metapneumovirus, 1130-1131

respiratory culture in, e164-2

wheezing and, 1456-1457

Lowe syndrome, 1809-1810

Low-grade astrocytomas (LGAs), 1748-1750

Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), 1137-1138, 1138t

Low molecular weight (LMW) heparin, 1710t, 1711

for pulmonary embolism, 1502

LP See Lumbar puncture (LP)

LPG See Lipophosphoglycan (LPG)

LPI See Lysinuric protein intolerance (LPI)

LQTS See Long Q-T syndrome (LQTS)

LRTI See Lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI)

LSD See Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

LSIL See Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL)

LSMT See Life-sustaining medical treatment (LSMT)

L:S ratio See Lecithin-sphingomyelin (L:S) ratio

LTBI See Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI)

LTEC See Laryngotracheoesophageal cleft (LTEC)

l-TGA See L-transposition of the great arteries (l-TGA)

LTM See Long-term memory (LTM)

L-transposition of the great arteries (l-TGA), 1587-1588, 1588f

LTRAs See Leukotriene-modifying agents (LTRAs)

Lubricants for skin disorders, 2216

Lugol iodine stain, e164-1t

Lujan syndrome, e554-2t

Lumbar anesthesia, 373

Lumbar disk herniation, strain, and contusion, 2412

Lumbar plexus block, 372

Lumbar puncture (LP)

in bacterial meningitis, 2090-2091

in febrile seizure, 2018, 2036

in neurologic evaluation, e584-9-e584-10

Lumbar sympathetic block, 373

Lumefantrine, e271-1t-e271-11t

for malaria, 1203t-1205t

Lumpy-bumpy deposits, glomerular, e502-3

in acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, 1783, 1783f

Lumpy jaw, e182-1, e182-1f

Lung See also Respiratory system

in acid-base balance, e52-14

auscultation of, 276

in acutely ill child evaluation, 276

in assessment of respiratory pathology, e366-1, e366-1t

immune response of, e365-1-e365-14

iron, 1524

maintenance water and, 244t

skeletal diseases influencing function of, 1516-1519

unilateral hyperlucent, 1461

vasculature of, e365-1-e365-13

ventilator-induced injury to, 329

work of breathing in, e365-1-e365-6

Lung biopsy, e366-5

Lung capacities, e365-1-e365-3, e365-2f-e365-4f

Lung compliance, e365-3, e365-4f

Lung disease See also Respiratory disease

abscess as, 1480-1481

due to anaerobes, e205-1, e205-2t

clinical manifestations of, 1480

diagnosis of, 1480, 1480f-1481f

pathology and pathogenesis of, 1480

prognosis for, 1481

treatment of, 1480-1481

due to cancer and its therapy, e488-7t-e488-9t

coccidioidomycosis, 1065-1068

congenital, 1463-1467

agenesis and aplasia as, 1463

bronchobiliary fistula as, 1467

bronchogenic cysts as, 1466, 1466f

cystic adenomatoid malformation as, 1464, 1465f

hernia as, 1467

hypoplasia as, 1464

lymphangiectasia as, 1467

sequestration as, 1465, 1466f

eosinophilic lung disease as, e391-1-e391-6, e391-5t

failure to thrive in, 148t

interstitial, e397-1-e397-2, e397-1t

nontuberculous mycobacterial infection of, 1012t, 1013-1015, 1014f

obesity with, 184t

parenchymal

emergency airway management in, 284

hypersensitivity to inhaled materials as, e391-1-e391-2, e391-1f, e391-2t

paraquat lung as, e391-1-e391-4

silo filler disease as, e391-1-e391-3

respiratory acidosis due to, 239, 239t

respiratory alkalosis and, 241

in sickle cell disease, 1667-1668, 1668f, 1668t

Lung flukes, e293-1, e271-1t-e271-11t

Lung infection

aspergilloma as, 1059

chronic, 1059

invasive, 1060

Coccidioides in, 1066-1068

tuberculosis as, 1002-1003, 1003f See also (Tuberculosis (TB))

Lung infiltrates

in acute lung injury, 317f

in amyloidosis, 861, 861f

in eosinophilic lung disease, e391-1-e391-6

recurrent or persistent, e376-3-e376-4, e376-4t

Lung injury

acute, 316, 317f, 317t

ventilator-induced, 329

Lung manifestations

in Niemann-Pick disease, 488

in systemic inflammatory response syndrome, 309t

in systemic lupus erythematosus, 843t

in systemic scleroderma, 851

in typhoid fever, 957t

Lung percussion, e366-1

Lung sounds

in acutely ill child evaluation, 276

in assessment of respiratory pathology, e366-1, e366-1t

Lung tap, e366-5

Lung transplantation, e437-1-e437-5

for cystic fibrosis, 1494

Lung volumes, e365-1-e365-3, e365-2f-e365-4f

Lungworm, 1226-1227

Luphocin See Vancomycin

Lupus

drug-induced, 843-844, 844t, e637-8t

neonatal, 845-846, 845f

cutaneous manifestations of, e637-3t, e637-4, e637-4f

Lupus anticoagulant, 844

fetal therapy for, 551t

Lupus erythematosus (LE)

arthralgia in, e147-1

cutaneous manifestations of, e637-3

discoid, e637-3t, e637-4, e637-4f

immunofluorescence of, e637-1t

maternal, e89-2t

neonatal, 845-846, 845f

systemic See (Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE))

Lupus erythematosus panniculitis, 2283, 2283f

Lupus erythematosus profundus, 2283, 2283f

Lupus nephritis, 1788-1789

Lupus vulgaris, 2307

Luteinizing hormone (LH), e550-2

in amenorrhea, 686

in hypogonadism, 1945-1946

in polycystic ovary syndrome, 1870, e546-1f

in precocious puberty, 1888

in puberty, 1886

in testicular function, e576-1

Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), 1860

Lutz-Splendore-Almeida disease, e233-1-e233-2

LVAD See Left ventricular assist device (LVAD)

LVNC See Left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC)

17,20 Lyase deficiency, 1964

Lying, 99

Lyme disease, 1025-1029

clinical manifestations of, 1026-1028, 1026t, 1027f

cardiac, 1531t

congenital, 1027

diagnosis of, 1028

epidemiology of, 1025, 1025f

etiology of, 1025

fetal therapy for, 551t

juvenile idiopathic arthritis versus, 835

pathology and pathogenesis of, 1026

prevention of, 1029

prognosis for, 1029

serology of, 1028, e164-4, e707-3

transmission of, 1025-1026

treatment of, 1028-1029, 1028t

Lymphadenitis

histiocytic necrotizing, e484-1-e484-4

impetigo in, 916-917

nontuberculous mycobacterial, 1012-1013, 1012f-1013f, 1012t, 1015

tuberculous, 1002, 1005

Lymphadenopathy, e484-1-e484-5, e484-1t

with cat-scratch disease, 984, 984f

cervical

Corynebacterium diphtheriae, e180-2f

as sign of childhood cancers, 1730f

with chancroid, e187-1

Epstein-Barr virus, 1112

sinus histiocytosis massive, e484-1-e484-5

with tinea capitis, 2310, 2310f

Lymphangiectasia, 1724

congenital pulmonary, 1467

intestinal, 1311

Lymphangioma, 1724, e499-1-e499-2

Lymphangioma circumscriptum, 1724

Lymphangiomatosis, 1724

Lymphangitis, e483-1

Lymphatic compartment, pulmonary edema and, 1468

Lymphatic dysplasia, 1724

Lymphatic filariasis, 1224-1225, 1225f

Lymphatic system

abnormalities of, e483-1

anatomy and function of, e482-1

in total body water regulation, e52-1

Lymphedema, e483-1

familial, 2224t

Lymphedema praecox, e483-1

Lymph node disease

Cryptococcus neoformans infection as, 1057

tuberculous, 998, 1005, 1005f

Lymph node syndrome, mucocutaneous, 862-867

Lymphoblastic lymphoma (LL), 1743, 1744t

Lymphocytes, 722 See also Bcells See also Natural killer (NK) cells See also T cells

cytokines in regulation of, e117-3t

in pertussis, 945

reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

Lymphocyte blastogenesis to Toxoplasmosis antigens, 1214

Lymphocyte count

in adenosine deaminase deficiency, 732

normal values for, 719f

in roseola, 1119

in severe combined immunodeficiency, 731

whole-body irradiation and, e699-6t

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), e264-1-e264-3, e264-2f

maternal, e89-3t

Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (LIP), 1165

Lymphocytic leukemia See Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)

Lymphocytic thyroiditis, 1903-1905

type 1 diabetes mellitus with, 1996

Lymphocytosis, e126-1

Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), 1038

Lymphohematogenous (disseminated) tuberculosis, 1004

Lymphohistiocytosis, 1775-1776, 1775t

hemophagocytic, 744, 1774-1776, 1776t

Lymphoid hypoplasia in X-linked agammaglobulinemia, 724

Lymphoid organs, development of, e117-6

Lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase (SNP), 1971

Lymphoma, 1739-1746

adult T-cell, e269-1

anaplastic large cell, 1739-1740, 1744t

Burkitt, 1743, 1744t

Epstein-Barr virus-associated, 1112t

of small intestine, 1314-1315

of gastrointestinal tract, e337-3

HIV-related, 1164-1165, e171-4t

Hodgkin, 1739-1743, 1740f-1742f, 1741t, 1743t

incidence and survival rates for, 1726t

risk factors for, 1727t

work-up of, 1731t

late effects in children and adolescents with, 1746

lymphoblastic, 1743, 1744t

Mediterranean of small intestine, 1314-1315

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue, 1315

non-Hodgkin, 1730f, 1743-1746, 1744f-1745f, 1745t

hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for, 759

of small intestine, 1314-1315

of temporal bone, e635-1

work-up of, 1731t

primary effusion based, 1121

Lymphopenia, 752, 752t

in adenosine deaminase deficiency, 732

due to ehrlichiosis, 1049

in severe combined immunodeficiency, 731

Lymphopoiesis

fetal, e117-1-e117-5, e117-1f, e117-2t, e117-4f

postnatal, e117-5-e117-6

Lymphoproliferation, human T-lymphocyte-associated, e269-1

Lymphoproliferative disease, 721t

autoimmune, 737-738, 737t, 738f

post-transplantation, e171-2

X-linked, 727

Epstein-Barr virus and, 1112

Lynch syndrome, e486-2t-e486-3t

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 682

Lysine, defects in metabolism of, 453-455, 454f

Lysinuric protein intolerance (LPI), 455, 1320

Lysosomal acid α-1,4-glucosidase deficiency, 499-500, 500f

Lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2 (LAMP2) deficiency, 500

Lysosomal storage disorders, 482-491, 483f, 486f

cholesterol ester storage disease as, 491

clinical findings in, 484t

Fabry disease as, 488-489, 489f

Farber disease as, 491, 491f

fucosidosis as, 489-490

Gaucher disease as, 487-488, 487f

genetic therapies for, 381

GM₁ gangliosidosis as, 483-491

GM₂ gangliosidosis as, 484-487

Krabbe disease as, 490-491

metachromatic leukodystrophy as, 490

multiple sulfatase deficiency as, 490

Niemann-Pick disease as, 488

Schindler disease as, 490

symptoms of, 485t

Wolman disease as, 491

Lysyl hydroxylase deficiency, 2278

M

MAC See Minimal alveolar concentration (MAC); Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC)

Machado-Joseph disease (MJD), 2057t

Macleod syndrome, 1461

Macroadenoma, insulin-secreting, 522-523

Macrocephaly

in neurologic examination, e584-2, e584-2f

in Tay-Sachs disease, 485

Macrodactyly, 2343, 2343f

Macrodantin See Nitrofurantoin

Macrodontia, 1250

Macrolides, e173-13

for nontuberculous mycobacteria, e206-4-e206-5

pharmacokinetics of, e56-3t

Macromastia, e545-1-e545-2, e545-2t

Macronutrient

acceptable distribution range, e41-1t, e41-4

requirements, e41-1t-e41-3t

Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS), 832-834, 835t

Macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), fetal, e440-1, e440-1t

Macrophages, e122-1-e122-3

abnormalities of, e122-2-e122-3

in allergic disease, e134-1-e134-2

in amyloidosis, 860-861

Coxiella burnetii in, 1051

development of, e122-1, e122-1t

fetal, 1648

functional activities of, e122-1-e122-2

in neonatal immunity, 632

Salmonella interaction with, 950

in tuberculosis, 999f

Macrosomia in persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, 522t

Macular atrophy, 2277

Macular red cherry spot, 483

Macule, examination of, 2215

Madelung deformity, 2384-2385

Mafenide acetate for burn injury, 353, 353t

Maffucci syndrome, 2230

MAG-3 See Mercaptoacetyl triglycine (MAG-3) diuretic renogram

Magical thinking, 34-35

Magnesium, e52-1-e52-11

conversion factors for, e52-9t

disorders of

hypermagnesemia as, e52-11

hypomagnesemia as, e52-9-e52-11

excretion of, e52-9

intake of, e52-9

metabolism of, e52-1-e52-9

reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

renal tubular regulation of, e522-1

Magnesium sulfate for pediatric resuscitation and arrhythmias, 294t

Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)

in abusive head trauma, 139-140

in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, e30-1

in cardiovascular disease, 1545-1546, 1546f

computer processing of, 1546

in neurologic examination, e584-11

in orthopedic problems, 2335

in osteomyelitis, 2396, 2396f

in rheumatic disease, e147-2

in septic arthritis, 2400

Magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRC), e352-1

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

in appendicitis, 1352-1353

in arterial ischemic stroke, 2080, 2081f

in Canavan disease, 456, 456f

in cardiovascular disease, 1545-1546, 1545f

chest, e366-2

fetal, 543t

in fever of unknown origin, 902

functional in neurologic examination, e584-11

in generalized seizures, 2021, 2022f

in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, 302, 302f, 570, 571f-573f

in juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 837f

of müllerian anomalies, e548-1

in neurologic examination, e584-11

in orthopedic problems, 2334-2335

in osteomyelitis, 2396

in pork tapeworm, 1235, 1236f

in septic arthritis, 2399f, 2400

in sickle cell disease, 1666-1667, 1666f

in tuberculosis, 1006

in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, 468, 469f

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), 1545-1546

Magnetic resonance urography, 1841, 1841f

Magnetic resonance venography (MRV), e584-11

Magnet ingestion, 1290, 1290f

Ma huang

for asthma, 271t

potential toxicity of, 272t-273t

Maintenance of Certification (MOC), e2-2-e2-3

Maintenance therapy, 242, 242t

glucose in, 243

hyponatremia and, 243-244

intravenous solutions for, 243, 243t

selection of solutions for, 243

water in, 242-243, 243t

variations in, 244, 244t

Major aortopulmonary collateral arteries (MAPCAs), 1573-1575, 1578

Major basic protein (MBP), neutrophil, 739

Major depression, 82-85, 83t-84t

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC), e117-4-e117-5

defective expression of, 734

type 1 diabetes mellitus and, 1970

Major outer membrane protein (MOMP), 1033-1034

Malabsorption, 1305t, e330-1-e330-9

bile acid, 1312

of carbohydrates, 1306-1307, 1315-1317

classification of, 1305t

clinical approach to, 1305-1306, 1306f, 1306t

in eosinophilic gastroenteritis, 1319-1322

evaluation of, 1306-1308

exocrine pancreatic function and, 1307-1308, 1307f

of fat, 1307

of fructose, 1316-1317

due to gluten-sensitivity enteropathy, 1308-1311, 1308f, 1309t-1310t, 1310f

with immunodeficiency disorders, 1313-1314

due to immunoproliferative small intestinal disease, 1314-1315

in inflammatory bowel disease, e330-1-e330-8, e330-9t

due to intestinal infections and infestations, 1313

due to intestinal mucosal disorders, 1308

due to liver and biliary disorders, 1318

due to malnutrition, 1315

due to malrotation, 1280-1281

other syndromes of, 1311-1313

of protein, 1307

rare inborn defects causing, 1317

due to short bowel syndrome, 1314, 1315t, 1316f

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

Malaria, 1198-1207

cerebral, 1206

clinical manifestations of, 1200-1201, 1201t

complications of, 1206

congenital, 1201

diagnosis of, 1201-1202

differential diagnosis of, 1202

etiology of, 1198-1199, 1198f

maternal, e89-3t

pathogenesis of, 1199-1200, 1199f-1200f

predisposition to due to immunodeficiency, 716t

prevention of, 1206-1207, 1207t

prophylaxis

in HIV infection, 1175t-1176t

for travel, e168-5-e168-6, e168-7t

returning traveler with fever and, e168-7

treatment of, 1202, 1203t-1205t, e271-1t-e271-11t

Malarone See Atovaquone-proguanil

Malar rash

in rheumatic disease, e147-1, e147-2t

of systemic lupus erythematosus, e637-4f

Malassezia, 2253, 2305, 2309, e228-1

Malathion, 2321, e271-1t-e271-11t

Malayan filariasis, 1224-1225

Mal de Meleda, 2272

Male breast cancer, 1947

Male disorders in adolescent, e109-1, e109-1t

Male fertility, inguinal hernia repair and, 1368

Male rape, 703

Malformations, e102-1-e102-5, e664-1t, e102-1t, e102-2t-e102-3t, e102-4f See also Congenital anomalies

Malignancy

adenoid cystic, 1504

adrenal, e500-1-e500-5

basal cell, e662-3

of bone, 1763-1768, 1763t, 1764f-1765f

brain tumors as, 1746-1753

astrocytoma as, 1748-1750, 1749f

of brainstem, 1753, 1753f

choroid plexus, 1750-1751

clinical manifestations of, 1747

complications and long-term management of, 1753

craniopharyngioma as, 1752

diagnosis of, 1747-1748

embryonal, 1751-1752, 1751f

ependymal, 1750, 1750f

epidemiology of, 1746

etiology of, 1746, 1747t

germ cell, 1752-1753

metastatic, 1753

pathogenesis of, 1746-1747, 1747f-1748f, 1748t

pineal parenchymal, 1752

breast, e545-4

male, 1947

secondary, due to radiation therapy, e699-5t

bronchogenic, 1455-1456

Candida infections with, 1055

cervical, 1873-1874, 1873t

abnormal uterine bleeding due to, 689t-690t

human papillomavirus and, 1139-1140, 1729

choroid plexus, 1750-1751

colorectal, 1773, e337-2-e337-3, e500-1-e500-4

inherited syndromes of, e337-1t

ulcerative colitis and risk for, 1297

as complication of enterocystoplasty, e536-2

cutaneous manifestations of, e637-6

desmoplastic small round cell tumor as, 1773

diagnosis of, 1728-1731

age-related manifestations of, 1728-1729

early detection in, 1729-1731

ensuring the, 1731, 1731t

physical examination in, 1728

signs and symptoms in, 1728, 1728t-1729t

staging in, 1731

diarrhea caused by, e333-2t

epidemiology of, 1725-1727, 1726f-1727f, 1726t

Epstein-Barr virus associated, 1111-1112, 1112t

fever without a focus in, 896t

general anesthesia and, e70-2t-e70-3t

gonadal and germ cell neoplasms as, 1769-1771, 1770f

gynecologic, 1870-1874

hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for See (Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT))

hepatocellular, 1772

in type II glycogen storage disease, 496

histiocytosis syndromes of childhood as, 1773-1777, 1774t-1776t, 1775f

HIV-related, 1166

hypercalcemia due to, 1922

immunizations and, 891

impact of cancer therapy on fertility and, 1870-1871

incidence rates for, 1727f

infections with, e171-4f, e171-5t, e171-6-e171-8

enteroviruses in, 1092

influencing the incidence of, 1725-1727

of kidney, 1757-1760, 1757t-1759t, 1759f

of larynx, trachea, and bronchi, 1455-1456

leukemias as, 1732-1739

acute lymphocytic, 757, 758f, 1732-1737

acute myelogenous, 757-758, 1737-1738, 1737t-1738t

adult T-cell, e269-1

chronic myelogenous, 758, 1738-1739

Down syndrome, 1738, 1738f

infant, 1739

juvenile myelomonocytic, 758, 1739

of liver, 1771-1772, 1771f

lymphoma as, 1739-1746

adult T-cell, e269-1

of gastrointestinal tract, e337-3

Hodgkin, 1739-1743, 1740f-1742f, 1741t, 1743t-1744t

late effects in children and adolescents with, 1746

non-Hodgkin, 759, 1743-1746, 1744f-1745f, 1745t

manifestations of, 1729t

medullary, diarrhea caused by, e333-2t

melanoma as, e500-1-e500-2

molecular and cellular biology of, e486-1-e486-4, e486-1t

mucoepidermoid, 1504, e403-1f

nasopharyngeal, e500-1-e500-3

Epstein-Barr virus-associated, 1111, 1112t

neuroblastoma as, 1753-1757, 1754t-1755t, 1756f

nevoid basal cell, 1747t, e662-3

ovarian, 1871-1873, 1872t

pain management in, 374, 374t

pancreatic, e345-1

pulmonary embolism with, 1500

renal cell, 1760

retinoblastoma as, 1768-1769, 1768f

risk factors for, 1727t

secondary, e488-9

after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, e133-1

due to radiation therapy, e699-3, e699-4f, e699-5t

signs and symptoms of, 1728, 1728t-1729t

soft tissue sarcoma as, 1760-1762, 1761f, 1761t-1762t

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

syndromes predisposing to, e486-1-e486-3, e486-2t-e486-3t

thyroid, 1914-1916, e500-1

medullary, 1915-1916

tonsillar, 1443

treatment of, e488-1-e488-11, e488-1f

acute toxic effects of and supportive care for, e488-5-e488-7, e488-6t

chemotherapy in, e488-3-e488-5

diagnosis and staging in, e488-1

discussion of with patient and family in, e488-3

impact on fertility, 1870-1871

late adverse effects of, e488-7-e488-10, e488-7t-e488-9t, e488-9f

multimodal, multidisciplinary approach to, e488-1-e488-2, e488-2f, e488-2t

palliative care in, e488-10

radiation therapy in, e488-5

surgery in, e488-5

“two-hit” model of development of, e486-1

uterine, 1872-1873

abnormal uterine bleeding due to, 689t-690t

vaginal, 1873

vulvar, 1873

Malignant external otitis, 2197

Malignant hyperthermia, 2130-2131

hyperkalemia and, 220

postoperative, e70-11-e70-12

Malignant melanoma, maternal, e89-2t

Malingering, 69, e587-2

Mallet finger deformity, 2391

Mallet toe, 2342

Mallory-Weiss tear, 1243t

Malnutrition, 170

with chronic diarrhea, 1343t

common causes of in early life, 148t

definitions of, 172t

due to enzyme deficiencies, 1317-1319

food insecurity and, 170-171

malabsorption due to, 1315

protein-energy, 174-179, e41-15

clinical manifestations of, 175, 175f-176f, 175t

pathophysiology of, 175-176

treatment of, 176-179, 176t-179t, 177f-178f

undernutrition in, 171-174, 171f, 171t

consequences of, 173-174

interventions for, 174, 174f

measurement of, 171-172

prevalence of, 172-173

Malone antegrade continence enema procedure, e536-2

Malone procedure, 1359

Malrotation, intestinal, 1280-1281, 1280f

MALT See Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma

Maltreatment See Abuse and neglect

Management sciences (MS), e2-5f-e2-6f

Mandible, hypoplasia of, as delivery room emergency, 575

Mandibulofacial dysostosis, 1254

Manganese, e51-1t

Mania

in bipolar disorder, 86

psychopharmacologic management of, 61t

Mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease 2 (MASP-2) deficiency, 754-755, 754t

Mannan-binding lectin (MBL) deficiency, 754-755, 754t

Mannitol for acute renal failure, 1820

α-Mannosidosis, 484t

β-Mannosidosis, 484t

βS-Mannosidosis, e81-6

Manometry

anorectal

in congenital intestinal pseudo-obstruction, 1283t

in Hirschsprung disease, 1286

antroduodenal in congenital intestinal pseudo-obstruction, 1283t

esophageal, e310-3

in achalasia, 1264-1265

Mansonella ozzardi, e271-1t-e271-11t

Mansonella perstans, e271-1t-e271-11t

Mansonella streptoccerca, e271-1t-e271-11t

Mantoux tuberculin skin test, 1001

MAO See Monoamine oxidase (MAO) deficiency

MAOIs See Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

MAP See Mean arterial pressure (MAP)

MAPCAs See Major aortopulmonary collateral arteries (MAPCAs)

Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD), 430-438

hypoglycemia in, 528

neonatal seizures due to, 2036

Mapping, linkage, 376, 377t, e77-2-e77-3

Marasmic kwashiorkor, 175

Marasmus, 175

Maraviroc for HIV infection, 1168t-1171t

Marburg disease, 1151-1152

Marcus Gunn jaw-winking ptosis, 2163

Marcus Gunn phenomenon, 2006

Marcus Gunn pupil, 2156

Marden-Walker syndrome, 2138

Marenostrin, 856

Marfan syndrome (MFS), 2440-2446

clinical manifestations of, 2440-2443, 2441f-2442f

cardiac, 1531t

current and future therapies for, 2445

diagnostic criteria for, 2442t

differential diagnosis of, 2443-2444, 2444t

epidemiology of, 2440

family and genetic history in, 2443

genetic counseling in, 2446

genetics of, e74-4

genetics of congenital heart disease with, e418-1t-e418-2t

laboratory findings in, 2444

overgrowth in, e554-1, e554-2t

pathogenesis of, 2440

prognosis for, 2445

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

treatment of, 2444-2445

Marijuana, 672, 673t, 680-681, 680t

Marine envenomation, 2464-2465

Marker chromosome, 408

Marnier-Kuhn syndrome, 1479

Maroteaux-Lamy disease, 511f, 512t, 514

Marshall syndrome, 859-860

MAS See Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS)

Masculinization, e546-3

Mask

in infection prevention, e166-2t

oxygen administration through, 319

MASP-2 See Mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease 2 (MASP-2) deficiency

Masquerade syndromes, 2174

Massage, 273

for pain management, 371

Mass(es)

abdominal, 1249

in newborn assessment, 535

nondigestive causes of, 1241t

as sign of cancer, 1728

in Wilms tumor, 1758

adrenal, e575-1

breast, e545-3-e545-4, e545-3t

mediastinal

anesthesia and, e70-12-e70-13

in Hodgkin lymphoma, 1741, 1742f

nasal, midline congenital, 1431, 1431f

Mastalgia, e545-3

Mast cells

in allergic disease, e134-3-e134-4

in food allergy, 816

Mastitis, e545-2

breast-feeding and, 160, 540t

Mastocytoma, diarrhea caused by, e333-2t

Mastocytosis, 814, 2280-2282, 2280f-2281f, 2280t-2281t

Mastoiditis, 2210-2211, 2210f, 2210t

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 976t

Masturbation, seizure versus, e587-4

Maternal disease, 545

Maternal factors

in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 108

in high-risk pregnancies, e89-1-e89-4, e89-1f, e89-2t-e89-4t, e89-4f

for sudden infant death syndrome, 1424

Maternal-infant attachment, e7-1-e7-3, e7-1t-e7-2t

Maternal infection, 545

Maternal interests, fetal interests versus, e3-6

Maternally inherited diabetes and deafness (MIDD), 1994-1995

Maternal phenylketonuria (PKU), e89-2t

congenital heart disease with, 1531t

fetal therapy for, 551t

Maternal radiation exposure, e699-2

Maternal serum α-fetoprotein concentration, 543t

Maternal substance abuse

neonatal metabolic disturbances due to, 623-625, 624t

sudden infant death syndrome and, 1424

Maternal tetanus, 991

Maternal thyroiditis, postpartum, 1904t

Mathematics disorder, e29-6-e29-7, e29-6t

MATN3 gene, e685-2t

Mature minor, 664-665, e106-2t

Maturity

assessment of, 557, 558f

fetal, 541

Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), 1993-1994, 1994t, e583-1-e583-2

Mauric syndrome, 1988

Maxillary sinuses, 1436, 1436f

Maximal midexpiratory flow rate, e366-3

Maximum forced expiratory flow (FEF max), 1419, e365-2f

Maximum urine osmolality, e52-4

Maxipime See Cefepime

Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome (MRKH), 1827, e548-4

MBC See Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)

MBL See Mannan-binding lectin (MBL) deficiency

MBP See Major basic protein (MBP), neutrophil

MCAD See Medium-chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency

McArdie disease, 494t-495t, 500-501, e603-2

McCune-Albright syndrome, 207, 1892, 1908-1909, 1940, 1957-1958, e554-3

MCDK See Multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK)

MCH See Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)

M-CHAT See Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT)

MCHC See Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), reference values for

MCKD See Medullary cystic kidney disease complex (MCKD)

McKinney-Vento Act, 10

McKusick Metaphyseal chondrodysplasia, 2434

MCL See Medial collateral ligament (MCL) injury

McLeod syndrome, 2057t

McMurray test, 2415f

MCNS See Minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS)

MCP See Medical control physician (MCP)

MCP gene, 1792t

M-CSF See Macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)

MCTD See Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD)

MCV See Mean corpuscular volume (MCV); Meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MCV)

MDAC See Multi-dose activated charcoal (MDAC)

MDGs See Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

MDI See Metered-dose inhaler (MDI)

MDMA See Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)

MDR3 mutations, 1383t, 1384

MDS See Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome (MDS)

Mead Johnson bottle, 1253

Mean arterial pressure (MAP), 311t

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)

in anemia, 1648t, 1649, 1649f

congenital dyserythropoietic, e446-1t

iron deficiency, 1656t-1657t

megaloblastic, e448-1

fetal, 1648, e440-1

reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

Measles, 1069-1075

atypical, 1071

in child-care setting, e167-3t

clinical manifestations of, 1070-1071, 1070f-1071f

complications of, 1071-1073, 1072t

diagnosis of, 1071

differential diagnosis of, 1071

epidemiology of, 1069-1070, 1070f

etiology of, 1069

exclusion from day care due to, e15-2t

hemorrhagic, 1072

in immigrant children, 134

inapparent, 1071

Kawasaki disease versus, 865-866

laboratory findings in, 1071

maternal, e89-3t

pathogenesis of, 1070

pathology of, 1070

pneumonia with, 1475t

prevention of, 1073-1075

prognosis for, 1073

transmission of, 1070

treatment of, 1073

vaccine for, 881t, 895, 1073-1075, 1074t

for travel, 891t

vitamin A deficiency and, 1073, 1073t

Measles, mumps, rubella, varicella (MMRV) vaccine, 884t, 1078

Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine, 884t, 1073-1075, 1074t, 1078, 1081

adverse reaction to, 827

HIV infection and, 1173

recommended schedule for, 886-889, 887f-888f

for travel, e168-2, e168-3t

Measurements in growth assessment, accurate, e13-1

Mebendazole, e271-1t-e271-11t

for ascariasis, 1217-1218

for enterobiasis, 1222

for trichinosis, 1229

for trichuriasis, 1221-1222

for vulvovaginitis, 1868t

Mechanical ventilation, 321-329, 321f-322f

airway pressure release, 326

assist control mode in, 324

for asthma exacerbation, 800

basic concepts of, 321-324

bronchopulmonary dysplasia due to, 585, 587-590, 588f, 589t

for congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 595

control variable mode in, 324-325, 325f

conventional settings for, 327

equation of motion in, 321-322, 322f

expiratory phase maneuvers in, 326

functional residual capacity in, 322, 323f

high-frequency, 326-327

initiation of inspiration in, 324

inspiratory phase characteristics in, 325-326

intermittent mandatory ventilation mode in, 324, 324f

long-term, 329-333, 1524-1526

goals of, 330

in-hospital management and discharge planning for, 331, 1525-1526

methods of, 332-333

patient selection and ethical considerations in, 330-331, 330t

team approach to home, 331-332, 331t

lung injury due to, 329

monitoring of respiratory mechanics in, 328-329, 328f

opening pressure in, 323-324, 324f

patient-ventilator asynchrony in, 327-328

for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, 593

in pertussis management, 947

phases of, 324-326

PHOX2B gene and dependence on, 1520

for respiratory distress syndrome, 584-585

support modes in, 325, 328

termination of inspiration cycle in, 326

time constant in, 322-323, 323f

weaning from, 329, 586

Mechanobullous disorders, 2244-2246, 2245f-2247f, 2245t

Meckel diverticulum, 1281-1282, 1282f

abdominal pain of, 1247t

Meckel-Gruber syndrome, 1531t

encephalocele with, 2003

Meckel syndrome, e357-1t

Meconium aspiration, 590-592

Meconium ileus, 601, 601f, 1279

in cystic fibrosis, 1486, 1487f, 1495

Meconium peritonitis, 601

in cystic fibrosis, 1487f

Meconium plugs, 600-601, 600f

in cystic fibrosis, 1487f

Meconium staining, 577

fetal therapy for, 551t

high-risk infant due to, 552

in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, 570

Mectizan See Ivermectin

MED See Multiple epiphyseal dysplasias (MED)

Media, radiocontrast, adverse reaction to, 828

Media coverage of war, e36-6

Medial collateral ligament (MCL) injury, 2414

Median, statistical, e6-4-e6-5

Median cubital vein, venous access in, 292, 295f

Mediastinal “crunch”, 1512

Mediastinal disease in Hodgkin lymphoma, 1741, 1742f

Mediastinal masses, anesthesia and, e70-12-e70-13

Mediastinum, air or gas in, 1512

Media violence, e36-1, e36-1t

Medicaid, 10

Medical biochemical geneticist, 382t

Medical care

coordination of for foster care children, e35-2t

of critically ill child, e3-1-e3-2

of disabled newborns, e3-2-e3-3

Medical control, e61-3

Medical control physician (MCP), e61-7

Medical device-associated infection, e172-1-e172-3

antibiotics for, e173-2-e173-3

Medical errors, e2-6

Medical history See History

Medical home, chronic illness and, e39-2

Medical profession, culture of, e4-3

Medical records

preadoption review of, 130

Medication See Drug(s)

Mediterranean fever, familial, 855t, 856-857, 857f

abdominal pain of, 1247t

Mediterranean lymphoma of small intestine, 1314-1315

Mediterranean spotted fever (MSF), 1039t-1040t, 1043-1044

Medium-chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency, 457t, 459-460

Medroxyprogesterone acetate, 697-698

Medulla, renal, 1778

Medullary carcinoma, diarrhea caused by, e333-2t

Medullary cystic kidney disease complex (MCKD), 1816

Medullary sponge kidney, 1810

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), 1915-1916

Medulloblastoma, 1748t, 1751-1752, 1751f

MEE See Middle-ear effusion (MEE)

Mees lines, 2294, e701-1

Mefenamic acid, 691t

Mefloquine for malaria treatment and chemoprophylaxis, 1202, 1203t-1205t, 1207, 1207t, e168-6-e168-7, e271-1t-e271-11t, e168-7t

in HIV infection, 1175t-1176t

Mefoxin See Cefoxitin

Megacolon

in Chagas disease, 1196

congenital aganglionic, 1283t, 1284-1287, 1285f-1286f

toxic, 1297-1298

Megacystis-megaureter syndrome, 1834, 1835f

Megaesophagus in Chagas disease, 1196

Megakaryocytes, fetal, e440-1

Megakaryopoiesis, 1714, 1715f

Megalencephaly, 2010-2011

Megaloblastic anemias, e448-1-e448-5

folic acid deficiency in, e448-1

thiamine-responsiveness, 191

vitamin B₁₂ (cobalamin) deficiency in, e448-3-e448-4

Megalocorneal, e619-1

Megalourethra, 1857-1858

Megameatal variant, 1852

Megaureter, 1844-1845, 1844f, 1844t

Megestrol acetate for anorexia in palliative care, 155t-156t

Meglumine antimonate, e271-1t-e271-11t

Meige disease, e483-1

Meiosis, 395

Melamine exposure/poisoning, e703-1-e703-6, e700-3

Melanin deficiency, 424-425

Melanoblast migration abnormalities, 2239-2240

Melanocortin 4 receptor gene deficiency, 182t

Melanocytes, 2215

Melanocytic nevi

acquired, 2231, 2231f

atypical, 2231-2232

congenital, 2232, 2232f

Melanoma, 2232-2233, e500-1-e500-2

nevi associated with, 2231

Melanosis

Becker, 2235, 2235f

pustular in newborn, 533

transient neonatal pustular, 2219-2220, 2219f

Melarsoprol, e271-1t-e271-11t

for trypanosomiasis, 1192

MELAS See Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and strokelike episodes (MELAS)

Melatonin for delayed sleep phase disorder, 53-54

Melioidosis, e197-2

Melissa officinalis for sedation, 271t

Meloxicam

for juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 838t

for rheumatic disease, e148-2t-e148-3t

Membrane attack complex, e127-1-e127-2, e127-1t

Membrane cofactor protein, 1792t

Membrane complement control protein deficiency, 755

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN), 1787-1788, 1803t

renal transplantation in, e530-2

Membranous conjunctivitis, 2168

Membranous nephropathy (MN), 1786-1787, 1803t

Memory, e29-3

MEN See Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN), type 2A

Menaquinones, 210

Menarche, 653, 685

premature, 1894

Mendelian inheritance, 383-388

autosomal dominant, 383-385, 387f

autosomal recessive, 385-388, 388f

of cataracts, 2170

pseudodominant, 388, 388f

X-linked, 388, 388f-389f

Menelaus method, e668-2-e668-3

Meningitis

amebic, e272-1-e272-2

bacterial, 2087-2095

cerebrospinal fluid findings in, 2088t

clinical manifestations of, 2090

complications of, 2094

diagnosis of, 2090-2091, 2092t-2093t

epidemiology of, 2087

etiology of, 2087

Haemophilus influenzae type b in, 2089

hearing loss due to, e633-1

Neisseria meningitidis in, 2087-2089

neonatal, 646

pathogenesis of, 2089-2090

pathology and pathophysiology of, 2089

prevention of, 2095

prognosis for, 2095

Streptococcus pneumoniae in, 2087

treatment of, 2091-2094, 2093t

cerebrospinal fluid findings in, 2088t

as cerebrospinal fluid shunt infection, e172-2

in child-care setting, e167-1t

coccidioidal, 1068

Cryptococcus neoformans in, 1057

enteroviral, 1091-1092

eosinophilic, 2097-2098

group B streptococcal, 927

Haemophilus influenzae in, 941-942

herpes simplex virus, 1101

imaging studies in, e584-11t

Listeria monocytogenes, e181-2

Lyme disease, 1026, 1028t

lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in, e264-1-e264-3, e264-2f

meningococcal, 931-932

microcephaly with, 2007t

due to mumps, 1080

pneumococcal, 913

Pseudomonas aeruginosa in, 977

Salmonella in, 952

Staphylococcus aureus in, 905

tuberculous, 1005-1006, 1009

“Meningitis belt”, e168-4

Meningocele, 1999

Meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MCV), 884t

recommended schedule for, 887f, 889

for special circumstances, 889

for travel, 891t, e168-6t

Meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine (MPSV4), 884t, 934, e168-6t

Meningococcemia, 931-932, 932f

Meningococcus, 929-935

clinical manifestations of, 931-932, 932f

diagnosis of, 932

differential diagnosis of, 932

epidemiology of, 930

etiology of, 929-930

host factors in, 931

immunity to, 931

pathogenesis of, 930-931

prevention of, 933-935, 934t

prognosis for, 933

treatment of, 932-933, 933t

vaccine for, 884t, 888f, 934-935, 934t

Meningoencephalitis

amebic, e272-2f, e271-1t-e271-11t

cerebrospinal fluid findings in, 2088t

enteroviral, 1092

due to human monocytic ehrlichiosis, 1049

due to mumps, 1080

trypanosomal, 1191-1192

viral, 2095-2097

cerebrospinal fluid findings in, 2088t

Meniscal tear in knee, 2414-2415

Meniscus, discoid lateral, 2352, 2352f

Menkes disease, 1321, 2075, e535-2, e535-2f, e51-1

Menkes kinky hair syndrome, 2292

Menometrorrhagia, 686t

Menopause, premature, due to cancer and its therapy, e488-7t-e488-9t

Menorrhagia, 686t, 688-690

Menstrual cramps, painful, 690-691

Menstruation

irregularities of, 685-686, 686t

abnormal uterine bleeding, 688-690, 689t-690t

amenorrhea, 686-688, 687f, 687t-688t

dysmenorrhea, 690-691, 691t

premenstrual syndrome, 691-692, 692t

normal, 685

special needs girls and, 1874-1875

sports participation and, 2421-2422

toxic shock syndrome and, 908-909

Mental health action signs, 57, 57t

Mental health issues See also Psychiatric disorders

in foster care children, e35-2t

in homosexuality, 658-659

office intervention for, 16

Mental health services

minors right to consent for, e106-2

referral to for eating disorders, 95-96

Mental retardation See Intellectual disability

Mental status

of acutely ill child, 275

bacterial meningitis and, 2090

effects of eating disorders on, 93t

evaluation of, e584-2

in psychiatric diagnostic evaluation, 60

Mentha pulegium, potential toxicity of, 272t-273t

Meperidine

for cyclic vomiting syndrome, 1244t

equianalgesic doses and half-life of, 367t

for pain management, 365t

Mephenytoin hydroxylase deficiency, e56-6-e56-7

Mercaptoacetyl triglycine (MAG-3) diuretic renogram, 1839f-1840f, 1840-1841

6-Mercaptopurine

for autoimmune hepatitis, 1410

for cancer therapy, e488-4t

for Crohn disease, 1303

Mercury exposure/poisoning, e701-2-e701-3, e701-2t, e701-2t, e700-2

gastroenteritis due to, 1328t-1329t

treatment of, e701-3-e701-4

Merkel cells, 2215

Merkel cell polyomavirus, 1157

Meropenem, e173-3, e173-4t-e173-11t

for bacterial meningitis, 2093t

for cystic fibrosis lung infection, 1492t

for meningococcal disease, 933t

for neonatal infection, 645t

Merozoites, 1199

Merrem See Meropenem

MERRF See Myoclonus epilepsy and ragged red fibers (MERRF)

Mesangial proliferation in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, 1804

Mesenteric arteritis, postoperative, 1569

Mesenteric artery syndrome, superior, e324-1-e324-5

Mesial temporal sclerosis, 2023

Mesoblastic nephroma, 1760

Mesonephric duct, e531-1

Messenger DNA in sudden infant death syndrome, 1427

Messenger RNA in molecular genetics, e74-1-e74-2

Mestinon See Pyridostigmine bromide

Metabolic acidosis, 230t, 231-235

in acute renal failure, 1820-1821

in chronic kidney disease, 1824

clinical manifestations of, 233

as complication of enterocystoplasty, e536-2

in dehydration, 247

diagnosis of, 233-234, 234f

etiology and pathophysiology of, 231-233, 231t

hypophosphatemia and, 227

in poisonings, 254t

in respiratory distress syndrome, 586

in tetralogy of Fallot, 1574

treatment of, 234-235

Metabolic alkalosis, 230t, 235-238

clinical manifestations of, 237

diagnosis of, 237-238

etiology and pathophysiology of, 235-237, 235t

treatment of, 238

Metabolic bone disease

hyperphosphatemia as, e697-1, e697-1f

hypophosphatemia as, e696-1, e696-1f

in newborn, 623

osteoporosis as, 2446-2447, 2447t

primary chondrodystrophy (metaphyseal dysplasia) as, e695-1, e695-1f

Metabolic disorders, 416-418, 417f, 418t

of amino acids, 418-456

of arginine, citrulline, and ornithine, 447-453, 448f-449f, 448t, 450t

of aspartic acid, 455-456, 456f

of cysteine/cystine, 429

of glutamic acid, 443-445, 444f

of glycine, 438-441, 439f, 441f

of histidine, 453

of lysine, 453-455, 454f

malabsorption due to, 1318

of methionine, 425-429, 426f

of neurotransmitters, 445-447, 445t

of phenylalanine, 418-422, 419f, 421f

of proline, 442-443, 442f

of serine, 442

of tryptophan, 429-430, 429f

of tyrosine, 422-425

of valine, leucine, isoleucine, and related organic acidemias, 430-438, 430f

ataxia with, 2055

of carbohydrates, 493f, 494t-495t, e81-1-e81-8

of fructose, 503

of galactose, 502-503

glycogen storage diseases as, 492-501, 496f, 500f

of glycoprotein, e81-1-e81-8, e81-7t, e81-8f

with lactic acidosis, 503-509, 504f-505f, 507t-509t, 508f

malabsorption due to, 1318

of pentose, e81-1-e81-5

cataracts due to, 2170-2171

dystonia due to, 2060-2061

failure to thrive in, 148t

fetal therapy for, 551t

hypoglycemia as, 517-531

classification of, 519-521, 520t

clinical manifestations of, 518-519, 519f, 519t, 521t, 524t

definition of, 517

diagnosis and differential diagnosis of, 524t, 530

endocrine deficiency and, 527-528

in newborn, 518

persistent or recurrent, 521-530, 522t-523t, 525f-527f

prognosis for, 531

significance and sequelae of, 517-518

treatment of, 530-531

language disorders due to, 119

of lipids, 456-492

of lipoprotein metabolism and transport, 470-482, 471f-474f, 472t-473t, 476f, 477t-479t, 480f, 481t-482t

lysosomal storage disorders as, 482-491, 483f, 484t-485t, 486f-487f, 489f, 491f

of mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation, 456-462, 457t, 458f-459f

mucolipidoses as, 491-492

of very long chain fatty acids, 462-470, 462t-464t, 464f-465f, 466t, 469f

of liver, 1388-1393, 1389t

α-antitrypsin deficiency, 1393

Indian childhood cirrhosis, 1392

inherited deficient conjugation of bilirubin as, 1389-1390

neonatal iron storage disease as, 1393

Wilson disease, 1391, 1391f

mucopolysaccharidoses as, 509-516, 510f-511f, 511t-512t, 513f, 515t-516t

multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and, 312t

neutropenia in, 751

newborn screening for, 416, 417t

physiologic therapies for, 379

porphyrias as, e85-1-e85-17

acute intermittent, e85-4-e85-8, e85-6t

classification and diagnosis of, e85-3-e85-4, e85-3t

congenital erythropoietic, e85-8-e85-10, e85-9f

δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, e85-4

dual, e85-17

erythropoietic protoporphyria as, e85-15-e85-17

heme biosynthetic pathway and, e85-1-e85-3, e85-1t, e85-2f

hepatoerythropoietic, e85-13

hereditary coproporphyria as, e85-13-e85-14

porphyria cutanea tarda as, e85-10-e85-13, e85-10f

due to tumors, e85-17

variegate, e85-14-e85-15

in premature infants, 559t

progeria as, e84-1-e84-2, e84-1f, e84-2t

of purine and pyrimidine, e83-1-e83-9, e83-1f-e83-2f

gout as, e83-2-e83-3

purine catabolism disorders as, e83-6-e83-9

purine nucleotide synthesis disorders as, e83-5-e83-6

purine salvage abnormalities as, e83-3-e83-5, e83-4f

respiratory distress due to, 315t, 316

respiratory insufficiency due to, 1523-1524

severe intellectual disability in, 123t

strokelike events versus, 2086

systemic inflammatory response syndrome and, 309t

Metabolic disturbances

in newborn, 418-456

cold injury as, 622

edema as, 622

fetal alcohol syndrome as, 625-626, 626f, 626t

hypermagnesemia as, 623

hyperthermia as, 622

hypomagnesemia as, 623

due to maternal substance abuse, 623-625, 624t

metabolic bone disease as, 623

seizures due to, 2034-2035

due to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, 625, 625f

as oncologic emergency, e488-6t

Metabolic myopathies, 2130-2132, 2130t

glycogenoses as, 2132

malignant hyperthermia as, 2130-2131

mitochondrial, 2132

periodic paralyses as, 2130

vitamin E deficiency, 2132

Metabolic syndrome, 183, 184t

Metabolism

of calcium and bone, e564-1-e564-2

of drugs, e57-6-e57-7, e57-6t

adverse reactions and, 824

in premature and low birthweight infants, 353-354, 563t

effects of eating disorders on, 93t

effects of vomiting on, 1243t

glucocorticoids in, e568-5

hepatic, e346-3-e346-4

of lead, 2449-2450

of lipoproteins, 471-473

of magnesium, e52-1-e52-9

of phosphorus, 225-226, 226t

of potassium, 219

of sodium, 212

surfactant, inherited disorders of, e399-1-e399-3

of vitamin A, 188

Metabolomics, e56-4

Metabonomics, e56-4

Metacarpal bones, centers of ossification appearance in, 29t

Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD), 484t, 490, 2072

Metacyclic trypomastigotes, 1193f

Metadate CD See Methylphenidate

Metadate ER See Methylphenidate

Metagonimus yokogawai, e271-1t-e271-11t

Metalinguistic difficulties, e29-2

Metalloporphyrins for hyperbilirubinemia, 612

Metal metabolism, defects of, 1389t

Metanephric blastema, e531-1

Metanephrines

in neuroendocrine tumor-associated diarrhea, e333-2t

in pheochromocytoma, 1942

Metaphase of mitosis, 394-395

Metaphyseal chondrodysplasia

Jansen-type, 1923

McKusick type, 2434

Metaphyseal dysplasia, e695-1, e695-1f

Jansen, 2430

Schmid, 2426-2427, 2426f

Metaphyseal fracture, due to child abuse, 138, 139f

Metaphysis, e664-1, e664-1f

Metapneumovirus, human, 1129-1131, 1130f, 1131t

Metastases, brain, 1753

Metastatic Crohn disease, e637-4

Metatarsal fracture, 2393

stress, 2418

Metatarsus adductus, 2335, 2335f, 2348

Metatarsus varus, 2335

Metatropic dysplasias, 2435, 2435f

Metered-dose inhaler (MDI), e57-11

for asthma, 796-798

Metformin, 1992, 1992t

for polycystic ovary syndrome, e546-3

Methacholine challenge testing, 768

Methadone

equianalgesic doses and half-life of, 367t

maternal addiction to, 624

for pain management, 365t

in palliative care, 155t-156t

poisoning with, 251t, 261

Methamphetamine abuse, 683-684

Methanol poisoning, 267-268

antidote for, 256t-257t

Methaqualone abuse, 676t

Methemoglobin, 1672

Methemoglobinemia

acquired, 1673t

antidote for poisoning with, 256t-257t

hereditary, 1672-1673, 1673f

respiratory signs and symptoms of, e413-1t

Methenamine silver stain, e164-1t

Methicillin, 645t

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), 907t

osteomyelitis and, 2397

Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), 906-907, 907t

Methimazole for Graves disease, 1911-1912

Methionine, defects in metabolism of, 425-429, 426f, 428f, 1319

Methotrexate (MTX)

for atopic dermatitis, 805

for cancer therapy, e488-4t

for Crohn disease, 1303

drug interactions with, e57-13t-e57-14t

for juvenile dermatomyositis, 849

for juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 837, 838t

for psoriasis, 2260

for rheumatic disease, e148-2t-e148-3t, e148-4

for scleroderma, 853

Methsuximide, 2030t

2-Methylacyl CoA racemase deficiency, 465, 466t

Methylcobalamin, homocystinuria due to defects of, 427, 428f

Methylcobalamin deficiency, e448-5

3-Methylcrotonyl CoA carboxylase deficiency, 433

Methyldopa for systemic hypertension, 1645t

Methylene blue poisoning, 256t-257t

Methylene chloride

as inhalant, 681t

poisoning with, 267

Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 675t, 682

Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) deficiency, 427

3-Methylglutaconic aciduria, 433

3-Methylglutaconyl CoA hydratase deficiency, 433

Methylin See Methylphenidate

Methylmalonic acidemia, 437-438

homocystinuria with, 438

Methyl mercury, e701-2-e701-3

Methylphenidate

for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 62t, 111t

for fatigue in palliative care, 155t-156t

Methylprednisolone

for anaphylaxis, 818t

for asthma, 746, 794t, 797t-798t

for juvenile dermatomyositis, 849

for multiple sclerosis, 2077

for rheumatic disease, e148-2t-e148-3t, e148-4

for systemic lupus erythematosus, 844

Methyl salicylate toxicity, 251t

Metoclopramide

for chemotherapy-associated vomiting, 1244t

drug interactions with, e57-13t-e57-14t

for nausea in palliative care, 155t-156t

Metoprolol

for heart failure, e436-5t

for systemic hypertension, 1645t

Metorchis conjunctus, e271-1t-e271-11t

Metro-IV See Metronidazole

Metronidazole, e173-4t-e173-11t, e173-13

for amebiasis, 1180t, e271-1t-e271-11t

for balantidiasis, 1183, e271-1t-e271-11t

for Clostridium difficile infection, 995

for dracunculiasis, 1227

for giardiasis, e271-1t-e271-11t

for Helicobacter pylori gastritis, 1293t

for infectious diarrhea, 1337t

for neonatal infection, 645t

for tetanus, 993

for trichomoniasis, 1186

for vulvovaginitis, 1868t

Metrorrhagia, 686t

Mevalonic aciduria, 435-436

Mexican tea, 272t-273t

Mexiletine

for arrhythmias, 1611t-1612t

for neuropathic pain, 368t

Meziocillin, 645t, e173-4t-e173-11t

Mezlin See Meziocillin

M-FISH See Multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (M-FISH)

MFS See Marfan syndrome (MFS)

MGRS See Multicenter Growth Center Study (MGRS)

MHC See Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

MIC See Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)

Micafungin, e225-1t, e225-4

for candidiasis, 1054t, 1056t

Michel anomaly, 2189-2190

Michelis-Castrillo syndrome, e52-10

Microadenoma in hyperinsulinemia, 521-522

Microalbuminuria, 1800

with type 2 diabetes mellitus, 1993t

Microangiopathy, thrombotic, 1713-1714

Microarray technology, e56-2-e56-3

Microbiology, diagnostic, 903, e164-1-e164-5

pulmonary, e366-4

in cystic fibrosis, 1490

Microcephaly, 2007-2008, 2007t

in neurologic examination, e584-2

Microcoria, 2155

Microcornea, e619-1

Microcytic anemia, e450-1

Microdeletion, 406, 408t, e74-3

Microdeletion syndrome, 396

Microdontia, 1250

Microduplication, genetic, 406, e74-3

Micrognathia in juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 832

Microimmunofluorescence (MIF)

in Chlamydophila pneumoniae, 1034-1035

in psittacosis, e219-1

Microlithiasis, pulmonary alveolar, e386-1-e386-3, e386-3f

Micronutrients

deficiencies of, e51-1-e51-2, e51-1t

in malnutrition, 172

dietary reference intakes for, e41-5t-e41-7t, e41-16-e41-17

management of in protein-energy malnutrition, 178t

supplementation for chronic diarrhea, 1345

Micropenis, 1856-1857, 1857f

Microphthalmia with linear defects (MLS), 408t

Microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), 874-876, 874t

Microscopy in bacterial and fungal infection diagnosis, e164-1, e164-1t

Microspherophakia, 2172

Microsporidia, 1185, e271-1t-e271-11t

Microsporum skin infections, 2309-2313

Microtia, e630-1

Microvillus inclusion disease, 1306t, 1311

chronic diarrhea with, 1341, 1342f

Midazolam

for anesthesia, e70-7-e70-8

for burn injury, 355

for intubation, 321t

for neonatal seizures, 2037

for status epilepticus, 303, 2038-2039, 2039t

MIDD See Maternally inherited diabetes and deafness (MIDD)

Middle adolescence, growth and development during, 653-654

Middle childhood See School-age child

Middle ear

congenital malformations of, e630-1

traumatic injury to, e634-1

tuberculosis of, 1004-1005

Middle-ear effusion (MEE), 2199-2200

acute otitis media versus otitis media with effusion and, 2203-2204

Midfoot, 2335

Midgut, 1273

incomplete rotation of, 1280-1281, 1280f

Midline nasal masses, congenital, 1431, 1431f

Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), in nutrition assessment, 172

Midureteral obstruction, 1842

MIF See Microimmunofluorescence (MIF)

Mifepristone, 699

Miglitol, 1992t

Migraine, 2039-2046

abdominal, 1346t, 2042

classification and clinical manifestations of, 2040-2042, 2040t-2041t

diagnosis and differential diagnosis of, 2042-2043, 2043t

epidemiology of, 2040

familial hemiplegic, e587-2

strokelike events versus, 2085

syncope induced by, e587-2

treatment of, 2043-2045, 2044t

vomiting prophylaxis for, 1244t

Migrant children, 7

effects of relocation on, e16-2

health services for, 10

Migrant Health Program, 10

Migrating partial epilepsy, 2022-2023

Migratory glossitis, 1261, 2298-2299

Migratory polyarthritis in acute rheumatic fever, 921-922

MII See Multichannel intraluminal impedance (MII)

Milaria crystallina, 2287, 2287f

Milaria profunda, 2287-2288

Milaria rubra, 2287

Miliaria, 2287-2288, 2287f

Miliary tuberculosis, 1002, 1003f, 1004, 1009, 2308

Milium, 2218, e662-1

Milk

cow’s

allergy to, 821, 821t

hypersensitivity, 1498-1499

type 1 diabetes mellitus and, 1972

human

formula versus, 161t

protective effects of, 161t

Milk line, 1870

Milkmaid’s grip, 922

Milk of magnesia

for constipation maintenance therapy, 74t

for fecal disimpaction, 74t

Milk of molasses enema, 74t

Millard rotation-advancement technique, 1252-1253

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), 1, 173-174

Miller-Dieker syndrome, 408t

Miller-Fisher syndrome, 2143-2144

Milligrams to milliequivalents per liter conversions, e708-10t

Milrinone

for cardiac output maintenance and post-resuscitation stabilization, 294t

for cardiogenic shock, 313t

for heart failure, e436-4-e436-5, e436-5t

Miltefosine for leishmaniasis, 1190

Milwaukee brace

for Scheuermann disease, 2372

for scoliosis, 2367

Milwaukee Protocol, 1155

Minamata disease, e701-3

Mineralization in dental development, e13-4, e13-5t

Mineralocorticoids

actions of, e568-6

for 21-hydroxylase deficiency, 1934

Mineralocorticoid receptors in steroid hormone regulation, e568-4

Mineral oil

for constipation maintenance therapy, 74t

for fecal disimpaction, 74t

Minerals

absorption disorders of, 1305t, 1319

deficiency in metabolic bone disease, e694-1

supplemental for cystic fibrosis, 1495

Miner’s tea, 272t-273t

Minicore myopathy, 2117-2118

Minimal alveolar concentration (MAC), of inhalation anesthetic, e70-5

Minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS), 1803t, 1804

Minimal residual disease (MRD), acute lymphocytic leukemia, 1737

Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), e164-3

Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), e164-3

Minimum urine osmolality, e52-4

Minocycline, e173-3

for acne, 2325t

for Hansen disease, e208-3

Minor, mature, 664-665, e106-2t

Minor consent laws, e106-2, e106-2t

Minority children, 6-7

Minoxidil

for hypertensive emergencies, 1646t

for systemic hypertension, 1645t

Minute volume (V_T), 316-317, e365-7

Miosis, congenital, 2155

Miracidia, 1230

Miralax for constipation in palliative care, 155t-156t

Miscarriage, parvovirus B19 infection and, 1653

Missense mutation

genetic, e74-2

of MPL, 1689

Mistletoe, potential toxicity of, 272t-273t

Mitochondrial acetoacetyl CoA thiolase deficiency, 433-434, 434f

Mitochondrial chromosome, e74-1

Mitochondrial disease, 506, 507t-509t, 508f

diabetes mellitus due to, 1994-1995

hypoparathyroidism associated with, 1918

Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome (MDS), 1406, 2132

Shwachman-Diamond syndrome with, 1687

Mitochondrial encephalopathies, 2065-2068, 2065t

Mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation disorders, 456-492, 457t, 458f-459f

Mitochondrial hepatopathies, 1405-1408, 1406t-1407t

Mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA synthase deficiency, 435

Mitochondrial inheritance, 390-391, 390f-391f, 391t

Mitochondrial myopathy, 1630, 2113t, 2132

Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and strokelike episodes (MELAS), 391, 391t, 2066, 2113t, 2131

Mitochondrial respiratory chain defects, 506, 507t-509t, 508f

Mitochondrial trifunctional protein (TFP) deficiency, 457t, 460

Mitosis, 394-395

Mitral valve

cleft in anterior leaflet of, 1554

coarctation with disease of, 1570

Mitral valve insufficiency, 1571-1572, 1571t

of rheumatic origin, 1627

Mitral valve prolapse, 1572

Mitral valve regurgitation, 1571, 1571t

Mitral valve stenosis, e421-1-e421-4

of rheumatic origin, 1627-1628

Mitral valvuloplasty, 1572

Mitrofanoff procedure, e536-2

Mixed amphetamine salts, 111t

Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), e147-3t

Mixed gonadal dysgenesis, 1954-1955

Mixed hearing loss, 2188

Mixed venous oxygen saturation, in shock, 309-310

MJD See Machado-Joseph disease (MJD)

ML See Mucosal leishmaniasis (ML)

MLC See Myosin light chain (MLC)

MLD See Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD)

MLS See Microphthalmia with linear defects (MLS)

MMF See Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF)

M-mode echocardiography, 1541, 1542f

MMR See Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine

MMRV See Measles, mumps, rubella, varicella (MMRV) vaccine

MN See Membranous nephropathy (MN)

Mobility, tympanic membrane, e628-2

Mobitz type 1 heart block, 1618

Möbius syndrome, 534, 2006, 2160

MOC See Maintenance of Certification (MOC)

Model for Improvement, e2-3f

Modeling, bone, 2446

Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT), 41t-43t

Modifier gene, e74-4

MODS See Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)

MODY See Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY)

Mold allergens, 769t

Molding of skull, assessment of, e584-2

Molecular defects

liver disease caused by, 1383t

in persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, 522t

Molecular diagnostics, e164-4-e164-5

Molecular genetics, fundamentals of, e74-1-e74-2, e74-1f

Molecularly targeted therapy for cancer, e488-1-e488-2

Mollaret meningitis, 1101

Molluscum contagiosum, 1867t-1868t, 1868f, 2316-2317, 2316f-2317f

Molybdenum, e51-1t

Molybdenum cofactor deficiency, 429, e83-7

Mometasone

for allergic rhinitis, 778t-779t, 779-780

for asthma, 795t

MOMP See Major outer membrane protein (MOMP)

Monamine neurotransmitter metabolism, disorders of, 2059

Mondini anomaly, 2189-2190, 2191f

Mongolian spots, 2219, 2219f

child abuse bruising versus, 137

in newborn, 533

Monilethrix, 2292-2293, 2292f

Moniliformis moniliformis, e271-1t-e271-11t

Monitoring, home

in mechanical ventilation, 1525

in sudden infant death syndrome prevention, 1428-1429

in type 1 diabetes mellitus, 1983, 1983t

Monkeypox, 2459-2460

Monkshood toxicity, 269t, 272t-273t

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

poisoning with, 251t, 265-266

in serotonin syndrome, 265t

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) deficiency, 447

Monochorionic twins, 554, 554t

Monoclonal antibodies, 882t, 883

for cancer therapy, e488-2t

in renal transplantation, e530-3-e530-4

Monocular elevation deficiency, 2160, 2160f

Monocytes, e122-1-e122-3

abnormalities of, e122-2-e122-3

in allergic disease, e134-1-e134-2

development of, e122-1

functional activities of, e122-1-e122-2

in neonatal immunity, 632

reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

Monocytosis, e126-1-e126-3, e126-2t

Monogenic type 1 diabetes mellitus, 1970

Monomethylhydrazine intoxication, e703-1

Mononeuritis multiplex, 2140

Mononuclear phagocyte system, 739

Mononucleosis, 1110-1115

Mononucleosis-like illness, 1110

Monophonic wheeze, 1456

Monosomy, 381, 399-400

malignancy susceptibility associated with, e486-2t-e486-3t

Monozygotic twins, 553-554

Montelukast

for asthma, 794t, 795-796

for urticaria and angioedema, 815t

Montenegro skin test, 1187

Mood disorders, 82

bipolar disorder as, 85-87, 85t

dysthymic disorder as, 87, 87t

major depression as, 82-85, 83t-84t

Mood stabilizers, 63, 64t

Moral development

during adolescence, 649-651, 650t

during middle childhood, 38

during preschool years, 35-36

Moral thinking, 35-36

in adolescent, 649-651

Moraxella catarrhalis, 2201, e188-1-e188-2

in pneumonia, 1475t

Morbidity(ies)

among children, 4-5

overview of, e87-1-e87-5, e87-2f, e87-3t-e87-4t

perinatal and neonatal, e87-4t

Morbillivirus, 1069

Morning glory disc anomaly, e623-1

Moro reflex

in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, 571t

in neurologic examination, e584-7

Morphea, 850, 851f, 851t, 2275-2276, 2276f

Morphine

equianalgesic doses and half-life of, 367t

for intubation, 321t

for pain management, 365t

in burn injury, 355

in palliative care, 155t-156t

possible adverse reactions to in premature infant, 563t

urine screening in adolescent abuse of, 676t

Morquio disease, 511f, 512t, 514

Morquio-Ullrich syndrome, 1531t

Mortality See Death

Mortality rates See Death rate(s)

Morula, 1048

Mosaicism, 381, 383-385, 412

with Turner syndrome, 1953

45,X/46,XY, 409-410, 410t

Moseley straight-line graph, e668-2-e668-3, e668-4f

Mosquitoes

in arboviral encephalitis transmission, 1141-1142

avoidance during travel, e168-6

in dengue fever transmission, 1147

in hemorrhagic fevers transmission, 1150t

in yellow fever transmission, e262-1

Mossy fibers, 2024-2025

“Mother yaw”, 1023

Motilin agonists for vomiting, 1244t

Motility

esophageal, e310-1-e310-2

congenital intestinal pseudo-obstruction and, 1283t

ocular, 2150

Motility disorders

diarrhea with, 1245, 1245t

esophageal, 1263-1264

intestinal, e324-1-e324-5

chronic diarrhea due to, 1341

Motion, equation of, 321-322, 322f

Motion sickness, 1244t

Motivational therapy for nocturnal incontinence, 1852

Motor apraxia, congenital ocular, 2161

Motor dysmetria, ocular, 2162

Motor function, e29-1-e29-2

development of during first 2 years, 27t

effects of cancer and its therapy, e488-7t-e488-9t

neurologic examination of, e584-6-e584-7, e584-6f-e584-8f

Motor neuron disorders, 2132-2138

Motor neuropathies, hereditary, 2138-2140

Motor nystagmus, 2161

Motor seizure, 2019

generalized, 2023

Motor speech disorders, 118-119

Motor tic, 76, e587-3-e587-4

Motor unit, disorders of See Neuromuscular disorders

Motor vehicle injuries, 21-22, 21f, 21t

as leading cause of death, 18

prevention of, e61-13

MOTT See Mycobacteria other than tuberculosis (MOTT)

Mouse mite, 1044

Mouth See Oral cavity

Mouth-to-mouth ventilation, 282, 282f

Move/family relocation, e16-1-e16-2

Movement disorders, 2053-2061

ataxias as, 2054t, 2055

chorea, athetosis, tremor as, 2056t-2058t, 2058

dystonia as, 2058-2059, 2060t

seizures and, e587-2-e587-3, e587-4t

sleep-related, 52-53

Movements, involuntary, assessment in neurologic examination, e584-7

Movement therapy for pain management, 371

Moxifloxacin, e173-13, e206-3

Moyamoya disease, 2080, 2082f, 2082t

MPA See Microscopic polyangiitis (MPA)

MPGN See Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN)

MPL, missense mutations of, 1689

MPO See Myeloperoxidase (MPO)

M protein antigen, 910-911, 915

MPS See Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS)

MPSV See Meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine (MPSV)

MPV17 mutation, 1406-1407

MRA See Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)

MRC See Magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRC)

MRD See Minimal residual disease (MRD)

MRKH See Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome (MRKH)

MRS See Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)

MRSA See Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

MS See Management sciences (MS); Multiple sclerosis (MS)

MSF See Mediterranean spotted fever (MSF)

MS/MS See Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS)

MSSA See Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)

MSUD See Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD)

MTC See Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC)

MTHFR See Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) deficiency

MTM1 gene, 2115

MTX See Methotrexate (MTX)

MUAC See Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), in nutrition assessment

Mucha-Habermann disease, 2260-2261, e163-1

Muckle-Wells syndrome (MWS), 814, 855t, 858

Mucocele, 2297-2298, 2298f, e308-1

Mucocutaneous candidiasis, 1056

Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome, 862-867

Mucocutaneous rash in congenital syphilis, 1017-1018, 1018f

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma, 1504, e403-1f

Mucolipidoses, 484t, 491-492

Mucomyst See N-Acetylcysteine

Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS), 509-516, 510f-511f, 511t-512t

clinical entities of, 510-514, 513f

diagnosis and differential diagnosis of, 514

respiratory insufficiency due to, 1523

skin disorders associated with, 2280, 2280f

treatment of, 514-516, 515t-516t

Mucormycosis, e235-1-e235-2

in pneumonia, 1475t

Mucosa

gastric, e320-1

malabsorption due to defects of, 1305t

peptic ulcer disease and, 1291-1292

nasal, 1429-1430

rectal, prolapse of, 1361

Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, 1315

Mucosal disorders

intestinal, 1308, 1311

rectal, 1361

Mucosal leishmaniasis (ML), 1187-1188, e271-1t-e271-11t

Mucosal neuroma syndrome, 1916, e662-3-e662-4

Mucous membrane disorders, 2297-2299

Muenke syndrome, 2012t

Mulibrey nanism, 1531t

Müllerian anomalies, e548-1-e548-6, e548-1t

amenorrhea due to, 686, 687t

Müllerian duct syndrome, persistent, 1964-1965

Müllerian inhibiting substance

in ovarian carcinomas, 1872t, e576-1

in testicular function, e576-1-e576-4

Multicenter Growth Center Study (MGRS), e13-2

Multicentric Castleman disease, 1121

Multichannel cochlear implant, 2196, 2196t

Multichannel intraluminal impedance (MII), e310-3

in gastroesophageal reflux disease, 1267

Multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (M-FISH), 396

Multicore myopathy, 2117-2118

Multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK), 1827-1828, 1828f

Multidisciplinary team See Team approach

Multi-dose activated charcoal (MDAC), 257-258

Multifactorial inheritance, 381, 393-394, 393f

Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN), type 1, 527

hyperparathyroidism with, 1920-1921

malignancy susceptibility associated with, e486-2t-e486-3t

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome with, 1294

Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN), type 2A, 1916

pheochromocytoma with, 1942

thyroid tumors and, e499-1

Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN), type 2B, 1916

malignancy susceptibility associated with, e486-2t-e486-3t

thyroid tumors and, e499-1

Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type IIB, e662-3-e662-4

Multiple epiphyseal dysplasias (MED), 2427

Multiple gestation pregnancy, 553-555, 554t, 555f

Multiple hamartoma syndrome, 2298

Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), 305, 311t-312t

Multiple physician model for emergency care, e61-12

Multiple sclerosis (MS), 2076, 2077t, 2078f

Multiple sulfatase deficiency, 490

Multivisceral graft in intestinal transplantation, e331-1

Mumps, 1078-1081, 1079f-1080f

in child-care setting, e167-3t

exclusion from day care due to, e15-2t

type 1 diabetes mellitus development and, 1971

in viral meningoencephalitis, 2096

Mumps vaccine, 881t, 884t, 1081

Munchausen syndrome by proxy, 146-147, 527

Munro-Kellie doctrine, 297f

Mupirocin, e173-4t-e173-11t

Murine typhus, 1039t-1040t, 1046-1047

Murmur, heart

auscultation of, 1535-1536

infective endocarditis and, 1623

of mitral insufficiency, 1571-1572

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

Muscarine poisoning, e703-1

Muscle(s)

assessment of in neurologic examination, e584-6

biopsy of, 2111-2112

brain malformations and development of, 2118

congenital hypothyroidism and, 1898-1899

developmental disorders of, 2112-2119

drug absorption in, e57-5t

effects of malnutrition on, 175t

glycogenoses disorders of, 494t-495t, 499-501, 500f

imaging of, 2111

insulin level effects on, 1975t

mitochondrial encephalomyopathy and, 2065t

neuromuscular disorders of See (Neuromuscular disorders)

phosphorylase kinase deficiency in, 498

Staphylococcus aureus abscess in, 905

Muscle adenosine monophosphate deaminase deficiency, e83-6-e83-7

Muscle biopsy

in Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy, 2120, 2120f

in myasthenia gravis, 2134

in neuromuscular disorders, 2110t

Muscle-derived enzymes in juvenile dermatomyositis, 848, 848t

Muscle-eye-brain disease of Santavuori, 2127

Muscle fibers, respiratory, e365-2-e365-3

Muscle glycogen synthase deficiency, 498

Muscle pain in neuromuscular disorders, 2109

Muscle phosphofructokinase deficiency, 501

Muscle phosphorylase deficiency, 500-501

Muscle receptors in respiration regulation, e365-13

Muscle relaxants

for anesthesia, e70-4t-e70-5t, e70-9

in rapid sequence intubation, 287t

Muscle rigidity assessment in neurologic examination, e584-6

Muscle spasm, treatment of in palliative care, 155t-156t

Muscle spasticity assessment in neurologic examination, e584-6

Muscle strength assessment in neurologic examination, e584-6, e584-8f

Muscle tone

assessment of

in neurologic examination, e584-6-e584-7, e584-6f

in neuromuscular disorders, 2109

in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, 571t

Muscle wasting in malabsorption syndromes, 1305, 1306f

Muscle weakness

in Becker muscular dystrophy, 2119

in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 2119

in Guillain-Barré syndrome, 2143

in juvenile dermatomyositis, 847, 848t, 849

in myotonic muscular dystrophy, 2123, 2123f

in neuromuscular disorders, 2110t-2111t, 2115t

Muscular atrophy, spinal, 2136-2138, 2136t, 2137f

chronic severe respiratory insufficiency with, 1519-1520, 1520t

Muscular dysgenesis (proteus syndrome myopathy), 2119

Muscular dystrophy(ies), 2119-2129

Becker, 2119-2123

dilated cardiomyopathy with, 1630

congenital, 2123-2126, 2128f

Duchenne, 2119-2123, 2120f-2121f

cardiac manifestations of, 1531t

chronic severe respiratory insufficiency with, 1519

dilated cardiomyopathy with, 1630

Emery-Dreifuss, 2123

facioscapulohumeral, 2126

limb-girdle, 2126, 2126t

myotonic, 2123, 2123f

maternal, e89-2t

Muscular relaxation as goal of anesthesia, e70-1-e70-3

Muscular torticollis, congenital, 2377-2379

Musculoskeletal disorders

orthopedic See (Orthopedic problems)

due to sports injury See (Sports injuries)

Musculoskeletal pain syndromes, 876-880, 877t-878t

complex regional pain syndrome as, 879-880, 879t

erythromelalgia as, 880, 880f

fibromyalgia as, 878-879, 879f

growing pains as, 878

Mushroom poisoning, e703-1-e703-2

gastroenteritis due to, 1328t-1329t

Music therapy, 371

Muslims

cultural values associated with, e4-1t-e4-2t

Mustard, in terrorism, e704-6, e704-9t

Mustard procedure, 1586-1587

Mutations, genetic, e74-2-e74-4

Mutilating keratoderma, 2273

Mutism, selective, 79, 118

MVK gene mutations, 857-858

MWS See Muckle-Wells syndrome (MWS)

Myalgia in neuromuscular disorders, 2109

Myasthenia gravis, 2132-2136, 2133t

clinical manifestations of, 2132-2133

complications of, 2135

laboratory findings and diagnosis of, 2133-2134

maternal, e89-2t

poliovirus infection versus, 1085t

prognosis for, 2135

treatment of, 2135, 2135t

Mycetoma, e183-1

Mycifradin See Neomycin

MYCN oncogene, 1754, 1757

Mycobacterial infection

DNA probes in, e164-4

Hansen disease as, e208-1-e208-4

HIV-related, 1163-1164

nontuberculous, 1011-1016

in cystic fibrosis, 1494

predisposition to due to immunodeficiency, 716t

treatment of, e206-1-e206-5, e206-1t, e206-5t

tuberculosis as, 996-1011

Mycobacteria other than tuberculosis (MOTT), 1011-1016

Mycobacterium abscessus, 1014

in cystic fibrosis infection, 1494

treatment of, e206-5t

Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), 1011-1014, 1014f

cutaneous, 2308

in cystic fibrosis infection, 1494

HIV-related, 1163-1164

prophylaxis for, 1174, 1175t-1176t

treatment of, e206-5t

Mycobacterium bovis, 2307-2308

Mycobacterium chelonae, e206-5t

Mycobacterium fortuitum group

cutaneous, 2308

treatment of, e206-5t

Mycobacterium genavense, e171-4t

Mycobacterium haemophilus, e206-5t

Mycobacterium kansasii

in cutaneous infection, 2308

in cystic fibrosis infection, 1494

treatment of, e206-5t

Mycobacterium lentiflavum, e206-5t

Mycobacterium leprae, e208-1-e208-4, e208-2f

predisposition to infection due to immunodeficiency, 716t

treatment of, e206-4

Mycobacterium marinum

in skin infection, 2308, 2308f

treatment of, e206-5t

Mycobacterium scrofulaceum skin infection, 2308

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 996-1011, 996f-997f See also Tuberculosis (TB)

clinical manifestations and diagnosis of, 1002-1007, 1003f

cutaneous, 2307-2308

epidemiology of, 996-998, 998t

etiology of, 996

HIV-related, e171-4t

prophylaxis for, 1175t-1176t

immunity to, 1000-1001

inflammatory bowel disease versus, 1298t

maternal, 1000

breast-feeding and, 540t

fetal and neonatal effects of, e89-3t

neonatal, 632t

in newborn, 1000

pathogenesis of, 998-1001, 999f-1000f

in pneumonia, 1475t

prevention of, 1010-1011

transmission of, 998

treatment of, 1007-1010, 1008t, e206-1-e206-4, e206-1t

tuberculin skin testing for, 1001, 1002t

vaccine for travel, e168-4-e168-5

Mycobacterium ulcerans, 1013

cutaneous, 2308

treatment of, e206-5t

Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF)

for atopic dermatitis, 805

for nephrotic syndrome, 1805

in renal transplantation, e530-4

for rheumatic disease, e148-2t-e148-3t, e148-4

Mycoplasma genitalium, 1032-1033

Mycoplasma hominis, 1032-1033

maternal, e89-3t

Mycoplasmal infections

genital, 1032-1033

in infective endocarditis, 1624t

Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 1029-1032

Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 1029-1032, 1031f

in pneumonia, 1475t, 1476

in Stevens-Johnson syndrome, 2242

MYC proto-oncogene, e486-1

Mydriasis, congenital, 2155

Myelination

during age 0-2 months, 26-27

of optic nerve fibers, 2181

Myelitis

radiation, e699-4

transverse, 2107, 2107t

poliovirus infection versus, 1085t

Myelocytes, reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

Myelodysplastic syndromes, 748t

hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for, 758-759

Myelogenous leukemia, chronic, 748t, 1739

hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for, 758

Myeloid cells, acquired disorders of, 747, 748t

Myeloid leukemia, acute See Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)

Myeloid precursor cells, intrinsic disorders of, 747, 748t

Myelomeningocele, 2000-2002, 2001f

with Arnold-Chiari type II malformation, 1522

Myelomonocytic leukemia, juvenile, 758

Myelopathy, human T-lymphotropic virus in, e269-1

Myeloperoxidase (MPO), e121-3

deficiency of, 742t, 745

Myelopoiesis, ineffective, 750-751

Myeloproliferative disorders, Down syndrome with, 1738

Myelosuppression, due to chemotherapy, e488-5

Myenteric plexus neuropathies, 2143

Myf5 gene, 2112

MYF6 gene, 2112

MYH9-related thrombocytopenia, 1720

Myoadenylate deaminase deficiency, e83-6-e83-7

Myocardial biopsy in heart transplantation monitoring, e437-2

Myocardial disease, 1628-1635, 1630t

arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy as, 1633-1634

dilated cardiomyopathy as, 1629f, 1630-1631

etiology of, 1629t

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy as, 1631-1632, 1632f

left ventricular noncompaction as, 1633-1634, 1634f

myocarditis as, 1634-1635, 1634t

restrictive cardiomyopathy as, 1633, 1633f

Myocarditis, 1629t, 1634-1635, 1634t

in acute rheumatic fever, 922

enterovirus, 1089, 1091

in Kawasaki disease, 864

measles, 1072

due to mumps, 1080

parvovirus B19 in, 1096

sudden death due to, 1620

Myoclonic astatic epilepsy, 2024

Myoclonic seizure, neonatal, 2034

Myoclonus

benign sleep, e587-5

of early infancy, e587-4

in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, 571t

neonatal sleep, e587-5

in newborn, 532-533

in seizure evaluation, 2015-2016

Myoclonus dystonia, 2059

Myoclonus epilepsy and ragged red fibers (MERRF), 391, 391t, 2067, 2113t

Myocytes, 1528, e414-1-e414-5

MYOD1 gene, 2112

Myofascial pain disorders, 375

Myofibrillar myopathies, 2118, 2118f

Myogenic factor 5 gene, 2112

Myogenic regulatory genes, 2112-2113, 2113t

Myogenin gene, 2112

Myomosphorylase deficiency, e603-2

Myonecrosis, e205-3-e205-4

Myopathic gait, e584-7

Myopathy

central core, 2117-2118

endocrine, 2129-2130

intestinal, 1283

metabolic, 2130-2132

mitochondrial, 2132

myofibrillar, 2118, 2118f

myotubular, 2114, 2114f, 2115t

nemaline rod, 2116-2117, 2116f-2117f

proteus syndrome, 2119

reversible infantile cytochrome C oxidase deficiency, 2066-2067

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

steroid-induced, 2129-2130, 2129t

thyroid, 2129

toxic, 2129-2130, 2129t

Myopia, 2150-2151

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

Myosin light chain (MLC), 1527

Myositis, enteroviruses in, 1092

Myostatin gene, 2112-2113

Myotonia congenita, 2113t, 2125, 2125t

Myotonia fluctuans, 2125t

Myotonia in myotonic muscular dystrophy, 2123-2124

Myotonia permanens, 2125t

Myotonic chondrodystrophy, 2125

Myotonic muscular dystrophy, 2123, 2123f

maternal, e89-2t

Myotubular myopathy, 2114, 2114f, 2115t

MyPyramid, 166, 166f

Myringitis, bullous, 2199

Myringotomy, 2208

insertion of tympanotomy tubes with, 2208-2210, 2213

“My Wishes”, 151

Myxedematous syndrome, 1907

Myxoma, cardiac, e435-1

N

Na⁺ See Sodium

NAAT See Nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT)

Nabilone See Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

N-Acetylglutamate (NAG) synthetase deficiencies, 448f, 449-451

NADH cytochrome B5 reductase deficiency, 1673

NADPH See Nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)

Naegleria meningoencephalitis, e272-1-e272-2, e271-1t-e271-11t

NAEYC See National Accreditation for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC)

Nafarelin for endometriosis, 690-691

Nafcil See Nafcillin

Nafcillin, e173-4t-e173-11t

for bacterial meningitis, 2093t

for cystic fibrosis lung infection, 1492t

for infective endocarditis, 1625t

for neonatal infection, 645t

for osteomyelitis, 2397

for septic arthritis, 2400

for Staphylococcus aureus, 907t

NAFLD See Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)

NAG See N-Acetylglutamate (NAG) synthetase deficiencies

Nagayama spots, 1118

Nail(s)

disorders of, 2293-2297, 2294t

changes in nail color as, 2294-2295, 2295f

due to infection, 2296, 2296f

ingrown toenail as, 2343

paronychial inflammation as, 2296-2297, 2297f

separation as, 2295, 2295f-2296f

in size or shape, 2293-2294, 2294f

with skin disease, 2295-2296

trachyonychia as, 2296

effects of malnutrition on, 175t

hypoplastic, e102-7t

ingrown, 2297

juvenile dermatomyositis and, 847, 847f

morphology of, e636-2

spoon, 2294f

Nail color, changes in, 2294-2295, 2295f

Nail-patella syndrome, 2293-2294, 2431-2432

Nail pitting

in alopecia areata, 2291, 2291f

in psoriatic arthritis, e150-1, e150-2f

Nail separation, 2295, 2295f-2296f

NAIP gene, 2137

Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase See Sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase (Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase)

Nalbuphine, 367t

Nalidixic acid, e173-4t-e173-11t

Naloxone

in neonatal resuscitation, 576

for pediatric resuscitation and arrhythmias, 294t

for poisoning, 256t-257t

Nanophyetus salmincola, e293-1-e293-2, e271-1t-e271-11t

Naphazoline hydrochloride for allergic conjunctivitis, 811t

Naphcon-A See Naphazoline hydrochloride

Naprosyn for pain management, 364t

Naproxen

for dysmenorrhea, 691t

for juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 838t

for rheumatic disease, e148-2t-e148-3t

for spondyloarthritides, e150-2

Naproxen sodium for migraine, 2043

Naratriptan for migraine, 2044t

Narcolepsy, 53

Narcolepsy-cataplexy syndrome, e587-5

Narcosis as delivery room emergency, 575

Narcotics

adverse reaction to, 828

pharmacokinetics of, e56-3t

NARP syndrome, 391t, 2067

Narrative therapy, 66

Narrow complex tachycardia, 288-289

Nasacort See Triamcinolone

Nasal cannula oxygen for respiratory distress and failure, 319

Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), 51

Nasalcrom See Cromolyn sodium

Nasal hypoplasia, 1430

Nasal inhaled corticosteroids, 778t-780t, 779-780

Nasal masses, midline congenital, 1431, 1431f

Nasal obstruction in common cold, 1435

Nasal polyps, 1433, 1433f

in cystic fibrosis, 1496

Nasal septum, congenital defects of, 1430

Nasarel See Flunisolide

Nasogastric tube feeding, 990

Nasojejunal tube feeding, 990

Nasolacrimal duct obstruction, 2165

Nasonex See Mometasone

Nasopharyngeal airway, 319

Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma, 1432-1433

Nasopharyngeal cancer, e500-1-e500-3

Epstein-Barr virus-associated, 1111, 1112t

Nasopharynx, Neisseria meningitidis in, 929-930

Nasotracheal aspiration, e366-3

Natal teeth, 1251

Nateglinide, 1992t

National Accreditation for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC), e15-1

National Cancer Institute cancer trials, 1732

National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP), 479-480

National Cooperative Group Program, cancer mortality rate reduction due to, e488-1f

National Hansen’s Disease Program, e208-3

National Immunization Days (NIDs), 1087

National Institutes of Health (NIH)

on anaphylaxis diagnosis, 817, 817t

on asthma management, 785-786, 789t-790t, 791-792, 792t

National organizations involved in quality improvement, e2-8t

National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (NVICP), 886

Native Americans

actinic prurigo in, 2257

cultural values associated with, e4-1t-e4-2t

death rates for, 3t

disease beliefs or practices of, e4-2t

health services for, 10

injuries in, 20

as special risk population, 6-7

NAT2 polymorphism, e56-8

Natriuretic peptide

atrial, 1527, 1882

brain, in pulmonary edema, 1469

B-type, in heart failure, e436-2, e436-5t

Natural disaster, drowning during, 343

Natural immunity, 722

cytokines in, e117-3t

Natural killer (NK) cells, 722

abnormalities of

evaluation of, 722

inheritance in abnormalities of, e117-6

fetal development of, e117-4

in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation alloreactivity, e130-2-e130-3, e130-3f

interaction with other immune cells, e117-5

in neonatal immunity, 632

postnatal, e117-6

Nausea

in appendicitis, 1350, 1351t

due to opioids, 366t

postoperative, e70-11

treatment in palliative care, 155t-157t, 158

Navajo neurohepatopathy (NNH), 1406-1407

Navicular stress fracture, 2418

NBAS See Newborn Behavior Assessment Scale (NBAS)

N-carbamyl-β-amino aciduria, e83-8

NCEP See National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP)

NCLs See Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs)

NCV See Nerve conduction velocity (NCV)

NDI See Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI)

Nearsightedness, 2150-2151

Nebcin See Tobramycin

Nebulizer

for anaphylaxis drug delivery, 818t

for asthma drug delivery, 797t-798t, 798

for croup therapy, 1448

NEC See Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)

Necator americanus, 1218-1221, e271-1t-e271-11t

Neck

newborn assessment of, 534-535

orthopedic problems of, 2377-2382

cervical anomalies and instabilities as, 2380-2382, 2381t

in Down syndrome, 2381-2382, 2382f

Kippel-Feil syndrome as, 2379-2380, 2380f

in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, 2382, 2382f

torticollis in, 2377-2379, 2378f, 2378t

sports injuries of, 2419-2420

due to football, e684-1

webbed, with Turner syndrome, 1952-1953

Necrobiosis lipoidica, 2275, 2275f

Necrolysis, toxic epidermal, 826, 827t, 2243-2244

Necrolytic migratory erythema (NME), e637-6

Necrosis

acute tubular, 1819

cerebral, due to radiation therapy, e699-3-e699-4

cold-induced fat, 358

renal cortical, 1818

subcutaneous fat, 2284, 2284f

hypercalcemia with, 1922

Necrotizing encephalomyopathy, subacute, 506-509, 2067

Necrotizing enterocolitis, neonatal, 569, 601-603, 602f, 602t

Necrotizing external otitis, 2197

Necrotizing fasciitis, 2301-2302

anaerobic, e205-1

group A streptococcal, 919

Necrotizing periodontal disease, 1257-1258

Necrotizing pneumonia, 905

Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, 1260t, 2299, e205-1

Nedocromil sodium

for allergic conjunctivitis, 811t

for allergic disease, 771-772

for asthma, 794t, 796

Needle exposure, infections via, e168-1

Needle length for vaccine, 886

NeF See Nephritic factor (NeF)

NegGram See Nalidixic acid

Neglect, 135-136, 140 See also Abuse and neglect

Neisseria

Moraxella catarrhalis versus, e188-2

predisposition to infection due to immunodeficiency, 716t

Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 935-940

clinical manifestations of, 937

complications of, 939

in conjunctivitis, 2166

diagnosis of, 937-938

epidemiology of, 935-936

etiology of, 935

genital culture of, e164-2

maternal, e89-3t

neonatal, 632t

pathogenesis and pathology of, 936-937

prevention of, 939-940

prognosis for, 939

prophylaxis following rape, 704, 704t

treatment of, 712t, 938-939

in vulvovaginitis, 1865, 1868t

Neisseria meningitidis, 929-935

in child-care setting, e167-1-e167-2, e167-1t

clinical manifestations of, 931-932, 932f

complications of, 933

diagnosis of, 932

differential diagnosis of, 932

epidemiology of, 930

etiology of, 929-930

host factors in, 931

immunity to, 931

in meningitis, 2087-2089

prevention of, 2095

neonatal, 632t

pathogenesis of, 930-931

in pneumonia, 1475t

prevention of, 933-935, 934t

prognosis for, 933

in septic arthritis, 2398

treatment of, 932-933, 933t

vaccine for, 934-935

Nelfinavir for HIV infection, 1168t-1171t

Nelson syndrome, 1941

Nemaline rod myopathy, 2113t, 2115t, 2116-2117, 2116f-2117f

NEMO See Nuclear factor KB essential modulator (NEMO)

Neomycin, e173-4t-e173-11t

Neonatal acne, 2327, 2327f

Neonatal behavioral syndrome, due to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, 625, 625f

Neonatal cholestasis, 1381-1388

Neonatal circulation, e415-1-e415-3

transition from fetal to, e415-1-e415-2

Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS), 624, 624t

Neonatal iron storage disease (NISD), 1383, 1393

Neonatal lupus, 845-846, 845f

cutaneous manifestations of, e637-3t, e637-4, e637-4f

Neonatal mortality, e87-1, e87-1f

by birthweight, e87-1f

Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), 601-603, 602f, 602t

Neonatal seizures, 2033-2037

Neonatal seizure syndrome, 2035

Neonatal sleep myoclonus, e587-5

Neonatal teeth, 1251

Neonatal tetanus, 991-992

Neonate See Newborn

Neoplasm See also Malignancy See also Tumor(s)

fever of unknown origin in, 900t

HIV-related, e171-4t

ovarian, 1957-1958

vulvar or vaginal, vaginal bleeding due to, 1869

Neorickettsia sennetsu, 1039t-1040t, 1048

Neo-synephrine See Phenylephrine

Nephritic factor (NeF), 755-756

in membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, 1787

Nephritic features, 1804

Nephritic syndrome, acute, 1779-1780

acute poststreptoccocal glomerulonephritis as, 1783-1785

Nephritis

acute lobar, 1830, 1830f

Henoch-Schönlein purpura, 1789

lupus, 1788-1789

tubulointerstitial, 1814-1816, 1815t

Nephroblastoma, 1726t

Nephrocalcinosis, e541-4

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI), 1812, 1883-1884, e52-4

hypernatremia due to, 213, 213t

nephrotoxins in, 1817t

Nephrogenic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis, 216, 1884

Nephrology See also Urologic disorders

Alport syndrome in, 1782-1783, 1782f

cortical necrosis in, 1818

end-stage renal disease in, 1825-1826, 1826t

glomerular disease in, e502-1-e502-5, e502-4f

glomerular filtration in, e502-1-e502-3, e502-3f

glomerulonephritis in

associated with infection, 1783-1786, 1783f-1784f, 1785t

associated with systemic lupus erythematosus, 1788-1789

membranoproliferative, 1787-1788

rapidly progressive, 1789-1790, 1790f, 1790t

glomerulus anatomy in, e502-1-e502-2, e502-1f, e502-3f-e502-4f

Goodpasture disease in, 1790-1791, 1791f

hematuria in

anatomic abnormalities associated with, 1796-1799

clinical evaluation of, 1778-1781, 1779t-1780t, 1780f

due to congenital anomalies, 1796

hematologic diseases causing, 1795-1796

due to idiopathic hypercalciuria, 1795

isolated glomerular disease with recurrent gross, 1781-1783

lower urinary tract causes of, 1799

due to renal vein thrombosis, 1794-1795

in thin basement membrane disease, 1783

due to trauma, 1799

upper urinary tract causes of, 1794-1795

due to vascular abnormalities, 1794

due to vigorous exercise, 1799

hemolytic-uremic syndrome in, 1791-1794, 1791t-1792t

Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis in, 1789

immunoglobulin A nephropathy in, 1781-1782, 1781f

membranous glomerulopathy in, 1786-1787

nephrotic syndrome in, 1801-1807, 1803t, 1806t

congenital, 1807, 1807t

etiology of, 1802, 1802f, 1802t

idiopathic, 1803t, 1804-1806, 1804f

pathophysiology of, 1802-1804

secondary, 1806

polycystic kidney disease in

autosomal dominant, 1798, 1798f

autosomal recessive, 1796-1798, 1797f, 1797t

proteinuria in, 1799-1800

fixed, 1800-1801, 1801t

orthostatic, 1800

transient, 1800

renal failure in, 1818-1826

acute, 1818-1822, 1818t-1821t

chronic, 1822-1825, 1823t

toxic nephropathy in, 1816-1818, 1817t

transplantation for, e530-1-e530-7

tubular disorders in

Bartter syndrome as, 1813-1814, 1813t

Gitelman syndrome as, 1814

inherited transport disorders of, 1813-1814

nephrogenic diabetes insipidus as, 1812

renal tubular acidosis as, 1808-1811, 1809t, 1811f

tubulointerstitial nephritis as, 1814-1816, 1815t

Nephroma, mesoblastic, 1760

Nephrons, 1778

Nephropathy

diabetic, 1988, 1988t

HIV-related, 1165-1166

immunoglobulin A, 1781-1782, 1781f, 1785t

membranous, 1786-1787

polyomavirus, e530-6

post-infection, 1333t

reflux, 1834-1838

sickle cell, 1795-1796

toxic, 1816-1818, 1817t

Nephrotic syndrome, 1801-1807, 1803t, 1806t

congenital, 1806, 1807t

etiology of, 1802, 1802f, 1802t

idiopathic, 1803t, 1804-1806, 1804f

nephrotoxins in, 1817t

pathophysiology of, 1802-1804

secondary, 1806

Nephrotoxicity, 1816-1818

amphotericin B, e225-1

Nerve ablation and destruction, 373

Nerve agents for terrorism, e704-3, e704-9t

Nerve biopsy, 2112

Nerve blocks See Regional anesthesia

Nerve conduction velocity (NCV), 2110-2111

Nesprin gene, 2123

Netherton syndrome, 2268t, 2271, 2271f-2272f, e134-4-e134-5

Netilmicin, e173-3

for cystic fibrosis lung infection, 1492t

for neonatal infection, 645t

Nettleship-Falls ocular albinism, 425

Neural crest tumors, 1520-1521

Neural tube defects (NTDs), 1998-1999, e102-1-e102-2, e102-2t

fetal therapy for, 551t, 552

genetic and environmental factors in, 394

neuropathic bladder with, e536-1

Neuraminidase inhibitors for influenza, 1123

Neuraminidase protein in influenza virus, 1122

Neuritis

optic, e623-2

sciatic, acute traumatic, 1085t

Neuroacademic problems, e29-7

Neuroblastoma, 1753-1757

arthralgia and, e147-1

clinical manifestations of, 1754, 1756f

diagnosis of, 1754-1756, 1756f

diarrhea caused by, e333-2t

epidemiology of, 1753

incidence and survival rates for, 1726t

juvenile idiopathic arthritis versus, 835

pathogenesis of, 1754, 1754t-1755t

pathology of, 1754

risk factors for, 1727t

treatment of, 1757

work-up of, 1731t

Neurocardiogenic syncope, e587-1-e587-2

Neurocristopathy syndrome, 1754t

Neurocutaneous syndromes, 2046-2053

incontinentia pigmenti as, 2052-2053, 2053f

linear nevus syndrome as, 2052

neurofibromatosis as, 2046-2048, 2047f-2048f, 2048t

PHACE syndrome as, 2052

Sturge-Weber syndrome as, 2051-2052, 2051f

tuberous sclerosis complex as, 2049-2051, 2049f-2050f, 2049t

von Hippel-Lindau disease as, 2052

Neurocysticercosis, 1234-1237

Neurodegeneration, pantothenate kinase-associated, 2057t, 2060

Neurodegenerative disorders, 2069-2076, 2070t

adrenoleukodystrophy as, 2073-2074

Alexander disease as, 2074-2075

Menkes disease as, 2075

neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses as, 2073, 2073t

Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease as, 2074

Rett syndrome as, 2075

sialidosis as, 2074

sphingolipidoses as, 2069-2072, 2071f-2072f

subacute sclerosing panencephalitis as, 2075-2076

Neurodermatitis of external ear canal, 2199

Neurodevelopmental dysfunction, e29-1-e29-9

assessment and diagnosis of, e29-7

attention, e29-3-e29-4

clinical manifestations of, e29-5-e29-7

etiology of, e29-1

executive functioning, e29-4

intellectual, e29-4-e29-5

language, e29-2

mathematics disorder, e29-6-e29-7

memory, e29-3

neuroacademic problems, e29-7

pathogenesis of, e29-5

reading disorders, e29-6t

sensory and developmental, e29-1-e29-2

social cognition, e29-5

spelling and writing impairments, e29-6

terminology and epidemiology of, e29-1

treatment of, e29-7-e29-8

visual-spatial and perceptual, e29-2-e29-3

Neurodevelopmental function, 108

Neurodevelopmental variation, 108

Neuroendocrine tumor, chronic diarrhea due to, 1344-1346, e333-2t

Neuroenteric cyst, 1264, 1281

Neuroferritinopathy, 2057t

Neurofibromatosis, 2046-2048, 2047f-2048f, 2048t

brain tumors associated with, 1747t

Café-au-lait spots with, 2237

laryngeal, 1455

malignancy susceptibility associated with, e486-2t-e486-3t

pheochromocytoma with, 1942

Neurofibrosarcoma, 1762t

Neurogenic bladder, 1849-1850, 1849f

Neuroirritability treatment in palliative care, 155t-156t, 157-158

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), 65, 2059

Neurologic deficit

in sickle cell disease, 1667

in trauma survey, 337

Neurologic disorders, 565-574

brain abscess as, 2098-2099, 2099f

central nervous system infections as, 2086-2098

congenital anomalies of central nervous system as, 1998-2013

agenesis of corpus callosum as, 2005-2006, 2005f

agenesis of cranial nerves, 2006-2007

anencephaly as, 2003

craniosynostosis as, 2011-2013, 2012t

disorders of neuronal migration as, 2003-2005, 2003f-2004f

dysgenesis of posterior fossa, 2006-2007

encephalocele as, 2002-2003

holoprosencephaly as, 2005-2006, 2006f

hydrocephalus as, 2008-2011, 2008t, 2009f-2011f

meningocele as, 1999

microcephaly as, 2007-2008, 2007t

myelomeningocele as, 2000-2002, 2001f

neural tube defects as, 1998-1999, 1999f

spina bifida occulta as, 1999, 2000f, 2001t

coronaviruses in, e256-1-e256-2

cranial, 565-566, 565f

demyelinating of central nervous system, 2076-2080, 2076t

acute disseminated encephalomyelitis as, 2079, 2079f, 2080t

multiple sclerosis as, 2076, 2077t, 2078f

neuromyelitis optica as, 2077

encephalopathies as, 2061-2069

burn, 2068

cerebral palsy as, 2061-2065

HIV, 2068

hypertensive, 2068

hypoxic-ischemic, 298f-299f, 301-303, 302f, 569-573

mitochondrial, 2065-2068, 2065t

radiation, 2068-2069

Zellweger syndrome as, 2069

enteroviruses in, 1091-1092

evaluation of, e584-1-e584-12

cerebrospinal fluid examination in, e584-9-e584-10

electroencephalography in, e584-11-e584-12

evoked potentials in, e584-12

history in, e584-1, e584-1t

lumbar puncture in, e584-9-e584-10

neurologic examination in, e584-1-e584-9

neuroradiologic procedures in, e584-10-e584-11, e584-11t

failure to thrive in, 148t

general anesthesia and, e70-2t-e70-3t, e70-13-e70-14

headaches as, 2039-2046

migraine, 2040-2045

secondary, 2045-2046, 2045t

tention-type, 2046

intracranial hemorrhage as, 566, 567f, 568t

manifesting as respiratory distress, 316

of movement, 2053-2061

ataxias as, 2054t, 2055

chorea, athetosis, tremor as, 2056t-2058t, 2058

dystonia as, 2058-2059, 2060t

in mucopolysaccharidoses, 515t

neurocutaneous, 2046-2053

incontinentia pigmenti as, 2052-2053, 2053f

linear nevus syndrome as, 2052

neurofibromatosis as, 2046-2048, 2047f-2048f, 2048t

PHACE syndrome as, 2052

Sturge-Weber syndrome as, 2051-2052, 2051f

tuberous sclerosis complex as, 2049-2051, 2049f-2050f, 2049t

von Hippel-Lindau disease as, 2052

neurodegenerative, 2069-2076, 2070t

adrenoleukodystrophy as, 2073-2074

Alexander disease as, 2074-2075

Menkes disease as, 2075

neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses as, 2073, 2073t

Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease as, 2074

Rett syndrome as, 2075

sialidosis as, 2074

sphingolipidoses as, 2069-2072, 2071f-2072f

subacute sclerosing panencephalitis as, 2075-2076

obesity with, 184t

peripheral nerve injuries as, 573-574, 574f

pseudotumor cerebri as, 2099-2101, 2100f, 2100t

psychopharmacology and, 65

seizures as, 2013-2039

conditions that mimic, e587-1-e587-5, e587-1t, e587-3t

epileptic syndrome and, 2013, 2014t-2016t

evaluation of, 2015-2017

febrile, 2017-2019, 2017t, 2018f

generalized, 2023-2024

genetic factors in, 2016t

mechanisms of, 2024-2025

neonatal, 2033-2037, 2035t

partial, 2021-2023, 2022f

status epilepticus due to, 2037-2039, 2039t

treatment of, 2018, 2025-2033

types of, 2014t

unprovoked, 2019-2021, 2020t

of spinal cord, 2101-2108

due to birth, 573

diastematomyelia as, 2102, 2103f

spinal arteriovenous malformations as, 2107-2108

syringomyelia as, 2103, 2104f

tethered cord, 2101-2102, 2101f-2102f

transverse myelitis as, 2107, 2107t

traumatic, 2106

tumors as, 2105, 2105f

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

stroke syndromes as, 2080-2086

arterial ischemic stroke as, 2080-2082, 2081f-2082f, 2081t-2082t

cerebral sinovenous thrombosis as, 2082-2084, 2083f, 2083t

differential diagnosis of, 2085-2086, 2086t

hemorrhagic, 2084-2085, 2084f, 2085t

Neurologic emergency(ies), e63-1-e63-3

abusive head trauma as, 301

brain death as, e63-1-e63-3, e63-2t

care principles in, 296-297, 297f

hypoxic-ischemic insult and encephalopathy as, 301-303

intracerebral hemorrhage as, 303-304

status epilepticus as, 303

stroke as, 303-304

traumatic brain injury as, 297-301, 298f-301f

due to abuse, 301

mild, 301

Neurologic examination

in back pain, 2373-2374

of coordination, e584-8-e584-9

of cranial nerves, e584-2f, e584-3-e584-6

general examination in, e584-9

of head, e584-2-e584-3, e584-2f

of mental status, e584-2

of motor function, e584-6-e584-7, e584-6f-e584-8f

of newborn, 536

in orthopedic problems, 2332-2334

in pediatric emergency, 281, 281t

of reflexes, e584-7-e584-8, e584-8t

in scoliosis, 2366

of sensory function, e584-7

of station and gait, e584-9

Neurologic manifestations and complications

of acute intermittent porphyrias, e85-5-e85-6

of acute renal failure, 1821

after cardiopulmonary bypass, 1604

due to cat-scratch disease, 985

of congenital disorders of glycosylation, e81-7t

of eating disorders, 93t, 1212f

of endemic goiter, 1907

of Epstein-Barr virus infection, 1114

of hypernatremia, 213-214

due to immunosuppression therapy, e437-3

of lead poisoning, 2450-2451

of Lyme disease, 1031

of lysosomal storage disorders, 485t

of malnutrition, 175t

of mushroom poisoning, e703-1-e703-2

of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Neurobehavioral Scale, 624t

of neurofibromatosis, 2047-2048, 2047f

of Shigella infection, 960

due to sickle cell disease, 1666-1667, 1666f

of sickle cell disease, 1666-1667, 1666f

systemic inflammatory response syndrome and, 309t

of systemic lupus erythematosus, 843t

of toxoplasmosis, 1212-1213, 1212f

Neurologic system

management of in drowning, 345-346

overweight and obesity and, 183, 183f

preanesthetic assessment of, e70-13-e70-14

prenatal development of, e6-7f

shock-related dysfunction of, 307t

in trauma survey, 337

Neuroma, plexiform, of eyelid, 2165

Neuroma syndrome, mucosal, 1916

Neuromotor function, language disorders due to impairment of, 119

Neuromuscular blocking agents

analgesia and sedation with, e70-3

reversal of, e70-9

for intubation, 321t

Neuromuscular disorders

atelectasis with, e402-1

autonomic neuropathies as, 2141-2143, 2141t-2142t

Bell palsy as, 2146-2147, 2146t, 2147f

clinical manifestations of, 2109-2110, 2110f, 2110t-2111t

cardiac, 1531t

pulmonary, e413-1t

developmental, 2112-2119

amyoplasia as, 2118

arthrogryposis as, 2113

benign congenital hypotonia as, 2119

brain malformations and, 2118

central core, minicore, and multicore myopathies as, 2117-2118

congenital muscle fiber-type disproportion as, 2115

genetics of, 2112-2113, 2113t

muscular dysgenesis (proteus syndrome myopathy) as, 2119

myofibrillar myopathies as, 2118, 2118f

myotubular myopathy as, 2114, 2114f, 2115t

nemaline rod myopathy as, 2116-2117, 2116f-2117f

differential diagnosis of, 2111t-2112t

effects of botulism on, e704-3-e704-4

effects of nerve agents on, e704-3

endocrine and toxic myopathies as, 2129-2130

evaluation and investigation of, 2109-2112

general anesthesia and, e70-2t-e70-3t

Guillain-Barré syndrome as, 2143-2146, 2144t, 2145f-2146f

hereditary motor-sensory neuropathies as, 2138-2140

laboratory findings in, 2110-2112

metabolic myopathies as, 2130-2132, 2130t

muscular dystrophies as, 2119-2129

Becker, 2119-2123, 2121f-2122f

congenital, 2123-2126, 2128f

Duchenne, 2119-2123, 2120f-2122f

Emery-Dreifuss, 2123

fascioscapulohumeral, 2126

limb-girdle, 2126, 2126t

myotonic, 2123, 2123f

myocardial disease with, 1629t

of neuromuscular transmission and motor neurons, 2132-2138

poliovirus infection versus, 1085t

respiratory distress due to, 315t

respiratory insufficiency due to, 1519-1520, 1520t

toxic neuropathies as, 2140-2141, 2141t

Neuromuscular scoliosis, 2370-2371

Neuromuscular symptoms, terrorism and, e704-8

Neuromuscular transmission disorders, 2132-2138

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO), 2077, e623-2

Neuromyopathy of severe illness, 1524

Neuronal apoptosis inhibitory gene, 2137

Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs), 2073, 2073t

Neuronal dysplasia, intestinal, e324-1-e324-4

Neuronal heterotopias, 2004

Neuronal injury in seizures, 2025

Neuronal migration, disorders of, 2003-2005, 2003f-2004f

Neuronal plasticity, e6-1

Neuropathic bladder, e536-1-e536-4

clinical manifestations and diagnosis of, e536-1, e536-1f

disorders associated with, e536-3, e536-3f

with neural tube defects, e536-1

reflux with, 1835

renal damage due to, e536-1-e536-2, e536-1f

urinary incontinence due to, e536-2, e536-2f

Neuropathic pain, 360t, 367-368, 368t, 374

Neuropathy

autonomic, 2141-2143, 2141t-2142t

of Chédiak-Higashi syndrome, 744

congenital hypomyelinating, e605-1-e605-4

diabetic, 1989

hereditary motor-sensory, 2138-2140

hypermyelinating, 2140

intestinal, 1283

myenteric plexus, 2143

optic

Leber, 2067, e623-2-e623-3

traumatic, e623-3

peripheral

due to cancer and its therapy, e488-7t-e488-9t

in tyrosinemia, 422

poliovirus infection versus, 1085t

tomaculous, 2140

toxic, 2140-2141, 2141t

due to diphtheria, e180-3

Neuropsychiatric disorders associated with Streptococcus pyogenes, 81, 919

movement disorders associated with, 76

Neurotoxicity, anesthesia-induced, 360, e70-17

Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, e703-4

Neurotoxin, botulism, 987

Neurotransmitter precursors for BH₄ deficiency, 421

Neurotransmitters

genetic disorders of, 445-447, 445t

in respiratory control, e365-15

sudden infant death syndrome and, 1422

Neutral lipid storage disease, 2268t

Neutral Protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin, 1976, 1977f

Neutropenia, 746-750

associated with cancer therapy, e171-1, e171-5t

autoimmune, 750

of infancy, 750

maternal, e89-2t

neonatal passive, 750

in bone marrow disorders, 749

due to cancer therapy, e488-5

cyclic, 750

drug-induced, 748-749, 749t

etiology of, 747-749, 747t-748t

fever and, e171-1, e171-4f, e171-5t, e171-6-e171-7

vancomycin for, e173-3

in granule sorting disorders, 751

immune, 749

in immune function disorders, 751-752

in immunocompromised patient, e171-6-e171-7

ineffective myelopoieses, 750-751

infectious causes of, 747-748, 749t

lymphopenia as, 752, 752t

in metabolic disorders, 751

in 3-methylglutaconic aciduria, 433

neonatal, 631-632

alloimmune, 749-750

passive autoimmune, 750

as oncologic emergency, e488-6t

severe congenital, 750

in Shwachman-Diamond syndrome, 750-751

in splenic disease, 749

in type I glycogen storage disease, 493

Neutrophils, e121-1-e121-4

fetal, e440-1

function of, e121-3-e121-4, e121-3f

hematopoiesis, e121-1-e121-2, e121-1f

human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in, 1050f

maturation and kinetics of, e121-2-e121-3

in neonatal immunity, 631-632

oral ulceration due to defects of, 1260t

in phagocytic inflammatory response, e121-1, e121-1t

reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

transfusion of, e466-1, e466-1t

Neutrophil count

in acutely ill child evaluation, 277

in fever of unknown origin, 901

in leukopenia, 746

in roseola, 1119

Neutrophilia, e126-1, e126-2f

Never Events, e2-2

Nevirapine

drug interactions with, e57-13t-e57-14t

for HIV infection, 1168t-1171t

Nevoid basal cell carcinoma, 1747t, e662-3

Nevoid telangiectasia, 2230

Nevus, 2231-2236

Becker, 2235, 2235f

blue, 2234

blue rubber bleb, 2230

comedonicus, 2235

conjunctival, 2169

connective tissue, 2235

depigmentosus (achromic), 2234, 2234f

epidermal, 2234-2235, 2234f

eyelid, 2164

halo, 2233, 2233f

of Ita, 2233-2234

melanocytic

acquired, 2231, 2231f

atypical, 2231-2232

congenital, 2232, 2232f

melanoma as, 2232-2233

of Ota, 2233-2234

sebaceus (Jadassohn), 2235

smooth muscle hamartoma as, 2235-2236

spilus, 2233, 2233f

Spitz (spindle and epithelioid cell), 2233, 2233f

zosteriform lentiginous, 2233

Nevus anemicus, 2226

Nevus basal cell carcinoma syndrome, e486-2t-e486-3t

Nevus simplex, 2218-2219

Nevus syndrome, 2052

malignancy susceptibility associated with, e486-2t-e486-3t

rickets due to, 207

Newborn

acne in, 2327, 2327f

antibiotic therapy for, e173-1

Apgar evaluation of, 536, 536t-537t

blood disorders in, 612-621

anemia as, 612-615, 613f, 613t-614t

hemolytic disease as, 615-619, 616t, 620t

hemorrhage as, 620-621, 621t

plethora as, 619-620

thrombocytopenia as, 1720

breast abnormalities in, e545-1

breast-feeding of, 539-540, 539t

breathing patterns in, 580

circumcision of, e98-1

clinical manifestations of diseases in, e92-1-e92-3, e92-1t-e92-2t

complement system reductions in, 756

congenital anomalies in, e92-2, e92-3t

corneal opacities in, e619-1, e619-1t

death of See (Death; Death rate(s))

delivery room emergencies of, 575-579

abdominal wall defects as, 578

airway obstruction as, 577, 578f

birth injury as, 578-579

failure to initiate or sustain respiration as, 575

meconium staining as, 577

neonatal resuscitation as, 575-577, 576f-577f, 576t

pneumothorax as, 577, 578f

respiratory distress and failure as, 575

shock as, 577

developmental dysplasia of hip in, 2357, 2359-2360, 2360f

diabetes mellitus of, 1995

of diabetic mother, 627-629, 627f-628f

digestive system disorders of, 600-612

constipation as, 600

jaundice and hyperbilirubinemia as, 603-608

kernicterus as, 608-612

meconium ileus in cystic fibrosis as, 601, 601f

meconium peritonitis as, 601

meconium plugs as, 600-601, 600f

neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis as, 601-603, 602f, 602t

vomiting as, 600-601

disabled, ethics in care of, e3-2-e3-3

dysmorphology in, e102-6f

approach to, e102-5-e102-8, e102-7t-e102-8t

classification of, e102-1-e102-3, e102-2t-e102-3t, e102-4f-e102-6f

mechanisms, terminology, and definitions of, e102-1t

molecular mechanisms of, e102-3-e102-5

endocrinopathies in, 627-629

fever without a focus in, 896t

fever without localizing signs in, 896-897

genitourinary system of, e98-1

gingival cysts of, 2298

growth and development of, 26-29, 29t, e7-1-e7-3

age 0-2 months, 26-29

cognitive, 27

developmental milestones in, 27t

emotional, 27-28

pediatrician’s role in, e7-3

physical, 27, 29f

restriction of See (Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR))

gynecological examination of, e542-1

high-risk, 552t, 553f, e91-1-e91-6

large-for-gestational-age, e91-1-e91-5

multiple gestation pregnancy and, 553-555, 554t, 555f

post-term, e91-1-e91-4

prematurity and intrauterine growth restriction and, 555-564

transport of, e91-1-e91-6

hyperthyroidism in, 1913f

hypoglycemia in, 518-521, 520t

infections in, 629-648

bacterial, 630, 630f-631f, 636-637, 638t, 642-644

Candida, 1053-1054, 1054t

clinical manifestations of, 636-639, 637t

complications and prognosis for, 646, 647t

diagnosis of, 639-644

early-onset, 633-636, 634t

Enterococcus, e179-2

enterovirus, 1092

epidemiology of, 629, 633-636

etiology of, 632-633, 632t-633t

evaluation of, 643t

fungal, 642-644

genital mycoplasma as, 1033

gonococcal, 936

Haemophilus influenzae in, 943

herpes simplex virus, 1098, 1101, 1102f

intrauterine, 629-630, 630f, 636-642, 637t

late-onset, 631, 633-636, 634t-635t

listeriosis, e181-2

modes of transmission of, 629-631

nosocomial, 634-636, 635t-636t, 647-648, 647t

pathogenesis of, 629-631, 630f-631f

prematurity and low birth weight and, 634, 634f-635f

prevention of, 647-648, 647t

prophylaxis for, 640f-642f, 640t

systemic inflammatory response syndrome due to, 637-639

toxoplasmosis, 1208-1211, 1210f, 1214-1215

treatment of, 644-646, 645t

tuberculosis as, 1000

varicella-zoster virus, 1106-1107

intellectual disability in, 125t

lupus in, 845-846, 845f

metabolic disturbances in, 622-626

cold injury as, 622

edema as, 622

fetal alcohol syndrome as, 625-626, 626f, 626t

hypermagnesemia as, 623

hyperthermia as, 622

hypomagnesemia as, 623

due to maternal substance abuse, 623-625, 624t

metabolic bone disease as, 623

due to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, 625, 625f

neurologic disorders of, 565-574

cranial, 565-566, 565f

hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy as, 298f-299f, 569-573, 569t-570t

due to inflammation, infection, and medications, 568-569, 568f

intracranial hemorrhage as, 566-568, 567f, 568t

peripheral nerve injuries as, 573-574, 574f

of spine and spinal cord, 573

neutropenia in

alloimmune, 749-750

passive autoimmune, 750

nursery care of, 538, 538t

overgrowth of, e554-5

pain assessment in, 361

parent-infant attachment/bonding and, 538-540

infant’s role in, e7-1-e7-3

parental role in, e7-1

peripartum and postpartum factors in, e7-1, e7-2t

prenatal factors in, e7-1, e7-1t

perception and effects of pain on, 373-375

physical examination of, 532-536

abdomen in, 535-536

anus in, 536

chest in, 535

extremities in, 536

face in, 534

general appearance in, 532-533

genitals in, 536

growth and behavior, e7-1

heart in, 535, 535f

neck in, 534-535

neurologic assessment in, 536 See also (Neurologic examination)

skin in, 533, 533f

skull in, 533-534, 534t

premature See (Prematurity/premature infant)

red blood cell life span in, e440-6

respiration regulation in, e365-17

respiratory tract disorders of, 579-599, 579f

apnea as, 580-581, 580t

diaphragmatic hernia as, 594-596

eventration as, 597

extrapulmonary air leaks as, 597-599, 598f-599f

foramen of Morgagni hernia as, 597, 597f

foreign material aspiration as, 590, 591f

meconium aspiration as, 590-592

paraesophageal hernia as, 597

persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn as, 592-594, 592f

pulmonary hemorrhage as, 599

respiratory distress syndrome as, 581-590

transient tachypnea as, 590

routine delivery room and initial care of, 536-538

antiseptic skin and cord care in, 537

maintenance of body heat in, 536-537

screening and genetic testing of, e707-2-e707-3, e707-3t

for cystic fibrosis, 1490

ethical considerations in, 382-383, e3-4

for genetic metabolic conditions, 416, 417t

for 21-hydroxylase deficiency, 1934

for hyperphenylalaninemia, 419-420

seizures in, 2033-2037

skin diseases in, 2218-2220, 2218f-2219f

sleep changes in, 47t

syphilis in, 1016, 1016f-1017f

tetanus in, 991-992

transition of to pulmonary respiration in, 579-580

tuberculosis in, 1000, 1007

umbilicus of, e99-1-e99-2

Newborn Behavior Assessment Scale (NBAS), e7-3

New-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE), 2038

NGU See Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU)

NHBD See Non-heart-beating donor (NHBD)

NHL See Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)

Niacin, 193, 194t

deficiency of, 193-195, 195f

dietary reference intakes for, e41-8t-e41-14t

toxicity of, 195

NICH See Noninvoluting congenital hemangioma (NICH)

Nickel dermatitis, 2251, 2251f

Niclosamide, e271-1t-e271-11t

Nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), 745

Nicotinamide for Hartnup syndrome, 430

Nicotine dependence, 679, 680t

Nicotinic acid for hyperlipidemia, 481t, 482

Niemann-Pick disease (NPD), 484t, 488

Nifedipine

for chilblains, 2285

drug interactions with, e57-13t-e57-14t

for hypertensive emergencies, 1646t

for pulmonary hypertension, 1602t

Nifurtimox, e271-1t-e271-11t

for trypanosomiasis, 1197

Night blindness, 2154

due to vitamin A deficiency, 189

Nightmares, 52t

seizure versus, e587-5

Night terrors, e587-5

Nikolsky sign, 2244, 2247, 2302, 2302f

Nilotinib, e488-2t

911 system, e61-2

Nipple, supernumerary, 2221, e545-1, e545-2f

Nipple discharge, e545-2-e545-3, e545-3t

Nipple pain due to breast-feeding, 160

NISD See Neonatal iron storage disease (NISD)

Nissen fundoplication, 527

Nitazoxanide, e271-1t-e271-11t, e271-11

for ascariasis, 1217-1218

for giardiasis, 1182, 1182t

for trichuriasis, 1221-1222

Nitisinone for tyrosinemia, 422

Nitrazepam for seizures, 2018, 2030t

Nitric oxide (NO)

adolescent huffing of, 681t

exhaled in asthma, 784-785

inhaled

for anesthesia, e70-4t-e70-5t, e70-6

for congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 595

for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, 593

for respiratory distress and failure, 319, 586

in rectal dialysate, 1344t

Nitrites

adolescent abuse of, 675t

for cyanide poisoning, e704-8

gastroenteritis due to, 1328t-1329t

Nitrofurantoin, e173-4t-e173-11t

for acute cystitis, 1832

Nitroglycerin

for cardiogenic shock, 313t

for heart failure, e436-5t

Nitroprusside

for cardiogenic shock, 313t

for heart failure, e436-3, e436-5t

for hypertensive emergencies, 1646t

Nizatidine for Helicobacter pylori gastritis, 1293t

NK See Natural killer (NK) cells

NKH See Nonketotic hyperglycinemia (NKH)

NKX2.1 gene, 1895

NKX2.5 gene, 1895

NKX2.5 mutations, e418-1

NLH See Nodular lymphoid hyperplasia (NLH)

NME See Necrolytic migratory erythema (NME)

NMO See Neuromyelitis optica (NMO)

NMS See Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)

NMYC oncogene, e486-1t

N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET)

for malaria prevention, 1207

for travelers, e168-1

for tularemia prevention, 980

NNH See Navajo neurohepatopathy (NNH)

NNNS See Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS)

NNRTIs See Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)

NO See Nitric oxide (NO)

Nocardia, e183-1-e183-2, e183-1f

in pneumonia, 1475t

Nocardiosis, 929

Nociception, 360, 361f

Nocturnal enuresis, 71-73, 72t, 1851-1852, 1851t

Nocturnal hemoglobinuria, paroxysmal, 748t, 755, e455-1, e451-1t-e451-2t, e455-1f

Nodes, with cat-scratch disease, 984

NOD2 gene, 1294-1295

Nodular lymphoid hyperplasia (NLH), e337-3

Nodule(s)

in acne, 2322-2323, 2323f

in autoimmune thyroiditis, 1905

Bohn, 1260

examination of, 2215

Lisch, 2047f, 2156

in neurofibromatosis, 2046-2047

rheumatoid, 832

subcutaneous

in acute myeloid leukemia, 1737

in acute rheumatic fever, 922

thyroid, 1915, 1915t

of thyroid carcinoma, 1914

vocal, e382-1

Noma, 175, 176f, 2299

Nonadherence See Adherence

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), 184t

Nonallelic homologous recombination, e74-5

Nonbacterial food poisoning, e703-1-e703-6

Nonbicarbonate buffers, e52-13

Nonbiologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, e148-4-e148-5

Noncomitant strabismus, 2159

Nondiscrimination, chronic illness and, e39-3

Nondisjunction, chromosomal, 400

Nonedematous malnutrition, 175

Nonfatal injuries, 19, 19f

Nonflammable fabric, 23

Non-germ cell gonadal tumors, 1770

Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU)

Trichomonas vaginalis in, 1186

Ureaplasma in, 1032-1033

Non-group A or B streptococci, e178-1, e178-1t

Non-heart-beating donor (NHBD), e3-3

Non-Herlitz junctional epidermolysis bullosa, 2244-2246, 2245t

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), 1730f, 1743-1746, 1744f-1745f, 1745t

hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for, 759

of small intestine, 1314-1315

of temporal bone, e635-1

work-up of, 1731t

Noninflammatory diarrhea, 1330

Noninvoluting congenital hemangioma (NICH), 2229

Nonketotic hyperglycinemia (NKH), 439-440

Nonketotic hyperosmolar coma, 1981

Nonmenstrual toxic shock syndrome and, 908

Non-neurogenic neurogenic bladder, 1849-1850, 1849f

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), 1162t

Nonnutritive sweeteners, 1982

Nonpalpable testis, 1859

Nonparalytic poliomyelitis, 1083, 1086

Non-polyanaline repeat expansion mutation (NPARM), 1520-1521

Nonpolyposis colon cancer syndrome (NHPCC), e486-2t-e486-3t

Non-rapid eye movement (NREM), respiratory regulation in, e365-14

Nonrebreather mask, 319

Non-REM partial arousal disorders, e587-5

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

adverse reaction to, 828, e148-3

for asthma, 796

for dysmenorrhea, 691t

gastric ulcer due to, 1293

for juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 837, 838t

for migraine, 2043

for pain management, 363

poisoning with, 260-261

pseudoporphyria due to, e148-3

for rheumatic disease, e148-1-e148-3, e148-2t-e148-3t

topical, for skin disorders, 2217

Nonstress test (NST), 542, 543t

Nontherapeutic research, e3-5

Nontreponemal test, 1019, 1019f

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), 1011-1016

clinical manifestations of, 1012-1014, 1012f-1014f, 1012t

diagnosis of, 1014-1015

epidemiology of, 1012

etiology of, 1011-1012

pathogenesis of, 1012

treatment of, 1015-1016

Nonvenereal treponemal infections, e211-1-e211-3

bejel as, e211-1-e211-2

pinta as, e211-1-e211-3

yaws as, e211-1

Noonan syndrome, 410, 410t, 1690, 1946, 1955-1956

congenital heart disease with, 1531t, 1561-1562, e418-1t-e418-2t

embryonic development of, 1527

malignancy susceptibility associated with, e486-2t-e486-3t

Norepinephrine, e568-1-e568-8, e568-8f

for cardiac output maintenance and post-resuscitation stabilization, 294t

genetic disorders of, 445t

for heart failure, e436-5t

in pheochromocytoma, 1942

for shock, 313t

Norfloxacin for traveler’s diarrhea, e168-5

Normal, statistical, e6-4-e6-5

Normal saline (NS), 243, 243t

for anaphylaxis, 818t

Normethsuximide, 2030t

Noroviruses, 1326t

Nor-plant See Lovenorgestrel

NORSE See New-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE)

North American liver fluke, e271-1t-e271-11t

Nortriptyline

for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 111t

for pain management, 364t

in palliative care, 155t-156t

Norvir See Ritonavir

Norwalk virus, 1134, 1136

Norwegian scabies, 2320

Norwood procedure, 1593-1595, 1594f

Nose

birth injury to, 579

congenital disorders of, 1429-1431, 1430f-1431f

epistaxis of, 1432-1433, 1432t

examination of

in allergic disease, 765

in newborn, 534

foreign body in, 1431-1432

fracture of, as delivery room emergency, 579

normal, 1429

physiology of, 1429-1430

polyps in, 1433, 1433f

radiography of, e366-2, e366-2t

saddle deformity

in congenital syphilis, 1017t, 1018, 1019f

in Wegener’s granulomatosis, 874, 875f

Nosebleed, 1432-1433, 1432t

Nosema corneum, e271-1t-e271-11t

Nosocomial infection

fever of unknown origin in, 899t

Legionella, e200-1-e200-2

neonatal, 632-636, 635t-636t

prevention of, 647-648, 647t

prevention and control of, e166-1-e166-4

for employee health, e166-4

hand hygiene in, e166-1

isolation in, e166-1-e166-2, e166-3t

standard precautions in, e166-1, e166-2t

surgical antibiotic prophylaxis in, e166-2-e166-4

respiratory syncytial virus, 1127

Salmonella, 950

Nosocomial pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa in, 976

Nostrilla See Oxymetazoline

Notching of inferior border of ribs, 1568

NovaRing See Vaginal contraceptive ring

Novobiocin, 563t

NO_x See Oxides of nitrogen (NO_x)

NPARM See Non-polyanaline repeat expansion mutation (NPARM)

NPD See Niemann-Pick disease (NPD)

NPH insulin, 1976, 1977f

NPHS1 gene, 1803t, 1807

NPHS2 gene, 1803t, 1807

NR5A1 gene, e576-2t-e576-3t

NRAS oncogene, e486-1, e486-1t

NREM See Non-rapid eye movement (NREM)

NROB1 gene, e576-2t-e576-3t

NRS See Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) for pain assessment

NRTIs See Nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)

NS See Normal saline (NS)

NSAIDs See Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

NST See Nonstress test (NST)

NTBC See Nitisinone

NTDs See Neural tube defects (NTDs)

NTM See Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM)

Nuclear factor KB essential modulator (NEMO) mutations, 726

Nuclear medicine imaging

in aspiration syndromes, 1472t

in congenital hypothyroidism, 1900

esophageal, e310-3

in fever of unknown origin, 902

hepatic, 1379

in Meckel diverticulum, 1282, 1282f

in neonatal cholestasis, 1385

in orthopedic problems, 2334

in osteomyelitis, 2396-2397

pulmonary, e366-3

in pulmonary embolism, 1502

radiation exposure from, 2448

in septic arthritis, 2400

thyroid, e557-2

in urinary tract obstruction, 1840-1841

Nucleic acid amplification, e164-4

Nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT)

in Chlamydia trachomatis, 1036-1037

in gonococcal disease, 938

in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 996

in sexually transmitted disease, 709

Nucleoside/nucleotide analogs, 1399

Nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), 1167, 1168t-1171t

Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) for pain assessment, 361

Nummular eczema, 2252, 2252f

Nurse-geneticist, 382t

Nursemaid elbow, 2384, 2384f

Nursery care

of newborn, 538, 538t

of premature infant, 558-562

Nursing See Breast-feeding

Nut allergy, 821, 821t, 823t

Nutrition See also Diet See also Malnutrition

acute intermittent porphyrias and, e85-5

in acute renal failure, 1821

assessment of before renal transplantation, e530-2

in burn management, 354

chronic diarrhea and, 1344-1345

in chronic kidney disease, 1824

in eating disorders treatment, 94-95

effects of vomiting on, 1243t

ethics of withholding, e3-2

feedings in

during first year of life, 160-165

of school-age children and adolescents, 166-167

of toddlers and preschool-age children, 165

home mechanical ventilation and, 1525-1526

issues associated with

complementary and alternative medicine, 169

cultural considerations, 167-168

food assistance programs, 170

food environment, 167, 168f

food safety, 169

in gastroesophageal reflux disease, 1269

nutritional programming, 169

organic foods, 169

preventive nutrition counseling, 169-170

using food as reward, 167

vegetarianism, 168

maternal, e89-2t

measuring adequacy of, e41-17

overweight and obesity and, 179-188

body mass index and, 179, 180f-181f

comorbidities of, 183-184, 184t

endocrine and neural physiology of, 183

environmental factors in, 182

epidemiology of, 179

etiology of, 179-183

evaluation of, 184-185, 185f, 185t

genetics in, 182-183, 182t

identification of, 184

interventions for, 185-186, 186t-187t

prevention of, 186-188, 187t-188t

parenteral

cholestasis associated with, e352-2

for premature and low birthweight infants, 559-560

for short bowel syndrome, 1316

prenatal, birth weight and, e6-8-e6-9

requirements for, e41-1-e41-18

dietary reference intakes in, e41-1-e41-4

in Shigella treatment, 961

three myths about, 170t

in type 1 diabetes mellitus, 1981-1983, 1982t

vitamin A deficiencies and excess in, 188-191

vitamin B complex deficiency and excess in, 191-198

Nutritional dermatoses, 2328-2330, 2329f-2330f

Nutritive value of baby foods, e708-15t

NVICP See National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (NVICP)

Nyctalopia, 2154

Nystagmus, 2161-2162, 2161t, 2162f

with Down syndrome, 403t

in ear disorders, e628-1

end-gaze, e584-4

in neurologic examination, e584-4

Nystagmus retractorius, 2161

O

OAE See Otoacoustic emissions (OAE) testing

Oasthouse urine disease, 1319

OATPs See Organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs)

Obesity, 179-188

body mass index and, 179, 180f-181f, e13-3-e13-4

due to cancer and its therapy, e488-7t-e488-9t

comorbidities of, 183-184, 184t

endocrine and neural physiology of, 183

environmental factors in, 182

epidemiology of, 179

etiology of, 179-183

evaluation of, 184-185, 185f, 185t

genetics in, 182-183, 182t

growth charts for assessment of, e13-3-e13-4

identification of, 184

interventions for, 185-186, 186t-187t

liver disease and, e352-2

maternal, e89-2t

prevention of, 186-188, 187t-188t

pulmonary manifestations of, e413-1t

sleep-disordered breathing and, 49

slipped capital femoral epiphysis and, 184t, 2363-2364

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

type 2 diabetes mellitus and, 1990-1991

Obesity hypoventilation syndrome, 1522-1523

Object, transitional, 31-32

Object permanence, 30

Obligate anaerobes, 995

Oblique fracture, 2388f, 2390

Observation

in acutely ill child evaluation, 276

in appendicitis, 1354

in brain death diagnosis, e63-3

Obsessions, 80

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), 80-81, 81t

group A streptococci infection and, 919

trichotillomania as, 2290

Obstruction

airway

acute inflammatory upper, 1445-1450, 1446f

in asthma, 782, 784

critical high airway obstruction syndrome (CHAOS), 577, 578f

extrathoracic, e365-5, e365-7f, e365-9t

intrapulmonary, 1420, e365-8f, e365-9t

intrathoracic-extrapulmonary, 1419, e365-7f, e365-9t

management of, 282-283, 282f-283f

neonatal, 577, 578f

respiratory distress due to, 315t

in respiratory syncytial virus infection, 1127-1128

due to tonsil and adenoid pathology, 1443, 1445

in traumatic injury, 335

bronchial in tuberculosis, 998, 1000f, 1002

congenital nasolacrimal duct, 2165

duodenal, 1277-1278, 1278f

esophageal, e310-1-e310-2

Eustachian tube, 2201

gastric outlet, 1275-1276

gastrointestinal

causes of, 1243t

vomiting due to, 1242

intestinal See (Ileus)

midureteral, 1842

nasal in common cold, 1435

ureteropelvic junction, 1841-1842

of urinary tract, 1838-1847, 1839t

Obstructive congenital heart disease, 1561-1571

in adults, 1608

Obstructive disorders of esophagus, 1263-1264

Obstructive jaundice in cystic fibrosis, 1496

Obstructive shock, 285, 305, 307t

clinical manifestations of, 308

hemodynamic variables in, 311t

treatment of, 313

Obstructive sleep apnea, 403t

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), 49-51, 49t-50t, 1523

obesity with, 184t

Obstructive uropathy, nephrotoxins in, 1817t

OCA See Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA)

Occipital bone fracture

Occipital horn syndrome, 1321, 2075

Occipital plagiocephaly, 2012

Occult bacteremia, 897-898

Occult blood, fecal, 1344t

Occult spinal dysraphism, 1999, 2000f, 2001t

neuropathic bladder, e536-3, e536-3f

Occupants in motor vehicle accident, 21-22

Occupational therapy

for juvenile dermatomyositis, 849

for respiratory insufficiency, 1525

OCD See Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD); Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD)

Ochronosis in alcaptonuria, 423

OCs See Oral contraceptives (OCs)

Octopia lentis, in Marfan syndrome, 2441-2442

Octreotide

for chemotherapy-associated vomiting, 1244t

for sulfonylurea poisoning, 256t-257t, 263

OCTs See Organic cation transporters (OCTs)

Ocuflox See Ofloxacin

Ocular allergies, 809-811, 810f, 811t

Ocular bobbing, 2162t, e584-4

Ocular larva migrans (OLM), 1227-1229, 1228t

Ocular motility, 2150

Ocular motor apraxia, congenital, 2161

Ocular motor dysmetria, 2162, 2162t

Ocular torticollis, 2379

Oculocephalic reflex, brain death and, e63-2t

Oculocerebral renal syndrome of Lowe, 1809-1810, 2171

Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA), 2238-2239

Oculocutaneous tyrosinemia, 422-423

Oculoglandular tularemia, 979

Oculomotor apraxia type Cogan, 1816

Oculomotor nerve

neurologic examination of, e584-4

palsy of, 2159, 2159f

seizures and abnormalities of, e587-4

Oculosympathetic paresis, 2155

Oculovestibular reflex, brain death and, e63-2t

Odor

inborn errors of amino acid metabolism associated with, 418t

in poisonings, 252t

Odynophagia, 1240, e310-1-e310-2

Oesophagostomum bifurcum, e271-1t-e271-11t

Office

isolation techniques for, e166-1

microbiologic testing in, e164-3

preparedness for emergencies, e61-1-e61-2

Ofloxacin, e173-4t-e173-11t

for Chlamydia trachomatis, 1036

for traveler’s diarrhea, e168-5

1,25(OH)₂D₃ See 1,25Dihydroxycholecalciferol₂D₃ (1,25(OH)₂D₃)

Ohtahara syndrome, 1164

OI See Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI)

Oil spill hazards, e700-1-e700-2

Ointments, 2216

OIs See Opportunistic infections (OIs)

OKT3 in renal transplantation, e530-3

Olanzapine for psychosis and agitation, 64t

Oleander toxicity, 269t

Olecranon bursitis, 2410-2411

Olfactory nerve, neurologic examination of, e584-3

Oligoarthritis in juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 831t, 832, 832f, 837

Oligodendroglioma, 1750

Oligohydramnios

fetal therapy for, 551t

high-risk infant due to, 552

in high-risk pregnancies, e89-1-e89-2

in renal agenesis, 1827

Oligomeganophronia, 1828

Oligomenorrhea, 686t

Oligosaccharidoses, 484t

Oliguria, fluid therapy adjustments and, 245, 245t

OLM See Ocular larva migrans (OLM)

Olopatadine

for allergic conjunctivitis, 811t

for allergic disease, 771-772

OLT See Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT)

OM See Otitis media (OM)

Omalizumab

for allergic disease, 772

for asthma, 794t, 796

for atopic dermatitis, 805

OME See Otitis media with effusion (OME)

Omen syndrome, 732-733

Omeprazole, 1293t

Omnaris See Ciclesonide

Omnicef See Cefdinir

Omnipen See Ampicillin

Omphalitis, 639, e99-2

in newborn, 535-536

Omphalocele, congenital, e99-1, e99-1f

Omphalomesenteric duct, remnants of, 1281-1282

Omsk hemorrhagic fever, 1151-1152

Onchocera volvulus, 1225, e271-1t-e271-11t

Oncogenes, e486-1

Oncogenesis, e486-1-e486-4

of Epstein-Barr virus, 1111-1112, 1112t

genes involved in, e486-1, e486-1t

Oncosphere, 1234-1235

Oncovin See Vincristine

Ondansetron

for chemotherapy-associated vomiting, 1244t

for nausea in palliative care, 155t-156t

Ondansetron for vomiting, 1244t

Onions for asthma, 271t

Online harassment, 668

Onset of pain, e664-1t

Ontogency

drug disposition and, e57-3-e57-7

pharmacodynamics and, e57-7-e57-9

Onycholysis, 2295, 2295f

Onychomadesis, 2295, 2296f

Onychomycosis, 2296

candidal, 1055

Oocyst in toxoplasmosis, 1208

Oophoritis, due to mumps, 1080

Opa adhesins, 930

Opacities, neonatal corneal, e619-1, e619-1t

OPC See Oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC)

Opc adhesins, 930

Opcon-A See Naphazoline hydrochloride

Open bite, e301-1

Open globe, 2185

Open pneumothorax, 336t

Operating otoscope head, 2202

Operations Management, e2-5

Ophthalmia neonatorum, 2166

Ophthalmitis, gonococcal, 937

Ophthalmologic examination, 2148-2150, 2149t

fever of unknown origin and, 901

in juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 833t

Ophthalmopathy, thyroid-related, 2182

Ophthalmoplegia

chronic progressive external, 391t, 2131-2132

internuclear in neurologic examination, e584-4

progressive external, 2067-2068

Ophthalmoscopy, 2150

Opiates

adolescent use of, 684-685

urine screening in, 676t

intoxication, 676t

Opioids

adverse reaction to, 366t, 828

for anesthesia, e70-4t-e70-5t, e70-7

for neuropathic pain, 368t

for pain management, 364-367, 365t-367t, 367f

pharmacokinetics of, e56-3t

poisoning with, 251t, 253t, 261

antidote for, 256t-257t

Opisthorchiasis, e293-1

Opisthorchis viverrini, e271-1t-e271-11t

Opisthotonos

assessment in neurologic examination, e584-6, e584-7f

with tetanus, 992

Opportunistic infections (OIs)

chronic diarrhea due to, 1340

HIV-related, 1162-1163

prophylaxis for, 1174, 1175t-1176t

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 975

Oppositional defiant disorder, 96-98, 97t See also Disruptive behavioral disorders

adolescent violence and, 669, 670t

Opsoclonus, 2162, 2162t

in neurologic examination, e584-4

Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome, e587-5

neuroblastoma associated with, 1754t

Opsonins, e121-3

Opsonization defects, infection with, e171-2-e171-3

Optic atrophy, e623-3

Optic disc

disorders of

morning glory anomaly as, e623-1

tilted disc as, e623-1

neurologic examination of, e584-2

swelling of, e584-2-e584-3

Optic nerve

abnormalities of, e623-1-e623-3

glaucoma as, e624-1-e624-2

drusen of, e623-1-e623-2

hypoplasia of, 2006

multiple sclerosis effects on, 2077t

myelination of fibers of, 2181

neurologic examination of, e584-3-e584-4, e584-3f

traumatic injury to, 2185

Optic nerve aplasia, 2181

Optic nerve coloboma, e623-1, e623-1f

Optic nerve glioma, e623-3

in neurofibromatosis, 2047f

Optic nerve hypoplasia, e623-1

Optic neuritis, e623-2

Optic neuropathy

Leber, 2067, e623-2-e623-3

traumatic, e623-3

Opticrom See Cromolyn sodium

Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN), 2148, e584-3

OPV See Oral polio vaccine (OPV)

Oral allergy syndrome, 822

Oral candidiasis, 1054-1055

HIV-related, 1164

Oral cavity

diagnostic radiology in dental assessment of, e309-1, e309-1f

disorders of

associated with other conditions, 1251, 1251t

cleft lip and palate, 1252-1253, 1252f

dental caries as, 1254-1256, 1255f-1256f

dental trauma, 1258-1259, 1258f-1259f, 1258t

malocclusion, e301-1, e301-1f

periodontal, 1257-1258

of salivary glands and jaw, e308-1

soft tissue lesions, 1259-1261, 1260f, 1260t

effects of malnutrition on, 175t

newborn assessment of, 534

syndromes with manifestations in, 1252f, 1253-1254

trench, 2299, e205-1

ulcers due to rheumatic disease in, e147-1, e147-2t

Oral contraceptives (OCs), 695t-696t, 696-698

for acne, 2325t

for amenorrhea, 688t

drug interactions with, e57-13t-e57-14t

for dysmenorrhea, 691t

for emergency contraception, 698t

missed pills and, 696, 697f, 697t

for polycystic ovary syndrome, e546-3

special needs girls and, 1875

Oral hairy leukoplakia, 2299

Oral hygiene for dental caries prevention, 1256

Oral hypoglycemics, 1992-1993, 1992t

poisoning with, 251t, 263

Oralin insulin, 1977

Oral manifestations, 1253-1254

Oral polio vaccine (OPV), 894, 1087-1088

for travel, e168-3

Oral rehydration therapy

for acute gastroenteritis, 1334, 1335t

for cholera, 967

for malnutrition, 176-177

Oral solutions, composition of, e708-9t-e708-10t

Orbit

abnormalities of, 2181-2182

complications of due to sinusitis, 1438

penetrating wounds of, 2186

Orbital cellulitis, 2167t, 2183-2184, 2183t, 2184f

Haemophilus influenzae in, 942

due to sinusitis, 1438

Orbital fracture, 2186

Orbital inflammation, 2182

Orbital pseudotumor, 2182

Orbital tumors, 2182, 2182f

Orchiopexy, scrotal, 1861-1862

Orchitis

due to Coxsackie, 1091

due to mumps, 1080

Orellanine poisoning, e703-1

Organ donation See also Transplantation

by child, e3-6-e3-7

ethics in, e3-3

Organ dysfunction in shock, 305, 307t

Organic acidemias, 430-438, 430f

Organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs), e56-10

Organic cation transporters (OCTs), e56-10

Organic foods, 169

Organic mercury exposure, e701-1-e701-2

Organizational stage of empyema, 1507

Organization skills, e29-4

Organophosphates poisoning, 266-267

antidote for, 256t-257t

Organ transplantation See Transplantation

Oriental sore, 1188

Orientia tsutsugamushi, 1039t-1040t, 1045-1046

Orificial tuberculosis, 2307

Orlistat

for weight loss in adults, 187t

Ornithine, defects in metabolism of, 447-453, 448f-449f, 448t, 450t

Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency, 448f, 451

Ornithosis, e219-1-e219-2

Oropharyngeal airway for respiratory distress and failure, 319

Oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC), 1259-1260

Oropharyngeal dysphagia, 1240, 1241t

Oropharyngeal infections

Francisella tularensis in, 979

herpes simplex virus in, 1099, 1099f

Oroticaciduria, 1655

Orotic aciduria, hereditary, e83-7-e83-8

Oroya fever, 982

Orthodromic conduction, 1613-1614

Orthographic problems, e29-6

Orthopedic management of arthrogryposis, e674-3

Orthopedic problems

arthrogryposis as, e674-1-e674-5

chest pain in, 1530t

deformation birth defects as, e102-2-e102-3

disorders of in mucopolysaccharidoses, 515t

of elbow, 2383-2384, 2383f-2384f, 2384t

evaluation of, 2331-2335

of back pain, 2332

history in, 2331, 2332t

laboratory studies in, 2335

of limp, 2332, 2334t

neurologic, 2332-2334

physical examination in, 2331-2332, 2332t, 2333f

radiographic, 2334-2335

of foot and toes, 2335-2344

calcaneovalgus feet as, 2336

cavus feet as, 2340, 2340f

congenital vertical talus as, 2337-2338, 2337t, 2338f

hypermobile pes planus (flatfoot) as, 2338, 2338f

metatarsus adductus as, 2335, 2335f

osteochondroses/apophysitis as, 2340-2341, 2340f

painful foot in, 2344, 2344t

puncture wounds as, 2341

shoes and, 2344

talipes equinovarus (clubfoot) as, 2336, 2337f

tarsal coalition as, 2339-2340, 2339f, 2339t

toe deformities as, 2341-2342

fractures as, 2387-2394, 2388f

buckle or torus, 2390

due to child abuse, 2390

complete, 2390

complications of, 2394, 2394t

epiphyseal, 2390, 2390t, 2391f

greenstick, 2390

healing of, 2389

lower extremity, 2392, 2393t

outcomes of, 2394

overgrowth after, 2389

patterns of, 2389

plastic deformation, 2389-2390, 2389f-2390f

progressive deformity after, 2389, 2389f

remodeling of, 2388f, 2389

surgical treatment of, 2393-2394, 2394t

upper extremity, 2390-2391

growth and development and, e664-1-e664-2, e664-1f, e664-1t

of hand, 2385-2387, 2385f-2386f, 2385t-2387t

of hip, 2355-2365

developmental dysplasia as, 2356, 2357f-2359f

Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease as, 2361, 2362f

slipped capital femoral epiphysis as, 2363, 2364f

transient monoarticular synovitis as, 2360

in juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 838-839

of knee, 2351-2355

discoid lateral meniscus as, 2352, 2352f

idiopathic adolescent anterior knee pain syndrome as, 2354

Osgood-Schlatter disease as, 2354, 2354f

osteochondritis dissecans as, 2353, 2353f

patellar subluxation and dislocation, 2355

popliteal cyst as, 2353

leg-length discrepancy as, e668-1-e668-6

of neck, 2377-2382

cervical anomalies and instabilities as, 2380-2382, 2381t

in Down syndrome, 2381-2382, 2382f

Kippel-Feil syndrome as, 2379-2380, 2380f

in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, 2382, 2382f

torticollis in, 2377-2379, 2378f, 2378t

obesity with, 184t

osteomyelitis as, 2394-2398, 2395t-2396t, 2396f

in progeria, e84-1

septic arthritis as, 2398-2400, 2399f, 2399t

of shoulder, 2383

of spine, 2365-2377, 2365t

back pain as, 2373-2374, 2373t

disk space infection as, 2376, 2376t

intervertebral disk herniation and slipped vertebral apophysis as, 2377

kyphosis as, 2371-2373, 2372f

scoliosis as

compensatory, 2371

congenital, 2368-2370, 2369f

idiopathic, 2365-2368, 2366f, 2368f

neuromuscular, 2370-2371

spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis as, 2374-2376, 2375f

syndromes and genetic disorders, 2371

tumors as, 2377

due to sports injury See (Sports entries)

in systemic lupus erythematosus, 843t

torsional and angular, 2344-2351

of wrist, 2384-2385

Orthopedic prostheses, infection associated with, e172-3

Orthophoria, 2157

Orthostatic hypotension, e587-1-e587-2

Orthostatic intolerance, e587-1-e587-2

Orthostatic proteinuria, 1800

Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), 1414

Orthotopic ureterocele, 1843-1844, 1843f

Ortolani test, 2357, 2357f

OSA See Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)

Oseitis pubis, 2413

Oseltamivir, e237-1t-e237-2t, e237-4-e237-5

for influenza, 1123, 1123t-1124t

Osgood-Schlatter disease, 2354, 2354f, 2436t

sports-related, 2416

Osler nodes, 1623

Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome, 1531t, 1599, 2230

Osmolal gap, e52-2

in poisonings, 254t

Osmolality, e52-2-e52-3

in acute renal failure, 1819, 1820t

in diabetes insipidus, 1882

of intravenous solutions, 217, 243

in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, 1812

reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

regulation of, 212, e52-4

Osmolarity of oral rehydration solutions, 1335t

Osmoles

idiogenic, 214

unmeasured, e52-2

Osmotic diarrhea, 1245, 1245t, 1339, 1339f

Osmotic diuresis, e52-4

Osmotic equilibrium, e52-2

Osmotic fragility test, 1660-1661, 1662f

Os odontoideum, 2381

Ossification

centers of, 29t, e664-1-e664-2

endochondral, e664-1

intramembranous, e664-1

Ossifying fibroma of jaw, e308-1

Osteoarthropathy

in cystic fibrosis, 1494

hypertrophic, e163-1

Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD), 2353, 2353f, 2436t

as sports injury, 2408, 2408f

Osteochondritis in congenital syphilis, 1017-1018, 1018f

Osteochondrodysplasias See Skeletal dysplasias

Osteochondroses, 2340-2341, 2340f

juvenile, 2435, 2436t

Osteodystrophy

Albright hereditary, 1919-1920

renal, in chronic kidney disease, 1823t, 1824-1825

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), 2437-2440

clinical manifestations of, 2437-2439, 2438f

cardiac, 1532t

complications of, 2439, 2439f

dentinogenesis imperfecta with, 1250

epidemiology of, 2437

etiology of, 2437

genetic counseling in, 2439-2440

laboratory findings in, 2439

middle ear and inner ear involvement in, e633-1

oral manifestations of, 1253-1254

pathogenesis of, 2437

pathology of, 2437

prognosis for, 2439

treatment of, 2439

Osteoma of ear canal, 2199

Osteomyelitis

clinical manifestations of, 2395, 2396t

diagnosis of, 2395-2396

differential diagnosis of, 2397

epidemiology of, 2395, 2395t

etiology of, 2394-2395

pathogenesis of, 2395

prognosis for, 2398

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 976t

radiographic evaluation of, 2396-2397, 2396f

treatment of, 2397-2398

vertebral, 2376, 2376t

Osteonecrosis in slipped capital femoral epiphysis, 2365

Osteopathia striata, 2222

Osteopenia, 2446-2447

in female athlete, 2421-2422

Osteopetrosis, 2432-2433, 2433f

Osteoporosis, 2446-2447, 2447t

due to inhaled corticosteroids, 793

with osteogenesis imperfecta, 2437

Osteoporosis-pseudoglioma, 2447

Osteosarcoma, 1763-1766, 1763t, 1764f

Ewing sarcoma as, 1765-1766, 1765f

incidence and survival rates for, 1726t

risk factors for, 1727t

telangiectatic, 1763

work-up of, 1731t

Ostium primum defects, 1554-1556

in adults, 1607

Ostium secundum defect, 1551-1553, 1551f-1553f

Otalgia, 2188

OTC See Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency; Over-the-counter (OTC) preparations

Otitic hydrocephalus, 2212

Otitis externa, 2196-2199, 2198f

examination of, e628-1

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 976t

Otitis media (OM), 2199-2213

adenoidectomy for, 2213

adhesive, 2212

bacterial causes of, e188-1f

in child-care setting, e167-1t

in cleft lip and palate, 1253

clinical manifestations of, 2202

as complication of common cold, 1436

definition of, 2199t

developmental sequelae of, 2213

diagnosis of, 2203-2204, 2203f-2204f

epidemiology of, 2200-2201

etiology of, 2201

examination of eardrum in, 2202-2205

external otitis versus, 2197

Haemophilus influenzae in, 943

in influenza, 1124

intracranial complications of, 2211-2212

due to measles, 1071-1072, 1072t

Moraxella catarrhalis in, e188-1

nontuberculous mycobacterial, 1013

otitis media with effusion versus, 2203-2204, 2203f

in parainfluenza viruses, 1125t

pathogenesis of, 2201-2202

physical sequelae of, 2212-2213

prevention of, 2213

treatment of, 2205-2209, 2205t, 2206f-2207f, 2207t

with Turner syndrome, 1953

Otitis media with effusion (OME), 2199-2200

acute otitis media versus, 2203-2204, 2203f

complications of, 2210-2211, 2210f-2212f, 2210t

etiology of, 2201

management of, 2209-2211, 2209t

tympanometry in, 2194-2195

Otitis prone, e188-1

Otoacoustic emissions (OAE) testing, 2192, 2195

Otomastoiditis, nontuberculous mycobacterial, 1013

Otomycosis, 2197-2198

Aspergillus in, 1060

Otorrhea

purulent, e628-1

tube, 2208-2209

Otosclerosis, e633-1

Otoscopy, 2202, e628-1-e628-2, e628-2f

Ottawa ankle rules, 2417-2418, 2417f

Outcome measures in emergency medical services for children, 278, e61-10

Outpatient setting, isolation techniques for, e166-1 See also Office

Out-toeing gate, 2347

Ovalocytes, e453-1

Ovary(ies)

autoimmune failure of, 1956

development of, e576-1

function of, e576-5

hypofunction of, 1951-1957, 1951t

primary, 1951-1956, 1952f

secondary, 1956-1957

neonatal assessment, e542-1

neoplasms of, 1871-1872, 1872t

pseudoprecocity resulting from, 1957-1958

polycystic syndrome of, e546-1-e546-3, e546-1f, e546-1t-e546-2t

amenorrhea due to, 686

with type 2 diabetes mellitus, 1993t

in type I glycogen storage disease, 493-495

Overactive bladder, 73, 1847-1849, 1849f

Overdose syndrome, opiate, 685

Overgrowth syndromes, e554-1-e554-6, e554-1t-e554-2t

Overinflation, 1460-1462, 1461f-1462f

Overlapping 5th toe, 2342

Overlap syndrome, 829

Over-the-counter (OTC) preparations

for common cold, 1435

drug interaction with, e57-12

Overuse injury, 2406-2407, 2407t

elbow, 2411-2412

Overweight, 36t, 179-188

body mass index and, 179, 180f-181f

comorbidities of, 183-184, 184t

endocrine and neural physiology of, 183

environmental factors in, 182

epidemiology of, 179

etiology of, 179-183

evaluation of, 184-185, 185f, 185t

genetics in, 182-183, 182t

identification of, 184

interventions for, 185-186, 186t-187t

prevention of, 186-188, 187t-188t

sleep-disordered breathing and, 49

systemic hypertension and, 1641

type 1 diabetes mellitus and, 1982

Ovotesticular disorders of sex development (DSD), 1968

Oxacillin, e173-4t-e173-11t

for infective endocarditis, 1625t

for neonatal infection, 645t

for osteomyelitis, 2397

for septic arthritis, 2400

for Staphylococcus aureus, 907t

Oxalate-containing plants toxicity, 269t

Oxalosis, 440-441

Oxamniquine, e271-1t-e271-11t

Oxandrolone for Turner syndrome, 1954

Oxazolidinones, e173-14

Oxcarbazepine

adverse effects of, 2031t

dosages of, 2030t

Oxidative phosphorylation disease, 506, 507t-509t, 508f

Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), impaired, 1405-1406

Oxides of nitrogen (NO_x), e700-1

5-Oxoprolinuria, 443-444

3-Oxothiolase deficiency, 433-434, 434f

Oxotoxin, 904

OXPHOS See Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), impaired

Oxybutynin for nocturnal incontinence, 1852

Oxycodone

equianalgesic doses and half-life of, 367t

for pain management, 365t

in palliative care, 155t-156t

Oxycontin for pain management in palliative care, 155t-156t

Oxygen

fraction of inspired See (Fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO₂))

in mechanical ventilation, 327

oxygen administration and, 319

partial pressure of carbon dioxide divided into, 319

hyperbaric for carbon monoxide poisoning, 270

partial pressure of, e365-3f

in asthma, 784t

divided into fraction of inspired oxygen, 319

in fetal circulation, 1529

in respiratory alkalosis, 240

in respiratory failure, 316

in transitional circulation, e415-1

as poisoning antidote, 256t-257t

Oxygen administration

for anaphylaxis, 818t

for asthma exacerbation, 797t-798t, 800

for bronchopulmonary dysplasia, 1516, e410-1

in neonatal resuscitation, 576

in premature infant, 559

possible adverse reactions to, 563t

for respiratory distress and failure, 319, 584

Oxygenation assessment in respiratory distress and failure, 318-319

Oxygen delivery, e365-8

Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, e365-3f

Oxygen index (QI), 319

Oxygen saturation (Sao₂)

in asthma, 784t

mixed venous, in shock, 309-310

Oxyhemoglobin (So₂), 1419

Oxymetazoline for allergic rhinitis, 780t

Oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase deficiency, 1384

Oxytocin, e550-2

Ozone pollutants, e700-1

P

PA See Pilocytic astrocytoma (PA)

PAC See Premature atrial contraction (PAC)

Pachyonychia congenita, 2273

Pacific Islander population, death rates for, 3t-4t

Pacifiers

otitis media and, 2200

sudden infant death syndrome and, 1425

Pacing

cardiac

for AV heart block, 1619

for supraventricular tachycardia, 1614-1615

diaphragm, 332-333, 1524-1525

in congenital central hypoventilation syndrome, 1522

PACNS See Primary angiitis of central nervous system (PACNS)

PaCO₂ See Alveolar partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO₂)

PACU See Postanesthesia care unit (PACU)

Pagophagia, 1656

Pain

abdominal, 1247-1248, 1247t-1248t

in acute intermittent porphyrias, e85-6

in acutely ill child, 276

of appendicitis, 1350

in Campylobacter infection, 969

exclusion from day care due to, e15-2t

functional, 1346-1349, 1346t-1348t

in hyperparathyroidism, 1921

nondigestive causes of, 1241t

nonorganic chronic, 1346-1349, 1346t-1348t

in pancreatitis, 1371

of peptic ulcer disease, 1292

in Wilms tumor, 1758

assessment and measurement of, 360-361, 362f, 363t

back, 2332, 2373-2374, 2373t

in rheumatic disease, e147-1t

in spondyloarthritides, e150-2, e150-2t

categories of, 360, 360t

chest

differential diagnosis of, 1530t

history of, 1530

as manifestation of extrapulmonary disease, 1526, e413-1t

in rheumatic disease, e147-1t

due to chronic illness, e39-2

congenital insensitivity to, 2143

definition of, 360

esophageal, e310-1-e310-2

in Fabry disease, 489

foot, 2344, 2344t

growing, 878, 878t, e147-1

knee, 2351-2352

muscular, in neuromuscular disorders, 2109

musculoskeletal, assessment of, 2331, e664-1t

neuropathic, 360t, 367-368, 368t, 374

in newborn, e92-2, e92-2t

nociception in, 360, 361f

not result of identifiable or diagnosable conditions, 375

perception and effects of on newborns and infants, 373-375

in sickle cell disease, 1664-1665, 1665t

somatic, 1248

due to sports injury, 2408

syndromes, 374-375

treatment of See (Pain management)

visceral, 1248

Pain disorder

diagnostic criteria for, 68t, 69

paroxysmal extreme, e587-3

Pain management, 360-375

for advanced disease, 374

in burn injury, 355

in cancer, 374, 374t, e488-5

invasive interventions for, 371-373

nonpharmacologic, 370-371

in palliative care, 154-157, 154t-156t

nonpharmacologic, 157t

pharmacologic, 362-370, 368f

acetaminophen, aspirin, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs for, 363-364, 364t

antidepressants for, 368-369

antiepileptic drugs for, 369-370

antipsychotics and major sedatives for, 370

benzodiazepines for, 370

local anesthetics for, 367-368, 367t-368t

opioids, 364-367, 365t-367t, 367f

pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of analgesics in, 362-363

serotonin and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for, 369

unconventional medications for, 368-370, 368f

postoperative, e70-14-e70-15

Pain receptors in respiration regulation, 1421

Pain syndrome(s)

arthralgia and, e147-1

complex regional, 374-375

erythromelalgia, 375

musculoskeletal, 876-880, 877t-878t

complex regional pain syndrome as, 879-880, 879t

erythromelalgia as, 880, 880f

fibromyalgia as, 878-879, 879f

growing pains as, 878

myofascial pain disorders and fibromyalgia, 375

PAIR, 1238-1239

Palate, cleft, 1252-1253, 1252f

dental problems associated with, 1251t

Palatine tonsil, 1442

Paley multiplier method, e668-2-e668-3, e668-4f

Palivizumab, 882t, 883, e237-5

for respiratory syncytial virus prophylaxis, 1129

Palliative care, 149-159, 150f

care settings for, 151

communication, advanced care planning, and anticipatory guidance in, 151-159

for child, 152, 153t

for parents, 151-152

for pediatrician, 159

for siblings, 152-153

for staff, 153

conditions appropriate for, 149-150, 149t

decision-making in, 153

resuscitation status in, 153-154

sedation in, 158

symptoms management in, 154-158, 154t-157t

during terminal phase, 158-159

Pallister-Hall syndrome (PHS), e102-3-e102-4

adrenal insufficiency with, 1925t

congenital heart disease with, 1531t

Pallister-Killian syndrome, 412

Pallor

in iron deficiency-anemia, 1656

in newborn, 533, e92-1

Palmar erythema, as manifestation of liver disease, 1376

Palmaris longus muscle aplasia, 2118

Palmoplantar keratodermas (PPKs), 2272-2273, 2273f

Palpation

abdominal

in acutely ill child evaluation, 276-277

in appendicitis, 1350

in intussusception, 1288

of skull in neurologic examination, e584-2

Palsy

Bell, 2146-2147, 2146t, 2147f

brachial, as birth injury, 573-574, 574f, 2383

bulbar, due to botulism, 988, 989f

facial nerve, 574

sixth nerve, 2160

third nerve, 2159, 2159f

PAM See Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis (PAM)

2PAM See Pralidoxime

PAMPs See Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

PAN See Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN)

pANCA See Perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (pANCA)

Pancreas

annular, e339-2

disorders of

associated with pancreatic insufficiency, 1369-1370

chronic diarrhea with, 1340-1341

due to cystic fibrosis, 1487-1488

in cystic fibrosis, 1485

pancreatic function tests in, e340-1

pancreatitis as, 1370-1373, 1370t-1371t, 1372f-1373f

pseudocyst as, 1373

tumor as, e345-1

embryology, anatomy, and physiology of, e339-1-e339-4, e339-1f

malabsorption and, 1307-1308, 1317

transplantation of, 1989-1990

Pancreas divisum, 1368

Pancreatic agenesis, 1368

Pancreatic β-cells

genetic defects of, 1993-1995

loss of function in diabetes mellitus, 1973-1974, 1973f

Pancreatic enzymes, e339-3

deficiencies of, 1369

replacement of, 1369-1370

in cystic fibrosis, 1495

Pancreatic function tests, e340-1

Pancreatic insufficiency

treatment of, 1369-1370

Pancreatic panniculitis, 2284

Pancreatitis, 1370-1373

abdominal pain of, 1247t-1248t

acute, 1370-1372, 1370t-1371t

chronic, 1372-1373, 1373f

in cystic fibrosis, 1496

with hyperparathyroidism, 1921

due to mumps, 1080

in type I glycogen storage disease, 493-495

Pancreato-blastoma, e345-1

Pancuronium for anesthesia, e70-4t-e70-5t

Pancytopenia

acquired, 1691-1692, 1691t

inherited, 1684-1690, 1684t

amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia as, 1689

dyskeratosis congenita as, 1687-1689, 1688f

Fanconi anemia as, 1684-1686, 1685f, 1685t

Shwachman-Diamond syndrome as, 1686-1687

PANDAS See Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with Streptococcus pyogenes (PANDAS)

Panencephalitis, subacute sclerosing, 1072-1073, 2075-2076

Panic attack, 79, 79t

seizure versus, e587-4

Panic disorder, 79-80, 79t

respiratory signs and symptoms of, e413-1t

Panner disease, 2383-2384, 2383f, 2411, 2412f

Panniculitis, 2282-2285

cold, 358, 2285

factitial, 2285

lupus erythematosus, 2283, 2283f

pancreatic, 2284

post-steroid, 2283

Panniculus, e636-1

Panophthalmitis, 2173

Panoramic radiograph, 1261, e309-1f

Pansystolic murmur, 1535

Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), 904

Pantoprazole, 1293t

Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration, 2057t, 2060

Pantothenic acid, 194t

dietary reference intakes for, e41-8t-e41-14t

Pao₂ See Alveolar partial pressure of oxygen (Pao₂)

PAP See Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP)

PAPA See Pyogenic arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum, and acne (PAPA) syndrome

Papanicolaou (Pap) test, 1873-1874

Paper wasp, allergic responses to, 807f

Papilledema, e584-2-e584-3, e584-3f

of optic nerve, e623-2

as sign of cancer, 1728, 1730f

in pseudomotor cerebri, 2100-2101, 2100f

Papillitis, disc edema versus, e584-2-e584-3

Papilloma, choroid plexus, 1750-1751

Papillomatosis, recurrent respiratory, e382-1-e382-2, e382-2f

Papillomavirus, 1137-1141

antivirals for, e237-5

clinical manifestations of, 1139, 1139f

complications of, 1140

diagnosis of, 1139-1140

differential diagnosis of, 1140

epidemiology of, 1137-1138, 1138t

etiology of, 1137

pathogenesis of, 1138-1139

prevention of, 1141

prognosis for, 1140-1141

treatment of, 1140

Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome, 2273

Pap test See Papanicolaou (Pap) test

Papular acrodermatitis of childhood, 2266, 2266f

Papular-purpuric “gloves and socks” syndrome (PPGSS), 1096-1097, 1096f

Papular urticaria, 2318, 2318f

Papule(s)

of acne, 2322-2323, 2322f

in cat-scratch disease, 984, 984f

of dracunculiasis, 1227

of erythema multiforme, 2241, 2242f

examination of, 2215

Gottron

in juvenile dermatomyositis, 846-847, 847f, e637-3, e637-5f

in rheumatic disease, e147-2t

in syphilis, 1016

PAR See Perennial allergic rhinitis (PAR)

Para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS), e206-3-e206-4

for tuberculosis, 1008t

Paracentric chromosomal inversion, 405-406

Parachute reflex, e584-7

Paradoxical pupil reaction, 2156

Paraesophageal hernia, 597, 1265, 1265f

Paragonimiasis, e293-1

Paragonimus westermani, e271-1t-e271-11t

Parahemophilia, 1703

Parainfluenza viruses (PIVs), 1125-1126, 1125t

in pneumonia, 1475t

Paraldehyde for status epilepticus, 2039t

Paralysis

Corynebacterium diphtheriae, e180-2-e180-3

Erb-Duchenne, 573-574

facial, due to ear disorders, 2211, e628-1

flaccid

due to botulism, 988-990

differential diagnosis of, 1084-1086, 1085t

in neuromuscular disorders, 2109-2110, 2112t

due to poliovirus infection, 1083-1084

hyperkalemic periodic, 220, 2113t, 2125t, 2130

hypokalemic periodic, 222-223, 2125t, 2130

poliovirus infection versus, 1085t

Klumpke, 573-574

Landry ascending, 2143

oculosympathetic, 2155

periodic, 2130

hyperkalemic, 220

hypokalemic, 222-223

thyrotoxic, 222-223

pharmacologic in mechanical ventilation, 328

phrenic nerve, 574

due to poliovirus infection, 1082-1084

sleep, 53

seizure versus, e587-5

with tetanus, 992-993

tick, 2135-2136

vocal cord, 1451

Paralytic poliomyelitis, 1081-1088

Paralytic rabies, 1155

Paralytic scoliosis, e674-5

Paralytic shellfish poisoning, 1328t-1329t, e703-4

Parameatal urethral cyst, 1857-1858

Paramedics (EMT-P), e61-3

Paramyotonia, 2125

Paramyotonia congenita, 2113t, 2125t

Paranasal sinuses, 1436

cystic fibrosis and, 1485, 1488

Paraphimosis, 1854, 1854f

Paraquat lung, e391-1-e391-4

Parasitic infections

abdominal pain of, 1247t

fever of unknown origin in, 900t

food-borne, 1326t

helminthic

adult tapeworm, 1232-1234

Angiostrongylus cantonensis, 1226-1227

animal filariae, 1226

ascariasis, 1217-1218

cysticercosis, 1234-1237

dracunculiasis, 1227

echinococcosis, 1237-1239

enterobiasis, 1222

flukes, e293-1-e293-2

Gnathostoma spinigerum, 1227

hookworms, 1218-1221

loiasis, 1225-1226

lymphatic filariasis, 1224-1225

Onchocera volvulus, 1225

schistosomiasis, 1230-1231

strongyloidiasis, 1223-1224

toxocariasis, 1227-1229

treatment of, e271-11-e271-13

trichinosis, 1229-1230

trichuriasis, 1221-1222

HIV-related, e171-4t

in immigrant children, 133

laboratory diagnosis of, e164-4

maternal

breast-feeding and, 540t

fetal and neonatal effects of, e89-3t

in pneumonia, 1475t

predisposition to due to immunodeficiency, 716t

protozoan, e272-1-e272-2

African trypanosomiasis, 1190-1193

amebiasis, 1178-1180

American trypanosomiasis, 1193-1198

babesiosis, e281-1-e281-2

Balantidium coli, 1183

Cryptosporidium, 1183-1184

Cyclospora cayetanensis, 1184

Giardia lamblia, 1180-1183

Isospora belli, 1184

leishmaniasis, 1186-1190

malaria, 1198-1207

microsporidia, 1185

primary amebic meningoencephalitis, e272-1-e272-2

toxoplasmosis, 1208-1216

treatment of, e271-11-e271-13

Trichomonas vaginalis, 1185-1186

therapy for, e271-1-e271-13, e271-1t-e271-12t

traveler’s diarrhea due to, 1338t

Parasomnias, 51-52, 52t

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

in calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism, e564-1-e564-2

disorders of

hyperparathyroidism as, 1920-1923

hypoparathyroidism as, 1916-1919

pseudohypoparathyroidism (Albright hereditary osteodystrophy), 1919-1920

Parathyroid hormone-related peptides (PTHrP), e564-2

Paraurethral urethral cyst, 1858, 1858f

Paravertebral block, 372

Parenchymal lung disease

emergency airway management in, 284

eosinophilic lung disease as, e391-1-e391-6, e391-5t

hypersensitivity to inhaled materials as, e391-1-e391-2, e391-1f, e391-2t

paraquat lung as, e391-1-e391-4

silo filler disease as, e391-1-e391-3

Parent(s)

death of, e16-2

genetic counseling and, 378

immunization refusal by, 893, e3-6-e3-7

palliative care and, 151-152

presence during induction of anesthesia, e70-8

psychologic changes in during pregnancy, e6-8

role in maternal-infant attachment, e7-1, e7-1t

assessment of, e7-3

teen, characteristics of, 700-701

Parental permission, e3-1

Parenteral drug administration, e57-11

Parenteral nutrition, 1316

Parenteral solutions, composition of, e708-9t-e708-10t

Parent-infant bonding/attachment, 538-540

assessment of, e7-3

Parents’ Evaluation of Developmental Status (PEDs), 41t-43t

Parinaud syndrome, 979, 984-985, 984f, 1747, 2161, 2168, 2169f

Parkinsonism, infantile, 445

PARM See Polyanaline repeat expansion mutation (PARM)

P arm, 395

Paromomycin, e271-1t-e271-11t

for amebiasis, 1180, 1180t

for giardiasis, 1182, 1182t

for infectious diarrhea, 1337t

Paronychia, candidal, 1055

Paronychial inflammation, 2296-2297, 2297f

Paronychial tumors, 2297

Parotitis

in mumps, 1079, 1079f-1080f

recurrent, e308-1

suppurative, e308-1

Paroxetine for premenstrual dysphoric disorder, 692t

Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria, 1683

Paroxysmal depolarization shift (PDS), 2025

Paroxysmal dyskinesias, e587-3

Paroxysmal extreme pain disorder, e587-3

Paroxysmal hypercyanotic attacks in tetralogy of Fallot, 1574

Paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis (PKC), 2057t

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), e455-1, e451-1t-e451-2t, e455-1f

Paroxysmal stage of pertussis, 945

Paroxysmal tonic upgaze of childhood, e587-4-e587-5

Paroxysmal torticollis of infancy, 2379

Paroxysms

in malaria, 1200-1201

seizures and, e587-1-e587-3

Parrot fever, e219-1-e219-2

Parry Romberg syndrome, 851t

Partial agonists, receptor binding by, e57-8

Partial hospital program (PHP) for eating disorders, 96

Partial lipodystrophy, 2285-2286

Partial liquid ventilation (PLV), 596

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO₂), e365-3f

arterial, 1419

in asthma, 784t

in brain death, e63-2

normal values of, 230t

reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

in respiratory acidosis, 238-239

in respiratory failure, 316

Partial pressure of oxygen in inspired gas (Pio₂), e365-7

Partial pressure of oxygen (Po₂), e365-3f

alveolar, 1419

in asthma, 784t

divided into fraction of inspired oxygen, 319

in fetal circulation, 1529

interpretation of, 1420

in respiratory alkalosis, 240

in respiratory failure, 316

in transitional circulation, e415-1

Partial rebreather mask, 319

Partial seizure, 2013, 2021-2023, 2022f

benign epilepsy syndromes with, 2021-2022

severe epilepsy syndromes with, 2022-2023

treatment of, 2028

Partial thromboplastin time, 1697

Partial trisomy, 403

Parulis, 1261

Parvovirus B19, 1094-1097, 1095f-1096f

arthritis associated with, 840

fetal therapy for, 551t

maternal, e89-3t

red cell aplasia due to, 1652-1653

sickle cell disease and, 1663

PAS See Para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS)

Passiflora alata for sedation, 271t

Passionflower for sedation, 271t

Passive immunity, immunization for, 881-883

Passive muscle tone, 2109

Pastes for skin disorders, 2216

Past medical history

in acutely ill child, 276

in poisonings, 252-253

Pataday See Olopatadine

Patanol See Olopatadine

Patellar subluxation and dislocation, 2355, 2415

Patellar tendinosis, 2416

in basketball and volleyball, e684-2

Patellofemoral disorders, 2354

arthralgia and, e147-1

Patellofemoral stress syndrome (PFSS), 2415-2416

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), 1559-1561, 1560f

in adults, 1607

prevalence of, 1549

pulmonary atresia and, 1578-1579

respiratory distress syndrome and, 587

Patent foramen ovale (PFO), 1551

Patent urachus, e535-2

Pathocil See Dicloxacillin

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), 855

Pathogenicity islands, group B streptococci, 926

Patient, discussion of cancer treatment with, e488-3

Patient and family education

in asthma management, 788, 791t

for child abuse prevention, 142

in diabetes mellitus management, 1979

in functional abdominal pain, 1348

in pain management, 371

in pelvic examination, e542-2

in psychosomatic illness, 70

in seizures, 2025, 2026t

Patient-centered care, e2-1

Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA)

for pain management, 365-367, 367f

postoperative, e70-14

Patient positioning

for ear examination or procedures, e628-1, e628-1f

for female genital examination, 1425

in gastroesophageal reflux disease, 1268

in infant botulism, 990

sudden infant death syndrome and, 1425

Patient safety, e2-1, e2-5-e2-7

Patrick test, 2412-2413

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), 855

Pausinystalia yohimbe, potential toxicity of, 272t-273t

Pavlik harness, 2359, 2360f

PAX3 gene, 2112-2113

PAX6 gene, 2154-2155

PAX7 gene, 2112-2113

PBD See Peroxisomal biogenesis disorders (PBD)

PBG See Porphobilinogen (PBG)

PBGD See Porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD) deficiency

PCA See Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA)

PCD See Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD)

PCO₂ See Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO₂)

PCOS See Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

PCP See Phencyclidine (PCP); Primary care physician (PCP)

PCT See Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT)

PCV 13 See Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (13 valent) (PCV 13)

PD See Phenotypic diarrhea (PD)

PDA See Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

PDD See Pervasive developmental disorders (PDD)

PDF See Personal flotation device (PDF)

PDGFRα See Platelet-derived growth factor receptor α(PDGFRα)

PDGFRβ See Platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRβ)

PDS See Paroxysmal depolarization shift (PDS)

PDSA See Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycle

“Peace pill”, 683

Peach allergy, 821, 821t

Peak admittance in tympanometry, 2194-2195, 2194t

Peak expiratory flow (PEF)

assessment of, e366-3

in asthma, 784t, 785, 787f

Peak inspiratory pressure (PIP)

in mechanical ventilation, 328

Peanut allergy, 821, 821t

Pearson syndrome, 391t, 748t, 1369, 1652

Pectus carinatum, 1517

Pectus excavatum, 1516-1517, 1516f

Pedestrian injuries, 23

Pedialyte, 1335t

Pediarix, 889

Pediatric Appendicitis score, 1351, 1351t

Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with Streptococcus pyogenes (PANDAS), 81, 919

movement disorders associated with, 76

Pediatric emergency medicine (PEM), international, e61-12 See also Emergency medical services for children (EMSC)

professional organizations associated with, e61-12t

research collaboratives associated with, e61-12t

resources associated with, e61-12t

Pediatric gait, arms, legs, spine screen (pGALS), e664-2

Pediatrician See Health care providers

Pediatric Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (PRQLQ), 776

Pediatric Risk of Admission II (PRISA II), e61-10, e61-10t

Pediatric Risk of Mortality (PRISM) scoring system, e2-3

Pediatrics, 1-13

child mortality and, 1-2, 2f, 3t, 5t

genetics and, 382, 382t

growth of specialization of, 12-13

health among postinfancy children and, 2-4

health care costs and, 11

information explosion of 21st century and, 11-12

morbidities and, 4-5

organization of the profession, 12-13

patterns of health care in, 9

planning and implementing a system of care in, 9-11

scope and history of, 1-5

special risk populations in, 5-9

Pediatric Symptoms Checklist (PSC), 41t-43t, 58, 59f

Pediatric transport medicine, e61-7

Pediatric unstable bladder, 73

Pediculosis

head, 2321-2322, 2321f

in child-care setting, e167-1t, e167-3t

exclusion from day care due to, e15-2t

pubic, 712t, 2321

treatment of, e271-1t-e271-11t

Pediculosis capitis, 2321

Pediculosis corporis, 2321

Pediculosis pubis, 2321

Pediculus humanus var. corporis, 986

Pedigree, 383, 384f-387f

autosomal dominant, 387f

autosomal recessive, 388f

Pedigree notation, 383, 384f-387f

PEDs See Parents’ Evaluation of Developmental Status (PEDs)

Peeling skin, familial, 2268t

PEEP See Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP)

Peeping undescended testis, 1859

Peers, adolescent development of relationships with, 650t, 652-654

PEF See Peak expiratory flow (PEF)

Pegaspar See Pegaspargase

Pegaspargase for cancer therapy, e488-4t

Peginterferon

for hepatitis B, 1399

for hepatitis C, 1401

PEG-Intron See Pegylated interferon

Peg-shaped lateral teeth, 1250

Pegvisomant for growth hormone excess, e554-4

Pegylated interferon, e237-1t

Pegylation, e237-5

PEL See Primary effusion based lymphoma (PEL)

Peliosis, bacillary, 983t, 986

Peliosis hepatitis, 987

Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD), 2074

Pelkan spur, 199

Pellagra, 2330

due to niacin deficiency, 195, 195f

Pelodera strongyloides, 1220t

Pelvic actinomyces, e182-2

Pelvic examination, e542-2-e542-3, e542-2t See also Gynecological examination

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), 708, 939, 1871

abnormal uterine bleeding due to, 689t-690t

anaerobic, e205-1

dysmenorrhea due to, 691t

evaluation for, 710-711, 711t

gonococcal, 936

Pelvis

fetal ultrasound of, 550t

musculoskeletal pain syndrome of, 877t

sports injury to, 2407t, 2413-2414, 2413f

traumatic injury to, 339

urinary tract obstruction of, 1839t

PEM See Pediatric emergency medicine (PEM); Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)

Pemirolast potassium, 811t

Pemphigus, 2247-2248

immunofluorescence of, e637-1t

Pemphigus foliaceus, 2247-2248, 2247f

Pemphigus vulgaris (PV), 2247

Pena-Shokeir syndrome, 2138

Penciclovir, e237-1t, e237-3

Pendred syndrome, 1896, 1906, 2190t

Penetrance, genetic, e77-2-e77-3

incomplete, 383-385, 387f

Penetrating wounds of orbit, 2186

D-Penicillamine

for lead poisoning, 2453, 2453t

for mercury poisoning, e701-4

Penicillin, e173-3

adverse reactions to, 825-826, e173-12t

allergy to, 918

for group A streptococci infection, 918

for vulvovaginitis, 1868t

Penicillin G, e173-4t-e173-11t

for actinomycosis, e182-2

for bacterial meningitis, 2093t

for diphtheria, e180-3

for group A streptococci, 918

for group B streptococci, 927

for infective endocarditis, 1625t

for meningococcal disease, 933t

for neonatal infection, 645t

for tetanus, 993

for tuberculosis, 1021-1022, 1021t-1022t

Penicillin G, benzathine, 645t

for acute rheumatic fever prophylaxis, 924t

for diphtheria, e180-3

for group A streptococci infection, 918

for neonatal infection, 645t

for pharyngitis, 1439-1440

for sexually transmitted infections in adolescents, 712t

for tuberculosis, 1021t-1022t

Penicillin G, procaine, 645t

for diphtheria, e180-3

for neonatal infection, 645t

for tuberculosis, 1021t

Penicillin V, e173-4t-e173-11t

for actinomycosis, e182-2

for acute rheumatic fever prophylaxis, 924t

for group A streptococci infection, 918

for pharyngitis, 1439-1440

for post-splenectomy prophylaxis, e481-1

Penile curvature, lateral, 1857

Penis

agenesis of, 1857

circumcision and, 1854-1856, 1855f

disorders of

chordee without hypospadias as, 1854, 1854f

inconspicuous penis as, 1856, 1856f

micropenis as, 1856-1857, 1857f

phimosis and paraphimosis as, 1854, 1855f

priapism, 1857

torsion as, 1856

Pennyroyal, potential toxicity of, 272t-273t

Pentacel, 889

Pentalogy of Cantrell, 1599

Pentamidine, 1192, e271-1t-e271-11t

Penta X, 1531t

Pentazocine, 367t

Pentobarbital

for anesthesia, e70-7

for traumatic brain injury, 300

Pentobarbital coma for status epilepticus, 2039t

Pentose, defects in metabolism of, 494t-495t, e81-1-e81-5

Pentosuria, essential, e81-5

Pen VK See Penicillin V

PEO See Progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO)

PEPCK See Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) deficiency

Peppermint oil for functional abdominal pain, 1348t

Pepper syndrome, 1754t

Peptic ulcer disease, 1291-1294, 1291t, 1292f-1293f, 1293t

abdominal pain of, 1247t

Peptide absorption disorders, 1318

Peptostreptococcus, e205-3

Percentile, statistical, e6-6

Percentile curves for growth, e9-1f-e9-4f

derivation and interpretation of, e13-1-e13-2, e13-1f

Perceptual functioning, e29-2-e29-3

elementary school success and, 37t

Percussion, lung, e366-1

Percutaneous drug administration, e57-11

Percutaneous umbilical blood sampling (PUBS), 543t, 544, 549

in erythroblastosis fetalis, 617

Perennial allergic conjunctivitis, 809-810

Perennial allergic rhinitis (PAR), 775

Perforation

of augmented bladder, e536-2

esophageal, e317-1

nasal septum, 1430

tympanic membrane, 2210, 2212

traumatic, e634-1

Performance enhancing drugs, 2422-2423, 2423t

Performance Improvement (PI), e2-3

Performance management, e2-1t

Performance measure, e2-1t

Perfusion, shock-related decrease of, 308t

Perfusion pressure, cerebral, 296, 297f

Periactin See Cyproheptadine

Perianal abscess and fistula, 1360, 1360f

Perianal candidosis, 2314

Perianal dermatitis, 917, 2304-2305, 2305f

Perianal pruritus in enterobiasis, 1222

Pericardial disease, 1635-1637, 1636t, 1637f

Pericardial effusion, tuberculous, 1009

Pericardiocentesis for emergencies, 295-296

Pericarditis

in acute rheumatic fever, 922

in chronic kidney disease, 1823t

enteroviruses in, 1091

Haemophilus influenzae in, 942

in Kawasaki disease, 864

tuberculous, 1004, 1009

Pericentric chromosomal inversion, 405-406

Perichondritis, 2198

Pericoronitis, 1257

Perifollicular petechiae, due to vitamin C deficiency, 198-199, 199f

Perihepatitis See Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome

Perilymphatic fistula (PLF), e630-1, e634-1

Perinatal history, 532

in dysmorphology, e102-5-e102-6

Perinatal infections, 543t, 547-548

Campylobacter, 970

congenital lymphocytic choriomeningitis, 548

cytomegalovirus, 1116

herpes simplex virus, 1101, 1102f, 1103

tuberculous, 1007, 1011

Perinatal mortality, e87-1, e87-1t

Perinatal stroke, 2082

Perineal pruritus in enterobiasis, 1222

Perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (pANCA), 1295

Periodic breathing pattern in newborn, 580

Periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and adenitis (PFAPA), 859-860

Periodicity Schedule, 14, 15f

Periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD), 52-53

Periodic paralysis, 2130

hyperkalemic, 220, 2113t, 2125t, 2130

hypokalemic, 222-223, 2125t, 2130

poliovirus infection versus, 1085t

thyrotoxic, 222-223

Periodontal disease, 1257-1258

Periodontal injury, 1258-1259, 1259f

Perioperative care, 359

fluid maintenance during, e70-9-e70-10

general anesthesia and See (General anesthesia)

for heart transplantation, e437-1-e437-2

postanesthesia care unit in, e70-10-e70-12, e70-10t

postoperative pain management in, e70-14-e70-15

preanesthetic evaluation in, e70-12-e70-14, e70-12t-e70-13t

preoperative preparation in, e70-14, e70-14t

Periostitis in congenital syphilis, 1017-1018, 1018f

Peripartum influences on maternal-infant attachment, e7-1

Peripheral blood smear

in Chagas disease, 1196-1197

in iron deficiency anemia, 1657f

in malaria, 1201

Peripheral chemoreceptors in respiration regulation, e365-15-e365-16

Peripheral edema, 1531

Peripheral nerve injuries in newborn, 573-574, 574f

Peripheral neuropathy

due to cancer and its therapy, e488-7t-e488-9t

in tyrosinemia, 422

Peripheral vascular resistance (PVR), 592, 592f

Peripheral vascular system disease

arteriovenous fistula as, e438-1

Kawasaki disease as, 1638, e438-1f

primary hypertension as, 1639-1647

blood pressure measurement in, 1639-1640

clinical manifestations of, 1641-1642

definition of, 1639

diagnosis of, 1642, 1642f, 1643t-1644t

etiology and pathophysiology of, 1640-1641, 1641t

prevalence of, 1639

treatment of, 1642-1647, 1644f-1646f, 1645t-1646t

Peritoneal dialysis

for acute renal failure, 1821-1822, 1821t

catheter infection associated with, e172-2-e172-3

for end-stage renal disease, 1826, 1826t

Peritoneum disorders

ascites as, e362-1-e362-2, e362-1t

epigastric hernia as, 1418

malformations as, 1416

peritonitis as, 1416-1418

Peritonitis, 1416-1418

meconium, 601

in cystic fibrosis, 1487f

with nephrotic syndrome, 1805

due to peritoneal dialysis catheterization, e172-2-e172-3

tuberculous, 1006

Peritonsillar cellulitis/abscess, 1440, 1442

croup versus, 1447

Periungual candidal infection, 1055

Periungual wart, 2315, 2315f

Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), 566-568

cerebral palsy and, 2061-2063

optic nerve hypoplasia with, e623-1

Perkins line, 2358

Perlèche, 2297

Perlman syndrome, e554-2t

Permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus (PNDM), 1995

Permethrin, e271-1t-e271-11t

for scabies, 2320

Permission, parental, e3-1

Permissive hypercapnia in mechanical ventilation, 585

Permissive hypoxemia in mechanical ventilation, 585

Pernio, 358, 2285

Peroneal muscular atrophy, 2138-2139

axonal type, 2139

Peroneal spastic flatfoot, 2339-2340

Peroral drug absorption, e57-3-e57-5

Peroral drug administration, e57-11

Peroxisomal biogenesis disorders (PBD), 462-463, 463t-464t, 464f

Peroxisomal disorders, 462-467

complications of, 467

diagnosis of, 466-467

epidemiology of, 462

etiology of, 462, 462t-463t

genetic counseling in, 467

laboratory findings in, 465-466, 466t

pathogenesis of, 462-465, 463t-464t, 464f-465f

pathology of, 462

treatment of, 467

Persistent diarrhea, 1331, 1336f

Persistent fetal vasculature, 2176

Persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy (PHHI), 522-523

Persistent müllerian duct syndrome, 1964-1965

Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN), 592-594, 592f, 1420

Persistent pupillary membrane, 2156

Persistent rhinitis (PR), 775

Personal flotation device (PDF), 24

Personalized medicine, 250, e56-1, e56-1f

Personal protective equipment (PPE), e166-2t

Pertussis, 944-948

in child-care setting, e167-3t

clinical manifestations of, 945

complications of, 947

diagnosis of, 945-946

epidemiology of, 944

etiology of, 944

exclusion from day care due to, e15-2t

pathogenesis of, 944-945

prevention of, 947-948

re-infection, 944

treatment of, 946-947, 946t

vaccines for, 881t, 947-948

Pertussis toxin (PT), 944-945

Pervasive developmental disorders (PDD), 100, 101t-102t

Asperger’s disorder, 105t, 106

autistic disorder, 100-106, 101t, 103f-104f, 105t

childhood disintegrative disorder, e28-1-e28-3

language disorders of, 118

Pes planus (flatfoot), 2338, 2338f

Pest allergens, 769

Pesticide exposure, e700-2

gastroenteritis due to, 1328t-1329t

Pet dander allergens, 769, 769t

Petechiae

fever with, 896t

due to vitamin C deficiency, 198-199, 199f

due to vomiting, 1243t

Peters anomaly, e619-2, e619-2f

Petit mal seizure, 2023

Pet therapy for pain management, 371

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS), e337-1-e337-2, e337-1t, e337-2f

cutaneous manifestations of, 2236-2237

malignancy susceptibility associated with, e486-2t-e486-3t

PFAPA See Periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and adenitis (PFAPA)

Pfaundler-Hurler disease, 512t

Pfeiffer syndrome, 2012t, 2013

PFIC See Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC)

PFO See Patent foramen ovale (PFO)

PFSS See Patellofemoral stress syndrome (PFSS)

pGALS See Pediatric gait, arms, legs, spine screen (pGALS)

PGD See Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)

P-glycoprotein transporter, e56-3t, e56-9-e56-10

pH, 230t, e52-13

in acid-base disorders, 230

esophageal

in aspiration syndromes, 1472t

in gastroesophageal reflux disease, 1267

of fetal scalp blood, 544

PHACE syndrome, 2052

congenital heart disease with, 1531t, 1569

Phagocyte disorders, 721t, 741-746, 742t, 743f

Chédiak-Higashi syndrome as, 744-745

chronic granulomatous disease as, 745-746, 745f

evaluation of, 720t, 722

immunizations in, 892t

infections with, e171-1t, e171-2

leukocyte adhesion deficiency as, 741-744

leukocytosis as, e126-1-e126-3

leukopenia as, 746-752

myeloperoxidase deficiency as, 745

screening for, 718t

Phagocytic inflammatory response, e121-1, e121-1t

Phagocytic system

eosinophils in, 739-741

monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells in, e122-1-e122-3, e122-1t

neutrophils in, e121-1-e121-4, e121-1f, e121-1t, e121-3f

Phagosomes, e121-3

Phakomas, retinal, 2178, 2178f

Phakomatosis pigmentovascularis, 2226

Phalangeal fracture, 2391

Pharmacobetabonomics, e56-4

Pharmacodynamics, e56-1, e57-1

of analgesics, 362-363

ontogenic effects on, e57-7-e57-9, e57-8f

Pharmacogenetic polymorphisms, e56-1-e56-2

Pharmacogenetics, 250, 377, e57-1, e56-1, e56-2t

applications for, e56-12

definitions associated with, e56-1-e56-2

development of pediatric, e56-2, e56-4f

drug biotransformation and, e56-4-e56-8

drug receptors and ion channels in, e56-10-e56-12, e56-11f

of drug transporters, e56-8-e56-10

internet resources for, e56-7t

metabolomic tools and, e56-2-e56-4

Pharmacogenetic testing in acute lymphocytic leukemia, 1736

Pharmacogenomics, e56-1

applications for, e56-12

development of pediatric, e56-2

internet resources for, e56-7t

metabolomic tools and, e56-2-e56-4, e56-5f

Pharmacokinetics, e56-1, e57-1, e56-3t

of analgesics, 362-363

clinical, in drug level monitoring, e57-10

Pharmacoproteomics, e56-2-e56-4

Pharyngeal abscess, 1440-1442, 1441f

Pharyngeal culture in gonococcal disease, 938

Pharyngitis, 1439-1440

in child-care setting, e167-1t

Epstein-Barr virus, 1112, 1113f

gonococcal, 937

in PFAPA, 859-860

streptococcal, 914-925

acute rheumatic fever and, 921, 923

Pharyngotonsillitis, 1443-1444, 1443f

Phasic sinus arrhythmia, 1610, 1612f

Phencyclidine (PCP) abuse, 676t, 683

Pheniramine maleate, 811t

Phenobarbital

adrenal insufficiency due to, 1927

adverse effects of, 2031t

for chorea, 924

for hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, 571

neonatal withdrawal from, 624

possible adverse reactions to in premature infant, 563t

for seizures

dosages of, 2030t

febrile, 2018

neonatal, 2037

for status epilepticus, 2038-2039, 2039t

for vomiting prophylaxis, 1244t

Phenocopy, e77-2

Phenomic awareness, 114

Phenothiazines

toxicity of, 251t

for vomiting, 1244t

Phenotypes

correlation with genotype in genetic disease, e74-4

defined, e56-1-e56-2

developmental, e56-2, e56-4f

poor-metabolizer, e56-5

Phenotypic diarrhea (PD), 1311-1312, 1341, 1343f

Phentermine for weight loss in adults, 187t

Phenylalanine, defects in metabolism of, 418-422, 419f, 421f

Phenylephrine

for allergic rhinitis, 780t

for shock, 313t

Phenylketonuria (PKU), 418-422, 419f, 421f

maternal, e89-2t

congenital heart disease with, 1531t

fetal therapy for, 551t

Phenytoin

adrenal insufficiency due to, 1927

adverse effects of, 2031t

for arrhythmias, 1611t-1612t

drug interactions with, e57-13t-e57-14t

gingival overgrowth due to, 1257

for hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, 571

for seizures

dosages of, 2030t

neonatal, 2037

PHEO See Pheochromocytoma (PHEO)

Pheochromocytoma (PHEO), 1941-1943, e500-1-e500-5

cardiac manifestations of, 1531t

diarrhea caused by, e333-2t

PHH See Posthemorrhage hydrocephalus (PHH)

PHHI See Persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy (PHHI)

Philadelphia chromosome, 1738-1739, e486-1

Philodendron toxicity, 269t

Phimosis, 1854, 1855f

PHKG2 gene, 498

Phlebectasia, congenital, 2224-2225, 2226f

Phlebotomy for porphyria cutanea tarda, e85-12

Phlyctenules, e619-3

Phobias, 78t, 81

social, 78, 79t

Phobic hallucinations, acute, 106-107

Phonemes, 112

Phonics, 114

Phonologic disorder, 117t, 119, e29-2

Phonologic processing, e29-6

Phonology, 114

Phonophobia in migraine, 2041

Phosgene, in terrorism, e704-4-e704-5, e704-9t

Phosphate, renal tubular regulation of, e522-1

Phosphate and tensin homolog (PTEN), e554-2t

Phosphate enema, 74t

Phosphatonin, 206, e694-1-e694-2

overproduction of, 207

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors for heart failure, e436-5-e436-6, e436-5t

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) deficiency, 504

hypoglycemia in, 529

Phosphofructokinase deficiency, 1677

muscle, 501

Phosphoglycerate deficiency, 442, 1677-1678

Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) synthetase superactivity, e83-5-e83-6

Phosphorus, 225-229

conversion factors for, e52-9t

deficiency of, rickets due to, 201t-202t, 206-207, e694-2t

disorders of

hyperphosphatemia as, 228-229

hypophosphatemia as, 226-228, 227t

excretion of, 226

intake of, 226

metabolism of, 225-226, 226t

reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

Phosphorylase deficiency

liver, 497

hypoglycemia in, 528

muscle, 500-501

thymidine, e83-9

Phosphorylase kinase deficiency, 494t-495t, 497-498

Phosphorylation disease, oxidative, 506, 507t-509t, 508f

Phosphoserine aminotransferase deficiency, 442

Photoallergic reaction, 2255

Photocoagulation, laser, 2175-2176

Photodermatitis, 2256

Photoparoxysmal epilepsy, 2023

Photophobia in migraine, 2041

Photopsia, 2041-2042

Photosensitivity, 2254-2259

in congenital erythropoietic porphyria, e85-9

in erythropoietic protoporphyria, e85-16

in rheumatic disease, e147-1

in systemic lupus erythematosus, e637-4f

Phototherapy

for atopic dermatitis, 805

for hemolytic disease of newborn due to ABO blood group incompatibility, 619

for hyperbilirubinemia, 610-611, 610f, 612t

for psoriasis, 2260

Photoxic reactions, 2255-2256

PHOX2B gene

congenital central hypoventilation syndrome and, 1520-1521

ventilator dependence and, 1520

PHP See Partial hospital program (PHP); Pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP)

Phrenic nerve injury in newborn, 574

PHS See Pallister-Hall syndrome (PHS)

Phthirus pubis, 712t

Physeal injury, 2408

Physical abuse, 135 See also Abuse and neglect

Physical activity

in eating disorders treatment, 94-95

energy requirements and, e41-1t

overweight and obesity and, 182, 186

Physical development

adolescent

during early adolescence, 649, 650t-652t, 651f-652f

during late adolescence, 654

during middle adolescence, 653

age 0-2 months, 27, 29f

age 2-6 months, 29-30

age 6-12 months, 30

age 12-18 months, 31

age 18-24 months, 32-33

assessment of

accurate measurements in, e13-1

analysis of patterns in, e13-2-e13-4, e13-3t, e13-4f

body proportions in, e13-4

dental development in, e13-4, e13-5t

growth carts for, e13-1-e13-2, e9-1f-e9-4f, e13-1f

skeletal maturation in, e13-4

structural growth in, e13-4

during middle childhood, 36-37, 36t

of premature infant, 562

during preschool years, 33-34

Physical education, congenital heart disease and, 1603

Physical examination

in acute illness, 276-277

of adolescent, 666-667

following rape, 704

in allergic disease, 765

in anemia, 1648-1649

in appendicitis, 1350

in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 110

of breast, e545-1

self, e545-1

in cancer, 1728, 1730f

in cardiovascular disease, 1530-1533, 1532t

in communication disorder, 121

in dysmorphology, e102-6

of ear, e628-1-e628-3, e628-1f-e628-3f

in failure to thrive, 149t

in fever of unknown origin, 901, 901t

of foreign-born adoptees, 132-134

in genetic metabolic disease, 416-417

gynecological, e542-1-e542-3, e542-2t

of special needs girls, 1874

in hemostatic disorders, 1696

in intellectual disability, 127t

in mucopolysaccharidoses, 515t-516t

neurologic, e584-1-e584-9

of newborn, 532-536

abdomen in, 535-536

anus in, 536

chest in, 535

extremities in, 536

face in, 534

general appearance in, 532-533

genitals in, 536

growth and behavior, e7-1

heart in, 535, 535f

neck in, 534-535

neurologic assessment in, 536 See also (Neurologic examination)

skin in, 533, 533f

skull in, 533-534, 534t

in orthopedic problems, 2331-2332, 2332t, 2333f

in poisonings, 253

preparticipation sports, 2401-2405, 2401t-2404t, 2405f

in respiratory disease, e366-1, e366-1f, e366-1t-e366-2t

in seizures, 2019

in skin disorders, e637-1-e637-9

in systemic hypertension, 1642, 1643t

in wheezing, 1458

Physical therapy

for juvenile dermatomyositis, 849

for osteomyelitis, 2398

for pain management, 371

for respiratory insufficiency, 1525

Physiologic anemia of infancy, 1654-1655

Physiologic buffers, e52-13

Physiologic dead space, 316-317

Physiologic jaundice, 605-606, 606f

Physiologic studies, sudden infant death syndrome and, 1428

Physiotherapy for Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy, 2122

Physis, e664-1, e664-1f

Physostigmine as poisoning antidote, 256t-257t

Phytobezoars, 1291

Phytolacca americana, potential toxicity of, 272t-273t

Phytosterolaemia, e454-1

PI See Performance Improvement (PI)

Piaget theory, e6-4, e6-4t

Pica, 71

PID See Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

PIE See Pulmonary interstitial emphysema (PIE)

Piebaldism, 425, 2238t, 2239, 2239f

Pierre Robin syndrome, e92-3t

oral manifestations of, 1254, 1254f

Pierson syndrome, 1807

Pigbel, e205-1

Pigeon fancier or breeder lung, 1473

Pigmentation, McCune-Albright syndrome in abnormal, 1892, 1892f

Pigment disorders

hyper-, 2236-2238, 2236f-2237f

hypo-, 2238-2240, 2238f-2240f, 2238t, 2240t

of nails, 2294-2295

Pilar cyst, e662-1, e662-1f

Pili annulati, 2293

Pili tori, 2292

“Pill” esophagitis, 1270

Pilocytic astrocytoma (PA), 1748, 1749f

Pilomatricoma, e662-1, e662-1f

Pilomyxoid astrocytoma, 1749

Pilonidal disease, 1362

Pineal parenchymal tumor, 1752

Pinguecula, 2169

Pinhole effect, 2151

Pink disease, e701-3

Pinna

malformations of, e630-1

pits and sinus tracts anterior to, 2221

PINT See Premature Infants in Need of Transfusion (PINT) study

Pinworm, 1222, e271-1t-e271-11t

in vulvovaginitis, 1866, 1868t

Pio₂ See Partial pressure of oxygen in inspired gas (Pio₂)

PIP See Peak inspiratory pressure (PIP)

Piperacillin, e173-4t-e173-11t

for cystic fibrosis lung infection, 1492t

for neonatal infection, 645t

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 977

Piperacillin-tazobactam, e173-4t-e173-11t

for cystic fibrosis lung infection, 1492t

for neonatal infection, 645t

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 977

Piperazines, 771t, 1217-1218

Piper methysticum for sedation, 271t

Pipracil See Piperacillin

Pirbuterol for asthma, 796

PIT1 gene, 1876t, 1877

Pits

preauricular, 2221

splenic, e481-1, e479-1

Pitted keratolysis, 2306

Pituitary dwarfism, 627

Pituitary gland

hormones of, e550-1-e550-2

puberty physiology and, e555-1

Pituitary gland disorders

corticotropinoma as, e554-3

diabetes insipidus as, 1881-1884

excess growth hormone secretion as, e554-3-e554-5

fetal and neonatal overgrowth as, e554-5

gigantism as

cerebral, e554-5

pituitary, e554-3-e554-5

hyperpituitarism, e554-1

hyponatremia as, 1884-1886

hypopituitarism as, 1876-1881

hypothyroidism due to disease of, 1901

prolactinoma as, e554-3

pubertal development disorders as, 1886-1894

tall stature as, e554-1-e554-3, e554-1t-e554-2t

tumors of, adrenal insufficiency due to, 1926t

Pityriasis alba, 2252, 2252f

Pityriasis lichenoides, 2260-2261, 2260f-2261f

Pityriasis lichenoides chronica (PLC), 2260-2261

Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta (PLEVA), e163-1

Pityriasis rosea, 2262, 2262f

Pityriasis rubra pilaris, 2262-2263, 2263f

PIVKA See Proteins induced by vitamin K absence (PIVKA)

PIVs See Parainfluenza viruses (PIVs)

PiZZ defect, 1461-1462

PJS See Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS)

PK See Prekallikrein (PK)

PKC See Paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis (PKC)

PKDL See Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL)

PKHD1 gene defect, 1383t, 1796, 1798

PKU See Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Placenta

chemical pollutants crossing, e700-3

in fetal circulation, 1529, e415-1f

infections crossing, 636-639, 637t

listeriosis of, e181-1

separation of, e89-3-e89-4

twinning and, 554, 554t

vascular anastomoses in monochorionic twins, 554

Plagiocephaly, e102-7t

frontal, 2012

occipital, 2012

Plague, 973-974

in terrorism, e704-5-e704-9, e704-8t

Plain radiographs

in appendicitis, 1351, 1351f

in liver dysfunction, 1379

in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis, 602

in orthopedic problems, 2334-2335

in osteomyelitis, 2396

in septic arthritis, 2399

Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycle, e2-3f

Plantar dermatosis, juvenile, 2250-2251, 2251f

Plantar fasciitis, 2418, e684-2

Plantar keratodermas, 2272-2273, 2273f

Plantar response assessment in neurologic examination, e584-7

Plantar wart, 2315, 2315f

“Plant-based diet”, 168

Plants, toxicity of, 268-269, 268t-269t

Plaque, examination of, 2215

Plasma anion gap in metabolic acidosis, 233-234

Plasma complement control protein deficiency, 755

Plasma concentration of drug, e57-10

versus effect, e57-1, e57-1f

versus time, e57-1, e57-1f, e57-10f

Plasmalogen synthesis, isolated defects of, 464-465

Plasma membrane carnitine transport defect, 460-461

Plasma membrane in cardiac development, 1528

Plasma osmolality, e52-2-e52-3

of intravenous solutions, 217, 243

regulation of, e52-4

Plasmapheresis, 2135

Plasma thromboplastin antecedent, 1696t

Plasma transfusion, e467-1, e467-1t

Plasma volume, hyponatremia due to decreased, 1885

Plasma water, e52-1, e52-1f

Plasminogen, reference values for, 1698t

Plasminogen activator inhibitor, reference values for, 1698t

Plasminogen activator inhibitor deficiency, 1704

Plasmodium See Malaria

Plasticity

developmental, e6-9

neuronal, e6-1

Platelets

disorders, 1714-1722

fetal, e440-1-e440-4

transfusion of, e465-1-e465-2, e465-1t

Platelet adhesion, 1713

Platelet aggregation, 1698

Platelet count

in dengue fever, 1149

fetal, e440-3f

in hemolytic-uremic syndrome, 1793

in hemostatic disorders, 1696-1697

normal, 1714

reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

in Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 1042

Platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα), e488-2t

Platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRβ), e488-2t

Platelet function analyzer, 1697

Platinol See Carboplatin and cisplastin

Play

in autistic disorder, 100

during preschool years, 34-35

Play audiometry, 2193-2194

PLC See Pityriasis lichenoides chronica (PLC); Posterior laryngeal cleft (PLC)

Pleocytosis in enteroviral meningitis, 1091

Pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma, 1760

Plesiomonas shigelloides, e196-1-e196-3

in infectious diarrhea, 1337t

inflammatory bowel disease versus, 1298t

in traveler’s diarrhea, 1338t

Plethora in newborn, 619-620

Plethysmography, e366-3

Pleural cavity

accumulation of blood in, 1513-1514

visualization of, e366-5

Pleural effusion

with pneumonia, 1479, 1479t

transudative, 1513

tuberculous, 1003-1004, 1004f

Pleural fluid examination

in pneumonia, 1479t

in serofibrinous pleurisy, 1506-1507

in tuberculosis, 1003-1004

Pleurisy, 1505-1509

dry or plastic, 1505, 1505f-1506f

purulent, 1507-1509, 1508f

serofibrinous or serosanguineous, 1506-1507

Pleurisy effusion, 1505-1509, 1505f-1506f

Pleurodesis, chemical, 1511-1512

Pleurodynia, due to enterovirus, 1090

PLEVA See Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta (PLEVA)

Plexiform neurofibromas, 2046-2047

Plexiform neuroma of eyelid, 2165

PLF See Perilymphatic fistula (PLF)

PLMD See Periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD)

PLOD gene, 2278

Plumboporphyria, e85-4

Plummer disease, 1915

Pluripotential stem cells, e121-1-e121-2

Plus disease, 2175

PLV See Partial liquid ventilation (PLV)

PMD See Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD)

PMS See Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

PNDM See Permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus (PNDM)

PNET See Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET)

Pneumatic otoscope head, 2202

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (13 valent) (PCV 13), 884t, 889, 914t

Pneumococcus See Streptococcus pneumoniae

Pneumococcus vaccine, 884t, 913-914, 914t, 2095

cochlear implants and, 2196t

HIV infection and, 1173f

in nephrotic syndrome, 1805

otitis media and, 2200, 2201f

pneumonia hospitalization and, 1479

recommended schedule for, 887f-888f

for travel, e168-2-e168-3, e168-3t

Pneumocystis jiroveci, e236-1-e236-3, e271-1t-e271-11t

Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, HIV-related, 1162-1163, e171-4t

prophylaxis for, 1173-1174, 1174t-1176t

Pneumomediastinum, 1512-1513, 1512f-1513f

neonatal, 597-599, 599f

due to vomiting, 1243t

Pneumonia, 1474-1479

adenovirus, 1132-1133

due to anaerobes, e205-1, e205-2t

aspiration

due to hydrocarbon toxicity, 267

neonatal, 590, 591f

atypical, 1477

Blastomyces dermatitidis, 1064

bronchiolitis obliterans organizing, e386-1

in child-care setting, e167-1t

Chlamydia trachomatis, 1037

Chlamydophila pneumoniae, 1033-1035

clinical manifestations of, 1476-1477

Coccidioides, 1066-1068

complications of, 1479, 1479f, 1479t

diagnosis of, 1477-1478, 1477f-1478f

differential diagnosis of, 1477t

empyema with, 1507-1508, 1508f

epidemiology of, 1474, 1474f, 1475t

etiology of, 1475-1476, 1475t-1476t

Francisella tularensis, 979

giant cell, 1071

Haemophilus influenzae, 942

hypersensitivity, e391-1-e391-2, e391-5t

in influenza, 1124

interstitial

HIV-related, 1165

in lysinuric protein intolerance, 455

Legionella, e200-1-e200-2

due to measles, 1071, 1072t

Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 1030

neonatal, 633, 633t, 639

respiratory distress syndrome versus, 583-584

treatment of, 644-646

in parainfluenza viruses, 1125t

pathogenesis of, 1476

Pneumocystis jiroveci, e236-1-e236-3

HIV-related, 1162-1163, 1173-1174, 1175t-1176t, e171-4t

prevention of, 1479

prognosis for, 1478-1479

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 976t

nosocomial, 976

respiratory syncytial virus, 1127-1128

Staphylococcus aureus in, 905-906

Streptococcus pneumoniae, 912f

treatment of, 1478, 1478t

varicella, 1106, 1109

ventilator-associated, 329

Pneumonic plague, 973

Pneumopericardium, 597-599

Pneumothorax, 1509-1512, 1509t, 1510f-1511f

in cystic fibrosis, 1494

neonatal, 577, 578f, 597-599, 598f

open, 336t

tension, 336, 336t

cardiac arrest due to, 289t

due to vomiting, 1243t

PNH See Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)

PNP See Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency

Po₂ See Partial pressure of oxygen (Po₂)

Pocket infection See Catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI)

Podofilox

for genital warts, 713t

for human papillomavirus, 1140

Poikiloderma, 2258, 2258f

Point mutation in proto-oncogene activation, e486-1, e486-1t

Poiseuille’s law, e365-3

Poison control center

Poison hemlock toxicity, 269t

Poisoning, 250-270

acetaminophen, 258-260, 259f, 259t

amphotericin B, e225-1

analgesics, 258-261

anesthesia, 360, e70-17

antidepressants, 263-266, 264f

antipsychotics, 266

arsenic, e701-1-e701-2

ascorbic acid, 200

β-blockers, 261

calcium channel blockers, 261-262

cancer treatment, e488-5-e488-7

carbon monoxide, 269-270

cardiac arrest due to, 289t

cardiovascular medications, 261-263

caustics, 266

as childhood injury, 24

cholinesterase-inhibiting insecticides, 266-267

clonidine, 262

common nontoxic and minimally toxic products and, 251t

diagnostic testing in, 254, 254t

digoxin, 262-263

ethylene glycol, 268

folate, 197

food-borne See (Food-borne illness)

gastroenteritis due to, 1328t-1329t

herbs, 270, 272t-273t

historical and physical findings in, 251-253, 252t

household products, 266-268

hydrocarbons, 267

hydrogen cyanide, 270

ibuprofen and other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, 260-261

initial evaluation in, 251-254

iron, 263

laboratory evaluation in, 253-254, 254t

lead, 2448-2453

δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase deficiency due to, e85-4

major modes of presentation, drugs associated with, 255t

management of, 254

antidotes, 256t-258t, 258

decontamination, 254-257, 257t

enhanced elimination, 257-258

supportive care, 258

mercury, e701-2-e701-4, e701-2t

methamphetamine, 684t

methanol, 267-268

mushroom, e703-1-e703-2

niacin, 195

oral hypoglycemics, 263

oral opioids, 261

with plants, 268-269, 268t-269t

psychiatric medications, 263-266

pyridoxine, 196

recognizable syndromes of, 253t

respiratory distress due to, 316

respiratory signs and symptoms of, e413-1t

riboflavin, 193

salicylates, 260

salt

hypernatremia and, 214

plasma osmolality in, e52-3

seafood, e703-1-e703-5

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, 264-265, 265f, 265t

small dose medications, 251t

solanine, e703-1-e703-3

thiamine, 192

toxic alcohols, 267-268

vitamin A, 190

Poison ivy, 2251, 2251f

Pokeweed toxicity, 269t, 272t-273t

Policy(ies)

for emergency departments, e61-4t

vaccine, 885

Policy of pay per performance (P4P), e2-2

Polioencephalitis, 1084

Poliomyelitis

abortive, 1083, 1086

in child-care setting, e167-1t

maternal, e89-3t

nonparalytic, 1083, 1086

paralytic, 1083-1084, 1086

Polio vaccine, 881t, 884t, 894, 1087-1088

HIV infection and, 1173f

international, 894

recommended schedule for, 886-889, 887f-888f

for travel, e168-3, e168-3t

Polioviruses, 1081-1088

clinical manifestations of, 1082-1084

complications of, 1086-1087

diagnosis of, 1084

differential diagnosis of, 1084-1086, 1085t

epidemiology of, 1081, 1082f

etiology of, 1081

pathogenesis of, 1081-1082

prevention of, 1087-1088

prognosis for, 1087

transmission of, 1081

treatment of, 1086

Poliovirus receptor, 1081

Pollakiuria, 1851

Pollen allergens, 769t

Pollen-food syndrome, 822

Pollicization, 2386, 2386f

Pollutants

chemical, e700-1-e700-4, e700-1t

wheezing and bronchitis due to, 1460

POL region, 1157

Polyanaline repeat expansion mutation (PARM), 1520-1521

Polyangiitis, microscopic, 874-876, 874t

Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN), 868t, 872-874, 873f

infantile, 862-867, 868t

Polyarthritis

in juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 831t, 832, 833f

migratory, in acute rheumatic fever, 921-922

Polychlorinated biphenyl exposure, e700-2-e700-3

Polychondritis, relapsing, 880, e163-1t

Polycillin See Ampicillin

Polycystic kidney disease

autosomal dominant, e357-2

congenital heart disease with, 1531t

hematuria due to, 1798, 1798f

autosomal recessive, e357-1

hematuria due to, 1796-1798, 1797f, 1797t

Polycystic liver disease, e357-2

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), e546-1-e546-3, e546-1f, e546-1t-e546-2t

amenorrhea due to, 686

with obesity, 184t

with type 2 diabetes mellitus, 1993t

in type I glycogen storage disease, 493-495

Polycythemia, e460-1, e460-1f, e460-1t

in cyanotic patient, 1541, 1603

plethora in newborn due to, 619-620

secondary, e461-1, e461-1t

Polycythemia rubra vera, e460-1

Polydactyly, 2342, 2386, 2386t

Polydactyly syndromes, short-rib, 2434

Polydipsia

in diabetes insipidus, 1881-1882

differential diagnosis of, 1882t

due to hypokalemia, 224

osmolality and, e52-4

primary, hyponatremia due to, 1885

Polyendocrinopathy (APS), 1925t

Polyenes, e225-1

Polyethylene glycol

for constipation maintenance therapy, 74t

for fecal disimpaction, 74t

Polygenic hypercholesterolemia, 473t, 475

Polygenic inheritance, 393-394

Polyglucosan body disease, 497

Polyhydramnios

esophageal functioning and, 1261

fetal therapy for, 551t

in high-risk pregnancies, e89-1-e89-2

Polymastia, e545-1-e545-2

Polymenorrhea, 686t

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 376, e164-4-e164-5

in Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy, 2120

in enterovirus infection, 1093

in hepatitis A, 1396t

in HIV infection, 1166-1167, 1166t

in parainfluenza viruses, 1125t

in pertussis, 945-946

in Q fever, 1052

in rabies, 1155

in respiratory syncytial virus infection, 1128

in roseola, 1119

in toxoplasmosis, 1214

in trichomoniasis, 1186

Polymicrogyrias, 2004

Polymorphism

gene

defined, e56-1

effects on drug response, e56-2t, e56-10-e56-12

pharmacogenetic, e56-1-e56-2

single-nucleotide, e56-1

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes, 2220

Polymorphous light eruption, 2257

Polymox See Amoxicillin

Polymyositis-scleroderma antibody, e147-3t

Polyneuropathy

Corynebacterium diphtheriae, e180-2-e180-3

critical illness, poliovirus infection versus, 1085t

Polyomavirus, e267-1

Polyomavirus nephropathy (PVN), e530-6

Polyonephritis, 1829-1830, 1830f

Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, 1892

Polyploidy, 399-400, 400t

Polypoid cells, 399

Polyposis, familial adenomatous, e337-1t, e337-2-e337-3

malignancy susceptibility associated with, e486-2t-e486-3t

Polyp(s)

cervical, abnormal uterine bleeding due to, 689t-690t

endometrial, abnormal uterine bleeding due to, 689t-690t

juvenile polyposis syndrome, e337-1

malignancy susceptibility associated with, e486-2t-e486-3t

nasal, 1431, 1433, 1433f

in cystic fibrosis, 1496

umbilical, e99-2

Polysomnogram (PSG), 50-51

Polyspenia, 1531t, 1589t, 1595-1596

Polysyllabic jargoning, 31

Polythelia, e545-1-e545-2, e545-1f

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), e41-15

dietary reference intakes for, e41-2t-e41-3t

Polyuria

in diabetes insipidus, 1881-1882

differential diagnosis of, 1882t

fluid therapy adjustments and, 245, 245t

due to hypokalemia, 224

Pomade acne, 2322-2323, 2323f

Pompe disease, 494t-495t, 499-500, 500f

cardiac manifestations of, 1531t

myopathy with, 2131

Ponseti method for clubfoot treatment, 2337

Pontocerebellar hypoplasia, 2007

PONV See Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV)

Popliteal angle measurement, e584-5-e584-6

Popliteal cyst, 2353

Population stratification, e77-3

POR See P450 oxidoreductase (POR) deficiency

Porencephaly, 2004-2005

POR gene, e576-2t-e576-3t

Pork tapeworm, 1232-1235, 1232t, e271-1t-e271-11t

Porokeratosis, 2265-2266, 2265f

Porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD) deficiency, e85-4-e85-5

Porphobilinogen (PBG), e85-1-e85-3, e85-2f

Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT), e85-1t, e85-3t, e85-10-e85-13, e85-10f

Porphyrias, e85-1-e85-17

acute intermittent, e85-4-e85-8, e85-6t

abdominal pain of, 1247t

classification and diagnosis of, e85-3-e85-4, e85-3t

congenital erythropoietic, e85-8-e85-10, e85-9f

δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, e85-4

dual, e85-17

erythropoietic protoporphyria as, e85-15-e85-17

heme biosynthetic pathway and, e85-1-e85-3, e85-1t, e85-2f

hepatoerythropoietic, e85-13

hereditary coproporphyria as, e85-13-e85-14

photosensitivity in, 2256, 2256f

porphyria cutanea tarda, e85-10-e85-13, e85-10f

due to tumors, e85-17

variegate, e85-14-e85-15

Portal hypertension, e359-1-e359-3, e359-1t

as manifestation of liver disease, 1376

Port-wine stain, 2224, 2225f

Posaconazole, e225-1t, e225-3

Position 57 in DQB1, type 1 diabetes mellitus and, 1970-1971

Positioning

for ear examination or procedures, e628-1, e628-1f

for female genital examination, 1425

in gastroesophageal reflux disease, 1268

in infant botulism, 990

sudden infant death syndrome and, 1425

Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), 327, e365-2

expiratory phase maneuvers in, 326

lung injury and, 329

for pulmonary edema, 1469

Positive pressure respiratory support for respiratory distress and failure, 320

Positive pressure ventilation

bag-valve-mask, 284-285, 284f-285f

for home care, 1525

Positron emission tomography (PET), e584-11

Postanesthesia care unit (PACU), e70-10-e70-12, e70-10t

Postcoarctectomy syndrome, 1569

Postconcussive syndrome, 301

Postenteritis syndrome, 1340

Posterior cruciate ligament injuries, 2414

Posterior fossa dysgenesis, 2006-2007

Posterior fossa tumors, 1748t

Posterior laryngeal cleft (PLC), 1452

Posterior lenticonus, 2172

Posterior sagittal anorectoplasty (PSARP), 1358

Posteromedial tibial bowing, 2351

Postexposure prophylaxis, hepatitis B, 1400

Posthemorrhage hydrocephalus (PHH), 567-568

Postinfection arthritis, 839-841, 840f, 840t

Postinfection diarrhea, 1313

Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL), 1189

Postneonatal mortality, e87-3

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), e70-11

Postoperative pain management, e70-14-e70-15

Postpartum depression, e7-1, e7-2t

Postpartum thyroiditis, 1904t

Postpericardiotomy syndrome, 1604

Postpolio syndrome, 1087

Postrenal acute renal failure, 1819

Post-streptococcal arthritis, 840

Post-term infant, e91-1-e91-4

Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD), e171-2

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 81-82, 82t

associated with war, e36-6

following injury, 25

prevalence of, 4-5

Postural kyphosis, 2371

Postural proteinuria, 1800

Postural tachycardia syndrome, e587-1-e587-2

Postural tremor, 2056-2057

Posture in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, 570t-571t

“Pot”, 680-681

Potassium, 219-224, e41-17

in acute renal failure, 1820

dietary reference intakes for, e41-5t-e41-7t

disorders of

hyperkalemia as, 219-222

hypokalemia as, 222-224

excretion of, 219

intake of, 219

measurement of in intravenous rehydration, 247

metabolism of, 219

in oral rehydration solutions, 1335t

periodic paralysis related to, 2130

reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

renal tubular regulation of, e522-1

in total body water, e52-1-e52-2, e52-2f

urinary wasting of, hypokalemia in, 223

Potassium-aggravated myotonia, 2125t

Potassium channel autoantibodies, syndrome of, e587-4

Potassium channel genes, sudden infant death syndrome and, 1425-1426

Potassium chloride in intravenous solutions, 243

Potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation, e637-2, e164-1t

Potassium iodine for internal radiation contamination, e699-5

Potocki-Shaffer syndrome, 408t

Pot puffy tumor, 1438

Pott disease, 1006

Potter facies, 1828f

Potter syndrome, 1827

Pouchitis, 1300

POU3F4 gene, 2190t

POU4F3 gene, 2190t

POU1F1 mutation, 1876-1877, 1876t

Poverty, 6, 6f

childhood injury and, 20-21

developmental risk due to, e6-3

health services children in, 10-11

malnutrition and, 173-174

Powders for skin disorders, 2216

P450 oxidoreductase (POR) deficiency, 1937

P4P See Policy of pay per performance (P4P)

PPE See Personal protective equipment (PPE)

PPGSS See Papular-purpuric “gloves and socks” syndrome (PPGSS)

PPHN See Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN)

PPIs See Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)

PPKs See Palmoplantar keratodermas (PPKs)

PPNAD See Primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD)

PPO See Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO)

PR See Persistent rhinitis (PR)

Practitioners in international pediatric emergency medicine, e61-15

Prader-Willi syndrome, 412-413, 413f

adrenal insufficiency with, 1929

genetics of, 391-392, 408t

obesity due to, 182t

Pragmatic language disorder, 118

Pragmatic language skills, 114, e29-2

Pralidoxime, 256t-257t, 267

Pramlinitide acetate, 1977

Praziquantel, e271-1t-e271-11t, e271-13

for clonorchiasis, e293-1

for cysticercosis, 1236

for intestinal flukes, e293-1

for paragonimiasis, e293-1

for schistosomiasis, 1231

for tapeworms, 1233

Prazosin

for heart failure, e436-5t

for systemic hypertension, 1645t

Prealbumin

in malnutrition with chronic diarrhea, 1343t

reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

Preanesthetic evaluation, e70-12-e70-14, e70-12t-e70-13t

Preauricular sinuses and pits, 2221

Pre-B cells, e117-2

preBotC See Pre-Botzinger complex (preBotC)

Prebronchiectasis, e393-1

Precision of laboratory tests, e707-1

Precocious puberty, 1886-1894, 1887t, e545-1

due to brain irradiation, 1890

due to cancer and its therapy, e488-7t-e488-9t

central, 1887, 1888f

familial male gonadotropin-independent, 1893

due to gonadotropin-secreting tumors, 1891

hypothyroidism and, 1891

incomplete, 1893

due to McCune-Albright syndrome, 1892, 1892f

medicational, 1894

due to organic brain lesions, 1889-1890, 1889f-1890f

pseudohypoparathyroidism with, 1920

tall stature in, e554-1

vaginal bleeding with, 1869

Precordial bulge, 1533

Precursor B-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia, 1733t, 1734

Predicative genetic testing, 377

Predictive value (PV), e707-1-e707-2

Predispositional genetic testing, 377

Prednisolone

for amyloidosis, 862

for asthma, 794t, 797t-798t

Prednisone, e568-6

for acute rheumatic fever, 923

for amyloidosis, 862

for asthma, 793, 794t, 797t-798t

for autoimmune hepatitis, 1410

for Bell palsy, 2147

for chronic granulomatous disease, 746

and dexamethasone, for cancer therapy, e488-4t

for Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy, 2122

for Henoch-Schönlein purpura, 870

for hypersensitivity pneumonia, e391-1-e391-2

for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, 1717

for inflammatory bowel disease, 1299

for lupus nephritis, 1788

for nephrotic syndrome, 1804-1805

for rheumatic disease, e148-2t-e148-3t

for systemic lupus erythematosus, 844

Preeclampsia, e89-2t

maternal diabetes mellitus and, 545

Prefixes denoting decimal factors, e708-1t

Pregabalin, 368t, 370

Pregnancy

abnormal uterine bleeding during, 689t-690t

acute intermittent porphyrias and, e85-8

adolescent, 699-702, e87-1

characteristic of teen parent in, 700-701

clinical manifestations of, 700

counseling and initial management of, 700

diagnosis of, 700, 700t

epidemiology of, 699, 699t

etiology of, 699-700

health care for parents and children in, 702t

medical complications of mothers and babies in, 701

prevention of, 701-702

psychosocial outcomes/risk for mother and child in, 701-702

repeat, 701

amenorrhea in, 686

androgen administration during, 1962-1963

asthma treatment during, 801

congenital heart disease and, 1609

dysmenorrhea during, 691t

folic acid supplementation during, 2001

group B streptococci colonization during, 925-926

chemoprophylaxis for, 927-928

high-risk, e89-1-e89-5

factors associated with, e89-1t

genetic, e89-1

maternal, e89-1-e89-4, e89-1f, e89-2t-e89-4t, e89-4f

isotretinoin contraindication during, 2325

listeriosis in, e181-1-e181-2

medication use during, 546-547, 546t-547t

multiple gestation, 553-555, 554t, 555f

obesity prevention during, 187t

prenatal diagnosis and prevention during, 379

psychologic changes in parents during, e6-8

psychologic stress during, e6-9

radiation exposure during, 548

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

syphilis in, 1022 See also (Congenital syphilis)

toxoplasmosis in, 1215-1216

tuberculosis in, 1000

in women with hyperphenylalaninemia, 420

Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A), 402-403

Pregnancy-related factors in sudden infant death syndrome, 1424-1425

Pregnenolone, 1923, e568-2

Prehospital care, e61-2-e61-3

in developing world, e61-13, e61-14t

international resources associated with, e61-14t

Prehypertension, 1639

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), 381

Prekallikrein (PK)

deficiency of, 1703

reference values for, 1698t

Premature atrial contraction (PAC), 1612, 1612f

Premature Infants in Need of Transfusion (PINT) study, 614

Premature labor

group B streptococci prophylaxis in, 640f

therapy for, 551t

Premature rupture of membrane (PROM), 551t, e89-3-e89-4

group B streptococci prophylaxis in, 641f

Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs), 1612-1613, 1613f

Prematurity/premature infant, 555-564

anemia of, 614

birthrates for, e87-2f

blood transfusions in, e468-1

cataract of, 2170

definitions associated with, 555

discharge from hospital of, 563-564, 564t

drug metabolism immaturity in, 562, 563t

electrocardiography of, 1539f

factors related to, 556-557, 557t

feeding of, 560

initiation of, 561-562, 561f

fluid requirements for, 559-560

gestational age at birth assessment in, 557, 558f

growth charts and, e13-3

in high-risk pregnancies, e89-1

home care of, 564

hypoglycemia in, 519-521

hypothyroidism in, 1897

hypothyroxinemia of, 627

idiopathic apnea of prematurity, 580-581

incidence of, 555-556, 555f-556f

infection prevention in, 562

neonatal infection and, 634, 634f-635f, 635t

nursery care in, 558-562

pain perception and effects of pain in, 373

physiologic anemia of, 1654

predicting mortality of, 563

prognosis for, 562-563, 563t

retinopathy of, 2151, 2174-2176, 2175f, 2175t

rickets of, 208

skin of, 533, 533f

spectrum of disease in, 558, 559t

sudden infant death syndrome in, 1428

in teenage pregnancy, 701

thermal control and, 559

total parenteral nutrition for, 560

transportation of in motor vehicles, 22

vaccination of, 891

very low birthweight due to See (Very low birthweight (VLBW))

vitamin E deficiency in, e49-1

vitamin requirements for, 562

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder, 691, 692t

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS), 691-692, 692t

Premyocardial cells, 1527

Prenatal care, e87-3, e87-3t

Prenatal development, e6-1-e6-9, e6-7f-e6-8f

Prenatal diagnosis, 380t, 381, e89-2

of cystic fibrosis, 1490

of erythroblastosis fetalis, 617

genetic counseling in, 378

and prevention, 379, 548-550

Prenatal factors in maternal-infant attachment, e7-1, e7-1t

Preoperative preparation, e70-14, e70-14t

Preparticipation sports examination (PSE), 2401-2405, 2401t-2404t, 2405f

Prepuce, newborn assessment of, 536, 536t

Prerenal acute renal failure, 1818-1819

Presbyopia, 2152

Preschool child

antibiotic therapy for, e173-1-e173-2

asthma in, 165

behavioral and psychosocial assessment of, 56

child restraint in motor vehicles for, 21t

developmental dysfluency in, 122, 122t

drowning or submersion injury to, 342

feeding of, 165, 165t

growth and development of, 33-36

emotional and moral, 35-36

language, cognition, and play, 34-35

physical, 33-34

intellectual disability in, 125t

leading causes of death for, 5t

response to death of, e16-3

sleep changes in, 47t

Prescription drug abuse, adolescent, 673t

Presenting in psychiatric diagnostic evaluation, 58

Preseptal cellulitis, 2183

Haemophilus influenzae in, 942

Preservatives in immunizing agents, 883

Pressure-controlled ventilation (PCV), 325, 325f, 325t

Pressure gradient in breathing, e365-3

Pressure-induced urticaria and angioedema, 813

Pressure load, cardiac lesions in increased, 1550

Pressure-regulated volume control mechanical ventilation, 325-326

Pressure support ventilation (PSV), 325

Preventive health care, 13-25

adolescent, 663, 664t

in behavioral and mental health issues, 16

in chronic illness, e39-2-e39-3

evidence and, 16

family and community in, 16-17

guidelines for, 14

in infancy and early childhood, 16

for injury control, 17-25

international, e61-12-e61-15

in middle childhood and adolescence, 16

nutrition counseling in, 169-170

periodicity of, 14

prenatal, 379, 550-552, 551t

quality improvement of, 16

strength-based approaches and framework for, 16

tasks of, 14-16

Prevotella, e205-4

Prezista See Darunavir

Priapism, 1857

in sickle cell disease, 1665-1666

Prick skin test in food adverse reactions, 822

PRIFLE criteria, 1818, 1818t

Primaquine

for malaria treatment and chemoprophylaxis, 1203t-1205t, e168-7, e271-1t-e271-11t

for Pneumocystis jiroveci, e271-1t-e271-11t

Primary angiitis of central nervous system (PACNS), 876

Primary care physician (PCP), role in emergency medical services, e61-1

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), e396-1-e396-4, e396-1f, e396-2t, e396-3f

Primary complex in tuberculosis, 998, 1002

Primary effusion based lymphoma (PEL), 1121

Primary hypertension, 1639-1647

Primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD), 1939-1940

Primate bite, 2454-2460

Primaxin See Impenem-cilastatin

Primidone

adverse effects of, 2031t

dosages of, 2030t

Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET), 1751, 1765

Primitive reflexes assessment in neurologic examination, e584-7-e584-8

P-R intervals, 1540, 1540f

prolonged in poisonings, 254t

Prion in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, 1177

PRISA II See Pediatric Risk of Admission II (PRISA II)

PRISM See Pediatric Risk of Mortality (PRISM) scoring system

PRKAR1A, 1939-1940

PRKCSH gene defect, 1383t

PRL See Prolactin (PRL)

PRNP gene, e270-4

Proaccelerin, 1696t

Proarrhythmia, 1614

Probiotics

for atopic dermatitis, 805

for infectious diarrhea, 1336-1337

for inflammatory bowel disease, 1299

Problem-focused coping, 1985-1986

Procainamide

for arrhythmias, 1611t-1612t

for pediatric resuscitation and arrhythmias, 294t

Procaine penicillin G, 645t

for diphtheria, e180-3

for neonatal infection, 645t

for tuberculosis, 1021t

Procedural memory, e29-3

Procedures for emergency departments, e61-4t

Process improvement, e2-1t

Prochlorperazine

for chemotherapy-associated vomiting, 1244t

for migraine, 2044t

Procoagulants, 1698t

reference values for, 1698t

Proconvertin, 1696t

Proctitis

infectious, 1332t

ulcerative, 1295, 1297

Proctocolitis, food protein-induced, 821

Produce-associated salmonellosis, 949-950

Product modification for injury prevention, 19-20, 20t

Product multiplicity, e56-4

Professional organizations, 12

international pediatric emergency medicine, e61-12t

Progeria, e84-1-e84-2, e84-1f, e84-2t

cardiac manifestations of, 1531t

Progesterone contraceptives for special needs girls, 1875

Progesterone intrauterine devices (IUDs) for special needs girls, 1875

Progestin for amenorrhea, 688t

Progestin implant for special needs girls, 1875

Progestin-only contraceptives, 695t, 697-698

for special needs girls, 1875

Proglottids, 1232

Prognostic subgroups in cancer diagnosis and staging, e488-1

Programming, fetal, e6-9

Progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO), 2067-2068

Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC), 1383-1384, 1384t

Progressive rubella panencephalitis (PRP), 1077

Progressive systemic sclerosis, e637-5

Progress of pain, e664-1t

Proguanil, e271-1t-e271-11t, e271-11

for malaria, 1203t-1205t

Prohormones for performance enhancement, 2423

Prokinetic agents for gastroesophageal reflux disease, 1268

Prolactinoma, e554-3

amenorrhea due to, 686

Prolactin (PRL), e550-1

Prolapse

ectopic ureterocele, 1858, 1858f

mitral valve, 1572

rectal, 1361

in cystic fibrosis, 1496

urethral, 1858, 1858f

vaginal bleeding due to, 1869

Prolidase deficiency, 443

Proline

defects in metabolism of, 442, 442f, 1319

genetic disorders of, 445t

Proloprim See Trimethoprim

PROM See Premature rupture of membrane (PROM)

Promyelocytic leukemia, acute, 1737-1738

Prone positioning, sudden infant death syndrome and, 1425

Pro-opiomelanocortin deficiency, 182t

Propafenone for arrhythmias, 1611t-1612t

Propamidine, e271-1t-e271-11t

Propane, as inhalant, 681t

Propanolol for arrhythmias, 1611t-1612t

Properdin deficiency, 754t, 755

fever without a focus in, 896t

Prophase of mitosis, 394-395

Prophylaxis

acute rheumatic fever, 924, 924t-925t

animal and human bite, 2456t

bacterial meningitis, 2095

candidal, e225-2

cytomegalovirus, 1117

diphtheria, e180-3

endocarditis, 1609, 1626, 1626t

in Marfan syndrome, 2445

epiglottitis, 1448

following splenectomy, e481-1

graft versus host disease, 760-761

group B streptococcus, 927-928

neonatal, 640, 640f, 640t

during pregnancy, 927-928

Haemophilus influenzae type B, 943

hemophilia, 1702

hepatitis B, 1400

HIV, 1173

for opportunistic infections with, 1173-1174

influenza virus, 1125

malarial, 1207, 1207t, e168-5-e168-6, e168-7t

for travel, e168-5-e168-6, e168-7t

measles, postexposure, 1075

migraine, 2043-2045, 2044t

neonatal gonococcal, 1037

neonatal infection, 640f-642f, 640t

nontuberculous mycobacterial, 1015-1016

otitis media, 2213

preexposure chemical, e704-7-e704-8, e704-8t

preoperative, e166-2-e166-4

rabies

postexposure, 1155-1157, 1156f, 1156t

pre-exposure, 1157

rape victim, 704, 704t

respiratory syncytial virus, 1129

surgical, e166-2-e166-4

tetanus, 993-994

ureteropelvic junction obstruction, 1841-1842

varicella, 1110

vesicoureteral reflux, 1836-1838

Propionibacterium acnes, 2322

Propionic acidemia, 436-437

Propionyl CoA carboxylase deficiency, 436-437

PROP1 mutations, 1876-1877, 1876t

Propofol

for anesthesia, e70-4t-e70-5t, e70-6

for intubation, 321t

for status epilepticus, 2039, 2039t

Propranolol

for congenital hypothyroidism, 1913

for Graves disease, 1912

for migraine prophylaxis, 2044t

for systemic hypertension, 1645t

for tetralogy of Fallot, 1576

for thyroid storm, 1912t

for vomiting prophylaxis, 1244t

Proprotein convertase 1/3 deficiency, 1312

Propylthiouracil (PTU)

for congenital hypothyroidism, 1913

for Graves disease, 1911-1912

for thyroid storm, 1912t

Prospective memory, e29-3

Prostaglandin E₁

for cardiogenic shock, 313t

for coarctation of the aorta, 1568-1569

for pulmonary atresia, 1579-1580

for tetralogy of Fallot, 1576

for transposition of great arteries with ventricular septal defect and pulmonary stenosis, 1582-1583

for tricuspid atresia, 1581

Prostaglandins

in neuroendocrine tumor-associated diarrhea, e333-2t

possible adverse reactions to in premature infant, 563t

Prostaphlin See Oxacillin

Prosthesis

after amputation for leg-length discrepancy, e668-3, e668-5f

orthopedic, infection associated with, e172-3

testicular, 1860, 1860f

Prostigmine methylsulfate, in myasthenia gravis diagnosis, 2134

Protamine, as poisoning antidote, 258t

Pro-T cells, e117-1

Protease inhibitors

for HIV infection, 1167, 1168t-1171t

pharmacokinetics of, e56-3t

Protease-resistant proteins (PrP) in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, 1177, e270-1-e270-2

Protective factors for abuse and neglect, 136-137

Protein(s)

in acute renal failure, 1820t

adequate macronutrient distribution range for, e41-1t

cerebrospinal fluid

in CNS infection, 2088t

normal values of, e584-9

dietary reference intakes for, e41-2t-e41-3t, e41-15-e41-16

digestion and absorption of, e320-1

drug binding to, e57-2-e57-3, e57-5-e57-6

familial intolerance of, 455

gla-containing, 210

metabolism of

disorders of, 1389t

hepatic, e346-3

pleural, in tuberculosis, 1003-1004

reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

Protein A, Staphylococcus aureus production of, 904

Protein AT deficiency, 1708

Protein C

deficiency of, 1708

reference values for, 1698t

Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), 174-179, e41-15

clinical manifestations of, 175, 175f-176f, 175t

pathophysiology of, 175-176

treatment of, 176-179, 176t-179t, 177f-178f

Protein hydrolysate formula, 164

Protein-losing enteropathy, 1307, 1312t

causes of, 1312t

due to malrotation, 1280-1281

Proteinosis, pulmonary alveolar, e398-1-e398-2, e398-1f-e398-2f

Protein S

deficiency of, 1708

reference values for, 1698t

Proteins induced by vitamin K absence (PIVKA), 210

Protein tyrosine inhibitors for cancer, e488-2t

Proteinuria, 1799-1800

in chronic kidney disease, 1822

fixed, 1800-1801

glomerular, 1801, 1801t

in immunoglobulin A nephropathy, 1781-1782

in nephrotic syndrome, 1801

orthostatic, 1800

transient, 1800

tubular, 1801

Proteomic studies, e56-3-e56-4

Proteus, 632t

Proteus syndrome myopathy, 2119

Prothrombin, 1696t

deficiency of, 1703

Prothrombin gene mutation, 1698, 1708

Prothrombin time (PT)

in hemostatic disorders, 1697

in liver disease, 1378-1379

reference values for, 1698t

Protocols for emergency departments, e61-4t

Protoheme ferrolyase deficiency, e85-15-e85-17

Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), e584-11

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)

for gastroesophageal reflux disease, 1268

for Helicobacter pylori gastritis, 1293t

for peptic ulcer disease, 1294

Proto-oncogenes, 1728

Protoporphyria, erythropoietic, 2450, e85-15-e85-17

Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO), e85-2f

deficiency of, e85-14-e85-15

Protoscolex, 1234-1235

Protoscolices, 1237-1238

Protozoan disease

amebiasis, 1178-1180

babesiosis, e281-1-e281-2

Balantidium coli, 1183

Cryptosporidium, 1183-1184

Cyclospora cayetanensis, 1184

Giardia lamblia, 1180-1183

Isospora belli, 1184

leishmaniasis, 1186-1190

malaria, 1198-1207

microsporidia, 1185

primary amebic meningoencephalitis, e272-1-e272-2

toxoplasmosis, 1208-1216

treatment of, e271-11-e271-13

Trichomonas vaginalis, 1185-1186

trypanosomiasis

African, 1190-1193

American, 1193-1198

Provitamins A, 188, 189t

Provocation paralysis, due to poliovirus infection, 1083

Provocation testing in allergic disease, 768

Proximal humeral fracture, 2392

Proximal tubule in acid-base balance, e52-14

Prozac See Fluoxetine

Prozone effect, 1019

PRP See Progressive rubella panencephalitis (PRP); Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RPR)

PrP See Protease-resistant proteins (PrP)

PRPP See Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) synthetase superactivity

PRQLQ See Pediatric Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (PRQLQ)

PRRs See Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

PRSS1 gene mutation, 1372-1373

Prune-belly syndrome, 1844f-1845f

Pruritus

in atopic dermatitis, 802

due to cholestasis, 1388

in enterobiasis, 1222

as manifestation of liver disease, 1377t

due to opioids, 366t

treatment of in palliative care, 155t-157t

Prussian blue for internal radiation contamination, e699-5

PSARP See Posterior sagittal anorectoplasty (PSARP)

PSC See Pediatric Symptoms Checklist (PSC)

PSE See Preparticipation sports examination (PSE)

Pseudoachalsia, 1264

Pseudoachondroplasia, 2427, 2427f

Pseudocyst

of Chagas disease, 1196

pancreatic, 1373

Pseudodominant inheritance, 388, 388f

Pseudoephedrine for allergic rhinitis, 777t-778t, 779

Pseudoesotropia, 2158

Pseudogenetic inheritance, 389-390

Pseudo-Hurler polydystrophy, 491-492

Pseudohyperparathyroidism, 1920

Pseudohypertrophy assessment in neurologic examination, e584-6

Pseudohyphae, 1053

Pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1, 221

Pseudohypoaldosteronism type 2, 221

Pseudohyponatremia, 1885, e52-2-e52-3

Pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP), 1919-1920

obesity due to, 182t

Pseudo Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, 2022-2023

Pseudomembranous colitis, 994-995

Pseudomembranous conjunctivitis, 2168

Pseudomonas

in conjunctivitis, 2166

neonatal, 632t

sepsis due to, 635t-636t

treatment of, 644

in osteomyelitis, 2394

in pyelonephritis, 1832

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 975-977

clinical manifestations of, 975-976, 976t

in cystic fibrosis-related infections, 1482, 1484-1485, 1492t

diagnosis of, 976

epidemiology, 975

etiology of, 975

pathogenesis of, 975

pathology of, 975

prevention of, 977

prognosis for, 977

supportive care for, 977

treatment of, 976-977

Pseudomonas maltophilia, e197-2

Pseudomycelium, 1053

Pseudo-obstruction, intestinal, 1283-1284, 1283t

Pseudoparalysis

in newborn, 579, e92-2

due to osteomyelitis, 2395

Pseudoporphyria, e148-3, e85-12, e637-8t

Pseudoprecocity

resulting from ovarian lesions, 1957-1958

resulting from testicular tumor, 1943-1950

Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism, 1919-1920

Pseudosplenomegaly, e480-1

Pseudo-status epilepticus, 2038

Pseudostrabismus, 2158

Pseudotumor, orbital, 2182

Pseudotumor cerebri, 190-191, 2099-2101, 2100f, 2100t

otitic hydrocephalus as, 2212

Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), 2278-2279, 2278f

cardiac manifestations of, 1532t

Pseuoparalysis of Parrot, 1018

PSG See Polysomnogram (PSG)

Psilocybe poisoning, e703-2

Psittacosis, e219-1-e219-2

Psoas abscess, 1300-1301

Psoriasis, 2259-2260, 2259f

nail changes of, 2295-2296

vulvar, 1867t-1868t

Psoriatic arthritis, e150-1t, e150-2, e150-2f

in juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 831t, 835

PSV See Pressure support ventilation (PSV)

Psychiatric disorders, 57t

anxiety disorders as, 77-82, 78t-82t

assessment and interviewing for, 56-60, 57t, 59f

disruptive behavioral disorders as, 96-100, 97t

eating disorders as, 90-96

clinical manifestations of, 91, 92t-94t

complications of, 91-93

definitions associated with, 90, 90t

differential diagnosis, 91

epidemiology of, 90-91

laboratory findings in, 91

prevention of, 96

prognosis for, 96

treatment of, 93-96, 95t

encopresis as, 73-75, 74f, 74t

enuresis (bed-wetting) as, 71-73, 72t-73t

general anesthesia and, e70-2t-e70-3t

habit disorders as, 75-76

hallucinations as, 106-107, 107f

language disorders as risk factor for, 121

mood disorders as, 82

bipolar disorder, 85-87, 85t

dysthymic disorder, 87, 87t

major depression, 82-85, 83t-84t

office intervention for, 16

pervasive developmental disorders as, 100, 101t-102t

Asperger’s disorder, 105t, 106

autistic disorder, 100-106, 101t, 103f-104f, 105t

childhood disintegrative disorder, e28-1-e28-3

pica as, 71

presenting problems, 56

psychosis associated with epilepsy, e28-1-e28-6

psychosomatic illness as, 67-70, 67f, 67t-70t

referral for, 58

rumination disorder as, 70-71

schizophrenia as, 106

diagnosis of, e28-4t

epidemiology of, e28-4

etiology of, e28-4

treatment of, e28-4

suicide and attempted suicide as, 87-89, 88f, 89t

tic disorders as, 76

Tourette’s syndrome as, 77

treatment of, 60-66

hospitalization in, 66

psychopharmacology in, 60-65, 61t

psychotherapy in, 65-66

Psychiatric hospitalization, 66

Psychoanalytical theories of development, e6-3-e6-4

Psychodynamic psychotherapy, 66

Psychogenic eye disturbances, 2154

Psychogenic movement disorders, 2061

Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures, e587-2

Psychogenic tremor, 2058

Psychologic adjustment to burn injury, 355

Psychological abuse, 136

Psychological complications

of drowning, 346

of general anesthesia, e70-13-e70-14

of obesity, 184t

of sickle cell disease, 1669

of type 1 diabetes mellitus, 1986

Psychological factors affecting general medicine conditions, 67

“Psychological First Aid”, e36-7

Psychological support following traumatic injury, 340

Psychologic disorders, seizures and, e587-2, e587-4

Psychologic evaluation

in communication disorders, 120

in renal transplantation, e530-3

Psychologic impact of war, e36-6, e36-6t

Psychologic influences

on development, e6-2

on neurodevelopmental dysfunction, e29-1

Psychologic stress

during pregnancy, e6-9

in psychosomatic illness, 68

type 1 diabetes mellitus development and, 1972

Psychopharmacology, 60-65, 61t

α-adrenergic agents, 63

antidepressants, 61-62, 63t

antipsychotics, 62-63, 64t

mood stabilizers, 63, 64t

for physical illness, 63-65

stimulants, 61, 62t

toxicity, 263-266

Psychosis

associated with epilepsy, e28-1-e28-6

due to glucocorticoid excess, e568-5

psychopharmacologic management of, 61t

Psychosocial assessment of adolescent, 666, 666t

Psychosocial causes of hypopituitarism, 1881

Psychosocial consequences

of injuries, 25

of teen pregnancy, 701-702

Psychosocial development during adolescence, 654

Psychosocial issues

in juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 839

in Turner syndrome, 1953

Psychosomatic illness, 67f, 67t-70t

Psychotherapy, 65-66

for bipolar disorder, 86

for grief and loss, e16-5

for neurodevelopmental dysfunction, e29-8

for pain management, 371

PT See Pertussis toxin (PT); Prothrombin time (PT)

PTC124 for cystic fibrosis, 1493

PTCH1 gene, e662-2

PTCH2 gene, e662-2

PTEN See Phosphate and tensin homolog (PTEN); Pten hamartoma tumor syndrome (PTEN)

Pten hamartoma tumor syndrome (PTEN), e337-2

Pteroylglutamic acid, 196-197

Pterygium, 2169

with arthrogryposis, e674-2

PTHR1 gene, 2430, e685-2t

PTHrP See Parathyroid hormone-related peptides (PTHrP)

PTLD See Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD)

Ptosis, 2163

in neuromuscular disorders, 2115t

PTPN11 gene, 1946

PTPN22 gene, 1971

PTSD See Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

PTU See Propylthiouracil (PTU)

P53 tumor suppressor gene, mutations, 1914, e486-1

PTX2 gene, 1876t, 1878

Pubarche, e555-1

premature, 1894

Puberty See also Adolescent, growth and development of

defined, 649

physiology of, e555-1

precocious, 1886-1894, 1887t, e545-1

due to brain irradiation, 1890

due to cancer and its therapy, e488-7t-e488-9t

central, 1887, 1888f

familial male gonadotropin-independent, 1893

due to gonadotropin-secreting tumors, 1891

hypothyroidism and, 1891

incomplete, 1893

due to McCune-Albright syndrome, 1892f

medicational, 1894

due to organic brain lesions, 1889-1890, 1889f-1890f

pseudohypoparathyroidism with, 1920

tall stature in, e554-1

vaginal bleeding with, 1869

timing of onset, 649

secular trend for decreasing age of, 649

Pubic hair, sexual maturity ratings of changes in, 651f

Pubis, 2355

PUBS See Percutaneous umbilical blood sampling (PUBS)

PUFAs See Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)

Puffer fish toxicity, 1328t-1329t

Pulicidae, 2318

Pulling of hair, 2289-2290, 2290f

Pulmonary abscess, 1480-1481

clinical manifestations of, 1480

diagnosis of, 1480, 1480f-1481f

pathology and pathogenesis of, 1480

prognosis for, 1481

treatment of, 1480-1481

Pulmonary actinomyces, e182-2

Pulmonary agenesis and aplasia, 1463

Pulmonary air embolism, 597

Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis (PAM), e386-1-e386-3, e386-3f

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP), e398-1-e398-2, e398-1f-e398-2f

Pulmonary arteriography, e366-3

Pulmonary arteriovenous fistula, e426-1-e426-3

Pulmonary artery

absence of branch, with tetralogy of Fallot, 1576

in fetal circulation, 1529

fetal development of, 1528f, e414-3

Pulmonary artery sling, 1452

Pulmonary aspiration, due to drowning, 343

Pulmonary blood flow, cyanotic congenital heart disease and, 1573-1596

Pulmonary edema, 1468-1469, 1468t-1469t

Pulmonary embolism, 1500-1502, 1501t, 1709

cardiac arrest due to, 289t

Pulmonary function tests, e366-3-e366-4

in asthma, 783-785, 785t, 786f-787f

in cystic fibrosis, 1488-1490

in pulmonary hemosiderosis, 1500

Pulmonary hemoptysis, 1503-1504, 1503t, 1504f

in cystic fibrosis, 1493

Pulmonary hemorrhage, 1503-1504, 1503t, 1504f

neonatal, 599

Pulmonary hemosiderosis, 1498-1500

Pulmonary hypertension, 1421, 1600-1602, 1600t, 1601f, 1602t

“hyperdynamic”, 1557

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

in systemic scleroderma, 851

Pulmonary hypoplasia, 1464

with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 594

due to oligohydramnios, e89-2

with pneumothorax, 597

Pulmonary infarction, 1500-1502, 1501t

Pulmonary infection

aspergilloma as, 1059

chronic, 1059

invasive, 1060

Coccidioides in, 1066-1068

tuberculosis as, 1002-1003, 1003f See also (Tuberculosis (TB))

Pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophilia (PIE), 1474

Pulmonary interstitial emphysema (PIE), neonatal, 597-599, 598f

Pulmonary lymphangiectasia, congenital, 1467

Pulmonary lymphatic compartment, pulmonary edema and, 1468

Pulmonary sequestration, 1465, 1466f

in partial anomalous pulmonary venous return, 1553-1554

Pulmonary therapy for cystic fibrosis, 1491-1493

Pulmonary tumors, e403-1, e403-1f

Pulmonary valve

congenital absence of, 1571

with tetralogy of Fallot, 1576

rheumatic disease of, 1628

Pulmonary valve atresia

with intact ventricular septum, 1578-1580, 1579f

with tetralogy of Fallot, 1573-1574, 1578

Pulmonary valve stenosis

in adults, 1608

double-outlet right ventricle with, 1588

infundibular

and double chamber right ventricle, 1564

ventricular septal defect with, 1558

with intact ventricular septum, 1561-1563, 1562f-1564f

intracardiac shunt with, 1564

peripheral, 1564-1565

in tetralogy of Fallot, 1573-1578

transposition of the great arteries and ventricular septal defect with, 1574, 1583f

Pulmonary valvular insufficiency, 1571

Pulmonary vascular disease, 1601-1602

Pulmonary vascular pressure, pulmonary edema and, 1468

Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), e365-1-e365-13

in neonatal circulation, e415-2

Pulmonary vasculature, e365-1-e365-13

Pulmonary venous hypertension, 1570-1571

Pulmonary venous return

partial anomalous, 1553-1554

total anomalous, 1589-1590, 1589t, 1590f

Pulp, splenic, 1723

Pulpitis, 1255

Pulse(s)

assessment of, 1532-1533

in coarctation of the aorta, 1568

in newborn, 535

Pulseless arrest, management of, 291-292, 293f

Pulseless disease, 871-872

Pulse oximetry

fetal, 544

in respiratory distress and respiratory failure, 318

Pulse rate in asthma, 784t

Pulsus paradoxus, 765, 784t

Pulvinar, 2356-2357

Puncture wounds of foot, 2341

Pupil

abnormalities of, 2154-2157

blown, 2155-2156

dilated fixed, 2155-2156

examination of, 2149-2150

in neurologic assessment, e584-3-e584-4

Marcus Gunn, 2156

tonic, 2156

Pupillary light reflex, 2157, 2157f

brain death and, e63-2t

in newborn, 534

in retinoblastoma, 1768-1769, 1768f

as sign of cancer, 1730f

Pupillary membrane, 2148

Purine metabolism disorders, e83-1-e83-9, e83-1f

Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency, 733

prenatal diagnosis of, e117-6

Purine nucleotide synthesis disorders, e83-5-e83-6

Purine salvage abnormalities, e83-3-e83-5, e83-4f

Purinethol See 6-Mercaptopurine

Purpura

Henoch-Schönlein, 868-871, 869f-870f, 870t, 874t, 1722, e147-1

cutaneous manifestations of, e637-3t, e637-5, e637-5f

immunofluorescence in, e637-1t

nephritis associated with, 1789

idiopathic thrombocytopenic, 1714-1718, 1717f

maternal, e89-2t

thrombotic thrombocytopenic, 1718-1719

Purpura fulminans in meningococcal disease, 931-932

Purpuric rash in rheumatic disease, e147-2t

Purtscher retinopathy, 2180

Purulent conjunctivitis, 2167-2168

exclusion from day care due to, e15-2t

Purulent otorrhea, e628-1

Purulent pericarditis, 1636

Purulent pleurisy, 1507-1509, 1508f

Pustular folliculitis, eosinophilic, 2220

Pustular melanosis

in newborn, 533

transient neonatal, 2219-2220, 2219f

Pustule(s)

of acne, 2322-2323, 2322f

in drug eruption, e637-8t

examination of, 2215

PU.1 transcription factor, e121-2-e121-3

PV See Pemphigus vulgaris (PV); Predictive value (PV)

PVCs See Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)

PVL See Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL); Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL)

PVN See Polyomavirus nephropathy (PVN)

PVR See Peripheral vascular resistance (PVR); Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR)

P wave, 1539, 1539f

in supraventricular tachycardia, 1613, 1614f

PXE See Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE)

Pyelitis, 1829-1830

Pyelogram, antegrade, 1841

Pyelonephritis, 1829-1830

imaging of, 1833

scarring due to, 1829-1830

treatment of, 1832

Pyknodysostosis, 2433, 2433f

Pyle disease, e695-1

Pyloric stenosis, 1274-1275, 1274f-1275f

Pyloromyotomy, 1275

Pyoderma, streptococcal, 915-917

Pyoderma gangrenosum in PAPA syndrome, 858-859

Pyoderma vegetans, 2304, 2304f

Pyogenic arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum, and acne (PAPA) syndrome, 858-859

Pyogenic granuloma, 2229, 2229f

Pyomyositis, Staphylococcus aureus in, 905

Pyrantel pamoate, e271-1t-e271-11t

for ascariasis, 1217-1218

Pyrazinamide (PZA), e206-2

for tuberculosis, 1007, 1008t, e206-1t

Pyridostigmine bromide for myasthenia gravis, 2135t

Pyridoxal phosphate for epilepsy, 2028

Pyridoxine, 194t, 195-196

deficiency of, 196

neonatal seizures due to, 2035

dependency on, 2036

for epilepsy, 2028

as poisoning antidote, 256t-257t

for mushroom poisoning, e703-1

toxicity of, 196

Pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy, 453-455, 2028

Pyriform aperture stenosis, 1431

Pyrimethamine

for Pneumocystis jiroveci, e271-1t-e271-11t

for toxoplasmosis, 1215, e271-1t-e271-11t

Pyrimidine metabolism disorders, 516, e83-2f, e83-7-e83-9

Pyrimidine 5’-nucleotidase deficiency, e83-8-e83-9

overactive cytosolic 5’-nucleotidase and, e83-9

Pyrimidines, e225-1-e225-2

Pyrin, 856

Pyrin domain (PYD), 856

Pyrogenic exotoxins

in scarlet fever, 916

streptococcal, 915

Pyrogens in fever, e169-1

Pyroglutamic acidemia, 443-444

Pyropoikilocytosis, hereditary, 1661f, e451-1t-e451-2t

Pyrroloporphyria, e85-4-e85-8

Pyruvate, disorders of metabolism of, 494t-495t, 505-509

Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency, 494t-495t, 506

secondary to holocarboxylase synthetase or biotinidase, 506

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency, 494t-495t, 505-506

Pyruvate kinase deficiency, hemolytic anemia due to, 1677, 1678f, e451-1t-e451-2t

Pyuria

in Kawasaki disease, 863, 864f

in urinary tract infection, 1831

PZA See Pyrazinamide (PZA)

Q

Q arm, 395

Q fever, 1039t-1040t, 1051-1053

Q fever vaccine, 1052-1053

QI See Oxygen index (QI); Quality improvement (QI)

QRS complex, 1537-1540, 1540f

in poisonings, 254t

with antipsychotics, 266

with atypical antidepressants, 265

with tricyclic antidepressants, 264, 264f

in tachycardias, 288-289

supraventricular, 1613, 1614f

in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, 1613-1614

QRS frontal-plane axis, 1538

Q-T intervals, 1540, 1540f

prolonged, 1540

in long Q-T syndrome, 1540f

in poisonings, 254t

sudden infant death syndrome and, 1428

Q-T syndrome

long, 1616-1618, 1617t, e74-4

genetics of, e418-1t-e418-2t, e418-3

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

sudden death due to, 1620, 1620f

sudden infant death syndrome and, 1425-1426, 1426f

short, 1617t, 1618

sudden infant death syndrome and, 1426

Quadriceps myopathy, 2121

Quadriplegia, spastic, 2063

Qualitative quality data, e2-2

Quality

of child care, e15-3

of health care, e2-1, e2-1t

for adolescents, 663

comparing and reporting, e2-2-e2-3

implications of health care reform on, e2-7

measuring, e2-1-e2-2, e2-2t

model for, e2-1

patient safety and, e2-5-e2-7

Quality improvement (QI)

American Academy of Pediatrics model for, e2-7

information technology and, e2-7

international efforts in, e2-7-e2-8

in emergency medicine, e61-16

LEAN Methodology for, e2-4f

management sciences in, e2-5f-e2-6f

Model for Improvement in, e2-3f

national organizations involved with, e2-8t

need for, e2-1

research and, e2-5

Six Sigma for, e2-4f

of well child care, 16

Quality initiative, e2-1t

Quality of pain, e664-1t

QuantiFERON-TB, 1000-1001

Quantitative quality data, e2-2

Quantitative trait, e77-2

Query fever, 1051-1053

Quetiapine

for pain management, 364t

for psychosis and agitation, 64t

Quinacrine, e271-1t-e271-11t

for giardiasis, 1182, 1182t

Quinapril for systemic hypertension, 1645t

Quinidine

for arrhythmias, 1611t-1612t

drug interactions with, e57-13t-e57-14t

for malaria, 1202, e271-1t-e271-11t

for myasthenia gravis, 2135t

Quinine

for babesiosis, e281-1, e271-1t-e271-11t

for malaria, 1203t-1205t, e271-1t-e271-11t

toxicity of, 251t

Quinolones, e173-13-e173-14

for Shigella infection, 961

Quinupristin/dalfopristin, e173-4t-e173-11t

for Staphylococcus aureus, 907t

for vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, e179-2

R

RA See Retinoic acid (RA)

Rabeprazole, 1293t

Rabies, 1154-1157, 1156f, 1156t

poliovirus infection versus, 1085t

Rabies immune globulin (RIG), 882t, e168-4

Rabies vaccine, 884t, 1155

for travel, 891t, e168-4, e168-6t

Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome, 1996

RAC-2 deficiency, 742t, 743-744

Rachitic rosary, 200, 203f

Racial and ethnic factors

in adolescent drug use, 672

in childhood cancers, 1727t

in childhood injuries, 20

in child mortality, 2f, 3t-4t

in cleft lip and palate, 1252

in cystic fibrosis, 1481-1482, 1483f, 1483t

in developmental dysplasia of the hip, 2356

in Familial Mediterranean fever, 856

in infant mortality rates, e87-2f

in neonatal jaundice, 605-606

in otitis media, 2200

in sexually transmitted disease, 705, 706f

Racial minority children, 6-7

Rad, 2448

Radial artery cannulation, 292-294, 296f

Radial-femoral delay, 1532-1533

in coarctation of the aorta, 1568

Radial longitudinal deficiency, 2384, 2384t

Radial pulse, assessment of, 1532-1533

Radiation carcinogenesis, e699-2, e699-2f

Radiation contamination, internal, e699-6-e699-7, e699-7f, e699-7t

Radiation exposure

acute and late effects of, e699-4-e699-5, e699-4f-e699-5f, e699-4t-e699-5t

basic principles of, e699-1, e699-1f, e699-1t

biologic effects of, e699-1-e699-3, e699-1t, e699-2f-e699-3f, e699-3t

as cancer risk factor, 1727t

in thyroid carcinoma, 1914

decreasing unnecessary, e699-3-e699-4

due to external contamination, e699-7, e699-7f

fetal, 548

due to internal contamination, e699-6-e699-7, e699-7t

maternal, e699-2

microcephaly due to, 2007t

whole-body, e699-5-e699-6, e699-6t

Radiation heat loss in newborn, 536-537

Radiation myelitis, e699-4

Radiation pain, e664-1t

Radiation sickness, e699-6-e699-7, e699-7f, e699-7t

Radiation syndrome, acute, e699-5-e699-6

Radiation therapy

acute and late effects of, e699-4-e699-5

to brain, precocious puberty due to, 1890

for cancer, e488-1-e488-2, e488-2f, e488-5

as cancer risk factor, 1727t

in thyroid carcinoma, 1914

encephalopathy due to, 2068-2069

for Hodgkin lymphoma, 1741-1742

hypogonadism due to, 1945

hypothyroidism due to, 1901

intensity modulated, e488-5

total body, late effects of, e133-1

Radioactive iodine for Graves disease, 1912t

Radioallergosorbent test (RAST), 766-767, 767t

Radiocontrast media, adverse reaction to, 828

Radiography

in aspiration syndromes, 1472-1473, 1472t, 1473f

in asthma, 785, 787f

in back pain, 2374

cephalometric, 1261

in coccidioidomycosis, 1067, 1067f

in congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 594-595, 595f

in congenital vertical talus, 2338

in croup, 1446, 1446f

in developmental dysplasia of hip, 2358-2359, 2359f

in disk space infection, 2376

in esophageal foreign body, 1271, 1272f

in fever of unknown origin, 902

in gastroesophageal reflux disease, 1267, 1267f

in hallux valgus, 2341-2342, 2341f

intraoral dental, 1261

in jejeunoileal atresia, 1279-1280, 1279f

in juvenile dermatomyositis, 848-849, 849f

in juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 836, 837f

in kyphosis, 2372, 2372f

in leg-length discrepancy, e668-1-e668-2, e668-2f

in liver dysfunction, 1379

in metatarsus adductus, 2335-2336

in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis, 602, 602f

in orthopedic problems, 2334-2335

in osteomyelitis, 2396-2397, 2396f

panoramic, 1261, e309-1f

in pes planus, 2338-2339, 2338f

in pneumonia, 1477, 1477f-1478f

in pneumothorax, 1510, 1510f-1511f

in pulmonary abscess, 1480, 1480f-1481f

in pulmonary edema, 1469, 1469t

in pulmonary embolism, 1502

in respiratory disease diagnosis, e366-2-e366-3

in respiratory distress syndrome, 582, 583f

in rheumatic disease, e147-2

in rickets, 203f

in scoliosis, 2366-2367, 2367f

in septic arthritis, 2399-2400, 2399f

in skeletal dysplasias, e685-2

in spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis, 2374-2375, 2375f

in sports-related ankle injury, 2417-2418, 2417f

in talipes equinovarus, 2337

in tetralogy of Fallot, 1574-1575, 1575f

in total anomalous pulmonary venous return, 1589, 1590f

in tracheoesophageal fistula, 1262-1263, 1262f-1263f

in tuberculosis, 999f-1000f, 1006

in ventricular septal defect, 1557, 1557f

in vitamin C deficiency, 199, 199f

Radioiodine administration

for Graves disease, 1912

hypothyroidism due to, 1896

Radioisotope studies in urinary tract obstruction, 1840-1841

Radiology

in appendicitis, 1351-1353, 1351f-1352f

in asthma, 785, 787f

in cardiovascular disease, 1537, 1537f

in cystic fibrosis, 1488, 1489f-1490f

in dental assessment, e309-1, e309-1f

in dysmorphology, e102-6

in neurologic assessment, e584-10-e584-11, e584-11t

in rickets, 202, 203f

in trauma, 340

Radionuclide studies

in aspiration syndromes, 1472t

esophageal, e310-3

in fever of unknown origin, 902

hepatic, 1379

in Meckel diverticulum, 1282, 1282f

in osteomyelitis, 2396-2397

pulmonary, e366-3

in pulmonary embolism, 1502

in septic arthritis, 2400

thyroid, e557-2

Radon gas exposure, 2448

RAEB See Refractory anemia with excess of blasts (RAEB)

RAEs See Retinol activity equivalents (RAEs)

RAG-1 See Recombinase activating genes 1 (RAG-1) deficiency

RAG-2 See Recombinase activating genes 2 (RAG-2)

Rage attack, seizure versus, e587-4

Ragged red fibers, myoclonus epilepsy and, 2067

Rales

in asthma, 783

auscultation of, e366-1, e366-1t

Raltegravir for HIV infection, 1168t-1171t

Ramipril for systemic hypertension, 1645t

Ramsay Hunt syndrome, 2055, 2199

Random variation, e2-4

Range of motion (ROM)

arthrogryposis and, e674-3

assessment of, 2331

of knee, 2352

Ranitidine

for anaphylaxis, 818t

for Helicobacter pylori gastritis, 1293t

for urticaria and angioedema, 815t

Ranula, e308-1

Rape, adolescent, 702-705, 703t-704t

“Rape kit”, 143

Rapid antigen detection

in bacterial and fungal infection diagnosis, e164-1

in group A streptococci infection, 917-918

in HIV, e707-2, e707-2t

in office, e164-3

in parainfluenza viruses, 1125t

in viral infection diagnosis, e164-3-e164-4

Rapid eye movement (REM), respiratory regulation in, e365-14

Rapidly involuting congenital hemangioma (RICH), 2229

Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, 1785t, 1789-1790, 1790f, 1790t

Rapid-onset with hypothalamic dysfunction, hypoventilation, and autonomic dysregulation (ROHHAD), 1521-1522

Rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test, 1019, 1019f

Rapid sequence intubation (RSI), 285, 287t

gastric content and, e70-14

Rash

in congenital syphilis, 1017-1018, 1018f

drug, e637-8f, e637-9

of Epstein-Barr virus, 1112-1113

of Henoch-Schönlein purpura, 869, 869f

of juvenile dermatomyositis, 846-847, 847f, 848t

of Kawasaki disease, 863, 864f

in Lyme disease, 1026, 1027f

of measles, 1070-1071, 1070f-1071f

due to neonatal infection, 639

of neonatal lupus, 845, 845f

of parvovirus B19 infection, 1095-1097, 1095f-1096f

in rheumatic disease, e147-1, e147-2t

road, 341

of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 1042, 1042f

of roseola, 1118, 1119f

of rubella, 1075-1076, 1076f

of scarlet fever, 916, 916f

of systemic lupus erythematosus, 842, 842f, e637-4f

of systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 832-834, 834f

of varicella-zoster virus infection, 1105, 1105f

Rashkind balloon atrial septostomy, 1586, 1586f

RAS-MARK pathway, 1946

Rasmussen’s encephalitis, 2023

RAST See Radioallergosorbent test (RAST)

Rastelli operation, 1582

Rat bite fever, 2457-2459, 2458f

Rating scales, mental health, 57, 57t

Rat lungworm, 1226-1227

“Raves”, 682

Raynaud disease, 852

Raynaud phenomenon (RP), 852, 852t

in rheumatic disease, e147-1

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

RBCs See Red blood cells (RBCs)

RBP See Retinol-binding protein (RBP)

RB tumor suppressor gene, inactivation of, e486-1

RCC See Renal cell carcinoma (RCC)

RCDP See Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP)

RCM See Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM)

RDA See Recommended dietary allowance (RDA)

RDEB See Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB)

RDS See Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)

RDW See Red cell distribution width (RDW)

Re See Reynolds number (Re)

REACH See Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and restriction to Chemicals (REACH) legislation

Reactivation tuberculosis, 998-1000, 1003

Reactive airway disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease with, 1263

Reactive arthritis, 839-841, 840f, 840t

post-Campylobacter enteritis, 970

post-infection, 1333t

poststreptococcal, 919

Reactive fetal heart rate (FHR), 543t

Reactive perforating collagenosis (RPC), 2279, 2279f

Reading

to child, 34-35

disorders of, e29-6, e29-6t

dyslexia and, 112-114

Ready to use therapeutic foods (RUFTs), 177, 177f

Real-time continuous glucose monitoring (RT-CGM), 1983-1984

Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), e164-5

in enterovirus infection, 1093

in respiratory syncytial virus infection, 1128

Reasoning in adolescent, 649-651

Rebetol See Ribavirin

Rebetron See Interferon-α 2b

“Rebound” hypertension, 1569

Recall

cued, e29-3

free, e29-3

recognition, e29-3

Receptive language

development of, 114-116

dysfunction of, 117t, e29-2

Receptors

drug

age-related changes in, e57-7-e57-9

pharmacogenetics and, e56-10-e56-12, e56-11f

of respiration, e365-15-e365-16, e365-15f

Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB), 2246, 2247f

Recessive inheritance, autosomal, 385-388, 388f

Recessive X-linked ichthyosis, 2268t

Reciprocal translocations, 404-405

Recognition recall, e29-3

Recombinant growth factor

for Fanconi anemia, 1686

for Turner syndrome, 1954

Recombinant insulin-like growth factor-1, 1881

Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rTPA), 1712

for stroke, 304

Recombinase activating genes 2 (RAG-2), e117-1

deficiency of, 732-733

Recombinase activating genes 1 (RAG-1) deficiency, 732-733

Recombination, genetic, 376, 395, e74-4

Recommendations for Preventive Pediatric Health Care, 14, 15f

Recommended dietary allowance (RDA), e41-1, e41-1t, e41-4f

Reconstruction for burn injury, 355

Recreational activity, drowning during, 342

Recrudescence in malaria, 1201

Recruitment, alveolar, 323

Rectal atresia, 1358

Rectal cancer, e500-1-e500-4 See also Colorectal cancer (CRC)

Rectal examination

in fever of unknown origin, 901

in Hirschsprung disease, 1285, 1285t

Rectal prolapse, 1361

in cystic fibrosis, 1496

Rectal suction biopsy in Hirschsprung disease, 1285-1286

Rectal swab culture

in Campylobacter infection, 970

in Shigella infection, 960

Rectobulbarurethral fistula, 1357

Rectoprostaticurethral fistula, 1357

Rectum

disorders of See (Anorectal disorders)

drug absorption in, e57-5t

Recurrence risk, 383

Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RPR), e382-1-e382-2

Recurrent seizures, 2019-2020

Red blood cells (RBCs)

aplasia of, 1653

parvovirus B19 infection in, 1095-1097, 1652-1653

development of, e440-4

fetal, e440-1

life span of in fetus and neonate, e440-6

morphologic abnormalities of, 1650f

neonatal, e440-6

premature destruction of See (Hemolytic anemia)

reduction of hemoglobin concentration of See (Anemia(s))

reference intervals for, e708-2t-e708-8t

transfusion of, e464-1-e464-2, e464-1t

in urine See (Hematuria)

Red blood cells (RBCs) count

in iron deficiency-anemia, 1656t

from 18 weeks of gestation to 14 weeks of life, 613t

Red cell distribution width (RDW)

in congenital dyserythropoietic anemia, e446-1t

in iron deficiency-anemia, 1656t

Red cherry spot, macular, 483

Red eye, differential diagnosis of, 2167t

Red glass test, e584-4

Red man syndrome, 828

Red pulp, splenic, 1723

Red reflex test, e584-4

Red Spitz nevus, 2233f

5α-Reductase deficiency, 1965-1966, 1965f

Reduction for developmental dysplasia of hip, 2359-2360, 2360f

Redundant skin, 2220

Red urine, 1779, 1779t

in congenital erythropoietic porphyria, e85-9f

Reduviid insects in trypanosomiasis, 1195

Reed-Sternberg (RS) cell, 1740

Refeeding syndrome, 91-92, 178-179, 178f, 179t, 226

Reference intervals, e708-1-e708-16, e708-2t-e708-8t

Referral

asthma, 793

chronic illness, e39-3

genetic disorders, 379

hearing loss, 2193t

homosexuality, 659

psychiatric disorders, 58

eating disorders, 95-96

sexual abuse, 143

to specialized facility, e61-8-e61-9

Reflex(es)

brain death and, e63-2t

brainstem, brain death and, e63-2

corneal, 2157, e63-2t

deep tendon, 2109, 2110t, e584-7

doll’s eyes, e63-2t

gag, e584-5

moro, 571t, e584-7

neurologic examination of, e584-7-e584-8, e584-8t

oculocephalic, e63-2t

oculovestibular, e63-2t

parachute, e584-7

primitive, e584-7-e584-8

pupillary light, 2157, 2157f, e63-2t

brain death and, e63-2t

in newborn, 534

in retinoblastoma, 1768-1769, 1768f

as sign of cancer, 1730f

tendon, 2109

in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, 571t

tonic clonic, e584-7

Reflex sympathetic dystrophy, 2143

Reflex test

acoustic, 2195

red, e584-4

Reflux

gastroesophageal See (Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD))

infant, 1266-1267

vesicoureteral, 1834-1838

Reflux laryngitis, 1269

Reflux-related renal injury, 1834

Refraction

abnormalities of, 2150-2152

testing of, 2150

Refractory anemia with excess of blasts (RAEB), 758-759

Refractory status epilepticus, 2038

Refsum disease, 464-465, 466t

cardiac manifestations of, 1531t

cutaneous manifestations of, 2271-2272, e605-1-e605-2

Refugee children, 6

Regional anesthesia

definition of, e70-3t

for pain management, 371

postoperative, e70-14-e70-15

Regional enteritis/ileitis See Crohn’s disease

Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and restriction to Chemicals (REACH) legislation, e700-1

Reglan See Metoclopramide

Regular insulin, 1976, 1977f

Regulation, child care, e15-1

Regurgitation, 1241, 1242t, e297-1

cardiac, 1571

mitral, 1571, 1571t

tricuspid, 1572

Rehabilitation

for burn injury, 355

following heart transplantation, e437-4

for sports-related ankle injury, 2418

Rehabilitation model in psychosomatic illness, 70

Rehydralyte, 1335t

Rehydration therapy

for acute gastroenteritis, 1334, 1335t

for cholera, 967

for malnutrition, 176-177

for rotavirus, calcivirus, and astrovirus gastroenteritis, 1136

Rejection

of heart transplant, e437-2-e437-3

of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, 760-762

of intestinal transplantation, e331-2-e331-3

of renal transplantation, e530-5

Relapsing

of acute lymphocytic leukemia, 1736

of Hodgkin lymphoma, 1743

of nephrotic syndrome, 1805

of polychondritis, 880, e163-1t

Relapsing fever, e213-1-e213-2, e213-1f, e169-1, e169-1t

Relationships, adolescent development of, 652-654

Relative bioavailability in drug therapy, e57-3

Relative rest following sports injury, 2408

Relaxation

muscular, as goal of anesthesia, e70-1-e70-3

for pain management, 370

transient lower esophageal sphincter, e310-1

gastroesophageal reflux disease and, 1266

Relenza See Zanamivir

Reliability

in patient safety, e2-7

in quality measurement, e2-2t

Religious objections to treatment, e3-3-e3-4

REM See Rapid eye movement (REM)

Remifentanil for anesthesia, e70-7

Remission induction, 1734

Remodeling, fracture, 2388f, 2389

Remote symptomatic seizure, 2013

REM sleep disorders, e587-5

Renal abscess, 1830, 1832

Renal agenesis, 1827, 1828f

Renal artery, 1778

Renal biopsy

in renal transplantation, e530-5

in systemic lupus erythematosus, 842

Renal calculi, e541-1-e541-5, e541-1f, e541-1t-e541-2t

abdominal pain of, 1248t

as complication of enterocystoplasty, e536-2

Renal capillaries, e502-1

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC), 1760

Renal circulation, 1778, e502-1f

Renal cortex, 1778

Renal disease See also Nephrology

failure to thrive in, 148t

HIV-related, 1165-1166

maternal, 545

rickets due to, 203, 205-206

in type I glycogen storage disease, 495

Renal dysfunction

due to immunosuppression therapy, e437-3

liver disease with, 1377

Renal dysgenesis, 1827-1828

Renal failure, 1818-1826

acute, 1818-1822, 1818t-1820t

clinical manifestations and diagnosis of, 1819

laboratory findings in, 1819-1820, 1820t

nephrotoxins in, 1817t

pathogenesis of, 1818-1819, 1819t

prognosis for, 1822

treatment of, 1820-1822, 1821t

chronic, 1822-1825, 1823t

vitamin D deficiency due to, 205-206

cortical necrosis in, 1818

dental problems associated with, 1251t

metabolic acidosis in, 232

rickets due to, 202t, 203, 205-206

Renal medulla, 1778

Renal osteodystrophy, 1823t, 1824-1825

Renal scan in urinary tract infection, 1833, 1833f

Renal scintigraphy, 1840-1841

Renal solute loads, for premature infant, 559

Renal system

in acid-base balance, e52-14-e52-16, e52-14f-e52-15f

in drug elimination, e57-7, e57-7t

glucocorticoids role in, e568-5

Renal transplantation, e530-1-e530-7

donors and recipients for, e530-1-e530-2

evaluation and preparation for, e530-2-e530-3

fluid management in, e530-5

graft survival in, e530-5-e530-6

immunosuppression in, e530-3-e530-5

complications due to, e530-6, e530-7f

incidence and etiology of, e530-1, e530-1t

indications for, e530-1

long-term outcome of, e530-6

maternal, e89-2t

rejection of, e530-5

renal biopsy in, e530-5

Renal tubular acidosis (RTA), 1808-1811

distal (type I), 1810

hyperkalemic (type IV), 1810-1811, 1811f

metabolic acidosis and, 232

nephrotoxins in, 1817t

proximal (type II), 1808-1810, 1809t

rickets due to, 208, 1811

urinary lithiasis with, e541-2

Renal tubules

acid-base balance and, e52-14, e52-14f

disorders of

Bartter syndrome as, 1813-1814, 1813t

Gitelman syndrome as, 1814

hyperkalemia and, 221

inherited transport disorders of, 1813-1814

nephrogenic diabetes insipidus as, 1812

renal tubular acidosis as, 1811f

tubulointerstitial nephritis as, 1814-1816, 1815t

function of, e522-1

Renal ultrasonography, 1839-1840, 1839f

Renal vasculitis, nephrotoxins in, 1817t

Renal vein thrombosis (RVT), 1709

hematuria due to, 1794-1795

in newborn assessment, 535

Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome, 1530, 1531t

Renin-angiotensin system, e52-5

in aldosterone regulation, 1923

Renogram in urinary tract obstruction, 1839f-1840f, 1840-1841

Renovascular hypertension, 1642, 1644f, 1646f

Repaglinide, 1992t

RePEAT See Revised Pediatric Emergency Assessment Tool (RePEAT)

Repeat expansion disorders, 391, 392t, 393f

Replacement fluid therapy, 242, 244-245, 245t

Replacement therapy for genetic disorders, 379-380

Replantation of tooth, 1259

Replication, e74-1, e74-1f

enterovirus, 1089

Epstein-Barr virus, 1111

herpes simplex virus, 1098-1099

Reporting, quality, e2-2-e2-3

Reproductive factors in high-risk pregnancies, e89-1t

Reproductive history in skeletal dysplasias, e685-1-e685-2

Reproductive system, effects of cancer and its therapy on, e488-7t-e488-9t

Reptilase time, 1697

Reptile bite, 2454-2460

Rescue breathing, 282-283, 282f

Research

on emergency medical services for children, e61-5

international collaborations, e61-12t

ethical considerations, e3-5-e3-6

nontherapeutic, e3-5

quality improvement and, e2-5

Reserpine

possible adverse reactions to in premature infant, 563t

for spasticity of cerebral palsy, 2064

Residency Review and Redesign in Pediatrics (R3P), 11

Residual volume (RV), 1419, e365-2f

Resilience, development and, e6-2-e6-3

Resistance

bacterial, e173-1, e173-1t

in child care setting, e167-2

Haemophilus influenzae, 941

mechanism of, e173-1t

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 1008-1009

in neonatal infection, 644

nocardiosis, e183-2

in otitis media, 2205-2206

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 977

Streptococcus pneumoniae, 913

tuberculosis, 998, 1008-1009

pulmonary, 322

respiratory, e365-3

Resistive work, 1419

Resorption, bone, disorders involving defective, 2432-2433

Resources, e61-14t

child care information, e15-4t

developmental-behavioral screening and surveillance, 40

international, for pediatric emergency medicine, 894t

internet

for genetic disorders, 379, 380t

for pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics, e56-7t

for vaccines, 894t

Resperidone for mood stabilization, 64t

Respiration(s)

in newborn

failure to initiate or sustain, 575

transition to pulmonary respiration in, 579-580

pulmonary mechanics in, e365-1-e365-6

regulation of, e365-1-e365-17, e365-15f

Respiratory acidosis, 230t, 238-240, 239t

Respiratory alkalosis, 230t, 240-242, 241t

compensatory, 230

Respiratory chain defects, 494t-495t

mitochondrial, 506, 507t-509t, 508f

Respiratory culture, e164-2

Respiratory depression

due to opioids, 366t

postanesthetic, e70-10-e70-11

Respiratory disease

acute inflammatory upper airway obstruction as, 1445-1450

bacterial tracheitis as, 1449-1450, 1449f

infectious, 1445-1449, 1446f-1447f

airway dynamics in, e365-1-e365-8, e365-7f-e365-8f

alveolar hemorrhage, diffuse in, 1498-1500, 1498t

aspiration as, 1469-1471

due to drowning, 343

of gastric contents, 1470

of hydrocarbon, 1470-1471, 1470f

meconium, 590-592

neonatal foreign body, 590, 591f

recurrent, 1471-1473, 1471t-1472t, 1473f

atelectasis as, e402-1-e402-2, e402-1t-e402-2t, e402-2f

blood gases interpretation in, e365-1-e365-12

bronchiectasis as, e393-1-e393-2, e393-1f

bronchiolitis as, 1456-1459

bronchiolitis obliterans as, e386-1, e386-1f, e386-1t

bronchitis as, 1459-1460

follicular, 1463

bronchomalacia as, e381-1

bronchopulmonary dysplasia as, e410-1-e410-2

due to cancer and its therapy, e488-7t-e488-9t

chest pain in, 1530t

child care and infections of, e167-1

chronic or recurrent symptoms in, e376-1-e376-4, e376-1t

chronic severe respiratory insufficiency as, 1519-1526

chylothorax as, 1514-1515, 1514f-1515f

clinical signs interpretation in, e365-1-e365-9, e365-9f, e365-9t

coccidioidomycosis, 1065-1068

common cold as, 1434-1436, 1434t-1435t

congenital anomalies as

of larynx, trachea, and bronchi, 1450-1452, 1450f-1452f

of lung, 1463-1467, 1465f-1466f

of nose, 1429-1431

cystic fibrosis as, 1481-1497

diagnosis of, e366-1-e366-6

airway visualization and lung specimen-based, e366-4-e366-5

blood gas analysis in, e366-1-e366-2

exercise testing in, e366-4

history in, e366-1

microbiology in, e366-4

physical examination in, e366-1, e366-1f, e366-1t-e366-2t

pulmonary function testing in, e366-3-e366-4

radiographic techniques in, e366-2-e366-3

sleep studies in, e366-4

transillumination of chest in, e366-2

emphysema as, 1460-1462, 1461f-1462f, 1507-1509

α-antitrypsin deficiency and, e385-1

failure to thrive in, 148t

due to food allergy, 822

foreign body

airway, 1453-1454, 1453f

esophageal, 1271-1272, 1272f-1273f

nasal, 1431-1432

neonatal aspiration, 590, 591f

gas exchange in, e365-1-e365-11

general anesthesia and, e70-2t-e70-3t

hemothorax as, 1513-1514, 1514f

histoplasmosis as, 1062-1064

human papillomavirus, 1138

hydrothorax as, 1513

immune response of lung in, e365-1-e365-14

interstitial lung disease as, e397-1-e397-2, e397-1t

laryngotracheal stenosis as, 1454-1455

lateral pharyngeal abscess as, 1440-1442, 1441f

manifesting as respiratory distress, 314-315, 315t

neoplasms of larynx, trachea, and bronchi as, 1455-1456, e382-2f

of newborn, 579-599

apnea as, 580-581, 580t

diaphragmatic hernia as, 594-596

eventration as, 597

extrapulmonary air leaks as, 597-599, 598f-599f

foramen of Morgagni hernia as, 597, 597f

foreign material aspiration as, 590, 591f

meconium aspiration as, 590-592

paraesophageal hernia as, 597

persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn as, 592-594, 592f

pneumonia as, 639

pulmonary hemorrhage as, 599

respiratory distress syndrome as, 581-590

transient tachypnea as, 590

of nose

congenital, 1429-1431

epistaxis as, 1432-1433, 1432t

foreign body as, 1431-1432

nasal polyps as, 1433, 1433f

obesity with, 184t

overinflation as, 1460-1462, 1461f-1462f

parenchymal

emergency airway management in, 284

eosinophilic lung disease as, e391-1-e391-6, e391-5t

hypersensitivity to inhaled materials as, e391-1-e391-2, e391-1f, e391-2t

paraquat lung as, e391-1-e391-4

silo filler disease as, e391-1-e391-3

peritonsillar cellulitis/abscess as, 1440, 1442

pharyngitis as, 1439-1440

pleurisy and pleural effusions as, 1505-1509, 1505f-1506f, 1508f

pneumomediastinum as, 1512-1513, 1512f-1513f

pneumonia as, 1474-1479, 1474f, 1475t-1479t, 1477f-1479f See also (Pneumonia)

in newborn, 639

pneumothorax as, 1509-1512, 1509t, 1510f-1511f

in premature infants, 559t

primary ciliary dyskinesia as, e396-1-e396-4, e396-1f, e396-2t, e396-3f

psychopharmacology and, 65

pulmonary abscess as, 1480-1481, 1480f-1481f

pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis as, e386-1-e386-3, e386-3f

pulmonary alveolar proteinosis as, e398-1-e398-2, e398-1f-e398-2f

pulmonary edema as, 1468-1469, 1468t-1469t

pulmonary embolism and infarction as, 1500-1502, 1501t

pulmonary hemorrhage and hemoptysis as, 1503-1504, 1503t, 1504f

pulmonary mechanics and work of breathing in, e365-1-e365-6

pulmonary tumors as, e403-1, e403-1f

pulmonary vasculature in, e365-1-e365-13

retropharyngeal abscess as, 1440-1442, 1441f

in sickle cell disease, 1667-1668, 1668f, 1668t

sinusitis as, 1436-1438, 1436f-1438f

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

sublottic stenosis as, 1454

sudden infant death syndrome as, 1421-1429

surfactant metabolism, inherited disorders as, e399-1-e399-3, e399-1t

of tonsils and adenoids, 1442-1445, 1443f

tracheomalacia as, e381-1, e381-1f, e381-1t

ventilation-perfusion relationship in, e365-1-e365-10, e365-10f

wheezing in, 1456-1460, 1457t

Respiratory distress, 314

in acutely ill child, 275

advanced airway management techniques for

bag-valve-mask positive pressure ventilation in, 284-285, 284f-285f

endotracheal intubation in, 285, 286f, 287t

due to airway narrowing, 283-284

due to airway obstruction, 282-283, 282f-283f

cardiovascular disease manifesting as, 315-316, 315t

in congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 595

as delivery room emergency, 575

in malaria, 1206

management of, 282-285, 319-321

mechanical ventilation for, 321-329

monitoring in, 318-319

neurologic disease manifesting as, 316

nonpulmonary causes of, 315-316, 315t

due to parenchymal lung disease, 284

respiratory disease manifesting as, 314-315, 315t

toxic-metabolic states manifesting as, 316

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), 581-590

clinical manifestations of, 582

complications of, 586-590, 588f, 589t

diagnosis of, 582-584, 583f

etiology and pathophysiology of, 581-582, 582f-583f

incidence of, 581

prevention of, 584

prognosis for, 590

treatment of, 584-586

Respiratory failure, 316, 317f, 317t, e365-9f

advanced airway management techniques for

bag-valve-mask positive pressure ventilation in, 284-285, 284f-285f

endotracheal intubation in, 285, 286f, 287t

due to airway narrowing, 283-284

due to airway obstruction, 282-283, 282f-283f

due to congenital central hypoventilation syndrome, 1520-1522

in cystic fibrosis, 1494

as delivery room emergency, 575

follow open heart surgery, 1604

management of, 282-285, 319-321

mechanical ventilation for, 321-329

monitoring in, 318-319

due to neuromuscular diseases, 1519-1520, 1520t

due to parenchymal lung disease, 284

pathophysiology of, 316-318

in pediatric emergency, 282-285

presentation profiles of, 317f

Respiratory insufficiency

chronic severe, 1519-1526

due to congenital central hypoventilation syndrome, 1520-1522

infections associated with, 1525

mechanical ventilation for, 1524-1526

due to metabolic disease, 1523-1524

due to myelomeningocele with Arnold-Chiari type II malformation, 1522

due to neuromuscular diseases, 1520t

due to obesity hypoventilation syndrome, 1522-1523

due to obstructive sleep apnea, 1523

due to spinal cord injury, 1523

Respiratory manifestations, e413-1, e413-1t

in asthma, 782

in chemical terrorism, e704-4-e704-6

in cystic fibrosis, 1485-1486

in enteroviruses, 1090

in food adverse reactions, 820-821

in food allergy, 822

in gastroesophageal reflux disease, 1269

in liver disease, 1377-1378

in lysosomal storage disorders, 485t

in Marfan syndrome, 2442

in multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, 312t

in Niemann-Pick disease, 488

in poisoning, 252t

in setting of tearooms, e704-8

in systemic inflammatory response syndrome, 309t

in systemic lupus erythematosus, 843t

in systemic scleroderma, 851

Respiratory rate

in asthma, 784t

in newborn, 535

normal, 280t

in respiratory distress, 315t

Respiratory secretions treatment in palliative care, 155t-156t, 157

Respiratory signs

extrapulmonary disease with, e413-1, e413-1t

interpretation of, e365-1-e365-9, e365-9f, e365-9t

Respiratory symptoms, chronic or recurrent, e376-1-e376-4, e376-1t

cough as, e376-1-e376-2, e376-1t-e376-2t

lung infiltrates as, e376-3-e376-4, e376-4t

stridor as, e376-2-e376-3, e376-3t

wheeze as, e376-3

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), 1126-1129

antivirals for, e237-2t

in bronchiolitis, 1456

in common cold, 1434, 1434t

HIV-related, 1164

in otitis media, 2201

palivizumab for, 883

in pneumonia, 1475t

vaccine for, 1129

Respiratory system

airway dynamics in, e365-1-e365-8, e365-7f-e365-8f

blood gases and, e365-1-e365-12

chest wall in, e365-1-e365-5, e365-5f

gas exchange in, e365-1-e365-11

immune response of, e365-1-e365-14

inhalation anesthetic effects on, e70-5-e70-6

lung volumes and capacities in, e365-1-e365-3, e365-2f-e365-4f

management of in drowning, 345

poliovirus infection effects on, 1084

pulmonary mechanics and work of breathing in, e365-1-e365-6

pulmonary vasculature in, e365-1-e365-13

respiration regulation in, e365-1-e365-17, e365-15f

shock-related dysfunction of, 307t

ventilation-perfusion relationship in, e365-1-e365-10, e365-10f

Respiratory tract infections

actinomyces in, e182-2

adenovirus in, 1132

anaerobic, e205-1

antivirals for, e237-4-e237-5

aspergilloma as, 1059

Coccidioides in, 1066-1068

coronaviruses in, e256-1

diphtheria in, e180-1-e180-2, e180-2f

group A streptococcus in, 916

HIV-related, 1165

Staphylococcus aureus in, 905

tuberculosis as, 1002-1003, 1003f See also (Tuberculosis (TB))

Rest following sports injury, 2408

Restless legs syndrome (RLS), 52-53

Restless leg syndrome (RLS)

seizure versus, e587-5

Restraint

child motor vehicle, 21-22, 21f, 21t

for ear examination or procedures, e628-1, e628-1f

Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM), 1629t-1630t, 1633, 1633f

Restrictive dermopathy, e84-2t

Rest tremor, 2056-2057

Resuscitation

cardiopulmonary, 289-292, 291f-293f, 294t

for drowning, 344-345

withholding of, 153-154, e3-2

care following, 296

medications in, 294t

equipment for in office emergencies, e61-1, e61-2t

fluid, for burn injury, 352-353

infection protection and control in, e166-2t

medications for, 294t

neonatal, 575-577, 576f-577f, 576t

in palliative care, 153-154

Retentive encopresis, 73

RET gene, 1916, e662-2-e662-3

Reticular dysgenesis, 733

pancytopenia in, 1690

Reticulocytes, in congenital dyserythropoietic anemia, e446-1t

Reticulocyte count

in anemia, 1649f

reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

Reticulocyte hemoglobin content in iron deficiency-anemia, 1656t-1657t

Reticulocyte index, 1659

Reticuloendothelial sequestration, 749

Retina

disorders of, 2174-2181

Best vitelliform degeneration as, 2178

with blood disorders, 2180

cherry red spot as, 2178

Coats disease as, 2179, 2179f

coloboma of the fundus as, 2181

diabetic retinopathy as, 2179-2180, 2180f

familial exudative vitreoretinopathy as, 2179

hypertensive retinopathy as, 2179, 2179f

myelinated nerve fibers as, 2181

persistent fetal vasculature as, 2176

phakomas as, 2178, 2178f

retinal detachment as, 2179

retinitis pigmentosa as, 2177-2178, 2177f

genetics of, 389

retinoblastoma as, 2176-2177, 2176f

retinopathy of prematurity as, 2174-2176, 2175f, 2175t

retinoschisis as, 2178

Stargardt disease as, 2178

with subacute bacterial endocarditis, 2180

trauma-related, 2180, 2181f

gyrate atrophy of, 453

neurologic examination of, e584-2

Retinal cherry red spot, 485, 2069, 2072f

Retinal detachment, 2179

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

Retinal hemorrhage

due to child abuse, 139-140, 140f, 2186, 2186f

neurologic examination of, e584-3

in newborn, 534, 566, e610-1

due to vomiting, 1243t

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP), 1816, 2177-2178, 2177f

with primary ciliary dyskinesia, e396-2

Retinoblastoma, 1768-1769, 1768f, 2176-2177, 2176f

bone tumors associated with, 1763

incidence and survival rates for, 1726t

malignancy susceptibility associated with, e486-2t-e486-3t

risk factors for, 1727t

work-up of, 1731t

Retinoblastoma gene, 1768

Retinoblastoma protein, 1768

Retinoic acid embryopathy, e102-2t

Retinoic acid (RA), 189

Retinoids

for acne, 2324, 2324f, 2325t

for pityriasis rubra pilaris, 2263

for psoriasis, 2260

Retinol activity equivalents (RAEs), 190, e41-8t-e41-14t

Retinol-binding protein (RBP), 188

in malnutrition with chronic diarrhea, 1343t

Retinopathy

due to cat-scratch disease, 985

diabetic, 1987, 1988t, 2179-2180, 2180f

hypertensive, 2179, 2179f

salt-and-pepper, due to congenital rubella syndrome, 1077-1078

in subacute bacterial endocarditis, 2180

trauma-related, 2180

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), 2151, 2174-2176

Retinoschisis, 2178

RET oncogene, e486-1, e486-1t

Retractile testis, 1859

Retractions in respiratory distress, 315t

Retrocaval ureter, 1842

Retrocochlear hearing loss, 2188

Retrograde pyelogram, 1841

Retropharyngeal abscess, 1440-1442, 1441f

Retropharyngeal space infection, 1444

Retrovir See Zidovudine (ZDV)

Rett syndrome (RS), 101t, 2075

Return-to-play, 2407-2408

following head injury, 2419, 2419t

Reunion, child’s response to, e16-1

Reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), 1162t, 1167, 1168t-1171t

Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), 1155

Reversible infantile cytochrome C oxidase deficiency myopathy, 2066-2067

Review of systems, laboratory screening for, e707-4, e707-4t

Revised Pediatric Emergency Assessment Tool (RePEAT), e61-10-e61-11, e61-11t

Reward, food as, 167

Reyataz See Atazanavir

Reye syndrome, 1407, 1407t, 2068

Reynolds number (Re), e365-3

RF See Rheumatoid factor (RF)

Rhabdoid tumor of kidney (RTK), 1760

Rhabdomyolysis

due to hypophosphatemia, 228

in poisonings, 254t

Rhabdomyoma, cardiac, 1637, e435-1f

Rhabdomyosarcoma, 1760-1762, 1761f, 1761t

diagnosis of, 1728

laryngeal, 1455

of middle ear or ear canal, e635-1, e635-1f

pancreatic, e345-1

risk factors for, 1727t

uterine, 1872

vaginal, 1869

work-up of, 1731t

Rh deficiency syndrome, e454-1

Rhesus, maternal, e89-2t

Rhesus-associated glycoprotein (RHAG), e454-1

Rheumatic disease

amyloidosis as, e158-1-e158-2

ankylosing spondylitis and other spondyloarthritides as, e150-1-e150-3

Behçet disease as, 853-854

diagnosis of, e147-1-e147-4, e147-1t-e147-2t

fever of unknown origin in, 900t

hereditary periodic fever syndromes as, 855-860, 855t-856t

Blau syndrome as, 858-859

chronic infantile neurologic cutaneous and articular disease as, 858

familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome as, 858

familial Mediterranean fever as, 856-857, 857f

hyperimmunoglobulinemia D syndrome as, 857-858

Muckle-Wells syndrome as, 858

periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and adenitis as, 859-860

pyogenic arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum, and acne syndrome as, 858-859

tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome as, 858, 859f

hypertrophic osteoarthropathy as, e163-1

imaging studies in, e147-2-e147-3

juvenile dermatomyositis as, 846-850

juvenile idiopathic arthritis as, 829-839

Kawasaki disease as, 862-867

laboratory findings in, e147-2, e147-3t

Mucha-Habermann disease as, e163-1

musculoskeletal pain syndromes as, 876-880, 877t-878t

complex regional pain syndrome as, 879-880

erythromelalgia as, 880

fibromyalgia as, 878-879

growing pains as, 878

neonatal lupus as, 845-846

Raynaud phenomenon as, 852

reactive and postinfection arthritis as, 839-841

relapsing polychondritis as, 880, e163-1t

sarcoidosis as, 860-862, 861f

Sjögren syndrome as, e156-1-e156-2, e156-1t

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

Sweet syndrome as, e163-1

systemic lupus erythematosus as, 841-846

treatment of, e148-1-e148-6

multidisciplinary team in, e148-1, e148-1t

therapeutics for, e148-1-e148-6, e148-1t-e148-3t, e148-5t

vasculitis syndromes as, 867-876, 868t, 876t

antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)-associated vasculitis as, 874-876

classification of, 868t

Henoch-Schönlein purpura as, 868-871, 869f-870f, 870t

polyarteritis nodosa and cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa as, 872-874

Takayasu arteritis as, 871-872, 871t, 872f

Rheumatic fever, 920-925

clinical manifestations and diagnosis of, 921-923, 921t, 922f

complications of, 924

differential diagnosis of, 923, 923t

epidemiology of, 920-921

etiology of, 920

pathogenesis of, 921

prevention of, 924-925, 924t-925t

prognosis for, 924

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

treatment of, 923-924

Rheumatic heart disease, 1626-1628

Rheumatoid arthritis, acute rheumatic fever versus, 923, 923t

Rheumatoid factor (RF), 831t, 832

Rheumatoid nodules, 832

Rh incompatibility, 550

hemolytic disease of newborn due to, 615-619, 616t

Rhinitis

allergic, 775-780, 776t-780t, 777f

allergen immunotherapy for, 774-775

with asthma, 791

common cold as, 1434-1436

Rhinitis medicamentosa, 1435

Rhinoconjunctivitis, food-induced, 822

Rhinocort AQ See Budesonide

Rhinorrhea

in common cold, 1435

in respiratory syncytial virus infection, 1128

Rhinosinusitis in cystic fibrosis, 1496

Rhinoviruses, 1133-1134

in common cold, 1434, 1434t

in pneumonia, 1475t

Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP), 464, 465f, 466t, 2272

Rhizotomy procedure, 2064, 2064f

Rhodesian trypanosomiasis, 1190-1193

Rhododendron toxicity, 269t

RhoGAM, 615

Rhombencephalitis, enteroviral, 1091-1092

Rhombencephalosynapsis, 2006-2007

Rhonchi, auscultation of, e366-1t

Rhus dermatitis, 2251, 2251f

Rhythm disturbances, cardiac, 1610-1619

Rhythmic movements, sleep-related, 52-53

Ribavirin, e237-1t-e237-2t, e237-4

for parainfluenza viruses, 1126

for respiratory syncytial virus infection, 1129

Riboflavin, 192, 194t

deficiency of, 192-193, 193f

dietary reference intakes for, e41-8t-e41-14t

toxicity of, 193

Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase deficiency, 494t-495t, e81-5

Ribosomes, disorders of, 748t, 750-751

Ribs

congenital anomalies of, 1518-1519

fracture of

due to child abuse, 138

traumatic, 338

notching of inferior border of, 1568

RICE treatment for ankle sprains, 2418

RICH See Rapidly involuting congenital hemangioma (RICH)

Richner-Hanhart syndrome, 422-423, 2273

Rickets, e694-2, e694-2t

autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic, 207

due to calcium deficiency, 206

clinical evaluation of, 202-204

clinical manifestations of, 200-202, 201t-202t, 202f

congenital, 205

due to Dent disease, 207

diagnosis of, 202

etiology of, 200, 201t

due to Fanconi syndrome, 207

hereditary hypophosphatemic with hypercalciuria, 207

overview of, 200, 201t

due to phosphorous deficiency, 206-207

of prematurity, 208

radiology in, 202, 203f

due to renal tubular acidosis, 208, 1811

vitamin D-dependent

dental problems associated with, 1251t

type 1, 205

type 2, 205

due to vitamin D disorders, 204-206

X-linked hypophosphatemic, 206-207

Rickettsia africae, 1039t-1040t

Rickettsia akari, 1039t-1040t, 1043-1044

Rickettsia conorii, 1039t-1040t, 1043-1044

Rickettsia felis, 1039t-1040t, 1046

Rickettsial infections, 1038, 1039t-1040t

due to Anaplasmosis, 1048-1050

ehrlichioses as, 1048-1050

Mediterranean spotted fever as, 1043-1044

in pneumonia, 1475t

Q fever as, 1051-1053

rickettsialpox as, 1044-1045

Rocky Mountain spotted fever as, 1038-1043

scrub typhus as, 1045-1046

typhus group rickettsiae as, 1046-1048

Rickettsialpox, 1039t-1040t, 1044-1045

Rickettsia prowazekii, 1039t-1040t, 1047-1048

Rickettsia rickettsii, 1038-1043, 1039t-1040t, 1041f-1042f

in pneumonia, 1475t

Rickettsia slovaca, 1039t-1040t

Rickettsia typhi, 1039t-1040t, 1046-1047

Riedel’s thyroiditis, 1904t

Rifabutin, e206-1-e206-2

Rifampin, e173-13, e206-1-e206-2

adrenal insufficiency due to, 1927

for asthma, 746

for bacterial meningitis, 2093t

for brucellosis, 981t

drug interactions with, e57-13t-e57-14t

for epiglottitis prophylaxis, 1448

for Hansen disease, e208-3

for Neisseria meningitidis prophylaxis, 934t

for neonatal infection, 645t

for Staphylococcus aureus, 907t

for tuberculosis, 1007, 1008t, e206-1t

prophylaxis in HIV infection, 1175t-1176t

Rifamycins, e206-1-e206-2

Rifapentine, e206-1-e206-2

RIFLE criteria, 1818, 1818t

Rift Valley fever, 1151-1152

RIG See Rabies immune globulin (RIG)

Riga-Fede disease, 1251

Right aortic arch, 1596

fetal development of, e414-3

Right-to-left shunt, e415-2

Right ventricle

double-chamber, 1564

double-outlet, 1582

with malposition of great arteries, 1588-1589

with pulmonary stenosis, 1588

Right ventricular cardiomyopathy, 1633-1634

Right ventricular hypertrophy, 1539, 1540f

Rigid endoscopy in sinusitis, 1437

Rigidity, muscle, assessment in neurologic examination, e584-6

Riley-Day syndrome

cardiac manifestations of, 1531t

genetics of, 2113t

Rimantadine, e237-1t, e237-4

for influenza, 1123-1124

Rim nevi, 2231, 2231f

Ring chromosome, 408

Ringer lactate (RL), 243, 243t

for anaphylaxis, 818t

Ring form of Plasmodium, 1199

RING3 gene, 2016t

Ring(s)

vaginal contraceptive, 697

special needs girls and, 1875

vascular, 1596-1598, 1597f-1598f, 1597t

Ringworm

black-dot, 2310, 2310f

in child-care setting, e167-1t

Rippling muscle disease, 2125t, 2126

Risk, developmental, e6-2-e6-3

Risk adjustment, e2-3

in emergency medical services for children, 278, e61-10-e61-11, e61-10t-e61-11t

Risk factors

for abuse and neglect, 136

screening of, 142

for acute illness, 277

for adolescent drug use and abuse, 672

for adverse drug reactions, 825

for asthma, 782-783, 782t

for childhood cancers, 1727t

for childhood injuries, 20-21

for developmental dysplasia of hip, 2356-2357

for disruptive behavioral disorders, 98

for gastroenteritis, 1330-1331

for HIV infection, 1159

in intelligent quotient (IQ), e6-3, e6-3f

for major depression, 83-84

prenatal, for attachment, e7-1, e7-1t

for psychosomatic illness, 67-68

for school violence, e36-3

for sudden infant death syndrome, 1423t-1424t, 1424-1427

for suicide, 88

for tuberculosis, 997-998, 998t

for type 1 diabetes mellitus, 1971-1972

for type 2 diabetes mellitus, 1991

for urinary tract infection, 1830-1831, 1831t

Risperdal See Resperidone; Risperidone

Risperidone

for pain management, 364t

for psychosis and agitation, 64t

Risus sardonicus, 992

Ritalin See Methylphenidate

Ritonavir

drug interactions with, e57-13t-e57-14t

for HIV infection, 1168t-1171t

Ritter disease, 2302-2303, 2302f

Rituximab

for juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 838t

for rheumatic disease, e148-2t-e148-3t, e148-5

River blindness, 1225, e271-1t-e271-11t

Rizatriptan for migraine, 2044t

RL See Ringer lactate (RL)

RLS See Restless legs syndrome (RLS)

R-mix, e164-4

RMPR gene, e685-2t

RMSF See Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF)

RNA

in enterovirus, 1089

in HIV infection, 1158

in influenza virus, 1122

messenger in molecular genetics, e74-1-e74-2

“Road rash”, 341

Robertsonian translocation, 402-403, 405

Robinow syndrome, 1856-1857

Rocaltrol See Calcitriol

Rocephin See Ceftriaxone

Rocker bed, 1524

Rocker-bottom foot, 2338, 2338f

Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), 1038-1043, 1039t-1040t, 1041f-1042f

Kawasaki disease versus, 865-866

Rocuronium for intubation, 321t

Rodent

bite, 2455

hantavirus pulmonary syndrome due to, e265-1-e265-2

Roferon-A See Interferon-α

ROHHAD See Rapid-onset with hypothalamic dysfunction, hypoventilation, and autonomic dysregulation (ROHHAD)

Role(s)

gender, 655

nonconformity to, 655-656

social sex, 655

ROM See Range of motion (ROM)

Rome III criteria for diagnosis of functional abdominal pain, 1346, 1347t

Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, e36-6

Root canal, 1258

ROP See Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)

Rope sign, 1084

Rosai-Dorfman disease, e484-1-e484-5

Rosary

rachitic, in rickets, 200, 203f

due to vitamin C deficiency, 198, 199f

Rosenthal fibers, 1748

Roseola, 1117-1120, 1119f

Roseola infantum, 1117-1118

Roseola subitum, 1117-1118

Rosiglitazone, 1992t

Ross procedure, 1566-1567

Rotarix, 889

RotaTeq, 889

Rotation

limb, normal, 2344, 2345f

tibial, 2346

Rotator cuff impingement syndrome, 2410

Rotator cuff injury, 2410

Rotavirus, 1134-1137, 1135f

in child-care setting, e167-1t

gastroenteritis with, 1326t, 1330f

in traveler’s diarrhea, 1338t

Rotavirus vaccine, 884t, 1137

in gastroenteritis prevention, 1338

HIV infection and, 1173, 1173f

immunocompetence and, 891

recommended schedule for, 887f, 889

for travel, 891t

Rothmund-Thompson syndrome, 2258, 2258f, e84-2t

bone tumors associated with, 1763

malignancy susceptibility associated with, e486-2t-e486-3t

Rotor syndrome, 1391

Round back, 2371-2373

Roundworm

cat, 1227-1229

dog, 1227-1229

Roussy-Lévy syndrome, 2055, 2139

RP See Raynaud phenomenon (RP); Retinitis pigmentosa (RP)

R3P See Residency Review and Redesign in Pediatrics (R3P)

RPC See Reactive perforating collagenosis (RPC)

RPR See Rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test

RS See Reed-Sternberg (RS) cell; Rett syndrome (RS)

RSI See Rapid sequence intubation (RSI)

RSV See Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

RTA See Renal tubular acidosis (RTA)

RT-CGM See Real-time continuous glucose monitoring (RT-CGM)

RTK See Rhabdoid tumor of kidney (RTK)

rTPA See Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rTPA)

RT-PCR See Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR); Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)

RU-486 See Mifepristone

Rubella, 1075-1078

arthritis associated with, 840

in child-care setting, e167-3t

clinical manifestations of, 1075-1076, 1076f

complications of, 1077-1078, 1077f, 1077t

congenital heart disease with, 1531t

diagnosis of, 1076-1077

differential diagnosis of, 1077

epidemiology of, 1075, 1075f

etiology of, 1075

exclusion from day care due to, e15-2t

laboratory findings in, 1076

maternal

breast-feeding and, 540t

fetal and neonatal effects of, e89-3t

in microcephaly, 2007t

pathogenesis of, 1075, 1076f

pathology of, 1075, 1076t

prevention of, 1078

prognosis for, 1078

supportive care for, 1078

in type 1 diabetes mellitus development, 1971

vaccine for, 881t, 884t, 1078

Rubeola See Measles

Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome, 408t, e102-2t

congenital heart disease with, 1531t

microcephaly with, 2007t

Rufinamide

adverse effects of, 2031t

dosages of, 2030t

Rufous albinism, 425, 2238

RUFTs See Ready to use therapeutic foods (RUFTs)

Rumack-Matthew nomogram for acetaminophen poisoning, 259, 259f

Rumination disorder, 70-71

Runaway and thrown-away children, 8

health services for, 10

Runner’s hyponatremia, 1885

Runner’s knee, e684-2

Running, injuries in, e684-2

Running away, 99-100

RUNX2 gene, 2431, e685-2t

Rupture, esophageal, 1271

Rural-urban location, childhood injuries and, 20-21

Rush immunotherapy, 774

RV See Residual volume (RV)

RVT See Renal vein thrombosis (RVT)

RYR1 gene, 2117

S

Sabin-Feldman dye test, 1213

Saccadic intrusions, e587-4

Saccharin, 1982

Saccharomyces boulardii, 1336-1337

Saccular cyst of larynx, 1451-1452, 1452f

Sacral agenesis, 2118

neuropathic bladder and, e536-3

Sacroiliitis

in spondyloarthritides, e150-2, e150-2f

as sports injury, 2412-2413

SAD See Separation anxiety disorder (SAD)

SADDAN See Severe achondroplasia with developmental delay and acanthosis nigricans (SADDAN)

Saddle nose deformity

in congenital syphilis, 1017t, 1018, 1019f

in Wegener’s granulomatosis, 874, 875f

Saethre-Chotzen syndrome, 2012t

Safety

food, 169

patient, e2-5-e2-7

in quality of care, e2-1

transport, e61-8

travel, e168-1

vaccine, 886, 886t

water, 347-348, 348t

Safety World Inventory and Literacy Screener (SWILS), 41t-43t

Safe zone of Ramsey, 2360f

Saiboku-to for asthma, 271t

Salicylates

for acute rheumatic fever, 923

poisoning with, 253t, 260

antidote for, 256t-257t

hypoglycemia in, 529

metabolic acidosis due to, 233

Saline

hypertonic for cystic fibrosis, 1491

normal, 243, 243t

for anaphylaxis, 818t

Saliva, HIV in, 1159

Salivary glands

disorders of, e308-1

effects of eating disorders on, 93t

Salmeterol for asthma, 794t

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, 954-958

Salmonellosis, 948-958, 949t

in child-care setting, e167-3t

enteric (typhoid) fever due to, 954-958

clinical features of, 955-956, 956f, 956t

complications of, 956, 957t

diagnosis of, 956-957

differential diagnosis of, 957

epidemiology of, 954

etiology of, 954

pathogenesis of, 954-955, 955f

prevention of, 958

prognosis for, 958

treatment of, 957-958, 958t

gastroenteritis due to, 1324t-1325t

treatment of, 1337t

inflammatory bowel disease versus, 1298t

neonatal, 632t

sepsis due to, 636t

nontyphoidal, 949-954

clinical manifestations of, 951-952

complications of, 952-953

diagnosis of, 953

epidemiology of, 949-950

etiology of, 949

pathogenesis of, 950-951, 951f, 952t, 955f

prevention of, 953-954, 953t

prognosis for, 953

treatment of, 953, 953t

traveler’s diarrhea due to, 1338t

Salmon patch, 2218-2219

Salpingitis, 1036

Salt-and-pepper retinopathy, 1077-1078

Salt depletion in cystic fibrosis, 1487, 1496

Salter-Harris classification of epiphyseal injury, 2390, 2390t, 2391f

Salter-Harris fracture, 2408

Salt loss, hyponatremia due to, 1885

Salt poisoning

hypernatremia and, 214

plasma osmolality in, e52-3

Salt wasting

cerebral, 1884t

hyponatremia due to, 1885-1886

renal, hyponatremia due to, 216

Salute, allergic, 764

Sandhoff disease, 484-487, 2070-2071

Sandifer syndrome, 1267, e587-3

Sandostatin See Octreotide

Sanfilippo disease, 511f, 512, 512t, 513f

Sanitation for gastroenteritis prevention, 1338

San Joaquin fever, 1065-1068

Sano procedure, 1593-1594

Santmyer swallow, e310-1

SAO See Southeastern Asian ovalocytes (SAO)

Sao₂ See Oxygen saturation (Sao₂)

Saphenous vein, venous access in, 292, 295f

Sapoviruses, 1326t

Sappinia diploidea, e271-1t-e271-11t

Saprophytic Aspergillus syndromes, 1059

Saquinavir

drug interactions with, e57-13t-e57-14t

for HIV infection, 1168t-1171t

SAR See Seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR)

Sarcoidosis, 860-862, 861f, e147-3t

cardiac manifestations of, 1531t

cerebrospinal fluid findings in, 2088t

Sarcolemma in cardiac development, 1528

Sarcoma

clear cell of kidney, 1760

Ewing, 1763t, 1765-1766, 1765f

risk factors for, 1727t

work-up of, 1731t

Kaposi’s

HIV-related, e171-4t

human herpesvirus 8 in, 1121

soft tissue, 1760-1762, 1761f, 1761t-1762t

secondary, due to radiation therapy, e699-5t

Sarcoma botryoides, 1761, 1873

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), in cardiac development, e414-4

Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis, 2320

Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis, 2319

Sarcosinemia, 440

Sardonic smile of tetanus, 992

Sarin, in terrorism, e704-1-e704-2, e704-9t

SARS-CoV See Severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV)

SAT See Serum agglutination test (SAT)

Saturated fatty acids, e41-15

dietary reference intakes for, e41-2t-e41-3t

SBDS gene mutation, 1686-1687

SBT See Spontaneous breathing trial (SBT)

SCA See Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA)

Scabies, 2319-2320, 2319f-2320f, e271-1t-e271-11t

canine, 2320

in child-care setting, e167-1t, e167-3t

exclusion from day care due to, e15-2t

genital, 712t

Norwegian, 2320

SCAD See Short-chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase (SCAD) deficiency

Scald burns, 23, 352, 352f

due to child abuse, 138

Scales, examination of, e637-1

Scalp blood, fetal sampling of, 544

Scaphocephaly, 2012, e102-7t

Scapular winging, 2127

Scapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, 2123

Scarf sign, e584-5-e584-6

Scarlatiniform erythema, 2302

Scarlet fever, 916, 916f, 1439

Scars

acne, 2326f

examination of, e637-1

pyelonephritis, 1829-1830

SCD See Sickle cell disease (SCD)

SCF See Stem cell factor (SCF)

SCFAs See Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)

SCFE See Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE)

SCHAD See Short-chain 3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (SCHAD) deficiency

Scheibe anomaly, 2189-2190

Scheie disease, 511, 512t

cardiac manifestations of, 1531t

Schema, 30

Scheuermann disease, 2371-2372, 2436t

Schimke immunoosseous dysplasia, 748t, 1690

Schindler disease, 484t, 490

SCHIP See State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP)

Schistosomiasis, 1230-1231, 1230f-1231f, e271-1t-e271-11t

predisposition to due to immunodeficiency, 716t

Schizencephaly, 2003-2004, 2004f

Schizophrenia, 106

diagnosis of, e28-4t

epidemiology of, e28-4

etiology of, e28-4

treatment of, e28-4

Schmid metaphyseal dysplasia, 2426-2427, 2426f, 2446

School

chemical pollutants in, e700-3

chronic illness and, e39-3

eating at, 167

obesity prevention in, 187t

perceptual, cognitive, and language processes required for success in elementary, 37-38, 37t

reentry after burn injury, 355-356

refusal to attend due to social phobia, 79

violence in, 668, e36-1-e36-4

School-age child

behavioral and psychosocial assessment in, 56

child restraint in motor vehicles for, 21t

disruptive behavioral disturbances in, 99-100

drowning or submersion injury to, 342

feeding of, 166-167, 166f, 167t

growth and development of, 36-39

cognitive, 37-38, 37t

physical, 36-37, 36t

social, emotional, and moral, 38-39

injury risk factors for, 20

intellectual disability in, 125t

leading causes of death for, 5t

lying of, 99

pain assessment in, 361

response to death of, e16-3

response to divorce of, e16-1

shoes for, 2344

sleep changes in, 47t

well child care for, 16

“School readiness”, 37

Schwartz-Jampel disease, 2125, 2125t

SCI See Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCI); Spinal cord injury (SCI)

Sciatic nerve block, 372

Sciatic neuritis, 1085t

SCIDX1 See X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCIDX1)

SCIG See Subcutaneous immunoglobulin (SCIG)

Scimitar syndrome, 1531t, 1553-1554, 1596

Scintigraphy

in aspiration syndromes, 1472t

in congenital hypothyroidism, 1900

in neonatal cholestasis, 1385

in urinary tract obstruction, 1840-1841

SCIWORA See Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormalities (SCIWORA)

Sclera, development of, 2148

Scleredema, 2276

Scleredema adultorum, 2276

Scleredema of Buschke, 2276

Sclerema neonatorum, 2284-2285

Scleritis, 2167t

Sclerocornea, e619-2

Sclerodactyly, 850-851, 852f

Scleroderma, 850-853

classification of, 850, 851t

clinical manifestations of, 850-852

cardiac, 1532t

diagnosis of, 852, 853t

differential diagnosis of, 852-853

epidemiology of, 850

etiology and pathogenesis of, 850

laboratory findings in, 853

localized, 851f-852f

prognosis for, 853

Raynaud phenomenon and, 852, 852t

systemic, 850-852, 852f

treatment of, 853

Sclerosing cholangitis with inflammatory bowel disease, e352-1

Sclerosing panencephalitis, subacute, 1072-1073, 2075-2076

Sclerosis

mesial temporal, 2023

progressive systemic, cutaneous manifestations of, e637-5

tuberous, 2049-2051, 2049f-2050f, 2049t

brain tumors associated with, 1747t

cardiac manifestations of, 1531t

malignancy susceptibility associated with, e486-2t-e486-3t

SCM See Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle

SCN1A gene, 2016t

SCN2A gene, 2016t

SCN5A gene, 1425-1426, 1426f

SCN1B gene, 2016t

Scolex, 1232

Scoliosis

in arthrogryposis, e674-5

associated with pelvic obliquity, e674-5

compensatory, 2371

congenital, 2368-2370

idiopathic

clinical manifestations of, 2366, 2366f

etiology and epidemiology of, 2365

radiographic evaluation of, 2366-2367, 2367f

screening for, 666

treatment of, 2367-2368, 2368f

neuromuscular, 2370-2371

Scombroid fish poisoning, 1328t-1329t, e703-4

Scopolamine

for motion sickness, 1244t

for nausea in palliative care, 155t-156t

for respiratory secretions in palliative care, 155t-156t

Scorbutic rosary, due to vitamin C deficiency, 198, 199f

Score for Neonatal Acute Physiology (SNAP), 563t

Scorpion sting, 2464

SCOT See Succinyl CoA:3-ketoacid CoA transferase (SCOT) deficiency

Scotty dog sign, 2374

Screening

in acutely ill child evaluation, 277

of adolescents, 665-667

for drug use, 674-677, 676t

of adoptees, 130-131, 131t

antenatal, e89-2

autistic disorder, 102, 103f-104f

cancer, 1730-1731

for child abuse risk factors, 142

communication and language disorders, 119-120, 120t

cystic fibrosis, 2466

defined, e3-4

developmental and behavioral, 39-40, 41t-45t

developmental delay, e584-1t

of diabetic child, 1987, 1988t

Down syndrome, 401-402

hearing loss, 2192, 2192f

for immunodeficiencies, 715, 718t, 719

laboratory for review of systems, e707-4, e707-4t

lead poisoning, 2451-2452, 2451t

major depressive disorders, 84t

newborn, 537-538, e707-2-e707-3, e707-3t

for cystic fibrosis, 1490

ethics of, 382-383, e3-4

for genetic conditions, 416, 417t

for 21-hydroxylase deficiency, 1934

for hyperphenylalaninemia, 419-420

scoliosis, 2366

sexually transmitted disease, 706-707, 707t

substance abuse, 674-677, 676t

toxicology, 253, 254t

in type 1 diabetes mellitus, 1988-1989, 1988t

vision, 2148, 2149t

Scrofula, 1005

Scrofuloderma, 2307

Scrotal contents, disorders and anomalies of, 1858-1864, 1860f

Scrotal orchiopexy, 1861-1862

Scrotal swelling, 1860-1861, 1860t-1861t

evaluation of, 1364-1365

Scrotal tongue, 2299

Scrotum

examination of in adolescent, 666

newborn assessment of, 536

shawl, e102-7t

Scrub typhus, 1039t-1040t, 1045-1046

Scrumpox, 1100

Scurvy, 198-200, 199f-200f

skin manifestations of, 2330

SD See Standard deviation (SD); Syndromic diarrhea (SD)

SDB See sleep-disordered breathing (SDB)

SDS See Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS)

Seabather’s eruption, 2322

Seafood poisoning, e703-1-e703-5

Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis, 809-810

Seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR), 775

Seasonal factors

in the common cold, 1434

in otitis media, 2200

in rotavirus, 1135f, 1136-1137

Seat belt restraint, 22

Sebaceous glands, morphology of, e636-1-e636-2

Sebaceous hyperplasia, 2218

Seborrheic blepharitis, 2164

Seborrheic dermatitis, 2253-2254, 2253f-2254f

of external ear canal, 2198

vulvar, 1867t-1868t

Seckel syndrome, 1690

Secondary generalized seizure, 2021, 2022f

Secondary headache, 2045-2046, 2045t

Secondary syphilis, 1016-1017, 1017f

Second cancer, e488-9

Second-degree burn, 351, 351t

Second-degree heart block, 1618

Second-generation antihistamines, 771, 771t

for allergic rhinitis, 777-779

for urticaria and angioedema, 815t

Second-generation cephalosporins, e173-3, e173-12t

Second-hand smoke

otitis media and, 2200

sudden infant death syndrome and, 1424

Second heart sound, auscultation of, 1533

Second malignancy, e488-9

after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, e133-1

due to radiation therapy, e699-3, e699-4f, e699-5t

Secretions, pulmonary

examination of, e366-4

treatment of in palliative care, 155t-156t, 157

Secretory diarrhea, 1245, 1245t, 1339, 1339f

SED See Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasias (SED)

Sedation, 359-360, e70-16, e70-16t

in general anesthesia, e70-1

herbs for, 271t

in mechanical ventilation, 328

for pain management, 370

palliative, 158

for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, 593

in rapid sequence intubation, 287t

Sedatives

for anesthesia, e70-4t-e70-5t

for intubation, 321t

poisoning with, 253t

in adolescents, 676t

SEDL gene, e685-2t

SEER See Survival Epidemiology and End Results (SEER)

Segmental tuberculosis, 998, 1000f

Segregation analysis, e77-2

Seizure disorder, 2013

Seizures, 2013-2039

absence, 2023

in acute intermittent porphyrias, e85-7

with bacterial meningitis, 2094

conditions that mimic, e587-1-e587-5, e587-1t, e587-3t

dental problems associated with, 1251t

diencephalic, e587-4

epileptic syndrome and, 2013, 2014t-2016t

evaluation of, 2015-2017

in factitious disorder by proxy, 146

febrile, 2017-2019, 2017t, 2018f

in measles, 1072

general anesthesia and, e70-2t-e70-3t, e70-13

generalized, 2023-2024

benign, 2023

motor, 2023

severe, 2023-2024

genetic factors in, 2016t

in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, 571t

jitteriness versus, 2034, e587-3-e587-4

in malaria, 1206

mechanisms of, 2024-2025

in newborn, 2033-2037, 2035t, e92-1

nocturnal, 52t

partial, 2021-2023, 2022f

benign epilepsy syndromes with, 2021-2022

severe epilepsy syndromes with, 2022-2023

due to poisonings, 255t

due to pork tapeworm, 1235

psychogenic nonepileptic, e587-2

with roseola, 1120

secondary generalized, 2021, 2022f

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

status epilepticus due to, 2037-2039, 2039t

strokelike events versus, 2085

due to tetanus, 992-993

treatment of, 2018, 2025-2033

choice of drug for, 2026-2029, 2029t

counseling in, 2025, 2026t

deciding on long-term therapy for, 2025, 2026f

discontinuation of, 2033

initiating and monitoring of, 2029-2032, 2030t-2031t

mechanisms of action of antiepileptic drugs for, 2025-2026

in palliative care, 155t-156t, 157-158

surgery for, 2032-2033

types of, 2014t

unprovoked, 2019-2021, 2020t

in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, 468

Selective attention, e29-3

Selective mutism, 79, 118

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 61

for anxiety disorder, 78

for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 62t

for depression and anxiety symptoms, 63t, 84

for eating disorders, 95

maternal use of, neonatal behavioral syndromes due to, 625, 625f

for pain management, 369

neuropathic, 368t

poisoning with, 264-265, 265f, 265t

for premenstrual dysphoric disorder, 692t

safety and efficacy concerns about, 82

in serotonin syndrome, 265, 265t

for tic disorders, 76

Selenium, e51-1t

Self-concept, development of, 650t, 651-653

Self examination of breast, e545-1

Self-help skill in Down syndrome, 403t

Self-injectable epinephrine

for anaphylaxis, 817

for insect allergy, 809

Self-injury in Lesch-Nyhan disease, e83-4, e83-4f

Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), 1982-1983

Sellick maneuver, 287t

Selzentry See Maraviroc

Semantics, 114

Semantic deficit, e29-2

SEM disease, 1101

Seminoma, 1770

Senior-Løken syndrome, 1816

Senna for constipation, 74t, 155t-156t

Sennetsu ehrlichiosis, 1039t-1040t

Senning procedure, 1586-1587

Sensitivity of laboratory tests, e707-1

Sensitization phase of allergy, e134-1-e134-2

Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), 2188 See also Hearing impairment or loss

infectious causes of, 2191t, e633-1

sudden, 2188

syndromic, 2190t

Sensors in respiration regulation, e365-15-e365-16

Sensory ataxia, gait of, e584-7

Sensory function, e29-1-e29-2

effects of cancer and its therapy on, e488-7t-e488-9t

neurologic examination of, e584-7

Sensory neuropathies, hereditary, 2138-2140

Sensory nystagmus, 2161

Sensory testing (ST) of esophagus, e310-3

Separation, 45, e16-1

developmental perspective on, e16-3-e16-4

divorce and, e16-1

due to hospitalization, e16-2

parent/sibling death and, e16-2

Separation anxiety, 32

Separation anxiety disorder (SAD), 77-78

Separation of nails, 2295, 2295f-2296f

Sepiapterin reductase deficiency, 446

Sepsis

due to anaerobes, e205-1, e205-2t

cardiac manifestations of, 1532t

Enterococcus, e179-1

infant botulism versus, 989

international consensus definitions of, 311t

liver disease and, e352-1

neonatal, 635t-638t, 636-637, 643t

respiratory distress syndrome versus, 583-584

treatment of, 646

postanginal, e205-1

recurrent, in factitious disorder by proxy, 146

respiratory distress due to, 315t

Staphylococcus aureus, 905

Sepsis syndrome, Cryptococcus neoformans in, 1057

Septal defect

atrial, 1551

in adults, 1605-1606

familial secundum, with heart block, e418-1, e418-1t-e418-2t

ostium secundum, 1551-1553

sinus venosus, 1553

atrioventricular, 1554-1556, 1554f-1555f

in adults, 1607

uterine, e548-2

ventricular, 1556-1558, 1556f-1557f

in adults, 1606-1607

coarctation of the aorta, 1570

embryonic development of, 1527

supracristal, with aortic insufficiency, 1559

transitional circulation and, e418-1

transposition of the great arteries, 1587

with transposition of the great arteries and pulmonary stenosis, 1574, 1583f

Septate uterus, e548-2

Septic arthritis, 2398-2400, 2399f, 2399t

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 976t

toxic synovitis versus, 2361

Septicemia

Aeromonas, e196-1

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 976-977

Staphylococcus aureus, 908

Septicemic leptospirosis, 1024

Septicemic plague, 973

Septic shock, 307t

clinical manifestations of, 309

defined, 305

hemodynamic variables in, 311t

pathophysiology of, 306-307, 310f

treatment of, 312

Septo-optic dysplasia, 527

adrenal insufficiency with, 1929

of de Morsier, e623-1

diabetes insipidus with, 1883

Septostomy, Rashkind balloon atrial, 1586, 1586f

Septra See Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX)

Sequestration

pulmonary, 1465, 1466f

splenic, 1719

Serial casting for clubfoot, 2337

Serine

defects in metabolism of, 442

genetic disorders of, 445t

Serology, e164-4

in aspergillosis, 1060

in celiac disease, 1309

in Chlamydophila pneumoniae, 1034-1035

in coccidioidomycosis, 1066-1067

in congenital toxoplasmosis, 1214-1215

in dengue-like disease, 1148-1149

for differential diagnosis, e707-4

in enterovirus infection, 1093

in fever of unknown origin, 902

in hepatitis C, 1401

in Lyme disease, 1028

in parvovirus B19 infection, 1097

in pneumonia, 1477-1478

in pork tapeworm, 1235

in roseola, 1119-1120

in toxoplasmosis, 1213-1214

Seroquel See Quetiapine

Serosal complement control protein deficiency, 755

Serotonin

genetic disorders of, 445t

in neuroendocrine tumor-associated diarrhea, e333-2t

for pain management, 369

Serotonin 1A (5-HT_1A)

in sudden infant death syndrome, 1422-1424, 1423t

Serotonin discontinuation syndrome, 625

Serotonin syndrome, 65, 253t, 265, 265f, 265t, 625

Serotyping in Haemophilus influenzae, 941

Seroverters, 1166

Serratai, 632t, 635t

Sertoli Cell-only syndrome, 1945

Sertraline

for depression and anxiety symptoms, 63t

for premenstrual dysphoric disorder, 692t

for weight loss in adults, 187t

Serum α-fetoprotein concentration, 543t

Serum agglutination test (SAT)

in brucellosis, 981

in group A streptococci infection, 918

in tularemia, 979

Serum sickness, 819-820

Serum-sickness like reaction (SSLR), e637-3t, e637-8t, e637-9

Serum thyroid hormones, e557-1-e557-2

Serum thyroxine-binding globulin, e557-2

SET-C See Social effectiveness therapy for children (SET-C)

Setleis syndrome, 2222

Settings of care, palliative, 151

Sever disease, 2408-2409, 2418, 2436t

Severe achondroplasia with developmental delay and acanthosis nigricans (SADDAN), 2428

Severe acute malnutrition, 174-179

clinical manifestations of, 175, 175f-176f, 175t

pathophysiology of, 175-176

treatment of, 176-179, 176t-179t, 177f-178f

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV), 1134, e256-3

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCI), 721t, 730-733, 731t, 732f, 748t

autosomal recessive, 732-733

fetal therapy for, 551t

flow cytometry testing in, 720-722

malignancy susceptibility associated with, e486-2t-e486-3t

Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia with, e236-1

reticular dysgenesis as, 733

X-inked, 732, 732f

Severe congenital neutropenia, 750

Severe generalized seizures, 2023-2024

Sevoflurane for anesthesia, e70-6

Sex

assigned at birth, 655

disorders of development of See (Disorders of sex development (DSD))

mortality rates by, 3t

types and definitions, 654

Sex chromosome aneuploidy, 408-410, 409t

Klinefelter syndrome as, 410

Noonan syndrome as, 410, 410t

Turner syndrome as, 409-410

47,XYY as, 410

Sex cord tumor, e578-1

Sex development, disorders of, 1958-1968, 1960f

diagnosis of, 1959t, 1961

etiologic classification of, 1959t

ovotesticular, 1968

revised nomenclature in, 1958-1959, 1959t

sex differentiation and, 1958-1959, 1960f

undescended testis in, 1859

46,XX, 1959t

46,XY, 1962

Sex differentiation, 1958-1959, 1960f

Sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG), e576-1

Sex partner treatment for Chlamydia trachomatis, 1036-1037

Sexual abuse, 135-136, 142-146, 144f

assessment and management of, 143-144, 143f

defined, 135-136, 142

genital Chlamydia trachomatis due to, 1036

physical examination in, 144-145, 144f-145f

presentation of, 142-143

prevention of, 144-145

sexually transmitted disease due to, 145, 145t, 935

of special needs girls, 1874

trichomoniasis due to, 1185

vulvovaginitis and, 1865

Sexual activity by adolescents, 692-693, 693f, 693t

contraceptive use during, 693-694, 694f

Sexual behavior, 655

trends in prevalence of, 693t

Sexual development, 649

Turner syndrome and, 1953

Sexual differentiation, 1958-1959, 1960f

Sexual education for special needs girls, 1874

Sexual identity

defined, 654

development of, 654-658

factors that influence, 655

gender variance/gender role nonconformity in, 655-656

gender variant identity/transgender children in, 656-658, 657t

terms and definitions in, 654-655

Sexuality

adolescent development of, 650t, 653-654

special needs girls and, 1874

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), 705-714

chancroid as, e187-1

Chlamydia trachomatis in, 1035-1036

definitions, etiology, and clinical manifestations of, 707-709, 707f-708f, 709t

diagnosis of, 709-711, 709t-711t, 710f

epidemiology of, 705-714, 706f

etiology of, 705, 705t

human papillomavirus, 1137

lymphogranuloma venereum as, 1038

maternal, 639-640

pathogenesis of, 706, 707f

prevention of, 714

screening for, 144-145, 706-707, 707t

in adolescent, 667

sexual abuse and, 144-145, 145t

as threat to homosexual youth, 659

treatment of, 711-714, 712t-713t

Sexual maturity rating (SMR), 649, 650t, 651f, 652t

Sexual orientation, 655, 658

SF1 gene, e576-2t-e576-3t

SFTPA1 gene, 1497-1498

SFTPA2 gene, 1497-1498

SFTPB gene, 1497-1498, e399-1

SFTPC gene, 1497-1498, e399-1-e399-2

SFTPD gene, 1497-1498

SGA See Small for gestational age (SGA) newborn

Shagreen patch, 2050

Shake lotions for skin disorders, 2216

Shaken baby syndrome, 2181f

Shampoo for skin disorders, 2216

Shape of head in neurologic examination, e584-2

Shawl scrotum, e102-7t

SHBG See Sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG)

SH2D1A mutation, 727

Sheep liver fluke, e271-1t-e271-11t

“Sheets”, 683

Shellfish allergy, 821, 821t, 823t

Shellfish poisoning, 1328t-1329t, e703-4-e703-5

Shenton line, 2358

SHH See Sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway

Shiga toxin, 959

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), 962t, 963

in child-care setting, e167-3t

Shigella, 959-961

clinical manifestations and complications of, 960

diagnosis of, 960

differential diagnosis of, 960

epidemiology of, 959

etiology of, 959

gastroenteritis due to, 1324t-1325t, 1330, 1332f

treatment of, 1324t-1325t

immunity to, 959

inflammatory bowel disease versus, 1298t

pathogenesis of, 959

prevention of, 961

treatment of, 960-961

in vulvovaginitis, 1865-1866, 1868t

Shiner, allergic, 765

Shingles See Herpes zoster

Shinipi-to for asthma, 271t

Shin splints, 2416-2417, e684-2

Shock, 305-314See also specific types

cardiogenic, 305

clinical manifestations of, 308-309, 311t

compensated, 285, 305

decompensated, 285, 305, 307f

defined, 305

diagnosis of, 309

distributive, 305

epidemiology of, 305, 306f

hypovolemic, 305

laboratory findings in, 309-310

management of, 285-286

neonatal, 577

obstructive, 305

pathophysiology of, 305-308, 307f-308f, 307t-309t, 310f

prognosis for, 314

recognition of, 285-286

in traumatic injury, 336-337

treatment of, 310-314, 312t-313t

types of, 305, 307t

vasodilatory, 305, 308f

due to vomiting, 1243t

Shoe dermatitis, 2251-2252

Shoes, 2344

Shone syndrome, 1565, 1570

Short-acting inhaled β-adrenergic agents (SABAs)

for asthma, 792t, 796, 797t-798t

Short bowel syndrome, 1314, 1315t, 1316f

chronic diarrhea with, 1341

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

Short-chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase (SCAD) deficiency, 457t, 460

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), e41-16

Short-chain 3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (SCHAD) deficiency, 457t, 460

Short Q-T syndrome (SQTS), 1617t, 1618

sudden infant death syndrome and, 1426

Short-rib polydactyly syndromes, 2434

Short stature

due to hypothyroidism, 1902f

due to skeletal dysplasia, e685-1

with Turner syndrome, 1952, 1952f

Short-term memory (STM), e29-3

Shoulder

arthrogryposis involving, e674-5

musculoskeletal pain syndrome of, 877t

orthopedic disorders of, 2383

sports injury to, 2409-2410, 2410f

SHOX mutations, 388-389

Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome, 2012t

Shprintzen syndrome, 1576, e418-1

Shuddering attacks, e587-4

Shunt

Blalock-Taussig, 1577

cerebrospinal fluid, infections associated with, e172-1-e172-2

coagulase-negative staphylococci, 910

Glenn, bidirectional, 1581

intrapulmonary, 317-318

transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic, e359-3

Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS), 748t, 750-751, 1318, 1369, 1686-1687

SIADH See Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)

Sialidosis, 484t, 2074, e81-6-e81-8

Siamese twins, 553

Sibling

death of, e16-2

hematopoietic stem cell transplantation form, 757-760, 758t

palliative care and, 152-153

sudden infant death syndrome in, 1428

Sibutramine, 187t

Sickle cell crisis

abdominal pain of, 1247t

hepatic, e352-3

Sickle cell disease (SCD), 1663-1670

clinical manifestations of, 1663-1669

cardiac, 1531t

cognitive and psychological complications, 1669

dactylitis, 1663-1664, 1664f

fever and bacteremia, 1663, 1663t

iron overload, 1667

kidney disease, 1668-1669

lung disease, 1667-1668, 1668f, 1668t

neurologic, 1666-1667, 1666f

pain, 1664-1665, 1665t

priapism, 1665-1666

splenic sequestration, 1664

complement system dysfunction in, 756

diagnosis of, 1669, 1669t

fever without a focus in, 896t

gain-of-function mutation in, e74-3

general anesthesia and, e70-2t-e70-3t

hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for, 759-760

hepatic dysfunction with, e352-3

maternal, e89-2t

nephropathy due to, 1795-1796

osteomyelitis and, 2397

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

Sickle cell syndromes, 1669-1670

Sickle cell trait, 1663-1670, 1670t-1671t

nephropathy due to, 1795-1796

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

Sick sinus syndrome, 1618

Sideroblastic anemia, 1658, e450-1, e450-1f

SIDS See Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Signal transducers in oncogenesis, e486-1

Silage gas poisoning, e391-1-e391-3

Sildenafil for pulmonary hypertension, 1602t

“Silk glove” sign, 1364

Silo filler disease, e391-1-e391-3

Silver nitrate solutions for burn injury, 353, 353t

Silver sulfadiazine for burn injury, 353, 353t

Silybin, e703-1

Simian virus 40, 1750-1751

Simon foci, 1003

Simple partial seizure, 2021

Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome, e554-2t, e554-5

Sinding-Larsen-Johansson disease, 2416

Sinecatechins

for genital warts, 713t

for human papillomavirus, 1140

Single-gene disorders, 380-381

Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), e77-2f, e56-1, e77-2

Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), e584-11

Single ventricle, 1592

Sinoatrial block, 1618

Sinus

branchial cleft and thyroglossal, 2221

pilonidal, 1362

preauricular, 2221

radiography of, e366-2, e366-2t

Sinus arrest, 1618

Sinus arrhythmias, 1610-1613, 1612f-1613f

Sinus bradycardia, 1610-1612

Sinus headache, 2045-2046

Sinus histiocytosis massive lymphadenopathy, e484-1-e484-5

Sinusitis, 1436-1438, 1436f-1438f

Aspergillus in, 1059-1060

invasive, 1061

in child-care setting, e167-1t

as complication of common cold, 1436

in cystic fibrosis, 1496

Haemophilus influenzae in, 943

imaging studies of, e366-2t

migraine secondary to, 2045

Moraxella catarrhalis in, e188-2

Sinus node dysfunction, 1618, 1618f

Sinus tachycardia, 1616t

supraventricular tachycardia versus, 1613

Sinus venosus atrial septal defect (ASD), 1553

Sipple syndrome, e486-2t-e486-3t

SIRS See Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)

Sitosterolemia, 473t, 475, 1320

Situs inversus totalis, e396-2-e396-3

Six Sigma, e2-4f

Sixth disease, 1117-1118

Sixth nerve palsy, 2160

Sjögren-Larsson syndrome, 2268t, 2271

Sjögren syndrome, e156-1-e156-2, e156-1t

Skeletal disorders

orthopedic See (Orthopedic problems)

pulmonary function influenced by, 1516-1519

due to sports injury See (Sports injuries)

Skeletal dysplasias

achondrogenesis type 1B as, 2431

achondroplasia as, 2428-2430, 2429f

asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy as, 2434

associated anomalies in, e685-3t

atelosteogenesis type II, 2431

Caffey disease as, 2436-2437, 2436f

campomelic, 2431, 2432f

cartilage-hair hypoplasia as, 2434

of cartilage matrix proteins, 2424-2427

cleidocranial, 2431, 2432f

clinical manifestations of, e685-1-e685-2

of defective bone resorption, 2432-2433

diagnosis of, e685-3-e685-4

diastrophic, 2430-2431, 2430f-2431f

Ellis-van Creveld syndrome as, 2433-2434, 2434f

general considerations in, e685-1-e685-5, e685-1f, e685-3t

genetics of, e685-2t, e685-4

hypochondroplasia as, 2430

infantile cortical hyperostosis as, 2436-2437, 2436f

involving filamins, 2435

of ion transporters, 2430-2431

juvenile osteochondroses as, 2435, 2436t

Kniest, 2425

major problems associated with, e685-3t

Marfan syndrome as, 2440-2446

metaphyseal, e695-1, e695-1f

Jansen, 2430

Schmid, 2426-2427, 2426f

metatropic, 2435, 2435f

multiple epiphyseal, 2427

nail-patella syndrome as, 2431-2432

osteogenesis imperfecta as, 2437-2440, 2438f-2439f

osteopetrosis as, 2432-2433, 2433f

pathophysiology of, e685-4

pseudoachondroplasia, 2427, 2427f

pyknodysostosis as, 2433, 2433f

short-rib polydactyly syndromes as, 2434

spondyloepiphyseal, 2424-2425, 2424f-2425f

aggrecan-related, 2425

late-onset, 2425

spondylometaphyseal, Kozlowski type, 2435

Stickler, 2426, 2426f

thanatophoric, 2428-2430, 2428f-2429f

of transmembrane receptors, 2428-2430

treatment of, e685-4

Skeletal infection

Cryptococcus neoformans in, 1057

nontuberculous mycobacterial, 1012t

Skeletal injuries, due to child abuse, 138, 138t

Skeletal manifestations

in homocystinuria, 425-426

in Marfan syndrome, 2440, 2441f-2442f

Skeletal maturation, e13-4

Skeleton

effects of malnutrition on, 175t

growth considerations, e664-2t

Skew deviation in neurologic examination, e584-4

Skiing, injuries in, e684-3

Skill, cultural, e4-4

Skin

congenital absence of, 2221-2222, 2221f

disinfection for blood culture, e164-1

drug absorption in, e57-5, e57-5t

glucocorticoid effect on, e568-5-e568-6

maintenance water and, 244t

morphology of, e636-1-e636-2

newborn assessment of, 533, 533f

redundant, 2220

Skin biopsy, e637-1

fetal, 543t

in urticarial vasculitis, 814

Skin care

in newborn, 537

in palliative care, 158

Skin dimples, 2220

Skin disorders

acne as, 2322-2328

chlor-, 2327

conglobata, 2328

drug-induced, 2326-2327, 2327f

fulminans, 2328

halogen, 2327

infantile, 2327, 2327f

neonatal, 2327, 2327f

tropical, 2327-2328

vulgaris, 2322-2326

due to arthropod bites, 2317-2319, 2318f

atopic dermatitis as, 801-807

in child-care setting, e167-1t

cutaneous defects as, 2220-2222, 2221f-2222f

of dermis, 2273-2282

corticosteroid-induced atrophy as, 2274

cutis laxa as, 2277-2278, 2277f

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome as, 2278

elastosis perforans serpiginosa as, 2279, 2279f

granuloma annulare as, 2274-2275, 2274f

keloid as, 2273-2274, 2273f

lichen sclerosus as, 2275, 2275f

lipoid proteinosis as, 2276-2277

macular atrophy as, 2277

mastocytosis as, 2280-2282, 2280f-2281f, 2280t-2281t

morphea as, 2275-2276, 2276f

in mucopolysaccharidoses, 2280, 2280f

necrobiosis lipoidica, 2275, 2275f

pseudoxanthoma elasticum as, 2278-2279, 2278f

reactive perforating collagenosis as, 2279, 2279f

scleredema as, 2276

striae cutis distensae as, 2274, 2274f

ectodermal dysplasia as, 2222-2223, 2223f, 2223t

eczematous, 2249-2254

contact dermatitis as, 2250-2252, 2250f-2251f

lichen simplex chronicus as, 2252, 2253f

nummular, 2252, 2252f

pityriasis alba as, 2252, 2252f

seborrheic dermatitis as, 2253-2254, 2253f-2254f

vesicular hand and foot dermatitis as, 2253, 2253f

of epidermis, 2259-2267

acanthosis nigricans as, 2266-2267, 2266f

Darier disease as, 2263, 2263f

Gianotti-Crosti syndrome as, 2266, 2266f

keratosis pilaris as, 2261, 2261f

lichen nitidus as, 2263-2264, 2264f

lichen planus as, 2264-2265, 2265f

lichen spinulosus as, 2261-2262

lichen striatus as, 2264

pityriasis lichenoides as, 2260-2261, 2260f-2261f

pityriasis rosea as, 2262, 2262f

pityriasis rubra pilaris as, 2262-2263, 2263f

porokeratosis as, 2265-2266, 2265f

psoriasis as, 2259-2260, 2259f

evaluation of, e637-1-e637-9

biopsy of skin in, e637-1

history and physical examination in, e637-1-e637-7

immunofluorescence studies in, e637-1t, e637-2

potassium hydroxide preparation in, e637-2

Tzanck smear in, e637-2

Wood lamp in, e637-1-e637-2

due to food allergy, 822

of hair, 2289-2293

herbs for, 272t

HIV-related, 1166

hyperpigmented lesion as, 2236-2238, 2236f-2237f

hypopigmented lesion as, 2238-2240, 2238f-2240f, 2238t, 2240t

infections as See (Skin infections)

due to infestation

pediculosis as, 2321-2322, 2321f

scabies as, 2319-2320, 2319f-2320f

seabather’s eruption, 2322

of keratinization, 2267-2273

as manifestation of systemic disease, e637-3-e637-5, e637-3t

of mucous membranes, 2297-2299

due to multisystem drug reactions, e637-1-e637-9, e637-8f, e637-8t

nail changes associated with, 2295-2296

of nails, 2293-2297

neonatal, 2218-2220, 2218f-2219f

neurocutaneous, 2046-2053

incontinentia pigmenti as, 2052-2053, 2053f

linear nevus syndrome as, 2052

neurofibromatosis as, 2046-2048, 2047f-2048f, 2048t

PHACE syndrome as, 2052

Sturge-Weber syndrome as, 2051-2052, 2051f

tuberous sclerosis complex as, 2049-2051, 2049f-2050f, 2049t

von Hippel-Lindau disease as, 2052

nevi as, 2231-2236

nutritional dermatoses as, 2328-2330

of photosensitivity, 2254-2259

smooth muscle hamartoma as, 2235-2236

of subcutaneous tissue, 2282-2286, 2282f-2284f, 2282t

of sweat glands, 2286-2288, 2287f, 2287t

therapy for, 2215-2218

tumors as, e662-1-e662-4

vascular, 2223-2231, 2224t

arteriovenous malformations as, 2225, 2226f

benign acquired, 2229-2230, 2229f-2230f

birthmarks as, 2223

capillary malformations (port-wine stain) as, 2224, 2225f

genetic, 2230-2231

Klippel-Trenaunay and Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndromes as, 2225-2226, 2226f

malformations as, 2224

nevus anemicus as, 2226

phakomatosis pigmentovascularis as, 2226

tumors as, 2226-2231, 2227f-2229f, 2227t-2228t

vascular malformations as, 2224t-2225t

venous malformations as, 2224-2225, 2225f-2226f

vesiculobullous, 2241-2249, 2241t

dermatitis herpetiformis as, 2248-2249, 2248f

erythema multiforme as, 2241-2242, 2242f

linear immunoglobulin A dermatosis as, 2249, 2249f

mechanobullous, 2244-2246, 2245f-2247f, 2245t

pemphigus as, 2247-2248, 2247f

Stevens-Johnson syndrome as, 2242-2243, 2243f

toxic epidermal necrolysis as, 2243-2244

in wrestlers, e684-1

Skin infections

Aeromonas, e196-1

anaerobic, e205-1-e205-3

aspergillosis as, 1061

bacterial, 2299-2308

blastomycosis-like pyoderma, 2304, 2304f

blistering distal dactylitis as, 2304, 2304f

ecthyma as, 2303, 2303f

erysipeloid as, 2307

erythrasma as, 2306

folliculitis as, 2305, 2305f-2306f

furuncles and carbuncles as, 2305-2306, 2306f

impetigo as, 2299-2300, 2300f

perianal dermatitis as, 2304-2305, 2305f

pitted keratolysis as, 2306

staphylococcal scaled skin syndrome as, 2302-2303, 2302f

of subcutaneous tissue, 2300-2302

tuberculous, 2307-2308, 2308f

Blastomyces dermatitidis, 1064

in child care setting, e167-2

Corynebacterium diphtheriae, e180-1-e180-2

Cryptococcus neoformans in, 1057

diphtheria in, e180-2

fungal, 2309-2314

atopic dermatitis with, 806

candidal, 2313-2314

dermatophytoses as, 2309-2313, 2310f

tinea versicolor as, 2309, 2309f

group A streptococcal, 916-917

herpes simplex virus, 1100, 1100f, 1102-1103

human T-lymphocyte-associated, e269-1

in immigrant children, 134

leishmaniasis as, 1188, 1188f

nocardiosis as, e183-1, e183-1f

nontuberculous mycobacterial, 1012t, 1013

parvovirus B19 in, 1096-1097, 1096f

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 976t

sporotrichosis, e234-1

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

Staphylococcus aureus in, 905

in child-care setting, e167-3t

viral, 2315-2317

atopic dermatitis with, 806

Skin lesions

in atopic dermatitis, 802, 802f-803f

human papillomavirus, 1138-1139, 1139f, 2315-2316, 2315f

of leprosy, e208-2-e208-3, e208-2f

in tuberculosis, 1004

in tuberous sclerosis complex, 2050, 2050f

Skin manifestations, e637-3-e637-5, e637-3t

in allergic disease, 765

in chemical terrorism, e704-6

in connective tissue disease, e637-3-e637-5

in eating disorders, 93t

in enterovirus, 1090

hand-foot-and-mouth disease, 1088, 1090f

in factitious disorder by proxy, 146

in food adverse reactions, 820-821

in food allergy, 822

in gastrointestinal disease, e637-5

in graft versus host disease, 760-761, 761f, e637-6f, e637-8-e637-9

chronic, 761-762, 762f

in insect allergy, 808

in Lyme disease, 1026, 1027f

in malignancy, e637-6

in malnutrition, 175t

in Marfan syndrome, 2442

in measles, 1070-1071, 1070f-1071f

in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Neurobehavioral Scale, 624t

in parvovirus B19 infection, 1095-1097, 1095f-1096f

in poisoning, 252t

in porphyria cutanea tarda, e85-11-e85-12

in radiation exposure, e699-6t

in serum sickness, 819

in setting of immunosuppression, e637-6

in systemic lupus erythematosus, 842, 842f, 843t

in systemic scleroderma

, 850-851

, 852f

in toxoplasmosis, 1211

in vasculitides, e637-5

Skin testing

allergic, 767-768, 767t

autologous, 813

Candida, in T-cell function assessment, 720

in food adverse reactions, 822

Montenegro, 1187

tuberculin, 1001, 1002t

in fever of unknown origin, 902

in HIV infection, 1174

Skin-to-skin contact for maintenance of newborn body heat, 537

Skipped generation, 383-385

Ski-related injuries, 23

Skull

auscultation of in neurologic examination, e584-2

fracture of, in newborn, 565-566

newborn assessment of, 533-534, 534t

palpation in neurologic examination, e584-2

Skull roentgenogram, e584-9

SKY See Spectral karyotyping (SKY)

SLAP lesion, 2410

“Slapped cheek” appearance of fifth disease, 1095, 1095f

SLC26A4 gene, 2190t

SLD See Specific learning disabilities (SLD)

SLE See St. Louis encephalitis (SLE); Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

Sleep

foreign-born adoptees and, 131

introduction to, 46

normal developmental changes in, 47t

overweight and obesity and, 182

requirements of, 29f

during 2-6 months of age, 30

respiration regulation during, e365-16-e365-17

sudden infant death syndrome and environment of, 1425

Sleep apnea

enuresis with, 72

general anesthesia and, e70-2t-e70-3t

obstructive, 49-51, 49t-50t, 1523

with Down syndrome, 403t

with obesity, 184t

with type 2 diabetes mellitus, 1993t

“Sleep attack”, 53

Sleep debt, 46

Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), 49

in cystic fibrosis, 1494

Sleep disorders, 46-54

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder versus, 110

delayed sleep phase disorder as, 53-54

evaluation of, 54-55

health supervision of, 54, 54t

insomnia as, 47-48, 48t-49t

narcolepsy as, 53

obstructive sleep apnea as, 49-51, 49t-50t

parasomnias, 51-52, 52t

restless legs syndrome, periodic limb movement disorder, and rhythmic movement as, 52-53

seizures and, e587-5

treatment of in palliative care, 155t-156t

Sleep hygiene, 48t-49t

Sleeping sickness, 1190-1193, 1192f, e271-1t-e271-11t

Sleep loss, 46

Sleep paralysis, 53

seizure versus, e587-5

Sleep studies in respiratory disease, e366-4

Sleep terrors, 51-52

Sleep transition disorders, e587-5

Sleepwalking, 51-52

Sleepwear, flame-retardant, 23

SLI See Specific language impairment (SLI)

Sliding hiatal hernia, 1265, 1265f

Slime layer

of coagulase-negative staphylococci, 909

of Staphylococcus aureus, 904

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE), 2363, 2364f

obesity with, 184t

Slipped vertebral apophysis, 2377

SLIT See Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT)

Slit-lamp examination, 2150

SLOS See Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS)

Slow learner, e29-5

SLURP-1 gene, 2272

Sly syndrome, 512t, 514

SMA See Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA)

Small bowel

bacterial overgrowth in, 1340

biopsy of, 1306

digestion and absorption in, e320-1-e320-2

disease of See (Intestinal disorders)

Small for gestational age (SGA) newborn

as high-risk infant, 552-553

hypoglycemia in, 519-521

problems associated with, 557t

Smallpox

in terrorism, 891, e704-6-e704-7, e704-8t

vaccine for, 881t, 884t, 891

Small vessel vasculitis, with hepatitis C, 1401

SMARCAL1 gene, 1803t

SMBG See Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG)

Smell, loss of See Anosmia

Smile, sardonic, of tetanus, 992

Smith antibody, e147-3t

Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS), 478, 478t, 1967, e102-3-e102-4

adrenal insufficiency with, 1925t, 1926

congenital heart disease with, 1531t

microcephaly with, 2007t

Smith-Magenis syndrome, 408t

Smith-Strang disease, 1319

SMN gene, 2136-2137

Smoke, second-hand

otitis media and, 2200

sudden infant death syndrome and, 1424

Smoke detector, 24

Smokeless tobacco, 680

Smoking See Cigarette smoking

Smooth muscle antibody, e147-3t

Smooth muscle hamartoma, 2235-2236

SMR See Sexual maturity rating (SMR)

Snail fever, 1230-1231

Snake bite, 2461-2462, 2461f-2462f, 2461t-2462t

SNAP See Score for Neonatal Acute Physiology (SNAP)

Snapping hit syndrome, 2414

SNHL See Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL)

Sn-mesoporphyrin (SnMP), for hyperbilirubinemia, 612

SnMP See Sn-mesoporphyrin (SnMP), for hyperbilirubinemia

Snoring, 49

Snow board-related injuries, 23

SNP See Lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase (SNP); Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)

Snuffles in congenital syphilis, 1017-1018

So₂ See Oxyhemoglobin (So₂)

Soap for skin disorders, 2216

SOAP MM, 285

Soccer, injuries in, e684-2-e684-3

Social anxiety disorder, 78

Social behavior evaluation in communication disorder, 120

Social cognition, e29-5

Social Cognitive Theory, e6-4, e6-5t

Social development

in foreign-born adoptees, 131

during middle childhood, 38

Social effectiveness therapy for children (SET-C), 79

Social factors

in child health, 2-3

in development, e6-2

in suicide, 88

Social history

in neurologic evaluation, e584-1

in poisonings, 253

in wheezing, 1458

Social issues

in children born to teen mothers, 701

regarding homosexuality, 658

Social phobia (SP), 78, 79t

Social sex role, 655

Social support

following traumatic injury, 340

during pregnancy, e7-1

Society, adolescent development of relationships with, 652-654

Socioeconomic factors

in childhood injuries, 20

in chronic illness, e39-1t, e39-2

in Haemophilus influenzae type b, 940

in high-risk pregnancies, e89-1t

in malnutrition, 173

in otitis media, 2200

in psychosomatic illness, 67

Sodium (Na⁺), 212-219, e41-17

in acute renal failure, 1819, 1820t

dietary reference intakes for, e41-5t-e41-7t

disorders of

hypernatremia as, 212-215

hyponatremia as, 215-219

excretion of, 212, e52-4-e52-5

hypernatremia due to deficits of, 213, 213t

in hyponatremia, 1884

intake of, 212

metabolism of, 212

in oral rehydration solutions, 1335t

reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

renal tubular regulation of, e522-1, e52-4

resorption of, e52-5

retention of, e52-5

retention of in chronic kidney disease, 1823t

supplementation for burn injury, 353

in total body water, e52-1-e52-2, e52-2f

Sodium bicarbonate

for metabolic acidosis, 234-235

in neonatal resuscitation, 576-577

for pediatric resuscitation and arrhythmias, 294t

for tricyclic antidepressants poisoning, 256t-258t, 264

Sodium channel genes, sudden infant death syndrome and, 1425-1426

Sodium channelopathies, 2125t

Sodium cromoglycate for allergic rhinitis, 779

Sodium diarrhea, 1321, 1341

Sodium fluoride, gastroenteritis due to, 1328t-1329t

Sodium iodide for thyroid storm, 1912t

Sodium nitroprusside

for cardiac output maintenance and post-resuscitation stabilization, 294t

for hypertensive emergencies, 1646t

Sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase (Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase), 219

Sodium stibogluconate, e271-1t-e271-11t

for leishmaniasis, 1189-1190

Sodium wasting in chronic kidney disease, 1823t

Sodoku, 2458

Soft bedding, sudden infant death syndrome and, 1425

Soft tissue infection

Aeromonas in, e196-1

anaerobic, e205-1-e205-3

nontuberculous mycobacterial, 1013

due to typhoid fever, 957t

Soft tissue lesions of oral cavity, 1259-1261, 1260f, 1260t

Soft tissue sarcoma, 1760-1762

incidence and survival rates for, 1726t

rhabdomyosarcoma as, 1760-1762, 1761f, 1761t

secondary, due to radiation therapy, e699-5t

Solanine poisoning, e703-1-e703-3

Solar urticaria, 813, 2257, 2257f

Soles, palmoplantar keratodermas of, 2272-2273

Solid organ donation See also Transplantation

by child, e3-6-e3-7

ethics in, e3-3

Solu-Medrol See Methylprednisolone

Soman, in terrorism, e704-1-e704-2, e704-9t

Somatic development, e6-7

Somatic mutation, 383-385

Somatic pain, 360t, 1248

Somatoform disorders, 67, 68t

diagnostic criteria for, 68t, 69

undifferentiated, 68t

Somatosensory amplification, 68

Somatosensory-evoked potentials (SSEPs), e584-10-e584-11

Somatostatin analogs for growth hormone excess, e554-4

Somatostatin in neuroendocrine tumor-associated diarrhea, e333-2t

Somatostatinoma, diarrhea caused by, e333-2t

Somogyi phenomenon, 1985-1986

Sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway, e102-1, e102-3-e102-5

Sorbitol, 1982

for constipation maintenance therapy, 74t

for fecal disimpaction, 74t

Sore throat in common cold, 1435

Sotos syndrome, 408t, e554-5

overgrowth in, e554-2t

South African genetic porphyria, e85-14-e85-15

South American blastomycosis, e233-1-e233-2

Southeast Asian liver fluke, e271-1t-e271-11t

Southeast Asian population, cultural values associated with, e4-1t-e4-2t

Southeastern Asian ovalocytes (SAO), e453-1

SOX9 gene, 2431, e685-2t, e576-2t-e576-3t

Soybean allergy, 821, 821t

Soy formula, 163-164

Spaghetti and meatballs appearance of Malassezia, e228-1

Spanish-English translation of botanical names, 274t

Spasmodic croup, 1447

Spasm(s)

esophageal, diffuse, 1265

neonatal, 2034

with seizures, 2019

Spasmus nutans, 2161-2162, e587-4-e587-5

Spastic diplegia in cerebral palsy, 2062-2064, 2062t, 2063f-2064f

Spastic hemiplegia in cerebral palsy, 2062, 2062t

Spasticity assessment in neurologic examination, e584-6

Spastic quadriplegia in cerebral palsy, 2063

Spatial functioning, e29-2-e29-3

SP-B See Surfactant protein B (SP-B)

SP-C See Surfactant protein C (SP-C)

Special cause variation, e2-4

Specialist referral

asthma, 793

chronic illness, e39-3

genetic disorders, 379

homosexuality, 659

psychiatric disorders, 58

eating disorders, 95-96

sexual abuse, 143

Specialization of pediatrics, 12-13

Special needs children, 5-9

abused and neglected children, 135-147

assessment of, 141

clinical manifestations of, 137-140, 137f-139f, 138t-139t

definitions associated with, 135-136

etiology of, 136-137, 136t

factitious disorder by proxy as, 146-147

foster and kinship care and, e35-1

as global situation, 136

interventions for, 141

outcomes of, 141-142

prevention of, 142

sexual See (Sexual abuse)

United States situation, 136

adopted children, 130-134, 131t

child care and, e15-4-e15-5

children affected by war, 8, e36-1-e36-7

children impacted by violence See (Violence)

children in foster and kinship care, e35-1-e35-3

early childhood trauma and, e35-1

epidemiology of, e35-1

health care for children and adolescents in, e35-1-e35-2, e35-2t

health issues associated with, e35-1, e35-2t

legislation in USA regarding, e35-1

children in poverty, 6, 6f

children of immigrants and racial minority groups, 6-7

children of migrant workers, 7

chronic illness in childhood, e39-1-e39-4, e39-1t

failure to thrive, 147-149

clinical manifestations of, 147

differential diagnosis of, 147f, 148t

epidemiology of, 147

etiology and diagnosis of, 147-148, 148t-149t

prognosis for, 149

treatment of, 148-149

goals of pediatricians regarding, 9

gynecological care for, 1874-1875

health services for, 10-11

homeless children, 7-8

inherent strengths in, 8-9

palliative care for, 149-159, 150f

communication, advanced care planning, and anticipatory guidance in, 151-159, 153t

conditions appropriate for, 149-150, 149t

decision-making in, 153

resuscitation status in, 153-154

settings for, 151

symptoms management in, 154-158, 154t-157t

during terminal phase, 158-159

runaway and thrown-away children, 8

Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), 170

Specialty care See Referral

Specific airway resistance, e366-3

Specific gravity, pleural, in tuberculosis, 1003-1004

Specific language impairment (SLI), 116-118

Specific learning disabilities (SLD), e29-1 See also Neurodevelopmental dysfunction

Speckled lentiginous nevus, 2233, 2233f

SPECT See Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

Spectral karyotyping (SKY), 396

Spectrometry, tandem mass, e707-2

Spectroscopy, magnetic resonance, 1545-1546, e584-11

Speech

language versus, 34

in myotonic muscular dystrophy, 2124

Speech disorders See Language disorders

Speech-language therapy, 121

Speech-recognition threshold (SRT) in audiometry, 2193

Speech therapy for respiratory insufficiency, 1525

Spelling and writing impairments, e29-6, e29-6t

Spermatic cord torsion, 1861-1862

Spermatocele, 1863

Spermicides, 694, 695t

Sphenoidal sinuses, 1436

Spherocytosis, hereditary, 1659-1662, 1659t, 1660f-1662f, e451-1t-e451-2t

Sphingolipid metabolism, 482-483, 483f

Sphingolipidoses, 484t, 2069-2072, 2071f-2072f

Sphrintzen-Goldberg syndrome, 2444t

Sphygmomanometer, 1533

Spider angioma, 2229-2230, 2230f

as manifestation of liver disease, 1376

Spider bite, 2462-2463, 2463f

Spielmeyer-Vogt disease, 2073

Spina bifida occulta, 1999, 2000f, 2001t

Spinal arteriovenous malformations, 2107-2108

Spinal cord, multiple sclerosis effects on, 2077t

Spinal cord compression

as oncologic emergency, e488-6t

diastematomyelia as, 2102, 2103f

respiratory distress due to, 315t

spinal arteriovenous malformations as, 2107-2108

syringomyelia as, 2103, 2104f

tethered cord, 2101-2102, 2101f-2102f

transverse myelitis as, 2107, 2107t

traumatic See (Spinal cord injury (SCI))

tumors as, 2105, 2105f

Spinal cord injury (SCI), 2106

during birth, 573

poliovirus infection versus, 1085t

respiratory insufficiency due to, 1523

Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormalities (SCIWORA), 337, 2106

Spinal disorders, 2365-2377, 2365t

back pain as, 2373-2374, 2373t

disk space infection as, 2376, 2376t

intervertebral disk herniation and slipped vertebral apophysis as, 2377

kyphosis as, 2371-2373, 2372f

scoliosis as

compensatory, 2371

congenital, 2368-2370, 2369f

idiopathic, 2365-2368, 2366f-2368f

neuromuscular, 2370-2371

spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis as, 2374-2376, 2375f

syndromes and genetic disorders, 2371

tumors as, 2377

Spinal dysraphism

congenital scoliosis with, 2369

occult, neuropathic bladder and, e536-3, e536-3f

Spinal fusion for scoliosis

idiopathic, 2368, 2368f

neuromuscular, 2371

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), 2136-2138, 2136t, 2137f

chronic severe respiratory insufficiency with, 1519-1520, 1520t

long-term mechanical ventilation for, 1524

Spinal paralytic poliomyelitis, 1083

Spindle nevus, 2233, 2233f

Spine

arthrogryposis involving, e674-5

assessment of, e664-1f

birth injuries to, 573

cervical

juvenile idiopathic arthritis involvement in, 832, 834f

in trauma survey, 335

traumatic injury to, 337-338, 338f

infection of, 2376, 2376t

musculoskeletal pain syndrome of, 877t

SPINK5, e134-4-e134-5

SPINK gene mutation, 1373

Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA), 2057t

Spiral fracture, 2388f, 2390

Spiral reconstruction computed tomography, e366-2-e366-3

Spiramycin for toxoplasmosis, 1215

Spirillum minus, 2458

Spiritual issues, grief and, e16-5

Spirochetal infection

bejel as, e211-1-e211-2

leptospirosis as, 1023-1025

Lyme disease as, 1025-1029

pinta as, e211-1-e211-3

relapsing fever as, e213-1-e213-2

syphilis as, 1016-1023

yaws as, e211-1

Spirometra mansonoides, 1232t

Spirometry

in asthma, 783-784, 785t, 786f

in pulmonary function testing, e366-3

Spironolactone

for acne, 2325t

for familial male gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty, 1893

for heart failure, e436-3, e436-5t

for systemic hypertension, 1645t

Spitz nevus, 2233, 2233f

Splash burn, due to child abuse, 138

Spleen

anatomy and function of, 1723

disorders of

abnormal position of the heart and, 1589t, 1595-1596

hyposplenism as, e481-1

infection with, e171-2-e171-3

neutropenia due to, 749

splenomegaly as, e480-1-e480-2

enlarged, sports participation, 2402t-2404t

trauma to, e481-1

Splenic aspiration in leishmaniasis, 1189

Splenic sequestration in sickle cell disease, 1664

Splenomegaly, e480-1-e480-2, e480-1t

malarial, 1206

in Niemann-Pick disease, 488

in portal hypertension, e359-2

Splinter hemorrhages of nails, 2295

Splinting for clubfoot, 2337

Split cord malformation, 2102, 2103f

Splitting of 2nd heart sound, 1533

SPNETs See Supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors (SPNETs)

Spondyloarthritides, e150-1-e150-3, e150-1f-e150-2f, e150-1t-e150-2t

Spondylocostal dysostosis syndromes, e102-2t

Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasias (SED), 2424-2425, 2424f

aggrecan-related, 2425

Kniest dysplasia as variant of, 2425

late-onset, 2425

Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasias (SED) congenita, 2424-2425, 2425f

Spondylolisthesis, 2374-2376

due to sports injury, 2412

Spondylolysis, 2374-2376

due to sports injury, 2412

Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia, Kozlowski type, 2435

Spongiosis in atopic dermatitis, 801

Spontaneous breathing trial (SBT), 329

Spontaneous pneumothorax, 1509

Spoon nails, 2293, 2294f

Sporothrix schenckii, e234-1

Sporotrichoid nocardiosis, e183-1

Sports

classification by contact, 2406t

drowning during, 342

examination prior to participation in, 2401-2405, 2401t-2404t, 2405f

female athlete triad and, 686

herpes simplex virus infection associated with, 1100, 1102, e89-2t

performance-enhancing aids, 2422-2423, 2423t

sickle cell trait and, 1671t

Sports examination, preparticipation, 2401-2405, 2401t-2404t, 2405f

Sports injuries

acute, 2406

of ankle, 2417-2418, 2417f

in ballet, e684-1

in baseball, e684-1

in basketball and volleyball, e684-2

differential diagnosis of, 2408

of elbow, 2410-2412, 2411f-2412f

epidemiology and prevention of, 2401-2406

of foot, 2418

in football, e684-1

of growth plate, 2408-2409, 2408f-2409f

in gymnastics, 2423

of head and neck, 2418-2420, 2419t

due to heat, 2420-2421, 2421f

of hip and pelvis, 2407t, 2413-2414, 2413f

in ice hockey, e684-2

initial evaluation of, 2407

of knee, 2414-2416, 2414t, 2415f

of low back, 2412-2413

of lower leg, 2416-2417

mechanism of, 2406-2407

ocular, 2186-2187

overuse, 2406-2407, 2407t

return to play following, 2407-2408

in running, e684-2

of shoulder, 2409-2410, 2410f

in skiing, e684-3

in soccer, e684-2-e684-3

in swimming, e684-1

in tennis, e684-3

in wrestling, e684-1

Sports medicine

menstrual problems and osteopenia in, 2421-2422

performance-enhancing aids, 2422-2423, 2423t

sports injuries in See (Sports injuries)

Sprain

ankle, 2418

in basketball and volleyball, e684-2

as sports injury, 2406

Sprengel deformity, 2383

Sprue, tropical, 1313-1314

Spun-glass hair, 2293, 2293f

Spurious hyperkalemia, 219

Sputum culture in tuberculosis, 1003

SQTS See Short Q-T syndrome (SQTS)

Squamous intraepithelial lesion

high-grade, 1138t

low-grade, 1137-1138

SR See Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), in cardiac development

SRD5A2 gene, e576-2t-e576-3t

SRT See Speech-recognition threshold (SRT)

SRY gene, e576-2t-e576-3t

SSEPs See Somatosensory-evoked potentials (SSEPs)

S/S genotype, 1426

SSLR See Serum-sickness like reaction (SSLR)

SSPE See Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)

SSRIs See Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

ST See Sensory testing (ST)

St. Louis encephalitis (SLE), 1141, 1143-1144

Stabilizers in immunizing agents, 883

Stable factor, 1696t

Staff See Health care providers

Staging

of cancer, 1731

Hodgkin lymphoma, 1741, 1741t

neuroblastoma, 1755t, 1756

non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 1743-1744, 1745t

treatment and, e488-1

Wilms tumor, 1759t

of graft versus host disease, 761t

Stains, for microscopic examination, e164-1t

Stammering, 122

Standard deviation (SD), 2466, e6-5, e6-6f

Standard precautions, e166-1, e166-2t

Standard value on growth charts, e13-1-e13-2

Staphylococcal scaled skin syndrome, 2302-2303, 2302f

Staphylococci, 903-910

in blepharitis, 2164

coagulase-negative, 909-910

in toxic shock syndrome, 905, 908-909, 909t

Staphylococcus aureus, 904-908

atopic dermatitis and, 806

in breast milk, 540t

in cellulitis, 2300

in child-care setting, e167-3t

clinical manifestations of, 905-906

in cystic fibrosis infections, 1482, 1492t

diagnosis of, 906-908

differential diagnosis of, 906, 906f

epidemiology of, 904

etiology of, 904

in folliculitis, 2305

in furuncles and carbuncles, 2305-2306

in furunculosis, 2198

gastroenteritis due to, 1324t-1325t

in hordeolum, 2164

in impetigo, 2299

in infective endocarditis, 1622

in mastitis, e545-2

methicillin-resistant, 907t

methicillin-susceptible, 906-907, 907t

neonatal, 632t

sepsis due to, 635t-636t

in osteomyelitis, 2394

in otitis media, 2201

pathogenesis of, 904-905, 904f

in pneumonia, 1475t, 1476

prevention of, 908

prognosis for, 908

in septic arthritis, 2398

slime layer of, 904

in toxic shock syndrome, 905, 908-909, 909t

treatment of, 906-908, 907t

with varicella-zoster virus, 1109

in vulvovaginitis, 1868t

Staphylococcus epidermis, 909-910

Stargardt disease, 2178

StAR gene, e576-2t-e576-3t

Staring, behavioral, e587-5

Starvation ketoacidosis, 232

State child care licensing, e15-1

State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), 10

States, behavioral, e7-2

Static compliance (C_STAT) assessment in mechanical ventilation, 328

Station, neurologic examination of, e584-9

Stature, percentile curves for, e9-1f-e9-4f

derivation and interpretation of, e13-1-e13-2

Status asthmaticus, 797t-798t, 798-799

Status epilepticus, 303, 2037-2039, 2039t

febrile, 2017

due to traumatic brain injury, 300

Status marmoratus, 2063-2064

Status migrainosus, 2040-2041

Statutory rape, 703

Stavudine

drug interactions with, e57-13t-e57-14t

for HIV infection, 1167, 1168t-1171t

Steady state in drug therapy, e57-3

Stealing, 99

Steatocrit in chronic diarrhea, 1344t

Steatocystoma multiplex, e662-1-e662-2

Steatohepatitis, nonalcoholic, 1408

STEC See Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC)

Steinburg sign, 2440, 2441f

Stellae ganglion block, 373

Stellate macular retinopathy, 985

Stellwag sign, 2163

Stem cell factor (SCF), fetal, e440-1t

Stem cells

differentiation into cardiac cells, 1527-1528

transplantation of See (Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT))

Stenotrophomonas, e197-1-e197-3

Stent, intravascular, 1548, 1548f

for coarctation of the aorta, 1569

Stepping gait, e584-7

Stepwise approach to asthma management, 792-793, 792t

Sterile pyuria in urinary tract infection, 1831-1832

Sternal clefts, 1517

Sternal fracture, due to child abuse, 138

Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle, e584-5

aplasia of, 2118

Steroid hormone

actions of, e568-1-e568-7

adrenal gland biosynthesis of, e568-1-e568-3, e568-2f

Steroid-induced myopathy, 2129-2130, 2129t

Steroids

acne due to, 2326-2327, 2327f

cataracts due to, 2171

diabetes associated with, 1997

panniculitis due to, 2283

performance-enhancing, 2422-2423

pharmacokinetics of, e56-3t

for seizures, 2032

Steroid-sparing immunosuppressive drugs, 844-845

Stevens-Johnson syndrome, 826, 827t, 1031, 1031f, 2242-2243, 2243f

Stewart-Prower factor, 1696t

Stickler dysplasia, 1254, 2426, 2426f

Stiff-Person syndrome, 1995-1996

Stigma of gender variance, 655-656

Stimulants

adolescent abuse of, 683-684

for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 62t, 111-112

cardiac evaluation before administration of, 112f

for psychiatric disorders, 61, 62t

Sting

hymenoptera, 807-809

scorpion, 2464

Stinger, 2402t-2404t, 2420, e684-1

Stinging insect allergy, 807-809, 807f, 809t

Stinging papule in dracunculiasis, 1227

STM See Short-term memory (STM)

Stochastic effects of radiation, 2448

Stomach

congenital anomalies of, 1274-1276

digestion and absorption in, e320-1-e320-2

disorders of

bezoars as, 1291

eosinophilic gastroenteritis as, 1304

foreign bodies as, 1290

gastric duplication as, 1276

gastric outlet obstruction as, 1275-1276

hypertrophic gastropathy as, 1276

peptic ulcer disease as, 1291-1294, 1291t, 1292f-1293f, 1293t

pyloric stenosis as, 1274-1275, 1274f-1275f

volvulus as, 1276

in drug absorption, e57-3-e57-5

fetal ultrasound of, 550t

normal development, structure, and function of, e320-1-e320-2

Stomatitis

aphthous, 2298, 2298f

in PFAPA, 859-860

Vincent, 2299

Stomatocytosis, hereditary, 1661f, e451-1t-e451-2t, e454-1

Stones See Lithiasis

Stool(s), e297-1

blood in, exclusion from day care due to, e15-2t

diarrhea and, 1243-1244

frequency of, e297-1

rapid antigen detection of, e164-1

Stool culture, e164-2-e164-3

in Campylobacter infection, 970

in Clostridium difficile infection, 995

in gastroenteritis, 1334

in Shigella infection, 960

in typhoid fever, 956-957

Stoplight zone system, 786-788

Storage disease

cholesterol ester, 491

neonatal iron, 1393

Storage of vitamin A, 188

Strabismic amblyopia, 2152

Strabismus, 2157-2161, 2158f-2160f

with Down syndrome, 403t

in neurologic examination, e584-4

Strain, as sports injury, 2406, 2412

Stramonium folium, potential toxicity of, 272t-273t

Stranger anxiety, 30, 33

Stranger rape, 703

Strangulated hernia, 1365

Strattera See Atomoxetine

Strawberry tongue in Kawasaki disease, 863, 864f

Strength assessment in neurologic examination, e584-6, e584-8f

Strength-based approaches to well child care, 16

Strengths, inherent, in special risk populations, 8-9

Streptobacillus moniliformis, 2457-2458

Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, 909, 919

Streptococci

arthritis associated with, 840

group A, 914-925

clinical manifestations of, 916-917, 916f, 917t

complications of, 919

diagnosis of, 917-918

differential diagnosis of, 918

epidemiology of, 915

glomerulonephritis associated with, 1783-1785, 1783f-1784f, 1785t

in impetigo, 2299

pathogenesis of, 915-916

in pneumonia, 1475t

prevention of, 920

prognosis for, 920

in rheumatic fever, 920-925

severe, 917, 917t

in toxic shock syndrome, 909

treatment of, 918-919

with varicella-zoster virus, 1109

in vulvovaginitis, 1868t

group B, 925-928

in breast milk, 540t

clinical manifestations of, 926-927, 926t

diagnosis of, 927

epidemiology of, 925-926, 925f

etiology of, 925

fetal therapy for, 551t

laboratory findings in, 927

maternal, e89-3t

neonatal, 632t

in osteomyelitis, 2394

pathogenesis of, 926

in pneumonia, 1475t

prevention of, 927-928

prognosis for, 927

treatment of, 927, 927t

group C, e178-1

in pharyngitis, 1439

group G, e178-1

non-group A or B, e178-1, e178-1t

in pharyngitis, 1439

viridans

in infective endocarditis, 1622, 1625t

neonatal, 632t

sepsis due to, 636t

Streptococcus agalactiae See Group B streptococcus (GBS)

Streptococcus mutans in dental caries, 1255

Streptococcus pneumoniae, 910-914

antibiotic resistant, 2205-2206

in bacterial meningitis, 2087

in child-care setting, e167-1-e167-2, e167-1t

clinical manifestations of, 912-913, 912f

diagnosis of, 913

in diarrhea-associated hemolytic-uremic syndrome, 1791-1793

in empyema, 1507-1508

epidemiology of, 911, 911f, 911t

etiology of, 910-911

hearing loss due to, 2188-2189

neonatal sepsis due to, 636t

in otitis media, 2201, e188-1f

pathogenesis of, 912

in pneumonia, 1475t, 1476

predisposition to infection due to immunodeficiency, 716t

prevention of, 913-914, 914t

prognosis for, 913

rapid antigen detection of, e164-1

testing for antibodies to, 719-720

treatment of, 913

vaccine for See (Pneumococcus vaccine)

in vulvovaginitis, 1868t

Streptococcus pyogenes See also Group A streptococcus (GAS)

in cellulitis, 2300-2301

in necrotizing fasciitis, 2301

Streptogramins, e173-14

Streptokinase for empyema, 1509

Streptomycin, e173-3, e206-2-e206-3

for brucellosis, 981t

for tuberculosis, 1008t

for tularemia, 979

Streptozyme test, 918

Stress, psychologic

during pregnancy, e6-9

in psychosomatic illness, 68

type 1 diabetes mellitus development and, 1972

Stress fracture, sports-related, 2416-2417

calcaneal, 2418

femoral neck, 2413

humeral, 2410

metatarsal, 2418

navicular, 2418

in runners, e684-2

tibial, 2416

Stress ulcer, 1293

Stretch marks, 2274, 2274f

Stretch receptors in respiration regulation, 1421

Striae cutis distensae, 2274, 2274f

Strictures, urethral, 1847

Stridor

auscultation of, e366-1

due to gastroesophageal reflux disease, 1269-1270

in laryngomalacia, 1450

postanesthetic, e70-10-e70-11

recurrent or persistent, e376-2-e376-3, e376-3t

at rest, croup and, 1448

as sign of respiratory pathology, 1420

Stroke, 303-304

arterial ischemic, 2080-2082, 2081f

heat, 2420, 2421f

hemorrhagic, 2084-2085, 2084f, 2085t

perinatal, 2082

sickle cell disease and, 1667

Stroke syndromes, 2080-2086

arterial ischemic stroke as, 2080-2082, 2081f-2082f, 2081t-2082t

cerebral sinovenous thrombosis as, 2082-2084, 2083f, 2083t

differential diagnosis of, 2085-2086, 2086t

hemorrhagic, 2084-2085, 2084f, 2085t

Stromectol See Ivermectin

Strongyloides stercoralis, 1220t, 1223-1224, 1223f, e271-1t-e271-11t

Strongyloidiasis, 1223-1224, 1223f

Structural growth, e13-4

Struvite calculi, e541-1t, e541-3

ST segment abnormalities, 1540

Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS), 2051-2052, 2051f, 2224

Stuttering, 34, 117t, 122, 122t

Subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy, 506-509

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), 1072-1073, 2075-2076

Subaortic stenosis, 1565

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)

emergency management of, 304

in newborn, 566

Subcapsular hematoma, 578

Subconjunctival hemorrhage, 2168-2169

in newborn, 566

Subcutaneous emphysema, 1462

Subcutaneous fat necrosis, 2284, 2284f

hypercalcemia with, 1922

Subcutaneous immunoglobulin (SCIG) for B-cell defects, 727-728

Subcutaneous nodules

in acute myeloid leukemia, 1737

in acute rheumatic fever, 922

Subcutaneous tissue

bacterial infection of, 2300-2302

diseases of, 2282-2286, 2282f-2284f

morphology of, e636-1

Subdural hematoma, due to child abuse, 139

Subdural hemorrhage in newborn, 566

Subgaleal hemorrhage, 565

Subglottic hemangioma, e382-1-e382-3

Subglottic stenosis, 1451

Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT), 774

Sublottic stenosis, 1454

Subluxation

dental, 1259

hip, 2356

patellar, 2355

Submersion injury, 341-348

epidemiology of, 342-343

etiology of, 341-342

management of, 344-347

pathophysiology of, 343-344

prevention of, 347-348, 348t

prognosis for, 347

resuscitation for, 344-345

Suboxone poisoning, 251t, 261

Substance abuse

adolescent, 671-685, 671f

of alcohol, 678-679, 678t-679t

of amphetamines, 683-684, 684t

clinical manifestations of, 673-674, 676t

of cocaine, 683

complications of, 677

diagnosis of, 677, 677t

drowning due to, 24

epidemiology of, 672-673, 673t, 675t

etiology of, 671-672, 672t-673t

of hallucinogens, 682-683

homosexuality and, 658-659

of inhalants, 681-682, 681t-682t

of marijuana, 680-681, 680t

of opiates, 684-685

pregnancy and, 701

of prescription drugs, 673t

prevention of, 677, 677t

prognosis for, 677

screening for, 674-677, 676t

of tobacco, 679-680, 680t

treatment of, 677

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder versus, 110

of hydrocarbons, 267

maternal

fetal and neonatal effects of, e89-2t

neonatal metabolic disturbances due to, 623-625, 624t

sudden infant death syndrome and, 1424

serotonin syndrome and, 265t

systemic hypertension due to, 1640-1641

Substernal thrust, 1533

Substitution, genetic, e74-2

Substrate specificity, e56-4

Subtle neonatal seizure, 2034

Subungual exostosis, 2343

Subvalvular stenosis, 1565

Succimer

for arsenic and mercury intoxication, e701-4

for lead poisoning, 2453, 2453t

for poisoning, 256t-257t

Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency, 447

Succinimides, adverse effects of, 2031t

Succinylcholine for anesthesia, e70-4t-e70-5t

Succinyl CoA:3-ketoacid CoA transferase (SCOT) deficiency, 435, 462

Sucking

of digits, e301-1

of thumb, 75

Sucking blister, 2218

Sucking chest wound, 336t

Sucralfate, 1293t

Sucrase-isomaltase deficiency, 1318

Sucrose for pain management, 364t

Sudafed See Pseudoephedrine

Sudden death, 1619-1621, 1620f-1621f, 1620t-1621t

associated with stimulants, 61

during sports, 2401-2405

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), 1421-1429

apnea and, 581

in child-care settings, e15-3

clinical strategies for prevention of, 1428-1429

differential diagnosis of, 1422t-1423t

epidemiology of, 1422

infant groups at increased risk for, 1428

pathology of, 1422-1424

risk factors for

environmental, 1424, 1424t

genetic, 1423t, 1425-1427, 1426f

genetic and environmental interactions in, 1427, 1427f

modifiable, 1424-1425

nonmodifiable, 1424

Sufentanil, equianalgesic doses and half-life of, 367t

Suffocation, 18

Sugammadex, e70-9

Suicide and attempted suicide, 18, 87-89, 88f, 89t

among homosexual youth, 658-659

with firearms, 24-25

Sulbactam, e173-4t-e173-11t

Sulfadiazine, e173-4t-e173-11t

for acute rheumatic fever prophylaxis, 924t

for toxoplasmosis, 1215, e271-1t-e271-11t

Sulfamethoxazole, e173-4t-e173-11t, e271-1t-e271-11t

Sulfasalazine

for inflammatory bowel disease, 1298-1299

for juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 838t

for rheumatic disease, e148-2t-e148-3t, e148-4

for spondyloarthritides, e150-2

for urticaria and angioedema, 815t

Sulfatase, multiple deficiency of, 490

Sulfate ion transporter, loss of, 2430-2431

Sulfatrim See Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX)

Sulfisoxazole, e173-4t-e173-11t

for acute rheumatic fever prophylaxis, 924t

possible adverse reactions to in premature infant, 563t

Sulfite oxidase deficiency, 429

Sulfonamides, e173-13

adverse reaction to, 826

Sulfonylureas, 1992, 1992t

poisoning with, 263

antidote for, 256t-257t

Sulfur granules in actinomycosis, e182-1

Sulthiame, 2030t

Sumatriptan

for migraine, 2044t

for vomiting, 1244t

Sunburn reaction, acute, 2254-2255, 2254f, 2254t-2255t

Sunburst pattern of osteosarcoma, 1763-1764, 1764f

Sunlight, cutaneous reactions to, 2254-2255, 2254f, 2254t-2255t

Sunscreen, 2217-2218

Superfecundation, 553

Superficial nerves, thickening of in leprosy, e208-1-e208-2, e208-2f

Superior mesenteric artery syndrome, e324-1-e324-5

Superior vena cava syndrome, e488-6t

Supernumerary nipple, 2221, e545-1, e545-2f

Supernumerary teeth, 1430

Supine positioning, sudden infant death syndrome and, 1425

Supplements

dietary, 270-273, 271t-272t

nutritional aspects of, 169

Spanish-English botanical name translation chart, 274t

toxicity of, 272t-273t

vitamin, nutritional aspects of, 169

Support, social

following traumatic injury, 340

during pregnancy, e7-1

Support groups

chronic illness, e39-3

genetic disorders, 379

Supportive psychotherapy, 66

Suppositories, 74t

for constipation maintenance therapy, 74t

Suppression as eye disorder, 2152-2153

Suppurative arthritis, 942

Suppurative parotitis, e308-1

Suppurative thyroiditis, 1904t, 1905

Supracristal ventricular septal defect with aortic insufficiency, 1559

Supraglottitis, 1446-1447, 1447f

Haemophilus influenzae in, 942

Supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors (SPNETs), 1752

Supravalvular stenosis, 1565

Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), 1613-1616, 1614f-1616f

emergency management of, 288-289

fetal therapy for, 551t

Suprax See Cefixime

Suramin, e271-1t-e271-11t

for trypanosomiasis, 1192

Surface area estimation, e708-11f

Surfactant

composition of, 581, 582f

inherited disorders of, e399-1-e399-3, e399-1t

respiratory distress syndrome due to, 581-582, 585

prophylactic administration of, 585

replacement of, 585-586

Surfactant protein A (SP-A), 1497-1498

Surfactant protein B (SP-B) deficiency, e399-1, e399-1t

Surfactant protein C (SP-C) disease, e399-1-e399-2, e399-1t

Surfactant protein D (SP-D), 1497-1498

Surgery

for achalasia, 1265

for acne, 2326

for ambiguous genitalia, 1935

for anorectal malformations, 1358-1359, 1359t

antibiotic prophylaxis for, e166-2-e166-4

for aortic aneurysm in Marfan syndrome, 2445

for appendicitis, 1354-1355

asthma management during, 801

bariatric, 186

for biliary atresia, 1387

for breast alterations, e545-4

for burn management, 353-354

for cancer, e488-1-e488-2, e488-2f

for cancer treatment, e488-5

for cleft lip or palate, 1252-1253

for coccidioidomycosis, 1068

complications of, 2394

for congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 596, 596f

for congenital heart disease, 1602-1610, 1605t

coarctation of the aorta, 1569

d-transposition of the great arteries, 1586-1587, 1587f

hypoplastic left heart syndrome, 1593-1595, 1594f

long-term management following, 1604-1605

ostium primum defects, 1555-1556

postoperative management following, 1603-1604

tetralogy of Fallot, 1576-1577, 1577f

ventricular septal defect, 1558

contraceptive, special needs girls and, 1875

for Crohn’s disease, 1303-1304

in cystic fibrosis management, 1496-1497

diabetes mellitus management during, 1987, 1987t

for empyema, 1509

evaluation before, e70-12-e70-14, e70-12t-e70-13t

fluid maintenance during, e70-9-e70-10

for fractures, 2393-2394, 2394t

for gastroesophageal reflux disease, 1268-1269

general anesthesia during See (General anesthesia)

for Graves disease, 1912t

for Hirschsprung disease, 1285-1286

hypothyroidism due to, 1912-1913

for inguinal hernia, 1365-1366, 1367f

for intestinal malrotation, 1281

intestinal transplantation, e331-1-e331-2, e331-2f

for neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis, 603

for nontuberculous mycobacterial lymphadenitis, 1015

for osteomyelitis, 2398

pain management following, e70-14-e70-15

for patent ductus arteriosus, 1560-1561

for peptic ulcer disease, 1294

for pneumothorax, 1511-1512

postanesthesia care following, e70-10-e70-12, e70-10t

preparation for, e70-14, e70-14t

for pyloric stenosis, 1275

for scoliosis, 2367-2368, 2368f

for seizures, 2032-2033

for septic arthritis, 2400

for tricuspid atresia, 1581-1582, 1581f

for ulcerative colitis, 1300

for urinary lithiasis, e541-3, e541-4t

for vesicoureteral reflux, 1836-1838, 1837f-1838f

Surgical otoscope head, 2202

SUR1 mutations, 523

Surrogate endpoints in pharmacodynamics, e57-9

Survanta, 585

Surveillance

autistic disorder, 103f-104f

developmental and behavioral, 39-40, 41t-45t

Survival Epidemiology and End Results (SEER), 1727f

Survival rates, cancer, 1726f, 1726t

for acute lymphocytic leukemia, 1735f-1736f

Susceptibility testing, antimicrobial, e164-3

in nontuberculous mycobacteria, 1015

Suspending fluids in immunizing agents, 883

Sustained attention, e29-3

Sustiva See Efavirenz

Sutures

cranial

in neurologic examination, e584-2

newborn examination of, 533-534

premature closure of, 2011-2013

for laceration closure, 341

SVT See Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT)

Swallowed blood syndrome, 621

Swallowing, 1240, e310-1

difficulty in See (Dysphagia)

dysmotility and, 1264-1265

fetal, 1261

fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of, e310-3

pain during See (Odynophagia)

Swallowing studies in aspiration syndromes, 1472t

Sweat glands

cystic fibrosis and, 1487

disorders of, 2286-2288, 2287f, 2287t

morphology of, e636-2

Sweat testing in cystic fibrosis, 1487-1488

Swedish porphyria, e85-4-e85-8

Sweet syndrome, e163-1, e163-1t

cutaneous manifestations of, e637-3t, e637-6

Swelling, scrotal, 1860-1861, 1860t

SWILS See Safety World Inventory and Literacy Screener (SWILS)

Swim, learning to, 348

Swimmer’s ear, 2197 See also External otitis

Swimmer’s itch, 1231

Swimming, injuries in, e684-1

Swimming pool granuloma, 1013

Swine bite, 2454-2460

SWS See Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS)

Swyer-James syndrome, 1461

Swyer syndrome, 1963-1964

Sycosis barbae, 2305

Sydenham chorea, 2055-2056

Sylvian aqueduct syndrome, 2161

Symblepharon, 2169

Symbols in laboratory testing, e708-1t

Symmetrel See Amantadine

Symmetric progressive erythrokeratoderma, 2270-2271

Sympathetic nerve block, 372-373

Sympathetic ophthalmia, 2173-2174

Sympathomimetic syndromes, 253t, 676t

Symptomatic seizure, 2013

Symptom review in psychiatric diagnostic evaluation, 58

Synapses, development and, e6-1

Synchronized cardioversion, 288-289

Syncope

cardiac, e587-2

heat, 2420

vagal, e587-1-e587-2

vagovagal, e587-1-e587-2

vasovagal, e587-1-e587-2

Syndactyly, 2342, 2342f, 2386, 2387t, e102-7t

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)

diagnostic criteria for, 217t

hyponatremia due to, 216, 218-219, 1884

plasma osmolality and, e52-4

treatment of, 1886

Syndromic diarrhea (SD), 1311-1312

Synercid See Quinupristin/dalfopristin

Synergistic gangrene, e205-1

Synophrys, e102-7t

Synostosis, cranial, 533-534

Synovial fluid analysis in septic arthritis, 2399

Synovial sarcoma, 1762t

Synovitis

toxic, 840

transient, 840

monoarticular, 2360

as sports injury, 2413

Syntax difficulties, e29-2

Syphilis, 1016-1023

cerebrospinal fluid findings in, 2088t

clinical manifestations and laboratory findings in, 1016-1018

congenital, 1016-1018, 1017f-1020f, 1017t, 1021-1023, 1021t

diagnosis of, 1018-1021, 1019f

endemic, e211-1-e211-2

epidemiology of, 1016, 1016f-1017f

etiology of, 1016

fetal therapy for, 551t

genital ulcers due to, 708, 709t

hearing loss due to, e633-1

in immigrant children, 133

maternal

Breast-feeding and, 540t

fetal and neonatal effects of, e89-3t

oral ulcerations in, 1260t

in pregnancy, 1022

prevention of, 1022-1023

secondary, 1016-1017, 1017f

sexual abuse and, 145t

treatment of, 1021-1022, 1021t-1022t

SYR gene, e576-1, e576-2t-e576-3t

Syringoma, e662-2, e662-2f

Syringomyelia, 2103, 2104f

Syrup of ipecac, 255

Systematic desensitization for phobias, 81

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), 307, 309t, 310f, 311t, 637-639, 639t

anesthesia and, e70-1

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 841-846

alveolar hemorrhage with, 1499

arthralgia in, e147-1

cerebrospinal fluid findings in, 2088t

chorea in, 2056

clinical manifestations of, 843, 843t

cardiac, 1532t

cutaneous, e637-3-e637-4, e637-3t, e637-4f

complications of, 845, 845t

diagnosis of, 843, 843t, e147-3t

differential diagnosis of, 843-844, 844t

epidemiology of, 841-842

etiology of, 841

fever of unknown origin in, 899

glomerulonephritis associated with, 1788-1789

immunofluorescence in, e637-1t

insulin receptors autoantibody development in, 1996

laboratory findings in, 844, 844t

maternal, e89-2t

myocardial disease with, 1629t

oral ulceration in, 1260t

pathogenesis of, 842-843

pathology of, 842, 842f

prognosis for, 845

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

treatment of, 844-845

Systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 832-834, 836, 838

Systemic vascular resistance in shock, 311t

System of care, planning and implementing

Systems approach in patient safety, e2-6

Systolic blood pressure

age-specific percentiles for, 1534f-1535f

assessment of, 1639

Systolic ejection murmur, auscultation of, 1535

Systolic overload pattern, 1539

T

T_1/2 See Elimination half-life (T_1/2) of drug

T₂ See Thiolase (T₂) deficiency

T₃ See Triiodothyronine (T₃)

T₄ See Thyroxine (T₄)

TA See Takayasu arteritis (TA)

Tabun, in terrorism, e704-1-e704-2, e704-9t

TAC See Tetracaine, epinephrine, and cocaine (TAC)

Tache noire, 1044

Tachyarrhythmias

emergency management of, 287-289, 290f

ventricular, 1616, 1616f, 1616t

“Tachy-brady syndrome”, 1618, 1618f

Tachycardia

in acute intermittent porphyrias, e85-6

in cardiac physical examination, 1531-1532

in Corynebacterium diphtheriae-associated toxic cardiomyopathy, e180-2

fetal, 542

during fever, e169-1-e169-2

sinus, 1616t

supraventricular tachycardia versus, 1613

supraventricular, 1613-1616, 1614f-1616f

fetal therapy for, 551t

Tachycardia syndrome, postural, e587-1-e587-2

Tachypnea

in acutely ill child, 275

maintenance water and electrolytes and, 244

as manifestation of extrapulmonary disease, 1526

transient of newborn, 590

respiratory distress syndrome versus, 583-584

Tacrolimus

diabetes associated with, 1997

intestinal transplantation and, 1322-1323

for nephrotic syndrome, 1805

Taenia asiatica, 1232t

Taenia multiceps, 1232t

Taenia saginata, 1232-1233, 1232t, e271-1t-e271-11t

Taenia solium, 1232-1233, 1232t, e271-1t-e271-11t

Takayasu arteritis (TA), 868t, 871-872, 871t, 872f

Talar dome fracture, 2417-2418

Talipes equinovarus (clubfoot), 2336, 2337f

Tall stature, e554-1-e554-3, e554-1t-e554-2t

Tamiflu See Oseltamivir

Tamponade, cardiac, 336t

Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), e707-2

Tangier disease, 477, 1320

Tanner stages, 649

Tantrum, 35

Tapeworm infection, 1232-1234, 1232t, 1233f-1234f, e271-1t-e271-11t

TAPVR See Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR)

TAR See Thrombocytopenia-absent radius (TAR) syndrome

Tardive dyskinesia, drug-induced, 2059

Targeted array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), 398

Target serum levels in antibacterial therapy, e173-1, e173-2f

Target sign in aspergillosis, 1060

Tar preparations, 2216-2217

for atopic dermatitis, 805

Tarsal coalition, 2339-2340, 2339f, 2339t

Tarui disease, 494t-495t, 501, 2131

TAT See Tetanus antitoxin (TAT)

Taussig-Bing malformation, 1582

Taxis, 1365-1366

Taxus species toxicity, 269t

Tay-Sachs disease, 484-487, 2070

Tazarotene for acne, 2325t

Tazicer See Ceftazidime

Tazidime See Ceftazidime

Tazobactam, e173-4t-e173-11t

Tazobactam/piperacillin, 645t

TB See Tuberculosis (TB)

TBE See Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE)

TBG See Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)

TBI See Total body irradiation (TBI); Traumatic brain injury (TBI)

TBMD See Thin basement membrane disease (TBMD)

TC See Time constant (TC)

TCAs See Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)

TCD See Transcranial Doppler (TCD) assessment

T cells, 722

abnormalities of

of activation, 729-730

evaluation of, 720-722, 720t

immunizations in, 892t

infection with, e171-1t, e171-3

inheritance in development of, e117-6

screening for, 718t

in adverse drug reactions, 824

in allergic disease, e134-1, e134-1f-e134-2f

in atopic dermatitis, 802

celiac disease, 1308

cytotoxic See (Cytotoxic T cells)

fetal development and differentiation of, e117-1-e117-2

in Graves disease, 1909-1910

helper See (Helper T cells)

interaction with other immune cells, e117-4-e117-5

in juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 831, 831f

postnatal, e117-5

subsets of, e117-5

in systemic lupus erythematosus, 843

in tuberculosis, 999f

T cell antibodies in renal transplantation, e530-3

T cell mitogens, e117-5

T cell receptor-CD3 complex (Ti-CD3)

defective expression of, 729, 729f

T cell receptor recombination excision circles (TRECs), e117-1-e117-2

T cell receptors (TCRs), 720-722, e117-1

TC1RG1 gene, 2432

TCS1 gene, 2049

TCS2 gene, 2049

Tdap See Tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine

T1DM See Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM)

T2DM See Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)

TDT See Transmission disequilibrium test (TDT)

TE See Thromboembolic event (TE)

Tea

for asthma, 271t

potential toxicity of, 272t-273t

Team

transport, e61-7-e61-8

trauma, 333, 335f

Team approach

in home mechanical ventilation, 331-332, 331t

in rheumatic disease, e148-1, e148-1t

Teamwork for patient safety, e2-6

Tear film, 2165

Tears

in newborn, e610-1

reduced or absent secretion of, 2165-2166

TEC See Transient erythroblastopenia of childhood (TEC)

Technetium-99m scan See also Radionuclide studies

in liver dysfunction, 1379

in lung pathology, e366-2

in osteomyelitis, 2396-2397

Technology, health information, e2-7

Tedinopathy, as sports injury, 2407

Teenager See Adolescent

Teeth

anomalies of, 1250-1251, 1250f-1251f

avulsion of, 1259

calcification of, 1249-1250, 1250t

congenital erythropoietic porphyria effects on, e85-9, e85-9f

development of, 1249

discolored, 1251

disorders of

associated with other conditions, 1251, 1251t

dental caries as, 1254-1256, 1255f-1256f

eruption cyst, e308-1

malocclusion, e301-1, e301-1f

teething as, 1257

effects of eating disorders on, 93t

effects of malnutrition on, 175t

eruption of, 1250, 1250t

delayed, 1251

grinding of, 75

Hutchinson, 1017t, 1019f

intruded, 1259

during middle childhood, 36

natal, 1251

neonatal, 1251

radiology in assessment of, e309-1, e309-1f

replantation of, 1259

subluxation of, 1259

supernumerary, 1430

traumatic injury to, 1258, 1258f-1259f, 1258t

Teething, 1257

home remedies among African Americans for, e4-2t

TEF See Tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF)

Tegopen See Cloxacillin

Teichoic acid, 904

Teicoplanin, e173-3

Telangiectasia

hereditary benign, 2230

hereditary hemorrhagic, 2230

spider, 2230f

unilateral nevoid, 2230

Telangiectasia macularis eruptiva perstans, 2281

Telangiectatic osteosarcoma, 1763

Telecanthus, e102-7t

Teleoroentgenogram, e668-1, e668-2f

Telithromycin, e173-3

Telogen effluvium, 2291-2292

Telomerase in oncogenesis, e486-4

Telomere mutations, 406

Telophase of mitosis, 394-395

Temperament, e6-1-e6-2, e6-2t

psychosomatic illness and, 68

Temperature

Celsius and Fahrenheit equivalents, e708-16t

in hyperthermia, 622

maintenance of

for low birthweight infant, 559

in newborn, 536-537

Temperature receptors in respiration regulation, 1421

Temper tantrum, 99

Temporal arteritis, 868t

Temporal bone

fracture of, e634-1-e634-2, e634-1f

otitis media complications within, 2210

tumors of, e635-1, e635-1f

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disease, 832, 834f

TEN See Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN)

Tendinosis

patellar, 2416

rotator cuff, 2407

as sports injury, 2407

Tendon reflexes

in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, 571t

in neuromuscular disorders, 2109

Tennis, injuries in, e684-3

Tennis elbow, 2411, e684-3

Tenofovir

drug interactions with, e57-13t-e57-14t

for HIV infection, 1168t-1171t

Tenosynovitis-dermatitis syndrome, gonococcal, 937

TENS See Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)

Tension pneumothorax, 336, 336t, 1510-1511

cardiac arrest due to, 289t

Tention-type headache (TTH), 2046

Teratogens, 547-548

antiepileptics as, 2029, 2029t

cardiac, 1527

development and, e6-1, e6-9

isotretinoin as, 2325

Teratoid/rhabdoid tumor, 1752

Teratoma, 1770

ovarian, 1871, 1872t

Terazosin for systemic hypertension, 1645t

Terbinafine for tinea capitis, 2311

Terbutaline for asthma, 796, 797t-798t

Terminal hair, e636-1

Terminal illness

in adolescents, e3-5

palliative care for See (Palliative care)

Terrorism

biological and chemical, e704-1-e704-11, e36-5-e36-6

clinical manifestations of, e704-1-e704-6, e704-2t

diagnosis of, e704-6-e704-7

epidemiology and pediatric-specific concerns in, e704-1, e704-2f-e704-3f

etiology of, e704-1

prevention of, e704-7-e704-8, e704-8t

treatment of, e704-8-e704-10, e704-9t-e704-10t

impact on children, e36-5-e36-6

vaccines and, 891

Terry nails, 2294, 2295f

Tertiary syphilis, 1016-1017

Testes

defects in differentiation of, 1962

defects in hormones of, 1963-1964

development of, e576-1

embryonic regression syndrome of, 1963

function of, e576-1-e576-5, e576-4f

hypofunction of, 1943-1950, 1944t

primary, 1944-1945

secondary, 1948-1949

newborn assessment of, 536

nonpalpable, 1859

pseudoprecocity resulting from tumors of, 1943-1950

puberty and, e555-1

central precocious, 1887

retractile, 1859

traumatic injury to, e540-2f

tumors of, 1864

undescended, 1858-1860, 1860f

in neuromuscular disorders, 2109

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

vanishing, 1859

Testicular adrenal rests, e578-1

Testicular dysgenesis syndrome, 1945

Testicular feminization syndrome, 1365

Testicular prosthesis, 1860, 1860f

Testicular regression syndrome, 1944

Testicular torsion, 1861-1862, 1861f-1862f

Testicular tumor, 1864

Testosterone

in ovarian carcinomas, 1872t

in testicular function, e576-1

Testosterone precursors for performance enhancement, 2423

Tetanospasmin, 991

Tetanus, 991-994, 994t

after animal or human bite, 2457

due to nasal foreign body, 1432

neonatal, 639

testing for antibodies to, 719-720

Tetanus and diphtheria toxoid (Td), 884t

Tetanus antitoxin (TAT), 992-993

Tetanus immunoglobulin (TIG), 882t, 992

Tetanus toxin, 991-992

Tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine, 884t, 948, 993

recommended schedule for, 888f

for travel, e168-2

Tetanus vaccine, 881t, 993

Tetany

heat, 2420

in newborn, 623

in pseudohypoparathyroidism, 1919

Tethered cord, 2101-2102, 2101f-2102f

Tetracaine, epinephrine, and cocaine (TAC), 367-368

Tetracycline, e173-13

for acne, 2324, 2325t

for balantidiasis, 1183, e271-1t-e271-11t

for cholera, 967t

for Dientamoeba fragilis, e271-1t-e271-11t

discolored teeth due to, 1251

for ehrlichioses, 1050

for louse-borne typhus, 1048

for malaria, 1203t-1205t, e271-1t-e271-11t

for murine typhus, 1047

possible adverse reactions to in premature infant, 563t

for psittacosis, e219-1

for relapsing fever, e213-1

for Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 1043

for scrub typhus, 1045

Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH₄) deficiency, 446

hyperphenylalaninemia with, 420-421, 421f

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 680-681, 1244t

Tetralogy of Fallot, 1573-1578, 1573f

in adults, 1607-1608

associated anomalies, 1576

clinical manifestations of, 1574

complications of, 1576

diagnosis of, 1574-1576, 1575f

pathophysiology of, 1573-1574

treatment of, 1576-1577, 1577f

“Tet spells” in tetralogy of Fallot, 1574

Textiles, infection protection and control and, e166-2t

TFA See Thigh-foot angle (TFA)

TFP See Mitochondrial trifunctional protein (TFP) deficiency

TGA See Transposition of the great arteries (TGA)

TGF-β See Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)

TG2 in celiac disease, 1308

Thalassemia(s), 1674-1677

α-, 1676-1677

β-, 1675-1676

δ-, 1676

epidemiology of, 1674

fetal therapy for, 551t

γ-, 1676

hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for, 759, 760f

major, 1675-1676, 1675f

cardiac manifestations of, 1531t

pathophysiology of, 1674, 1674t

Thalidomide

for actinic prurigo, 2257

effects of, e700-1t

for Hansen disease, e208-3-e208-4

for rheumatic disease, e148-6

Thallium, gastroenteritis due to, 1328t-1329t

Thanatophoric dysplasia, 2428, 2428f-2429f

THBD gene, 1792t

THC See Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

THE See Tricho-hepato-enteric (THE) syndrome

Thelarche, e555-1, e545-1

premature, 1893-1894, e545-1

Theophylline

for allergic disease, 772

for asthma, 794t, 796

drug interactions with, e57-13t-e57-14t

for neonatal apnea, 581

toxicity of, 251t

Theories of emotion and cognition, e6-3-e6-4, e6-4t

Theory of Planned Behavior, e6-4, e6-5t

Theory of Reasoned Action, e6-4, e6-5t

The patch, 695t, 696-697

“The pill”, 696-698

Therapeutic drug monitoring, e56-1, e57-10

Therapeutic range, e57-3

Thermal amplitude, 1679

Thermodilution measurement of cardiac output, 1547-1548

Thermoregulation

during anesthesia, e70-9

of newborn, 536-537

low birthweight, 559

postoperative, e70-11-e70-12

Thiabendazole, e271-1t-e271-11t

for strongyloidiasis, 1224

Thiamine, 191, 194t

deficiency of, 191-192

dietary reference intakes for, e41-8t-e41-14t

toxicity of, 192

Thiamine-responsive maple syrup urine disease, 431

Thiamine-responsiveness megaloblastic anemia (TRMA), 191, e448-5

Thiazide diuretics

for hypertension of chronic kidney disease, 1825

metabolic alkalosis due to, 236

Thiazolidinedione, 1992, 1992t

Thick blood smear, 1201

Thienamycin, e173-3

Thigh-foot angle (TFA), 2345f, 2346, 2347f

Thimerosal exposure, e701-2

Thin basement membrane disease (TBMD), 1783

Thin blood smear, 1201

Thinking

logical, in adolescent, 649-651

magical, 34-35

moral, 35-36

in adolescent, 649-651

Thiolase (T₂) deficiency

cytosolic acetoacetyl CoA, 434-435

mitochondrial acetoacetyl CoA, 433-434, 434f

Thiopental

for anesthesia, e70-4t-e70-5t, e70-6-e70-7

for intubation, 321t

for status epilepticus, 2039t

Thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT), e56-8, e56-9f

Thioridazine toxicity, 251t

Third-degree burn, 351, 351t

Third-degree heart block, 1618

Third-generation cephalosporins, e173-3, e173-12t

for neonatal infection, 644

for pyelonephritis, 1832

Third heart sound, auscultation of, 1533

Third nerve palsy, 2159, 2159f

Thirst, regulation of, 1882

Thomsen disease, 2113t, 2125, 2125t

Thoracentesis, e366-5

for emergencies, 295

Thoracic anesthesia, 373

Thoracic dystrophy, asphyxiating, 2434

Thoracic-pelvic-phalangeal dystrophy, 1517

Thoracic trauma, 335t, 338

Thoracoplasty, expansion, 2369-2370, 2370f

Thoracoscopic surgery, video-assisted

for empyema, 1509

for pneumothorax, 1511-1512

Thoracoscopy, e366-5

Thorazine See Chlorpromazine

3-day measles See Rubella

Three-dimensional echocardiography, 1543, 1544f

317 Discretionary Federal Grant Program, 885

3D reconstruction of computed tomography, 1546, 1547f

Thrills, 1533

in tetralogy of Fallot, 1574

Throat culture, e164-2

in group A streptococci infection, 917

Thrombin time, 1697

Thrombocytopenia, 1714

due to acquired disorders causing decreased production, 1721

amegakaryocytic, 1689

classification of, 1716t

congenital amegakaryocytic, 1719-1720, 1719f

differential diagnosis of, 1716t, 1717f

drug-induced, 1718

due to ehrlichiosis, 1049

fetal therapy for, 551t

following rubella, 1077

hematuria associated with, 1796

in hemolytic-uremic syndrome, 1793

HIV-related, 1166

idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in, 1714-1718, 1717f

immunodeficiency with eczema and, 734-735

maternal, e89-2t

neonatal, 1720

as oncologic emergency, e488-6t

in Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 1042

Thrombocytopenia-absent radius (TAR) syndrome, 1531t, 1719

Thrombocytopenic purpura

idiopathic, 1717f

maternal, e89-2t

thrombotic, 1718-1719

Thrombocytosis in pertussis, 945

Thromboembolic event (TE), 1709-1712

in nephrotic syndrome, 1805-1806

Thromboembolism, venous, 1709

Thrombolytic therapy, 1710t, 1712

for pulmonary embolism, 1502

Thrombopoiesis, fetal, e440-2-e440-4

Thrombopoietin, 1714, e440-1t, e440-2

Thrombosis

cerebral, with tetralogy of Fallot, 1576

cerebral sinovenous, 1709, 2082-2084, 2083f, 2083t

deep vein, 1709

estrogen contraceptives and, 1875

pulmonary embolism with, 1500-1501, 1501t

due to exchange transfusion, 618

renal transplantation and, e530-2

renal vein, 1709

hematuria due to, 1794-1795

in newborn assessment, 535

Thrombotic disease, 1709-1712

clinical manifestations of, 1709-1710

complications of, 1711

diagnosis of, 1710, 1710f

epidemiology of, 1709-1711, 1709t

hereditary predisposition to, 1707-1708, 1708t

laboratory testing in, 1710

treatment of, 1710-1712, 1710t

Thrombotic microangiopathy, 1713-1714

Thrombotic predisposition, testing for, 1699

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), 1718-1719

Thrown-away children, 8

Thrush, oral, 1054-1055

Thumb

hypoplasia of, 2386, 2386f

sucking of, 75

trigger, 2387

Thumb method of chest compressions, 291, 292f

Thumb sign in Marfan syndrome, 2440, 2441f

Thunderclap headache, 2084

Thymectomy for myasthenia gravis, 2135

Thymic hypoplasia, 728-729

Thymidine kinase in congenital dyserythropoietic anemia, e446-1t

Thymidine kinase 2 (TK2), 1406

deficiency of, e83-9

Thymidine phosphorylase deficiency, e83-9

Thymoglobulin in renal transplantation, e530-3

Thyroglobulin, e557-1

measurement of, 1894

reference values for, 1899t

synthesis defects of, 1896

Thyroglossal cysts and sinuses, 2221

Thyroidal peroxidase, e557-1

defects of, 1896

Thyroid antiperoxidase antibodies

in lymphocytic thyroiditis, 1903

in Turner syndrome, 1953-1954

Thyroid crisis, 1910

Thyroid dysgenesis, 1895-1896

Thyroidectomy, 1912-1913

Thyroid function tests, 1899t

Thyroid gland

cancer of, 1914-1916

medullary, 1915-1916

secondary, due to radiation therapy, e699-5t

development and physiology of, e557-1

disorders of

arthralgia and, e147-1

autoimmune, 1901

goiter as, 1905-1909

hormone studies of, e557-1-e557-2

hyperthyroidism as, 1909-1913

hypothyroidism as, 1895-1903

thyroiditis as, 1903-1905

thyroxine-binding globulin defects as, e558-1

transport defects and, 1896

solitary nodule of, 1915, 1915t

Thyroiditis, 1903-1905, 1904t

autoimmune, 1903-1905

hypothyroidism due to, 1901

with Turner syndrome, 1953

granulomatous, subacute, 1905

Hashimoto, 1903-1905

myasthenia gravis with, 2133

type 1 diabetes mellitus with, 1996

lymphocytic, 1903-1905, 1996, 2133

due to mumps, 1080

suppurative, 1904t, 1905

Thyroid myopathies, 2129

Thyroid-related ophthalmopathy, 2182

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), e550-1

in hypothyroidism

acquired, 1901

congenital, 1895, 1899

in intellectual disability, 127t

measurement of, 1894

reference values for, 1899t, e708-2t-e708-8t

in thyroid hormone unresponsiveness, 1897

in thyroid regulation, e557-1

Thyroid storm, 1910, 1912t

Thyroid tumors, e500-1

Thyrotoxicosis, myopathies due to, 2129

Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis, 222-223

Thyrotropin

deficiency of, 1896-1897

unresponsiveness of, 1897

Thyrotropin receptor-blocking antibody, 1896

Thyrotropin receptor-stimulating antibody (TRSAb)

in congenital hypothyroidism, 1913

in Graves disease, 1909-1911

Thyrotropin-releasing deficiency, 1896-1897

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), e708-2t-e708-8t

Thyrotropin-releasing receptor abnormalities, 1897

Thyroxine, reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)

defects of, e558-1

serum, e557-2

Thyroxine (T₄), 1894, e557-1

in congenital hypothyroidism, 1899

defective synthesis of, 1896

fetal, e557-2

in preterm infant, 1897

testing of, e557-1

in intellectual disability, 127t

in thyroid hormone unresponsiveness, 1897

Thyroxine (T₄) binding globulin in congenital hypothyroidism, 1899

Tiagabine

adverse effects of, 2031t

dosages of, 2030t

TIBC See Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC)

Tibia

bowing of

anterolateral, 2351

anteromedial, 2351

posteromedial, 2351

congenital and angular deformities of, 2350-2351

fracture of, 2392-2393

stress, 2416

normal development of, 2344

Tibial longitudinal deficiency, 2351

Tibial rotation, 2346, 2346f

Tibial torsion

external, 2347

internal, 2347

normal, 2344

Tibia vara, 2349f-2350f, 2350

obesity with, 184t

Tibiofemoral angle, 2344

TIBOLA See Tick-borne lymphadenopathy (TIBOLA)

Tic, motor, 76, e587-3-e587-4

Ticar See Ticarcillin

Ticarcillin, e173-4t-e173-11t

for cystic fibrosis lung infection, 1492t

for neonatal infection, 645t

Ticarcillin-clavulanate, e173-4t-e173-11t

for cystic fibrosis lung infection, 1492t

for neonatal infection, 645t

Ti-CD3 See Tcell receptor-CD3 complex (Ti-CD3)

Tic disorders, 76

group A streptococci infection and, 919

Tick, removal of attached, 1043

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), 1146

Tick-borne illness

babesiosis, e281-1-e281-2

Colorado tick fever, 1142-1144

ehrlichioses, 1048-1049

hemorrhagic fevers, 1150t

Lyme disease, 1025-1026

Mediterranean spotted fever, 1044

relapsing fever, e213-1, e213-1f

Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 1041, 1041f

tularemia, 978

Tick-borne lymphadenopathy (TIBOLA), 1039t-1040t

Tick paralysis, 2135-2136

Tidal recruitment, 323-324

Tidal volume (V_T), 1419, e365-2f

in mechanical ventilation, 327-328

TIG See Tetanus immunoglobulin (TIG)

Tigecycline, e173-4t-e173-11t

for vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, e179-2

Tillaux fracture, 2393

Tilted optic disc, e623-1

Time constant (TC), 322-323, 323f, 1419

Timeliness in quality of care, e2-1

Timentin See Ticarcillin-clavulanate

TIN See Tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN)

Tin, gastroenteritis due to, 1328t-1329t

Tindamax See Tinidazole

Tinea capitis, 2310-2311, 2310f-2311f

Tinea corporis, 2311-2312, 2311f-2312f

Tinea cruris, 2312

Tinea in child-care setting, e167-1t

Tinea nigra palmaris, 2313

Tinea pedis, 2312-2313, 2312f-2313f

Tinea unguium, 2313, 2313f

Tinea versicolor, 2309, 2309f, e228-1

Tinidazole, e271-1t-e271-11t, e271-11

for amebiasis, 1180, 1180t

for giardiasis, 1182, 1182t

for trichomoniasis, 1186

for vulvovaginitis, 1868t

Tinnitus, e628-1

TIP See Tubularized incised plate (TIP)

Tipanavir for HIV infection, 1168t-1171t

TIPS See Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS)

Tissue analysis, fetal, 543t

Tissue culture cytotoxicity assay, 995

Tissue factor in hemostasis, 1694

Tissue hypoxia, respiratory alkalosis due to, 240, 241t

Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)

recombinant, 1712

for stroke, 304

reference values for, 1698t

Titmus test, 2150

TJP2 gene defect, 1383t

TK2 See Thymidine kinase 2 (TK2)

TL See Tuberculoid leprosy (TL)

TLC See Total lung capacity (TLC)

TLESR See Transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation (TLESR)

TLRs See Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

TLS See Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS)

T-lymphocyte-dependent vaccine, 883

T-lymphotropic virus, e269-1-e269-2

breast-feeding and, 161t

TM See Tympanic membrane (TM)

TMA See Transcription-mediated amplification (TMA)

TMJ See Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disease

TMP-SMX See Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX)

TNDM See Transient neonatal diabetes mellitus (TNDM)

TNF-α See Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)

Tobacco

adolescent use of, 679-680, 680t

toxicity of, 269t

Tobacco smoke, exposure to, e700-2

Tobramycin, e173-3, e173-4t-e173-11t

for bacterial meningitis, 2093t

for cystic fibrosis infection, 1492, 1492t

for neonatal infection, 645t

Tocilizumab for rheumatic disease, e148-6

Tocopherol, dietary reference intakes for, e41-8t-e41-14t

Toddler

antibiotic therapy for, e173-1-e173-2

antibiotic use in, e173-1-e173-2

behavioral and psychosocial assessment of, 56

child restraint in motor vehicles for, 21t

disruptive behavioral disturbances in, 99

drowning or submersion injury to, 342

feeding of, 165, 165t

fever without localizing signs in, 897-898, 898t

growth and development of, 31-33

injury risk factors for, 20

intellectual disability in, 125t

leading causes of death for, 5t

lower extremity fracture of, 2392

response to death of, e16-3

shoes for, 2344

sleep changes in, 47t

Toddler’s diarrhea, 1341, e297-1

Toe

deformities of, 2341-2342

fracture of, 2393

Toenail, ingrown, 2297

Tofranil See Imipramine

Togavirus, 1147t

Toilet training, 71, 1847

Tolazoline, 563t

Tolbutamide, 1992t

Tolerable upper intake level (UL), e41-1t, e41-4f

Toll-like receptors (TLRs), 855

in Neisseria meningitidis, 930-931

Tolterodine for nocturnal incontinence, 1852

Toluene, as inhalant, 681, 681t

Tomaculous neuropathy, 2140

Tomography, positron emission, e584-11

Tone, muscle

in neurologic examination, e584-6-e584-7, e584-6f

in neuromuscular disorders, 2109

Tongue

black hairy, 2299

fissured, 1261, 2299

geographic, 1261, 2298-2299, 2298f

hypoglossal nerve in function of, e584-5-e584-6

of newborn, 534

oral hairy leukoplakia of, 2299

scrotal, 2299

strawberry in Kawasaki disease, 863, 864f

Tongue-tied, 534, 1240, 1261

Tonic clonic reflex in neurologic examination, e584-7

Tonic pupil, 2156

Tonic seizure, 2019

evaluation of, 2015-2016

neonatal, 2034

treatment of, 2028

Tonic upgaze of childhood, paroxysmal, e587-4-e587-5

Tonometry, 2150

Tonsillectomy

for pharyngotonsillitis, 1443-1445, 1444t

for recurrent pharyngitis, 1440

Tonsillitis, 1443-1444, 1443f

Corynebacterium diphtheriae, e180-1, e180-2f

Epstein-Barr virus, 1112, 1113f

Tonsils

anatomy of, 1442

disorders of, 1443-1445, 1443f

normal function of, 1442

Topical therapy

for acne, 2323-2324, 2324f, 2325t

for atopic dermatitis, 804, 804t

for burns, 353t, 354

for skin disorders

antibiotics, 2217

corticosteroids, 2217, 2217t

nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, 2217

Topiramate

adverse effects of, 2031t

for migraine prophylaxis, 2044t, 2045

for pain management, 370

for seizures, 2030t

for weight loss in adults, 187t

Toradol See Ketorolac

TORCH, 640-641

Torsades de pointes, 1620, 1621f

Torsion

of appendix testis, 1862, 1862f

femoral, internal, 2347

ovarian, adnexal, 1871

penile, 1856

testicular, 1861-1862, 1861f-1862f

tibial

external, 2347

internal, 2347

normal, 2344

Torsional deformities, 2344-2351

Torticollis, 2377-2379, 2378f, 2378t

benign paroxysmal of infancy, 2060t, 2061, e587-3

in newborn, 534-535

Torus buckling fracture, 2388f, 2390, 2391f

Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR), 1589-1590, 1589t, 1590f

genetics of congenital heart disease with, e418-1t-e418-2t

Total body irradiation (TBI), late effects of, e133-1

Total body water (TBW), e52-1-e52-3

compartments of, e52-1, e52-1f

drug distribution and, e57-5

electrolytes in, e52-1-e52-2, e52-2f

hypervolemic hyponatremia and, 216

osmolality of, e52-2-e52-3

regulation of, e52-4

regulation of volume of, e52-4-e52-6

sodium in, 212

Total cholesterol, obesity and, 185t

Total dead space, 316-317

Total hemolytic complement activity (CH₅₀), 753

Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

Total lung capacity (TLC), 1419, e365-2f

in pulmonary function testing, e366-3

Total parenteral nutrition (TPN)

cholestasis associated with, e352-2

for premature and low birthweight infants, 559-560

Tourette’s syndrome (TS), 76-77

group A streptococci infection and, 919

Toxic alopecia, 2292

Toxic cardiomyopathy, e180-3

Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), 826, 827t, 2242-2244

Toxicity See Poisoning

Toxic megacolon, 1297-1298

Toxic myopathy, 2129-2130, 2129t

Toxic neuropathy, 2140-2141, 2141t

due to diphtheria, e180-3

Toxicology screen, 253, 254t

Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1), 904

Toxic shock syndrome (TSS)

staphylococcal, 905, 908-909, 909t

streptococcal, 915, 917t

Toxic synovitis, 840

of hip, 2360

Toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae, e180-1

Toxin(s)

A, 994

alpha, e205-3

B, 994

Bacillus cereus, 1324t-1325t

beta, e205-3

binary, 994

botulinum, 987-988

for achalasia, 1265

for spasticity of cerebral palsy, 2064-2065

cataracts due to, 2171

cholera, 1330

Clostridium, e205-3

Clostridium botulinum, 1324t-1325t

Clostridium difficile, 1313

Clostridium perfringens, 1324t-1325t

epsilon, e205-3

erythrogenic in scarlet fever, 916

fetal exposure to, 546-547

hemolytic anemia secondary to, e459-1

in infectious diarrhea, 1330-1332, 1331f

in liver injury, 1410-1412, 1412t

nephropathy due to, 1816-1818, 1817t

pertussis, 944-945

in respiratory distress, 316

Shiga, 959

Staphylococcus aureus, 904, 1324t-1325t

tetanus, 991-992

Vibrio cholerae, 1324t-1325t

Toxocariasis, 1227-1229, 1228t

Toxoid, 883

diphtheria, 884t

tetanus, 884t

Toxoplasmosis, 1208-1216

clinical manifestations of, 1209-1210, 1210f, 1211t, 1212f

congenital, 1208-1211, 1214-1215

diagnosis of, 1213-1215

epidemiology of, 1208

etiology of, 1208, 1209f

fetal therapy for, 551t

gastroenteritis due to, 1327t-1328t

in hearing loss, e633-1

HIV-related, 1164-1165

prophylaxis for, 1175t-1176t

maternal, 1215-1216, e89-3t

in microcephaly, 2007t

pathogenesis of, 1208-1209

prevention of, 1216

prognosis for, 1216

systemic signs of, 1211-1213

treatment of, 1215-1216, e271-1t-e271-11t

Toxoplasmosis gondii, 1208-1216, e271-1t-e271-11t

in breast milk, 540t

gastroenteritis due to, 1327t-1328t

TPA See Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)

TPHA See Treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay (TPHA)

TPI See Triose phosphate isomerase (TPI) deficiency

TPMT See Thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT)

TPN See Total parenteral nutrition (TPN)

TPPA See Treponema pallidum particle agglutination test (TPPA)

Trace elements, e51-1t

Trachea

collapse of, 1420

compression of as oncologic emergency, e488-6t

foreign body in, 1454

goiter within, 1906

intubation of See (Endotracheal intubation)

neoplasms of, e382-1-e382-5, e382-5f

stenosis, webs, and atresia of, 1452

Tracheal cytotoxin, 944-945

Tracheitis

bacterial, 1449-1450, 1449f

croup versus, 1447

Staphylococcus aureus in, 905

Tracheobronchitis, acute, 1459

Tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF), 1261-1263, 1262f-1263f, e92-3t

Tracheomalacia, 1452, 1524, e381-1, e381-1f, e381-1t

Tracheostomy, home mechanical ventilation through, 332-333

Tracheotomy for infectious acute upper airway obstruction, 1448

Trachoma, 1035-1038

Traction alopecia, 2289, 2290f

Traction response, e584-5-e584-6, e584-6f

Trafficking in children, 136

“Traffic light” diet, 186, 186t

Tragus, accessory, 2221, 2221f

Training for emergencies, e61-1

Tramadol, 367t

Transactional model of development, e6-2-e6-3, e6-3f

Transaldolase deficiency, 494t-495t, e81-5

Transcatheter closure of patent ductus arteriosus, 1560f, 1561

Transcondylar fracture, 2392

Transcranial Doppler (TCD) assessment in sickle cell disease, 1667

Transcription, e74-1-e74-2, e74-1f

HIV, 1157-1158

Transcription factors, e74-1-e74-2

in adrenal gland embryology, e568-1

in oncogenesis, e486-1

skeletal dysplasias involving, 2431-2432

Transcription-mediated amplification (TMA), 1036

Transcriptome, e56-2-e56-3

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), 371

Transdermal fentanyl patch for pain management, 155t-156t

Transdermal patch for contraception, 695t, 696-697

Transderm Scop See Scopolamine

Transesophageal echocardiography, 1541, 1543-1544

Transesophageal pacing, 1614-1615

Trans fats, e41-15

dietary reference intakes for, e41-2t-e41-3t

Transferase deficiency, 502-503

Transfer dysphagia, 1240

Transferrin

in iron deficiency-anemia, 1656t-1657t

in malnutrition with chronic diarrhea, 1343t

Transferrin receptors in iron deficiency-anemia, 1657t

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)

Marfan syndrome and, 2440

neutralizing antibodies, 2445

Transfusion(s) See Blood transfusion(s)

Transgender, 655-658

Transglutaminase deficiency, 1704

Transient erythroblastopenia of childhood (TEC), 1652-1653, 1652t

Transient hyperammonemia of newborn, 452-453

Transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation (TLESR), e310-1

gastroesophageal reflux disease and, 1266

Transient monoarticular synovitis of hip, 2360

Transient neonatal diabetes mellitus (TNDM), 1995

Transient neonatal pustular melanosis, 2219-2220, 2219f

Transient synovitis of hip, 2413

Transient tachypnea of newborn (TTN), 590

Transillumination

in acute inguinal-scrotal swelling, 1364-1365

of chest, e366-2

of sinuses, 1437

Transitional circulation, e418-1-e418-3

congenital heart disease and, e418-1

Transitional object, 31-32

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS), e359-3

Translation, e74-2

HIV, 1158

Translocase deficiency, 492-496

Translocation, 404-405, 406f

in Down syndrome, 402-403

in listeriosis, e181-1

in proto-oncogene activation, e486-1, e486-1t

Transmalleolar angle, 2346, 2346f

Transmembrane receptors, skeletal dysplasias involving, 2428-2430

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), e270-1-e270-6, e270-1t, e270-3t-e270-4t

Transmission disequilibrium test (TDT), e77-3

Transplacental chemical exposure, e700-3

Transplacental hemorrhage, anemia due to, 612-613

Transplacental intrauterine infection, 636-639, 637t

Transplantation

candidal infection associated with, 1055

for genetic disorders, 380

heart, e437-1-e437-4, e437-1f-e437-2f

for hypoplastic left heart syndrome, 1595

heart-lung, e437-1-e437-5

hematopoietic stem cell See (Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT))

infections with, e171-6, e171-6t-e171-7t

candidal, 1055

infectious complications of, e171-7t, e171-8

intestinal, e331-1-e331-3, e331-1t, e331-2f

of islet cells, 1989-1990

liver, e360-1-e360-2

for acute liver failure, 1414

for type I glycogen storage disease, 495

lung, e437-1-e437-5

for cystic fibrosis, 1494

of pancreas, 1989-1990

renal, e530-1-e530-7

maternal, e89-2t

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

umbilical cord blood, e130-1-e130-2, e130-1f

Transport

of acutely ill child, 278, e61-1-e61-3, e61-3f, e61-7

of chronically ill child, e39-3

communications and dispatch center in, e61-7

in developing world, e61-13-e61-15

educational outreach in, e61-9

effects on physiology, e61-8

family-centered, e61-8

of folate, congenital abnormalities of in anemia, e448-1

ground versus air ambulance for, e61-8

of high-risk newborn, e91-1-e91-6

of lipoproteins, 471-473

medical control physician in, e61-7

referring hospital responsibilities in, e61-8-e61-9

safety of, e61-8

transport team in, e61-7-e61-8

tubular, inherited disorders of, 1813-1814

of vitamin A, 188

of vitamin B₁₂, congenital abnormalities of in anemia, e448-4

Transporters

drug

drug binding and, e57-6

pharmacogenetics of, e56-8-e56-10

ion, skeletal dysplasias involving, 2430-2431

Transport team, e61-7-e61-8

Transposition of the great arteries (TGA)

in adults, 1608

d-, 1585, 1585f

with intact ventricular septum, 1585-1587, 1586f

l-, 1587-1588, 1588f

with ventricular septal defect, 1587

and pulmonary stenosis, 1574, 1583f

Transsexual, 655

Transtheoretical Model, e6-4, e6-5t

Transthyretin, reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

Transtubular potassium gradient (TTKG), 221

Transverse fracture, 2388f, 2390

Transverse myelitis, 2107, 2107t

Transvestite, 655

TRAP See Twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) syndrome

Trapped penis, 1856, 1856f

TRAPS See Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS)

Trastuzumab, e488-2t

Trauma See Injury(ies)

Trauma score, 335t

Trauma team, 333, 335f

Traumatic alopecia, 2289-2290

Traumatic brain injury (TBI), 297-301, 298f-301f

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder following, 108

due to child abuse, 139-140, 139f, 301

mild, 301

sports-related, 2418-2419

due to football, e684-1

in trauma survey, 337, 337f

Traumatic intracranial hemorrhage in newborn, 566

Travel

arboviral encephalitis and, 1144-1147

evaluation following, e168-6-e168-7

general preparations for, e168-1-e168-2

health advice for, e168-1-e168-8

health insurance for, e168-1

immunizations for, 889, 891t, e168-2-e168-7, e168-3t, e168-6t

infectious disease precautions for, e168-1-e168-2

malaria prevention and, 1207, 1207t, e168-5-e168-6

safety in, e168-1

underlying medical illness and, e168-1

Traveler’s diarrhea, 1338-1339, 1338t, e168-5

Aeromonas in, e196-1

Trazodone

for depression and anxiety symptoms, 63t

for sleep disturbance/insomnia in palliative care, 155t-156t

Treacher Collins syndrome

congenital heart disease with, 1531t

oral manifestations of, 1254

Treatment, religious objections to, e3-3-e3-4

Treatment plan in psychiatric diagnostic evaluation, 60

TRECs See Tcell receptor recombination excision circles (TRECs)

Tree nut allergy, 821, 821t, 823t

Treg cells, e134-1, e117-5

T regulatory cells, e134-1, e117-5

Tremor(s), 2056-2058, 2058t

Trench fever, 983t, 986

Trench foot, 358

Trench mouth, 2299, e205-1

Treponema carateum, e211-1-e211-3

Treponemal tests, 1019-1020

Treponema pallidum

neonatal, 632t

in syphilis, 1016 See also (Syphilis)

adolescent treatment of, 712t

Treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay (TPHA), 1019-1020

Treponema pallidum particle agglutination test (TPPA), 1019-1020

Treponema pallidum subspecies endemicum, e211-1-e211-2

Treponema pertenue, e211-1

Treprostinil for pulmonary hypertension, 1602t

Tretinoin

for acne, 2325t

for cancer therapy, e488-4t

TRH See Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

Triad syndrome, 1845

Triage

in international pediatric emergency medicine, e61-15

in multiple trauma, 333t, 334f

Triage officer model for emergency care, e61-12

Triamcinolone

for allergic rhinitis, 778t-779t

for asthma, 795t

Triamterene for systemic hypertension, 1645t

Triatomines in trypanosomiasis, 1195

Trichilemmal cyst, e662-1

Trichinella spiralis, 1229-1230, 1327t-1328t, e271-1t-e271-11t

Trichinosis, 1229-1230

Trichloroacetic acid for genital warts, 713t

Trichloroethylene, as inhalant, 681t

Trichloroethylene exposure, e700-1t

Trichobezoars, 1291

Trichoepithelioma, e662-1

Tricho-hepato-enteric (THE) syndrome, 1311-1312

Trichomonas vaginalis, 1185-1186, 1185f, e271-1t-e271-11t

adolescent treatment of, 712t

prophylaxis following rape, 704t

sexual abuse and, 145t

treatment of, 712t

in vulvovaginitis, 1868t

Trichophyton in skin infection, 2309-2313

Trichophyton rubrum, 806

Trichopoliodystrophy, 2292

Trichorrhexis invaginata, 2293

Trichorrhexis nodosa, 1312, 2292, 2292f

Trichostrongylus, e271-1t-e271-11t

Trichothiodystrophy, 2268t, 2272, 2293

Trichotillomania, 75, 2289-2290

Trichrome stain, e164-1t

Trichuriasis, 1221-1222, 1221f, e271-1t-e271-11t

Triclabendazole, e271-1t-e271-11t

for fascioliasis, e293-1

Tricuspid atresia, 1580-1582, 1580f-1581f

Tricuspid regurgitation, 1572

Tricuspid valve, Ebstein anomaly of, 1583-1585, 1584f

Tricuspid valve disease, 1628

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)

for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 111t

for depression and anxiety symptoms, 63t

heart disease and, 65

for neuropathic pain, 368t

for pain management, 369

poisoning with, 251t, 264, 264f

antidote for, 256t-257t

in psychopharmacology, 62

Trientine for Wilson disease, 1392

Trifluridine, e237-1t-e237-2t, e237-4

Trifunctional protein (TFP), mitochondrial deficiency, 460

Trigeminal nerve, neurologic examination of, e584-4-e584-5

Trigeminy, 1612-1613

Triggers

for asthma, 783t

Aspergillus as, 1059

for atopic dermatitis, 805-806

Trigger thumb and fingers, 2387

Triglycerides, 479t

laboratory testing of in obesity, 185t

Trigonocephaly, 2012

Trihexyphenidyl, 2064

Triiodothyronine (T₃), 1894, e557-1

in congenital hypothyroidism, 1899

fetal, e557-2

measurement of, e557-1

reference values for, 1899t, e708-2t-e708-8t

in thyroid hormone unresponsiveness, 1897

Triiodothyronine (T₃) resin uptake test, 1899t

Trilisate for pain management, 155t-156t

Trimethoprim, e173-3, e271-1t-e271-11t, e173-4t-e173-11t

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), e173-3, e173-4t-e173-11t

for acute cystitis, 1832

for brucellosis, 981t

for cyclosporiasis, e271-1t-e271-11t

for cystic fibrosis lung infection, 1492t

for diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, 964-965

drug interactions with, e57-13t-e57-14t

for infectious diarrhea, 1337t

for isosporiasis, 1184, e271-1t-e271-11t

for nontuberculous mycobacteria, e206-4-e206-5

for Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, e233-1

for pertussis, 947t

for Pneumocystis jiroveci, e236-2, e271-1t-e271-11t

HIV-related, 1163, 1173-1174, 1175t-1176t

for Shigella infection, 961

for Staphylococcus aureus, 907t

for Toxoplasmosis gondii prophylaxis in HIV infection, 1168t-1171t

for vulvovaginitis, 1868t

Trimethylaminuria, 440

Trimpex See Trimethoprim

Triose phosphate isomerase (TPI) deficiency, 1677

Triplane fracture, 2393, 2393f

Triple A syndrome, 1925, 1925t

Triplet repeat expansion disorders, 391, 392t, 393f

Triplets, 553

Triploid cells, 399

Triploidy, 1531t

Triptan for migraine, 2043, 2044t

Trismus, tetanus in, 992

Trisomy, 400, 400t

partial, 403

Trisomy 8, 404t

malignancy susceptibility associated with, e486-2t-e486-3t

Trisomy 9, 404t

congenital heart disease with, 1531t

Trisomy 12p, 404t

congenital heart disease with, 1531t

Trisomy 13, 404t, 405f

congenital heart disease with, 1531t

Trisomy 16, 404t

Trisomy 18, 404t, 405f

congenital heart disease with, 1531t

microcephaly with, 2007t

Trisomy 21, 400-403 See also Down syndrome

congenital heart disease with, 1531t, 1554, e418-1t-e418-2t

malignancy susceptibility associated with, e486-2t-e486-3t

microcephaly with, 2007t

Trisomy by trisomy rescue, 413

Trisomy X, 409t

Trizavir See Zidovudine (ZDV)

Trizivir See Abacavir

TRMA See Thiamine-responsiveness megaloblastic anemia (TRMA)

Trochlear nerve

neurologic examination of, e584-4

palsy of, 2159-2160

Trombiculid mite, 1045

Tropheryma whipplei, 1314

in infective endocarditis, 1624t

Trophic feeding of premature infant, 561

Trophozoite, in malaria, 1199, 1199f

Tropical acne, 2327-2328

Tropical pancreatitis, 1373

Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia, 1224, e271-1t-e271-11t

Tropical splenomegaly syndrome, 1206

Tropical sprue, 1313-1314

TRPV4 gene, 2435, e685-2t

TRSAb See Thyrotropin receptor-stimulating antibody (TRSAb)

Truancy, 99-100

Trumerfeld zone, 199

Truncal ataxia in neurologic examination, e584-7

Truncal nerve block, 372

Truncus arteriosus, 1590-1592, 1591f

Truvada See Emtricitabine; Tenofovir

Trychophyton, 2296

Trypanosoma brucei complex, 1190-1193, 1192f, e271-1t-e271-11t

Trypanosoma cruzi, 1193-1198, 1193f-1194f, 1195t, e271-1t-e271-11t

Trypanosomiasis

African, 1190-1193, 1192f, e271-1t-e271-11t

American, 1193-1198, 1193f-1194f, 1195t, e271-1t-e271-11t

maternal, e89-3t

Trypomastigotes, 1193, 1193f

Trypsin, e339-3

Trypsinogen

deficiency of, 1306t, 1318

serum in exocrine pancreatic function, 1307

Tryptophan, defects in metabolism of, 429-430, 429f, 1319

TS See Tourette’s syndrome (TS)

TSC See Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)

TSEs See Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs)

Tsetse fly, in trypanosomiasis, 1190

TSH See Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

T-SPOT.TB, 1000-1001

TSS See Toxic shock syndrome (TSS)

TST See Tuberculin skin testing (TST)

Tsutsugamushi fever, 1045

TTH See Tention-type headache (TTH)

TTKG See Transtubular potassium gradient (TTKG)

TTN See Transient tachypnea of newborn (TTN)

TTP See Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)

TTSS-1 See Type II secretion system (TTSS-1)

TTSS-3 See Type III secretion system (TTSS-3)

Tube feeding in infant botulism, 990

Tuberculids, 2308

Tuberculin skin testing (TST), 1001, 1002t

in fever of unknown origin, 902

in HIV infection, 1174

of immigrant children, 133

Tuberculoid leprosy (TL), e208-1-e208-2, e208-2f

pure neural, e208-2

Tuberculosis (TB), 996-1011, 996f-997f

abdominal and gastrointestinal, 1006

of bone and joints, 1006

breast-feeding and, 161t

of central nervous system, 1005-1006

in child-care setting, e167-3t

clinical manifestations and diagnosis of, 1002-1007, 1003f

congenital, 1000

cutaneous, 1006, 2307-2308, 2308f

drug-resistance, 1008-1009

epidemiology of, 996-998, 998t

etiology of, 996

exclusion from day care due to, e15-2t

fetal therapy for, 551t

with HIV infection, 1007

prophylaxis for, 1175t-1176t

in immigrant children, 133

immunity to, 1000-1001

inflammatory bowel disease versus, 1298t

of lymph nodes, 1005, 1005f

lymphohematogenous (disseminated), 1004

miliary, 2308

in newborn, 1000

orificial, 2307

pathogenesis of, 998-1001, 999f-1000f

perinatal, 1007, 1011

pleural, 1003-1004, 1004f

in pregnancy, 1000

prevention of, 1010-1011

reactivation, 998-1000, 1003

respiratory culture in, e164-2

transmission of, 998

treatment of, 1007-1010, 1008t, e206-1-e206-4, e206-1t

tuberculin skin testing for, 1001, 1002t

Tuberculosis vaccine, e168-4-e168-5

Tuberculosis verrucosa cutis, 2307

Tuberculous adrenalitis, 1925t

Tuberculous gummas, 2308

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), 2049-2051, 2049f-2050f, 2049t

brain tumors associated with, 1747t

cardiac manifestations of, 1531t

malignancy susceptibility associated with, e486-2t-e486-3t

retinal phakoma of, 2178f

Tubes

chest, for emergencies, 295

endotracheal

manual ventilation before and after, 320-321

medications for placement of, 321t

placement of, 285, 286f, 287t

for respiratory distress and failure, 320

size and depth dimensions for, 320t

tympanostomy, 2208-2210, 2213

Tubo-ovarian abscess, 1871, e205-1, e205-2t

Tubularized incised plate (TIP), 1853-1854

Tubular proteinuria, 1801

Tubules, renal

disorders of

Bartter syndrome as, 1813-1814, 1813t

Gitelman syndrome as, 1814

inherited transport disorders of, 1813-1814

nephrogenic diabetes insipidus as, 1812

renal tubular acidosis as, 1811f

tubulointerstitial nephritis as, 1814-1816, 1815t

function of, e522-1

Tubulointerstitial fibrosis, e502-4

Tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN), 1814-1816, 1815t

Tufted angioma, 2228, 2229f

Tufting enteropathy, 1306t, 1311

Tularemia, 978-980, 978f, 978t-979t

in terrorism, e704-5-e704-6, e704-8-e704-9, e704-8t

Tumor(s) See also Malignancy specific types

adrenal, e500-1-e500-5

adrenocortical, e573-1-e573-2

bone, 1763-1768, 1763t, 1764f-1765f

brain, 1746-1753 See also (Brain tumor(s))

carcinoid, e337-3

bronchial, 1504

cardiac manifestations of, 1531t

diarrhea caused by, e333-2t

cutaneous, 2215, e662-1-e662-4

desmoplastic small round cell, 1773

of digestive tract, e337-1-e337-3, e337-1t

of ear and temporal bone, e635-1, e635-1f

of eyelid, 2164-2165, 2164f

germ cell, 1769-1771, 1770f

of central nervous system, 1752-1753

gonadotropin-secreting, precocious puberty due to, 1891

of heart, e435-1, e435-1f

following transplantation, e437-3

hepatic, precocious puberty due to, 1891

incidence and survival rates for, 1726t

of jaw, e308-1

neural crest, congenital central hypoventilation syndrome with, 1520-1521

neuroendocrine, chronic diarrhea due to, 1344-1346, e333-2t

orbital, 2182, 2182f

ovarian, 1871-1872, 1872t

pseudoprecocity resulting from, 1957-1958

pancreatic, e345-1

paronychial, 2297

porphyria due to, e85-17

pot puffy, 1438

pulmonary, e403-1, e403-1f

rhabdoid of kidney, 1760

rickets due to, 202t, 207

risk factors for, 1727t

spinal, 2377

of spinal cord, 2105, 2105f

testicular, 1864

pseudoprecocity due to, e578-1

thyroid, e500-1

of umbilicus, e99-1

vascular, e499-1-e499-2

cutaneous, 2226-2231, 2227f-2229f, 2227t-2228t

gastrointestinal, e337-3

Wilms, 1757-1760, 1757t-1759t, 1759f

Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS), 1819, e488-5

Tumor markers, 1731, 1731t

in ovarian carcinoma, 1872t

Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)

in Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 1041

in sudden infant death syndrome, 1427

Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) antagonists

for Behçet disease, 854

for juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 838t

for rheumatic disease, e148-2t-e148-3t, e148-5

for spondyloarthritides, e150-2

Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS), 855t, 858, 859f

Tumor suppressor genes, alterations in regulation of, e486-1

Tunnel tract infection See Catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI)

Turbulence air flow, e365-3

Turcot syndrome, 1747t, e486-2t-e486-3t

Turf toe, e684-1

Turner syndrome, 409-410, 409t, 1951-1954, 1952f

clinical findings in, 410f

congenital heart disease with, 1531t, 1567

genetics of, 409-410

hypothyroidism with, 1901

obesity due to, 182t

signs associated with, 409t

Turricephaly, 2012

T-wave, 1537-1538

abnormalities of, 1540, 1541f

T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in sickle cell disease, 1666-1667, 1666f

21st century, information explosion of, 11-12

Twenty-four hour electrocardiography (Holter) recordings, 1614-1615

20-nail dystrophy, 2296

Twinject See Self-injectable epinephrine

Twinning, tooth, 1250

Twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) syndrome, 554

fetal therapy for, 551t

Twins

conjoined, 553

etiology of, 553

incidence of, 553

monozygotic versus dizygotic, 553-554

placenta and, 554, 554t

problems with, 554

prognosis for, 554-555, 555f

Twin-twin transfusion syndrome, 554

fetal therapy for, 551t

TWIST heterogenous, 2012t

Two-dimensional echocardiography, 1541-1542, 1542f-1543f, 1573

in coarctation of the aorta, 1568, 1569f

in tetralogy of Fallot, 1575, 1575f

in ventricular septal defect, 1557

“Two-hit” model of cancer development, e486-1

in retinoblastoma, 1768

22q11.2 deletion syndrome, 2382, 2382f

congenital heart disease and, e418-1

2-step command, 33

Tygacil See Tigecycline

Tylophora indica for asthma, 271t

Tympanic membrane (TM)

atelectasis of, 2212

cholesterol granuloma of, 2212

examination of, e628-1-e628-2, e628-2f

mobility of, e628-2

in otitis media, 2203-2204, 2203f

in otitis media with effusion, 2204f

perforation of, 2210, 2212

traumatic injury to, e634-1

traumatic perforation of, e634-1

Tympanocentesis, 2208, e628-2, e628-3f

Tympanogram, 2204, 2204f

Tympanometry, 2194, 2194f, 2194t

in otitis media, 2204-2205, 2204f

with effusion, 2194-2195

Tympanosclerosis, 2212

Tympanostomy tubes, 2208-2210, 2213

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), 1969-1990

anxiety and depression in, 1986

autoimmune, 1970

behavioral/psychologic aspects of, 1986

brittle, 1985-1986

catabolic losses in, 1980

cataracts with, 2171

cerebral edema in, 1981

clinical manifestations of, 1975

cognitive function and, 1986

coping styles in, 1986

dawn phenomenon in, 1985-1986

dental problems associated with, 1251t

diagnosis of, 1975-1976

eating disorders in, 1986-1987

environmental factors in, 1971-1972

epidemiology of, 1969-1970, 1969f

fear of self-injecting and self-testing in, 1986

genetics of, 1970-1971, 1970f

hyperglycemia and dehydration in, 1979-1980

hypoglycemia in, 1985

hypothyroidism with, 1901

infections in, 1987, 1987t

keto acid accumulation in, 1980-1981

ketoacidosis in, 1979, 1979t, 1981

long-term complications of, 1988-1989, 1988t

management of during surgery, 1987, 1987t

metabolic acidosis in, 232

monogenic, 1970

neuropathy in, 1989

nonketotic hyperosmolar coma in, 1981

pancreas and islet transplantation and regeneration for, 1989-1990

pathogenesis and natural history of, 1972, 1972f-1973f

pathophysiology of, 1975, 1975t

prediction and prevention of, 1974-1975

prognosis for, 1989

Somogyi phenomenon in, 1985-1986

treatment of, 1976-1986

amylin based adjunct therapy for, 1979

education in, 1979

glycemic control in, 1984

insulin therapy for, 1976-1979, 1977f-1978f, 1979t, 1984-1985

monitoring in, 1983, 1983t

of new-onset diabetes without ketoacidosis, 1976

nonadherence in, 1986

nutritional, 1981-1983

real-time continuous glucose monitoring in, 1983-1984

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), 1990-1993

clinical features of, 1991-1992, 1991t

complications of, 1993, 1993t

environmental and lifestyle-related risk factors in, 1991

epidemiology of, 1990-1991

epigenetics and fetal programming in, 1991

genetics of, 1991

natural history of, 1990

obesity in, 184t, 185, 185f

prevention of, 1993

treatment of, 1992-1993, 1992t

Type I collagen, defects in, 2437

Type III secretion system (TTSS-3), Shigella, 959

Type II secretion system (TTSS-1), Salmonella, 950

Typhlitis, e205-1

Typhoidal tularemia, 979

Typhoid fever, 954-958

clinical features of, 955-956, 956f, 956t

complications of, 956, 957t

diagnosis of, 956-957

differential diagnosis of, 957

epidemiology of, 954

etiology of, 954

pathogenesis of, 954-955, 955f

prevention of, 958

treatment of, 957-958, 958t

Typhoid vaccine, 884t, 958

for travel, 891t, e168-5, e168-6t

Typhus

cat flea, 1039t-1040t

epidemic, 1039t-1040t, 1047-1048

flying squirrel, 1039t-1040t

murine, 1039t-1040t, 1046-1047

scrub, 1039t-1040t, 1045-1046

Typhus group rickettsiae, 1046-1048

Tyrosine, defects in metabolism of, 422-425, 424t

Tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency, 445

Tyrosinemia

malignancy susceptibility associated with, e486-2t-e486-3t

transient of newborn, 423

type I, 422-425

type II, 422-423

type III, 423

Tyrosinosis, 422-425

Tzanck smear, e637-2

in varicella-zoster virus infection, 1108

U

UAKD See Uromodulin-associated kidney disease (UAKD)

UBE3A gene, 391-393

UBOs See “Unidentified bright objects” (UBOs)

UES See Upper esophageal sphincter (UES)

UGT See Glucuronosyl transferase (UGT)

UL See Tolerable upper intake level (UL)

Ulcerative colitis, 1295-1300

clinical manifestations of, 1297

Crohn disease versus, 1295, 1295t

diagnosis of, 1297-1298, 1299f

differential diagnosis of, 1297, 1298t

liver disease associated with, e352-1

malabsorption in, e330-1-e330-8, e330-9t

prognosis for, 1300

treatment of, 1298-1300

Ulcerative gingivitis, necrotizing, 1260t, e205-1

Ulceroglandular tularemia, 979

Ulcer/ulceration

aphthous

genital, 1866, 1866f

oral, 1260, 1260t

Buruli ulcer disease, 1012-1013, 1015

corneal, e619-2

examination of, e637-1

genital, 708

hemangioma and, 2227t

oral, 1260t

in rheumatic disease, e147-1

peptic, 1291-1294, 1291t, 1292f-1293f, 1293t

abdominal pain of, 1247t

stress, 1293

Ulnar artery cannulation, 292-294

Ultracef See Cefadroxil

Ultralene insulin, 1976

Ultrasound

in acute inguinal-scrotal swelling, 1364-1365

in appendicitis, 1351, 1352f

cranial, e584-9

in developmental dysplasia of hip, 2358-2360

of fetus, 541, 543t

diagnostic, 548, 549f, 550t

in erythroblastosis fetalis, 617

in intussusception, 1288, 1289f

in liver abscess, 1404, 1405f

in liver dysfunction, 1379

in neonatal cholestasis, 1385, 1387f

in orthopedic problems, 2334

in pyloric stenosis, 1274, 1275f

in septic arthritis, 2399

of thyroid, e557-2

in urinary tract obstruction, 1839-1840, 1839f

Ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation, 2254-2255

Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation, 2254-2255

Umbilical artery, e99-1

catheterization of

in respiratory distress syndrome, 586

risks associated with, 587

Umbilical cord, e99-1

blood sampling from, 543t, 544, 549

in erythroblastosis fetalis, 617

care of, 537

delayed clamping of for prevention of anemia, 614

Umbilical cord blood transplants (UCBT), e130-1-e130-2, e130-1f

Umbilical tetanus, 991

Umbilicus, e99-1-e99-2

congenital omphalocele of, e99-1, e99-1f

granuloma of, e99-1-e99-2

hemorrhage from, e99-1

hernia of, e99-2

infection of, 639, e99-2

tumor of, e99-1

Unbound bilirubin, 1375

Uncombable hair syndrome, 2293, 2293f

Unconjugated bilirubin, 603-604

Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, 1376t

Undernutrition, 170-174, 171f, 171t See also Malnutrition

consequences of, 173-174

food insecurity and, 170-171

interventions for, 174, 174f

measurement of, 171-172

prevalence of, 172-173

Undescended testis, 1858-1860, 1860f

in neuromuscular disorders, 2109

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

Undifferentiated somatoform disorders, 68t

Unfractioned heparin, 1710t, 1711

UNG See Uracil DNA glycosylase (UNG)

Ungual infection with Candida, 1055

UNICEF See United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)

Unicornuate uterus and rudimentary horns, e548-2

“Unidentified bright objects” (UBOs)

in neurofibromatosis, 2047-2048, 2048f

Unilateral hyperlucent lung, 1461

Uninhibited bladder, 73

Uniparental disomy (UPD), 412-413, 413f

Unipen See Nafcillin

United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)

on breast-feeding, 160, 161t, 539t

on injury prevention, e61-13

Integrated Management of Childhood Illness guidelines from, e61-15

United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, e36-6

Unit-megakaryocytes

burst-forming, e440-1

colony-forming, e440-1

Univentricular heart, 1592

Universal precautions See Standard precautions

Unmeasured osmoles, e52-2

Unna-Thost palmoplantar keratodermas, 2272, 2273f

Unprovoked seizure, 2013, 2019-2021, 2020t

Unstable bladder, 73

Unstable hemoglobin disorders, 1670-1671

Unvericht Lundborg disease, 2024

UP See β-Ureidopropionase (UP) deficiency

UPD See Uniparental disomy (UPD)

Upgaze of childhood, paroxysmal tonic, e587-4-e587-5

UPJ See Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJ)

Upper airway

acute inflammatory obstruction of, 1445-1450

bacterial tracheitis as, 1449-1450, 1449f

infectious, 1445-1449, 1446f-1447f

obstruction of, 283

respiratory acidosis due to disease of, 239t

Upper airway film, e366-2

Upper body segment, body proportions and, e13-4

Upper esophageal sphincter (UES), e310-1-e310-2

dysmotility of, 1264-1265

Upper extremity block, 371

Upper extremity(ies)

arthrogryposis involving, e674-4-e674-5

assessment of, 2333f

fractures of, 2390-2391

growth and development of, e664-1f, e664-2

musculoskeletal pain syndrome of, 877t

orthopedic disorders of, 2383-2387

venous access in, 295f

Upper intake level (UL), e41-1t, e41-4f

Upper respiratory tract infection

anaerobic, e205-1

anesthesia and, e70-12

HIV-related, 1165

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

tuberculous, 1004-1005

Upper urinary tract, duplication of, 1834-1835, 1835f

Urachal anomalies, e535-2-e535-3, e535-2f

Uracil DNA glycosylase (UNG), mutations in, 727

Urbach-Wiethe disease, 2276-2277

Urban-rural location, childhood injuries and, 20-21

Urea cycle, defects in, 447-453

Urea in plasma osmolality, e52-2

Urea nitrogen

dehydration, 246

in plasma osmolality, e52-2

reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

Ureaplasma urealyticum, 1032-1033

maternal, e89-3t

β-Ureidopropionase (UP) deficiency, e83-8

Uremia, plasma osmolality in, e52-3

Ureter

ectopic, 1842-1843, 1842f

obstruction of, 1839, 1839t

retrocaval, 1842

Ureteral bud, e531-1

Ureteral octopia, incontinence due to, 1850-1851, 1850f-1851f

Ureterocele, 1843-1844, 1843f

ectopic, 1843, 1843f

prolapsed, 1858, 1858f

Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJ), 1839t, 1841-1842

Urethral anomalies, 1857-1858

Urethral atresia, 1846

Urethral catheter, infection associated with, e172-2

Urethral cyst, parameatal, 1857-1858

Urethral diverticula, 1847

Urethral duplication, 1857-1858

Urethral fistula, 1857-1858

Urethral hypoplasia, 1846-1847, 1857-1858

Urethral injury, e540-2

Urethral lesions, female, 1858, 1858f

Urethral obstruction, 1839t

Urethral prolapse, 1858, 1858f

vaginal bleeding due to, 1869

Urethral strictures, 1847

Urethral valves

anterior, 1847

posterior, 1845-1846, 1846f

Urethritis, 707, 707f, 709

gonococcal, 937-938

nongonococcal

Trichomonas vaginalis in, 1186

Ureaplasma in, 1032-1033

Urgent care for chronic illness, e39-3

Uric acid

elevation of in purine metabolism disorders, e83-1

reference values for, e708-2t-e708-8t

Uric acid calculi, e541-3-e541-4

Uridine diphosphate galactose-4-epimerase deficiency, 503

Uridine monophosphate hydrolase 1 deficiency, e83-8-e83-9

overactive cytosolic 5’-nucleotidase and, e83-9

Uridine monophosphate synthase type I deficiency, e83-7-e83-8

Uridyl transferase deficiency, 502-503

Urinalysis in acute renal failure, 1819, 1820t

Urinary acidification, normal, 1808, 1808f

Urinary alkalinization for poisoning, 258

with salicylates, 260

Urinary concentrating defect in chronic kidney disease, 1823t

Urinary incontinence, 1850-1851, 1850f

causes of, 1848t

diurnal, 1847-1848, 1848f-1849f

giggle, 1851

due to neuropathic bladder, e536-2, e536-2f

Urinary lithiasis, e541-1-e541-5, e541-1f, e541-1t-e541-2t

abdominal pain of, 1248t

as complication of enterocystoplasty, e536-2

Urinary retention, due to opioids, 366t

Urinary system See Genitourinary entries

Urinary test, Binax, e164-1

Urinary tract

congenital intestinal pseudo-obstruction and, 1283

traumatic injury to, e540-1-e540-2

Urinary tract infection (UTI), 1829-1834

abdominal pain of, 1247t-1248t

alternate recommendations for, 1833-1834

circumcision and, 1855

clinical manifestations and classification of, 1829-1830, 1830f

coagulase-negative staphylococci in, 910

as complication of enterocystoplasty, e536-2

diagnosis of, 1831-1832

hematuria in, 1794-1795, 1799

imaging studies of, 1833, 1833f

pathogenesis and pathology of, 1830-1831, 1831f, 1831t

prevalence and history of, 1829

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 976t

treatment of, 1832-1833, 1832f

Urinary tract obstruction, 1838-1847, 1839t

anterior urethral valves in, 1847

bladder neck, 1845

clinical manifestations of, 1839

diagnosis of, 1839-1841, 1839f-1841f, 1840t

ectopic ureter in, 1842-1843, 1842f

etiology of, 1838-1839

hydrocalycosis in, 1841

megaureter in, 1844-1845, 1844f, 1844t

midureteral, 1842

posterior urethral valves in, 1845-1846, 1846f

prune-belly syndrome in, 1844f-1845f

ureterocele in, 1843-1844, 1843f

ureteropelvic junction, 1841-1842

urethral atresia in, 1846

urethral diverticula in male in, 1847

urethral hypoplasia in, 1846-1847

urethral strictures in, 1847

Urinary wasting potassium, 223

Urine

fetal, testing of, 543t

red, 1779, 1779t

in congenital erythropoietic porphyria, e85-9f

red blood cells in See (Hematuria)

screening, for adolescent drug use, 676t

Urine alarm treatment for nocturnal enuresis, 72

Urine culture, e164-2

in urinary tract infection, 1831-1832

Urine osmolality

maximum, e52-4

minimum, e52-4

Urine output, fluid therapy and, 245, 245t

UROD See Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (UROD)

Urography

excretory, 1841

magnetic resonance, 1841, 1841f

Urologic disorders

congenital anomalies of

of bladder, e535-1-e535-3, e535-1f-e535-2f

of kidney, 1827-1829, 1828f-1829f

of penis and urethra, 1852-1858

genitourinary trauma as, e540-1-e540-2, e540-1f-e540-2f, e540-1t

neuropathic bladder as, e536-1-e536-4

obstructive, 1838-1847

renal agenesis as, 1827, 1828f

renal dysgenesis as, 1827-1828

renal transplantation and, e530-2

of scrotal contents, 1858-1864

traumatic, e540-1-e540-2

urinary lithiasis as, e541-1-e541-5, e541-1f, e541-1t-e541-2t

urinary tract infections as, 1829-1834

vesicoureteral reflux as, 1834-1838

voiding dysfunction as, 1847-1852

Uromodulin-associated kidney disease (UAKD), e83-3

Uropathy, obstructive, nephrotoxins in, 1817t

Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (UROD), e85-2f

deficiency of, e85-10-e85-13

Uroporphyrinogen III synthase (UROS), e85-2f

deficiency of, e85-8-e85-10

UROS See Uroporphyrinogen III synthase (UROS)

Urticaria (hives), 811-816

aquagenic, 813

cholinergic, 812-813

chronic idiopathic, 813

cold, 812

diagnosis of, 813-814, 813f-814f

diagnostic testing for, 812t

drug eruptions in, e637-8t

etiology and pathogenesis of, 811-812, 812t

due to food allergy, 822

papular, 2318, 2318f

physical, 812-813

pressure-induced, 813

solar, 813, 2257, 2257f

treatment of, 814-815, 815t

Urticaria pigmentosa, 814, 2280-2281, 2281f

Usability in quality measurement, e2-2t

Usher syndrome, 2190t

Uterine bleeding, abnormal, 686t, 688-690, 689t-690t

Uterine compression, deformations due to, e102-2-e102-3, e102-5f

Uterine didelphys, e548-2-e548-3

Uterine fibroids, abnormal uterine bleeding due to, 689t-690t

Uterus

anomalies of, e548-2-e548-4, e548-3f

neoplasm of, 1872-1873

UTI See Urinary tract infection (UTI)

Utilization in food security, 170-171

UVA See Ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation

UVB See Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation

Uveal tract disorders, 2172-2174, 2173f-2174f, 2173t

Uveitis, 2172-2174, 2173f, 2173t

anterior, 2167t

enteroviral, 1091

human T-lymphocyte-associated, e269-1

in juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 838, 839f

tubulointerstitial nephritis with, 1816

V

VA See Ventriculoatrial (VA) shunt

VABS See Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale (VABS)

Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 885

Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP), 1082, 1084

Vaccine encephalopathy, febrile seizures with, 2017

Vaccine(s), 883-884, 884t

for adolescents, 664

adverse reactions to, 827

anthrax, 884t

Bacille Calmette-Guérin, 884t, 1010-1011

bioterrorism and, 891

cancer therapy and, e488-5

cholera, 967-968, 968t

chronic kidney disease and, 1825

combination, 889

congenital heart disease and, 1603

conjugated, 883

cytomegalovirus, 1117

delivery of, 886

development of, 884-885, 885f

diphtheria, e180-4

diphtheria acellular pertussis, 884t, 947-948

financing for, 885

group B streptococcus, 928

Haemophilus influenzae type B, 943

hepatitis A, 884t, 1396

for immigrant children, 133

hepatitis B, 1399-1400, 1399t

for immigrant children, 132-133

in newborn, 537

as universal vaccine, 1399-1400

herpes zoster, 1110

HIV infection and, 1173, 1173f

for homosexual youth, 659

human papillomavirus, 884t, 888f, 891t, 1141

immigrant children and, 132, 134

immunodeficiencies and, 889-891, 892t

improving coverage of, 893, 893t

influenza, 884t

international practices on, 893-895

Japanese encephalitis, 884t, 1146

for measles, 1073-1075, 1074t

measles, mumps, rubella, 884t, 1073-1075, 1074t

adverse reaction to, 827

recommended schedule for, 886-889, 887f-888f

for travel, e168-2, e168-3t

meningococcal, 884t, 934-935, 934t

mumps, 1081

parental refusal of, 893, e3-6-e3-7

for pertussis, 947-948

pneumococcus, 884t, 2095

otitis media and, 2200, 2201f

pneumonia hospitalization and, 1479

policy on, 885

polio, 1087-1088

precautions and contraindications for, 892-893

production of, 885

Q fever, 1052-1053

rabies, 884t, 1155

recommended schedule for, 886, 887f-888f, 890f

catch-up, 889, 890f

renal transplantation and, e530-2-e530-3

respiratory syncytial virus, 1129

rotavirus, 884t, 1137

in gastroenteritis prevention, 1338

for rubella, 1078

safety monitoring of, 886, 886t

smallpox, 884t

in special circumstances, 889-891

sudden infant death syndrome and, 1425

tetanus, 993

T lymphocyte-dependent, 883

for travel, 889, 891t, e168-1, e168-3t, e168-6t

type 1 diabetes mellitus and, 1972

typhoid, 884t, 958

varicella, 1109-1110

“breakthrough varicella” due to, 1105-1106

websites and resources associated with, 894t

yellow fever, 884t, e262-2

Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD), 886

Vaccines for Children (VFC) program, 885

Vaccinia immune globulin, 882t

VACTERL anomalad, 1356

VACTREL syndrome, 1262

VAD See Ventricular assist device (VAD)

VAERS See Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS)

Vagal nerve stimulation for seizures, 2032-2033

Vagal syncope, e587-1-e587-2

Vagina

anomalies of, e548-4-e548-5

foreign body in, 1866f, 1867

neoplasm of, 1873

bleeding due to, 689t-690t, 1869

traumatic injury to, vaginal bleeding due to, 1869

Vaginal bleeding, 688-690, 689t-690t, 1869-1870

Vaginal candidosis, 2313-2314

Vaginal contraceptive ring, 697

special needs girls and, 1875

Vaginal discharge

pathologic, 711t

in vulvovaginitis, 1866

Vaginal orifice, neonatal examination of, e542-1

Vaginal voiding, 1850, 1850f

Vaginitis, 708, 1865

group A streptococcus in, 917

Vaginosis, bacterial

prophylaxis following rape, 704t

sexual abuse and, 145t

Vagovagal syncope, e587-1-e587-2

Vagus nerve, neurologic examination of, e584-5

Valacyclovir, e237-1t, e237-3

for herpes simplex virus infection, 1102-1103

Valcyte See Valganciclovir

Valeriana officinalis for sedation, 271t

Valerian for sedation, 271t

Valganciclovir, e237-1t-e237-2t

for cytomegalovirus prophylaxis in HIV infection, 1175t-1176t

Validity

analytical, 376

clinical, 376

in quality measurement, e2-2t

Valine, defects in metabolism of, 430-438

Valley fever, 1065-1068

Valproate

drug interactions with, e57-13t-e57-14t

for neuropathic pain, 368t

for seizures, 2030t

for status epilepticus, 2039t

Valproic acid

adverse effects of, 2031t

for Landau-Kleffner syndrome, 2024

for migraine prophylaxis, 2044t, 2045

as mood stabilizer, 63

Valsalva, compulsive, e587-1

Valtrex See Valacyclovir

Valvular heart disease See also specific valves

due to acute rheumatic fever, 922

Valvuloplasty

balloon

for aortic stenosis, 1566

for pulmonary valve stenosis, 1563

mitral, 1572

Vancocin See Vancomycin

Vancomycin, e173-3, e173-4t-e173-11t

for bacterial meningitis, 2091, 2093t

for brain abscess, 2099

for Clostridium difficile infection, 995

for cystic fibrosis lung infection, 1492t

for infective endocarditis, 1625t

for meningococcal disease, 932

for neonatal infection, 644, 645t

for pneumococcal meningitis, 913

for Staphylococcus aureus, 906-907, 907t

Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), e179-1-e179-3

Van den Bergh reaction, 603

“Vanishing testes”, 1944

Vanishing testis, 1859

Vanishing twin syndrome, 553

Vantin See Cefpodoxime

VAPP See Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP)

Vaqta, e168-6t

Variability of fetal heart rate, 542-544, 545t

Variable expression, 383-385

Variable expressivity, 380-381

Variant surface glycoproteins (VSG), 1191

Variceal hemorrhage, 1376

Varicella vaccine, 884t, 1109-1110

“breakthrough varicella” due to, 1105-1106

HIV infection and, 1173f

recommended schedule for, 887f-888f

for travel, 891t, e168-3, e168-3t

Varicella-zoster virus immune globulin (VariZIG), 882t, 1110, e237-5

in HIV infection, 1175t-1176t

for neonatal varicella, 1106

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), 1104-1110, 1105f, 1107f, 1109t

acyclovir for, e237-2

antivirals for, e237-2t

in Bell palsy, 2147f

in child care setting, e167-1t, e167-3t

exclusion from day care due to, e15-2t

HIV-related, 1164

prophylaxis for, 1175t-1176t

immunofluorescent-antibody testing of, e164-3

maternal

breast-feeding and, 161t, 540t

fetal and neonatal effects of, e89-3t

in pneumonia, 1475t

poliovirus infection versus, 1085t

in viral meningoencephalitis, 2096

Varices, esophageal, 1261, e318-1

portal hypertension and, e359-1-e359-3

Varicocele, 1863, 1863f

Variegate porphyria (VP), e85-1t, e85-14-e85-15

VariZIG See Varicella-zoster virus immune globulin (VariZIG)

Varus 5th toe, 2342

VAS See Visual analog pain scales (VAS)

Vascular access, 292-294, 295f

office emergencies and, e61-2t

Vascular compartment, pulmonary edema and, 1468

Vascular disorders

hematuria due to, 1794

hemorrhagic stroke due to, 2084-2085, 2085t

laryngeal, 1264, e382-1-e382-4

in progeria, e84-1, e84-1f

pulmonary, 1601-1602

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

in ovarian carcinomas, 1872t

in retinopathy of prematurity, 2174

in sudden infant death syndrome, 1422, 1427

Vascular events, seizures due to, 2034

Vascular lesions of skin, 2224t, e382-1-e382-4

arteriovenous malformations as, 2225, 2226f

benign acquired, 2229-2230, 2229f-2230f

birthmarks as, 2223

capillary malformations (port-wine stain) as, 2224, 2225f

genetic, 2230-2231

Klippel-Trenaunay and Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndromes as, 2225-2226, 2226f

malformations as, 2224

nevus anemicus as, 2226

phakomatosis pigmentovascularis as, 2226

vascular malformations as, 2224t-2225t

venous malformations as, 2224-2225, 2225f-2226f

Vascular resistance

pulmonary, e365-1-e365-13

in neonatal circulation, e415-2

systemic in shock, 311t

Vascular ring, 1452, 1596-1598, 1597f-1598f, 1597t

Vascular system

of hip, 2356, 2356f

pulmonary, e365-1-e365-13

Vascular tumors, e499-1-e499-2

cutaneous, 2226-2231, 2227f-2229f, 2227t-2228t

gastrointestinal, e337-3

Vasculitis

drug eruptions in, e637-8t

hypersensitivity, 876, 876t

hypocomplementemic urticarial, 876

leukocytoclastic, 876

due to cat-scratch disease, 985

in meningococcus, 930-931

renal, nephrotoxins in, 1817t

small vessel, with hepatitis C, 1401

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

urticarial, 814

Vasculitis syndromes, 867-876, 868t, 876t

antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)-associated vasculitis as, 874-876

classification of, 868t

cutaneous manifestations of, e637-5

Henoch-Schönlein purpura as, 868-871, 869f-870f, 870t

polyarteritis nodosa and cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa as, 872-874, 873f

Takayasu arteritis as, 871-872, 871t, 872f

Vas deferens injury, related to inguinal hernia repair, 1368

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), e333-2t

Vasodilators

for cardiogenic shock, 313, 313t

for systemic hypertension, 1645t

Vasodilatory shock, 305, 308f

Vasopressin See Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Vasopressin-resistant diabetes insipidus, 1882

Vasovagal syncope, e587-1-e587-2

VATERR syndrome, 1356

VATER syndrome, 1262

congenital heart disease with, 1531t

VATS See Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS)

VC See Vital capacity (VC)

VCD See Vocal cord dysfunction (VCD)

V-Cillin K See Penicillin V

VCUG See Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)

VCV See Volume-controlled ventilation (VCV)

VDJ segments, e117-1

VDRL See Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test

Vecuronium

for anesthesia, e70-4t-e70-5t

for intubation, 321t

VEE See Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE)

Vegetarianism, 168

Vegetative cells, 1185

VEGF See Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

VEGFR-1, 2, cancer therapy specific to, e488-2t

Veillonella, e205-4

Vein of Galen malformation, 1639

Velban See Vinblastine

Vellus hair, e636-1

Velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS), 407f, e28-4, e102-2t, e418-1

Velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD), 1253

Velosef See Cephradine

Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test, 1019, 1019f, 1021

Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE), 1144-1147

Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever, 1151-1152

Venlafaxine

for depression and anxiety symptoms, 63t

poisoning with, 265

Venography

computed tomography, in cerebral sinovenous thrombosis, 2083, 2083f

magnetic resonance, in neurologic examination, e584-11

Venom immunotherapy (VI), 808-809, 809t

Venom(s), 2460-2465

general approach to, 2460-2461

hemolytic anemia secondary to, e459-1

hymenoptera, 2464

insect, 807-809

marine, 2464-2465

scorpion, 2464

snake, 2461-2462, 2461f-2462f, 2461t-2462t

spider, 2462-2463, 2463f

Veno-occlusive disease (VOD), of liver, e352-3

Venous access, 292, 295f

Venous admixture, 317-318

Venous malformations, 2224-2225, 2224t, 2225f-2226f

Venous patterns, assessment in neurologic examination, e584-2

Venous return, pulmonary

partial anomalous, 1553-1554

total anomalous, 1589-1590, 1589t, 1590f

Venous thromboembolism (VTE), 1500-1502, 1501t, 1709

Venous thrombosis, renal transplantation and, e530-2

Ventilation

alveolar, 316-317, e365-7

dead space, 316-318, e365-7

in mechanical ventilation, 329

insufficiency of, due to paralytic poliomyelitis, 1084, 1086

manual

bag-valve-mask positive pressure as, 284-285, 284f-285f

in preintubation and postintubation periods, 320-321

mechanical See (Mechanical ventilation)

mouth-to-mouth, 282, 282f

partial liquid, for congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 596

Ventilation deficit assessment in respiratory distress and failure, 318-319

Ventilation index (VI), 319

Ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) mismatch, 317-318

Ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) radionuclide scan, 1502

Ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) ratio, e365-1-e365-10, e365-10f

Ventilator dependence, PHOX2B gene and, 1520

Ventilatory failure, hypothyroidism-associated, 1903t

Ventilatory support in congenital central hypoventilation syndrome, 1522

Ventricle

double-outlet right, 1582

with malposition of great arteries, 1588-1589

with pulmonary stenosis, 1588

embryonic development of, 1527

in fetal circulation, 1529

left

diverticulum, 1599-1600

noncompaction (LVNC), 1633-1634, 1634f

single, 1592

in transitional circulation, 1529

Ventricular accelerated rhythm, 1616

Ventricular assist device (VAD), 314

Ventricular contractions, premature, 1612-1613, 1613f

Ventricular fibrillation, 1616

Ventricular hypertrophy

electrocardiography of, 1538-1540, 1538f, 1540f

radiographic assessment of, 1537

systemic hypertension with, 1642

Ventricular inversion, 1595

Ventricular septal aneurysm, 1557

Ventricular septal defect (VSD), 1556-1558, 1556f-1557f

in adults, 1606-1607

coarctation of the aorta, 1570

embryonic development of, 1527

supracristal, with aortic insufficiency, 1559

in tetralogy of Fallot, 1573-1578

transitional circulation and, e418-1

transposition of the great arteries, 1587

with transposition of the great arteries and pulmonary stenosis, 1574, 1583f

tricuspid atresia and, 1580, 1580f

Ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VT), 1616, 1616f, 1616t

with Marfan syndrome, 2441

Ventriculoatrial (VA) shunt infection, e172-1-e172-2

Ventriculography in tetralogy of Fallot, 1575, 1575f

Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt infection, e172-1-e172-2

Venturi mask, 319

VePesid See Etoposide

VEPs See Visual-evoked potentials (VEPs)

Veramyst See Fluticasone

Verapamil for arrhythmias, 1611t-1612t

Verbal apraxia, 119

Verbal auditory agnosia, 119

Vericonazole for blastomycosis, 1065

Vermont Oxford Network (VON), e2-4

Vernal conjunctivitis, 2168, 2168f

Vernal keratoconjunctivitis, 810, 810f

Verotoxin in hemolytic-uremic syndrome, 1791-1792

Verruca, 2315-2316, 2315f

Verruca peruana, 982, 983f

Versenate for lead poisoning, 2453

Vertebral apophysis, slipped, 2377

Vertebral osteomyelitis, 2376, 2376t

Vertical suspension test, e584-5-e584-6, e584-6f

Vertical talus, 2337-2338, 2337t, 2338f

Vertical transmission of HIV, 1158-1159

Vertigo

benign paroxysmal, e587-2

in ear disorders, e628-1

in neurologic examination, e584-4

Very long chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD) deficiency, 457t, 460

Very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) disorders, 462-470

adrenoleukodystrophy (X-linked) as, 467-470

peroxisomal, 462-467, 462t-464t, 464f-465f, 466t

Very low birthweight (VLBW), 556 See also Prematurity/premature infant

factors related to, 556-557

rates of, e87-2

Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), 471-473, 472f, 472t

Vesicle, examination of, 2215

Vesicoureteral reflux, 1834-1838, 1834f

classification of, 1834-1836, 1834f-1835f

clinical manifestations of, 1836

diagnosis of, 1836, 1836f

natural history of, 1836, 1837f

treatment of, 1836-1838, 1837f-1838f

Vesicular hand and foot dermatitis, 2253, 2253f

Vesiculobullous disorders, 2241-2249, 2241t

dermatitis herpetiformis as, 2248-2249, 2248f

erythema multiforme as, 2241-2242, 2242f

linear immunoglobulin A dermatosis as, 2249, 2249f

mechanobullous, 2244-2246, 2245f-2247f, 2245t

pemphigus as, 2247-2248, 2247f

Stevens-Johnson syndrome as, 2242-2243, 2243f

toxic epidermal necrolysis as, 2243-2244

Vestibulocochlear nerve, neurologic examination of, e584-5

Vestibulopathy, strokelike events versus, 2086

VFC See Vaccines for Children (VFC) program

VHL See von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL)

VI See Venom immunotherapy (VI); Ventilation index (VI)

Vibramycin See Doxycycline

Vibrio cholerae, 965-968

gastroenteritis due to, 1324t-1325t, 1330

Vibrio parahaemolyticus, 1324t-1325t

Vibrio vulnificus, 1324t-1325t

Vidarabine, e237-1t, e237-4

Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS)

for empyema, 1509

for pneumothorax, 1511-1512

Videofluoroscopic swallow study (VSS), 1472t

Videx See Didanosine (ddI)

Vigabatrin

adverse effects of, 2031t

for West syndrome, 2027

Vinblastine for cancer therapy, e488-4t

Vincent angina, e205-1

Vincent’s curtsy, 1848-1849

Vincent stomatitis, 2299

Vincristine

for cancer therapy, e488-4t

for Wilms tumor, 1759

Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale (VABS), 127

Violence, 25

due to bullying, e36-1-e36-4

epidemiology of, e36-3

health status, e36-3

treatment and prevention of, e36-3-e36-4

community, e36-1

diagnosis and follow-up, e36-1-e36-2

domestic, e36-1

impacts of, e36-1-e36-2

media, e36-1, e36-1t

school, 668, e36-1-e36-4

teen pregnancy and, 701

due to war, 8, e36-1-e36-7

psychologic impact of, e36-6, e36-6t

efforts to protect children from, e36-6-e36-7

susceptibility of children in times of, e36-5-e36-6

witnessing of, e36-1

Violent behavior, adolescent, 667-671, 667t-670t, 668f

VIP See Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)

VIRA-A See Vidarabine

Viracept See Nelfinavir

Viral infections

adenovirus, 1131-1133

arboviral encephalitis

in North America, 1141-1144

outside North America, 1144-1147, 1145t

arthritis associated with, 840, 840t

astrovirus, 1134-1137

calcivirus, 1134-1137

cancer therapy and, e488-5

in common cold, 1434

of conjunctiva, 2167t, 2168, 2168f

coronavirus, e256-1-e256-4

cutaneous, 2315-2317

cytomegalovirus, 1115-1117

dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever as, 1147-1150

Epstein-Barr virus, 1110-1115

fever in, e169-1

fever of unknown origin in, 900t

food-borne, 1326t

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, e265-1-e265-2

hearing loss due to, e633-1

hemorrhagic fevers as, 1150-1153

hepatitis as, 1393-1404, 1393t

acute renal failure with, 1413

approach to, 1403-1404, 1403f

biochemical profiles in, 1394-1395

causes and differential diagnosis of, 1394, 1394t

due to hepatitis A virus, 1395-1396, 1395f, 1396t

due to hepatitis B virus, 1397-1400, 1398f, 1399t

due to hepatitis C virus, 1400-1402, 1400f

due to hepatitis D virus, 1402

due to hepatitis E virus, 1402-1403

pathogenesis of, 1394

herpes simplex virus, 1097-1104

HIV-related, 1164, e171-4t

human herpesvirus 6 and 7, 1117-1120

human herpesviruses 8, 1121

human immunodeficiency virus, 1157-1177 See also (HIV/AIDS)

human metapneumovirus as, 1129-1131

human papillomavirus, 1137-1141

human T-lymphotropic virus, e269-1-e269-2

influenza virus, 1121-1125

laboratory diagnosis of, e164-3-e164-4

lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, e264-1-e264-3

maternal, e89-3t

measles as, 1069-1075

in meningoencephalitis, 2095-2097

cerebrospinal fluid findings in, 2088t

mumps as, 1078-1081

myocarditis as, 1634

neonatal, 635-636

neutropenia in, 747-748

nonpolio enterovirus, 1088-1094

otitis media as, 2202

parainfluenza virus, 1125-1126

parvovirus B19, 1094-1097

pharyngitis as, 1439

in pneumonia, 1475t, 1476-1477

polioviruses, 1081-1088

polyomavirus, e267-1

predisposition to due to immunodeficiency, 716t

rabies as, 1154-1157

respiratory syncytial virus, 1126-1129

rhinovirus, 1133-1134

roseola as, 1117-1120

rotavirus, 1134-1137

rubella as, 1075-1078

stem cell transplantation and, e171-1

therapy for, e237-1-e237-6, e237-1t-e237-2t

transmissible spongiform encephalopathies as, e270-1-e270-6

traveler’s diarrhea due to, 1338t

in type 1 diabetes mellitus development, 1971

varicella-zoster virus, 1104-1110

yellow fever as, e262-1-e262-2

Viral load in HIV infection, 1161

Viramune See Nevirapine

Virazole See Ribavirin

Viread See Tenofovir

Viremia, herpes simplex virus, 1099

Virginal breast hypertrophy, e545-2, e545-2t

Virgin B cell, e117-2

Viridans streptococci

in infective endocarditis, 1622, 1625t

neonatal, 632t

sepsis due to, 636t

Virilizing adrenocortical tumor, e573-1-e573-2

maternal, 1962

Virologic assay for hepatitis C virus, 1401

Viroptic See Trifluridine

Virus(es)

in breast milk, 540t

in oncogenesis, e486-3-e486-4

Visceral larva migrans (VLM), 1227-1229, 1228t, e271-1t-e271-11t

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), 1187-1189, 1189f

Visceral pain, 360t, 1248

Visceroatrial situs, 1595

Viscum album, potential toxicity of, 272t-273t

Vision

disorders of, 2152-2154, 2153t, e29-2-e29-3

due to Chlamydia trachomatis, 1035

due to vitamin A deficiency, 189

function of, e29-2-e29-3

Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Neurobehavioral Scale and, 624t

testing of, 2149t

for adolescents, 666

in intellectual disability, 127t

in neurologic examination, e584-4

Vistaril See Hydroxyzine

Vistide See Cidofovir

Visual acuity, 2148

assessment in neurologic examination, e584-3

of newborn, e610-1

during preschool years, 33

in vision screening, 2149t

Visual analog pain scales (VAS), 361, 363t

Visual-evoked potentials (VEPs), e584-10-e584-11

Visual field assessment, 2148-2149

in neurologic examination, e584-3

Visual reinforcement audiometry (VRA), 2194

Vital capacity (VC), 1419, e365-2f

in pulmonary function testing, e366-3

Vital signs in pediatric emergency assessment, 279, 280t

Vitamins

absorption disorders of, 1305t, 1319

dietary reference intakes for, e41-8t-e41-14t

overview of, 188

for premature and low birthweight infants, 562

supplemental

for chronic diarrhea, 1345

in cystic fibrosis, 1495

nutritional aspects of, 169

water-soluble, 194t

Vitamin A

absorption, transport, metabolism, and storage of, 188

deficiency of, 189-190, 189f-190f

due to malabsorption, 1319

malnutrition and, 172

measles with, 1073, 1073t

skin manifestations of, 2330

dietary reference intakes for, e41-8t-e41-14t

excess of, 190-191, 191f

function and mechanism of action of, 189

overview of, 188, 189t

supplementation, 190

for neonatal cholestasis, 1387

for respiratory distress syndrome, 586

Vitamin B₁, 191, 194t

deficiency of, 191-192

dietary reference intakes for, e41-8t-e41-14t

toxicity of, 192

Vitamin B₂, 192-193, 194t

deficiency of, 192-193, 193f

dietary reference intakes for, e41-8t-e41-14t

Vitamin B₃, 193, 194t

deficiency of, 193-195, 195f

toxicity of, 195

Vitamin B₅, 194t

dietary reference intakes for, e41-8t-e41-14t

Vitamin B₆, 194t, 195-196

deficiency of, 196

dietary reference intakes for, e41-8t-e41-14t

for homocystinuria, 426-427

toxicity of, 196

Vitamin B₆-dependent epilepsy, 453-455

Vitamin B₁₂, 194t, 197

defects in metabolism of, 437-438, 1320

deficiency of, 197-198, 748t

anemia due to, e448-3

dietary reference intakes for, e41-8t-e41-14t

in vegetarian diet, 168

Vitamin B complex, 191

Vitamin B₆ dependence syndrome, 196

Vitamin C, 194t, 198

deficiency of, 198-200, 199f-200f

skin manifestations of, 2330

dietary needs and sources of, 198

dietary reference intakes for, e41-8t-e41-14t

for methemoglobin, 1673

for premature and low birthweight infants, 560

toxicity of, 200

Vitamin D, e41-16-e41-17

in bone formation, e694-1

deficiency of

calcium deficiency and, 206

due to chronic renal failure, 205-206

congenital, 205

hypophosphatemia and, 227-228

due to malabsorption, 1318

nutritional, 204-205

rickets due to, 200-206, 202t

secondary, 205

dietary reference intakes for, e41-5t-e41-14t

excess of, 208-209

physical and metabolic properties and food sources of, 201t

physiology of, 204

supplementation, 165

for premature and low birthweight infants, 560

for renal osteodystrophy, 1824-1825

Vitamin D-dependent rickets

dental problems associated with, 1251t

type 1, 205

type 2, 205

Vitamin E

deficiency of, e49-1-e49-2

ataxia with isolated, e49-1

clinical manifestations of, e49-1

in cystic fibrosis, 1486-1487

diagnosis and differential diagnosis of, e49-1

laboratory findings in, e49-1

due to malabsorption, 1318-1319

myopathy associated with, 2132

pathogenesis of, e49-1

prevention of, e49-1

prognosis for, e49-1

treatment of, e49-1

dietary reference intakes for, e41-8t-e41-14t

physical and metabolic properties and food sources of, 201t

for premature and low birthweight infants, 560

possible adverse reactions to, 563t

supplementary for neonatal cholestasis, 1387-1388

Vitamin K, e41-17

deficiency of, 209-211

in cystic fibrosis, 1486-1487

due to malabsorption, 1319

postneonatal, 1712

dietary reference intakes for, e41-8t-e41-14t

injection of in newborn, 537

physical and metabolic properties and food sources of, 201t

possible adverse reactions to in premature infant, 563t

Vitamin K-deficiency bleeding (VKDB), 210

Vitamin K-dependent factors, deficiency of, 620-621

Vitelliform degeneration, Best, 2178

Vitiligo, 2240, 2240f, 2240t

Vitravene See Fomivirsen

Vitreoretinopathy, familial exudative, 2179

Vitreous seeding, 1768

Vittaforma cornea, e271-1t-e271-11t

VKBD See Vitamin K-deficiency bleeding (VKDB)

VL See Visceral leishmaniasis (VL)

VLBW See Very low birthweight (VLBW)

VLCAD See Very long chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD) deficiency

VLCFA See Very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA)

VLDL See Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL)

VLM See Visceral larva migrans (VLM)

V3 loop, 1157-1158

Vocal cord dysfunction (VCD), asthma versus, 783

Vocal cord paralysis, 1451

Vocal nodules, e382-1

Vocal tic, 76

VOD See Veno-occlusive disease (VOD)

Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, 2240

Vohwinkel palmoplantar keratoderma, 2273

Voiding, normal, 71, 1847

Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)

in urinary tract infection, 1833, 1833f

in urinary tract obstruction, 1840

in vesicoureteral reflux, 1836, 1837f

Voiding dysfunction, 1847-1852

diurnal incontinence in, 73

enuresis in, 71-73

nocturnal, 1851-1852, 1851t

Hinman syndrome as, 1849-1850, 1849f

incontinence as, 1850-1851, 1850f-1851f

diurnal, 1847-1848, 1848f-1849f, 1848t

infrequent voiding as, 1850

overactive bladder as, 1848-1849, 1849f

due to urinary tract infection, 1832-1833

vaginal voiding as, 1850, 1850f

without incontinence, 1851

Volatile substance abuse (VSA), 681-682

Volleyball, injuries in, e684-2

Volume-controlled ventilation (VCV), 325-326, 325f, 325t

Volume depletion, e52-5-e52-6

metabolic alkalosis and, 235

Volume of distribution, e57-3

Volume overload, e52-5

congenital heart disease in, 1549-1550

Volume regulation, e52-4-e52-6

Volume support ventilation (VSV), 325

Volvulus, gastric, 1276

with malrotation, 1281

Vomiting, 1242-1243

in acutely ill child, 275

in appendicitis, 1350, 1351t

due to cholera, 966

complications of, 1243t

cyclic, 1242, 1243t

differential diagnosis of, 1242t

exclusion from day care due to, e15-2t

habits regarding in eating disorders, 92t

in intestinal malrotation, 1280-1281

in intestinal obstruction, 1242, 1243t

Jamaican vomiting syndrome, 529

maintenance water for, 245, 245t

with migraine, 2042

antiemetics for, 2043

neonatal, 600-601

in newborn, e92-2

nondigestive causes of, 1241t

due to opioids, 366t

in palliative care, 157t, 158

postoperative, e70-11

in pyloric stenosis, 1274

therapy for

nonpharmacologic and supportive, 1245t

pharmacologic, 1244t

Vomitoxin, 1328t-1329t

VON See Vermont Oxford Network (VON)

von Gierke disease, 492-496, 494t-495t

malignancy susceptibility associated with, e486-2t-e486-3t

myopathy with, 2131

von Graefe sign, 2163

von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL), 2052

brain tumors associated with, 1747t

cardiac manifestations of, 1531t

malignancy susceptibility associated with, e486-2t-e486-3t

von Meyenburg complexes, e357-1t

von Recklinghausen disease, 2237

von Willebrand disease (VWD), 1704-1707, 1705f

von Willebrand factor

in hemostasis, 1694

reference values for, 1698t

Voriconazole, e225-1t, e225-2-e225-3

for candidiasis, 1056t

Vorner palmoplantar keratodermas, 2273f

VP See Variegate porphyria (VP); Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt

VPD See Velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD)

VPS33B gene defect, 1383t

V/Q See Ventilation-perfusion (V/Q)

VRA See Visual reinforcement audiometry (VRA)

VRE See Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE)

VSA See Volatile substance abuse (VSA)

VSD See Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD); Ventricular septal defect (VSD)

VSG See Variant surface glycoproteins (VSG)

VSS See Videofluoroscopic swallow study (VSS)

VSV See Volume support ventilation (VSV)

VT See Ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VT)

VT See Tidal volume (VT)

V_T See Minute volume (V_T); Tidal volume (V_T)

VTE See Venous thromboembolism (VTE)

Vulva

anomalies of, e548-5

neoplasm of, 1873

vaginal bleeding due to, 1869

traumatic injury to, vaginal bleeding due to, 1869

Vulvitis, 1865

Vulvovaginal anomalies, e548-1-e548-6

Vulvovaginitis, 1865-1869, 1868f

with Candida, 1055

clinical manifestations of, 1866, 1866f

diagnosis and differential diagnosis of, 1866-1867, 1866f

epidemiology of, 1865-1866

etiology of, 1865, 1865f, 1867t-1868t

gonococcal, 937-938

treatment and prevention of, 1867-1869, 1868t

vaginal bleeding in, 1869

VURD syndrome, 1846

VWD See von Willebrand disease (VWD)

VX, in terrorism, e704-1-e704-2, e704-9t

VX-770 for cystic fibrosis, 1493

W

Waardenburg syndrome, 425, 2156, 2190t, 2238t, 2239, e102-2t

Wada test, 2032

Waddling gait, e584-7

WAGR syndrome, 408t, 1963

Waived tests, e164-3

Waldeyer ring, 1442

Walker criteria for mitochondrial disease, 508t

Walker-Murdoch sign, 2440, 2441f

Walker-Warburg syndrome, 2127

Walking

learning to, 31

during preschool years, 33

Wandering atrial pacemaker, 1612, 1612f

Wandering raphe, 1855-1856

War, 8, e36-1-e36-7, e36-5t

psychologic impact of, e36-6, e36-6t

efforts to protect children from, e36-6-e36-7

role of pediatricians and allied health professionals in, e36-7

susceptibility of children in times of, e36-5-e36-6

Warfarin, 1710t, 1711

“Warm” antibodies, autoimmune hemolytic anemia associated with, 1680-1682, e451-1t-e451-2t

Warthin-Finkeldey giant cells, 1070

Warts

cutaneous, 1138, 1139f, 2315-2316, 2315f

genital, 1138-1139, 1139f, 2316, 2316f

sexual abuse and, 145, 145t

treatment in adolescents, 713t

Wasp, allergic responses to, 807f

Wassel classification of thumb duplication, 2386, 2386t

Water

chemical pollutants in, e700-3

dietary reference intakes for, e41-5t-e41-7t, e41-17

hyponatremia due to excess ingestion of, 217

maintenance, 242-243, 243t

variations in, 244, 244t

physiology of balance of, 1881-1884, 1882f

sources of loss of, 244t

sports and, 2421

total body, e57-5, e52-1

compartments of, e52-1, e52-1f

drug distribution and, e57-5

electrolytes in, e52-1-e52-2, e52-2f

hypervolemic hyponatremia and, 216

osmolality of, e52-2-e52-3

regulation of, e52-4

regulation of volume of, e52-4-e52-6

sodium in, 212

travel and, e168-1

Water-borne illness

Aeromonas, e196-1

dracunculiasis, 1227

Legionella, e200-1

Plesiomonas shigelloides, e196-3

Water deficit

hypernatremia due to, 213-214, 213t

maintenance water and electrolytes and, 244

sources of loss in, 244t

Water deprivation test, 214

Water hemlock toxicity, 269t

Waterless hand hygiene, e166-1

Water lily sign, 1239

Water safety, 347-348, 348t

Water-soluble vitamins, 194t

Watery diarrhea

in microvillus inclusion disease, 1305

in tufting enteropathy, 1311

Watery diarrhea-hypokalemia-acidosis syndrome, 1370

Ways to Enhance Children’s Activity and Nutrition (WECAN), 187

WBC See White blood cell (WBC)

WBI See Whole-bowel irrigation (WBI)

Weakness

in juvenile dermatomyositis, 847, 848t, 849

muscle

in Becker muscular dystrophy, 2119

in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 2119

in Guillain-Barré syndrome, 2143

in myotonic muscular dystrophy, 2123, 2123f

in neuromuscular disorders, 2110t-2111t, 2115t

in rheumatic disease, e147-1t

Weaning

breast-feeding, 164-165, 164t

mechanical ventilation, 329, 586

Weapon carrying by adolescents, 669t

Weaver syndrome, e554-2t

Webbed neck, with Turner syndrome, 1952-1953

Webbed penis, 1856

Weber-Cockayne syndrome, 2244

Webs

laryngeal, 1451, 1451f

tracheal, 1452

Websites See Internet

WECAN See Ways to Enhance Children’s Activity and Nutrition (WECAN)

Wechsler Scales, 127

WEE See Western equine encephalitis (WEE)

“Weed”, 680-681

Weeping lesion, 2215

Wegener’s granulomatosis, 868t, 874-876, 874t, e147-3t

alveolar hemorrhage with, 1499

Weight

for age, in nutrition assessment, 172

at birth See (Birthweight)

drug dosages based on, e57-9

ideal, e13-3t

in maintenance water calculations, 243t

percentile curves for, e9-1f-e9-4f

derivation and interpretation of, e13-1-e13-2

Weight gain in premature infants, 561, 561f

Weill-Marchesani syndrome, 1531t

Weil syndrome, 1024

Wellbutrin See Bupropion

Well child care, 13-25

in behavioral and mental health issues, 16

evidence and, 16

family and community in, 16-17

guidelines for, 14

in infancy and early childhood, 16

for injury control, 17-25

in middle childhood and adolescence, 16

periodicity of, 14

quality improvement of, 16

strength-based approaches and framework for, 16

tasks of, 14-16

Well syndrome, 1024

Wenckebach heart block, 1618

Werdnig-Hoffman disease, 2136, 2137f

Wermer syndrome, 527

malignancy susceptibility associated with, e486-2t-e486-3t

Werner syndrome, e84-2t

cardiac manifestations of, 1531t

malignancy susceptibility associated with, e486-2t-e486-3t

Wernicke encephalopathy, 192

West African trypanosomiasis, 1190-1193, 1192f, e271-1t-e271-11t

Western equine encephalitis (WEE), 1141, 1143-1144

Western immunoblot

in Lyme disease, 1028

in toxoplasmosis, 1214

Westfall variant, 2056

West Nile encephalitis (WNE), 1142-1144, 1142f-1143f

poliovirus infection versus, 1084, 1085t

West Nile virus, maternal, e89-3t

West syndrome, 2014, 2024, 2027

Wet dressing, 2216

WFS1 gene, 2190t

Wheals, examination of, 2215

Wheat allergy, 821, 821t, 823t

Wheeze/wheezing

in allergic disease, 765

in asthma, 782, 782t, 784t

auscultation of, e366-1, e366-1t

in bronchiolitis, 1456-1459

in bronchitis, 1459-1460, 1460t

clinical manifestations in, 1458-1459

definitions and general pathophysiology of, 1456

differential diagnosis of, 1457t

etiology of, 1456-1458

history and physical examination in, 1458, 1458t

as manifestation of extrapulmonary disease, e413-1t

monophonic, 1456

prevention of, 1459

prognosis for, 1459

recurrent or persistent, e376-3

in respiratory syncytial virus infection, 1127-1129

as sign of respiratory pathology, 1420

treatment of, 1459

WHIM syndrome, 748t

Whipple disease, 1314

Whipworm, 1221-1222, e271-1t-e271-11t

Whitaker test, 1841

White blood cell (WBC) count, e126-1-e126-3 See also Leukocytosis

in acutely ill child evaluation, 277

in acute lymphocytic leukemia treatment, 1734

in appendicitis, 1351, 1351t

in dengue fever, 1149

in Epstein-Barr virus infection, 1113

in hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, e265-1

in leukemoid reaction, e126-1

in leukopenia, 746

in Lyme disease, 1028

monocytosis as, e126-1-e126-3, e126-2t

neutrophilia as, e126-1, e126-2f

in pertussis, 945

in pneumonia, 1477

reference values for, 1656t

in roseola, 1119

in Shigella infection, 960

White coat hypertension, 1639

White line of Fränkel, 199, 199f

White nails, 2294, 2294t

White population, death rates for, 3t-4t

White pulp, splenic, 1723

White pupillary reflex, 2157, 2157f

brain death and, e63-2t

in newborn, 534

in retinoblastoma, 1768-1769, 1768f

as sign of cancer, 1730f

White spot lesion, 1254, 1255f

WHO See World Health Organization (WHO)

Whole-body irradiation, e699-5-e699-6, e699-6t

Whole-bowel irrigation (WBI), 257

Whole-genome array, 398

Whooping cough, 944

WIC See Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)

Widal test, 957

Widow’s peak, e102-7t

Wiedemann-Rautenstrauch syndrome, e84-2t

Wigglesworthia glossinidia, 1193

Wild bedbugs in trypanosomiasis, 1195

Wilkie syndrome, e324-1-e324-5

Williams-Campbell syndrome, 1479

Williams syndrome, 408t

congenital heart disease with, 1531t, 1564-1565, 1565f, e418-1t-e418-2t

hypercalcemia with, 1922-1923

hypothyroidism with, 1901

Wilms tumor, 1757-1760, 1757t-1759t, 1759f

incidence and survival rates for, 1726t

risk factors for, 1727t

work-up of, 1731t

Wilson disease, 1383t, 1391, 1391f

chorea with, 2057t

dystonia with, 2060

hemolytic anemia secondary to, e459-1, e451-1t-e451-2t

Wimberger’s lines, 1018

Windsock web, 1277-1278

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, 734-735, 1720

malignancy susceptibility associated with, e486-2t-e486-3t

Withdrawal, 253t

marijuana, 680

methamphetamine, 684t

neonatal, 623-625, 624t

opiates, 684-685

Withholding and withdrawing life-sustaining treatment, e3-2

Witnessing violence, e36-1

WM See Working memory (WM)

WNE See West Nile encephalitis (WNE)

WNT4 gene, e576-1, e576-2t-e576-3t

WOB See Work of breathing (WOB)

Wolffian duct, e531-1

Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, 1584

genetics of, e418-1t-e418-2t

sports participation and, 2402t-2404t

sudden death due to, 1620, 1620f

supraventricular tachycardia in, 1613-1614, 1614f

Wolfram syndrome, 1883

Wolfsbane, potential toxicity of, 272t-273t

Wolman disease, 479, 484t, 491, 1313, 1926

Wood lamp, e637-1-e637-2

Woolly hair disease, 2293

Wool-sorters disease, e704-5

Work clothes, chemical pollutants in, e700-3

Working memory (WM), e29-3-e29-4

Work of breathing (WOB), 1419

World Health Organization (WHO)

on breast-feeding, 160, 161t, 539t

on cancer pain management, 374, 374t

on complementary feeding, 164

growth charts of, e13-2

on growth of breast-fed infants, 162

Health InterNetwork Access to Research Initiative from, e61-16

on injury prevention, e61-13

Integrated Management of Childhood Illness guidelines from, e61-15

lupus nephritis classification from, 1788

lymphoid neoplasm classification from, 1740-1741, 1741t

on polio vaccination, 1087

on pulmonary hypertension, 1600t

on sever malaria, 1201t

Wormwood, potential toxicity of, 272t-273t

Wound botulism, 987-991

Wound closure for laceration, 341

Wound infection

following inguinal surgery repair, 1367

prophylaxis for prevention of, e166-2-e166-4

Wound management

in envenomations, 2460-2461

tetanus prophylaxis in, 993-994

Wound membranes for burn injury, 352, 352t

Wrestling

herpes simplex virus infection in, 1100, 1102

injuries in, e684-1

Wright stain, e164-1t

Wrisberg ligament type, 2352

Wrist

arthrogryposis involving, e674-5

disorders of, 2384-2385

fracture of, 2391-2392

Wrist sign in Marfan syndrome, 2440, 2441f

Writing impairment, e29-6, e29-6t

graphomotor function and, e29-1-e29-2

WT1 gene, 1758, 1803t, 1807, 1962, e576-1, e576-2t-e576-3t

Wuchereria bancrofti, 1224-1225, e271-1t-e271-11t

WU virus, e267-1

X

“X”, 682

X-ALD See X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD)

Xanthine oxidoreductase deficiency (XOR), e83-7

Xanthochromia, e584-9

Xanthogranuloma, juvenile, e662-2-e662-3, e662-3f

ocular lesion of, 2156

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis, 1830

Xanthomas, as manifestation of liver disease, 1376

Xanthomatosis, cerebrotendinous, 478-479, 1312

Xanthomonas maltophilia, e197-2

45,X chromosome, in Turner syndrome, 1952-1953

X chromosome inactivation, 388

XDR See Extensively drug resistant (XDR)

Xerocytosis, e454-1

Xeroderma pigmentosum, 2258, 2258f

malignancy susceptibility associated with, e486-2t-e486-3t

Xerophthalmia, due to vitamin A deficiency, 189-190, 190f

Xerostomia, e308-1

XLA See X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA)

XLH See X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets (XLH)

X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), 466t, 467-470, 469f

X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA), 723-724, 724f

malignancy susceptibility associated with, e486-2t-e486-3t

X-linked Alport syndrome, 1782-1783

X-linked cardiomyopathy, 433

genetics of, e418-1t-e418-2t

X-linked dominance, 388, 389f

X-linked growth hormone deficiency, 1878

X-linked hyper-immunoglobulin M syndrome, 726

X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets (XLH), 202t, 206-207

X-linked ichthyosis, 2268t, 2269-2270, 2270f

X-linked immunodeficiency, malignancy susceptibility associated with, e486-2t-e486-3t

X-linked inheritance, 388, 388f-389f

X-linked lissencephaly, e102-2t

X-linked liver phosphorylase kinase deficiency, 498

X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP), 727

Epstein-Barr virus and, 1112

X-linked protoporphyria, e85-1t

X-linked recessive hypoparathyroidism, 1917

X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCIDX1), 732, 732f

XLP See X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP)

45,X males, 1948

XOR See Xanthine oxidoreductase deficiency (XOR)

46-,XX

disorders of sex development, 1874, 1959t, e576-2t-e576-3t

in gonadal development, e576-1

XX gonadal dysgenesis, 1954

XX males, 409t, 1948, e576-1

XXX females, 1955

47,XXX males, 1948

malignancy susceptibility in, e486-2t-e486-3t

overgrowth in, e554-2t

XXXX females, 1955

XXXXX females, 1955

49-XXXXY, 1947

48-XXXY, 1947

45,X/46,XY gonadal dysgenesis, 1954-1955

45,X/46,XY mosaicism, 409-410

47,XXY syndrome, 1946 See also Klinefelter syndrome

tall stature in, e554-2t

XXYY, 1947

46,XY disorders of sex development, 1959t, 1962

XY female, 409t, e576-1

XY gonadal agenesis syndrome, 1963

Xylitol, 1982

XY pure gonadal dysgenesis, 1963-1964

XYY syndrome, 409t

Xyzal See Levocetirizine

Y

Yaws, e211-1

Y chromosome, mosaicism of, Turner syndrome and, 1953

Yeast cells, candidal, 1053

Yellow fever, e262-1-e262-2

Yellow fever vaccine, 884t, e262-2

international, 894

for travel, e168-5, e168-6t

Yellow fever vaccine-associated viscerotropic disease, e262-2

Yellow jacket, allergic responses to, 807f

Yellow nail syndrome, 1479, 2295

Yellow oleander toxicity, 269t

Yersinia, 971-974

Crohn disease versus, 1301

in infectious diarrhea, 1337t

inflammatory bowel disease versus, 1298t

in vulvovaginitis, 1865-1866

Yersinia enterocolitica, 971-972, 1324t-1325t

Yersinia pestis, 973-974

in pneumonia, 1475t

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, 972-973, 1324t-1325t

Yew toxicity, 269t

Y-linked inheritance, 388-389, 390f

YMSM See Young men who have sex with men (YMSM)

Yoga for pain management, 371

Yohimbe, potential toxicity of, 272t-273t

Young men who have sex with men (YMSM), 659

Yuzpe method, 699

Z

Zafirlukast

for asthma, 795-796

for urticaria and angioedema, 815t

Zanamivir, e237-1t, e237-4-e237-5

for influenza, 1123, 1123t

ZAP-70 See Zeta-associated protein 70 (ZAP-70)

ZDV See Zidovudine (ZDV)

Zebra bodies, 2139

Zeitgebers, 46

Zellweger syndrome, 463, 464f, 464t, 466t, 1382-1383, 2069, 2132

Zenker diverticulum, 1264

Zerit See Stavudine

Zeta-associated protein 70 (ZAP-70) mutations in gene encoding, 730

Ziagen See Abacavir

Zidovudine (ZDV)

drug interactions with, e57-13t-e57-14t

for HIV infection, 1167-1171, 1168t-1171t

prophylactic, 1173

Ziehl-Neelsen stain, e164-1t

Zileuton for asthma, 795

Zinacef See Cefuroxime

Zinc, e51-1t

deficiency of, e51-1

in acrodermatitis enteropathica, 2328-2329, 2329f

dietary reference intakes for, e41-5t-e41-7t

gastroenteritis due to, 1328t-1329t

supplementation of

for acrodermatitis enteropathica, 2328-2329

for cholera, 967

common cold and, 1436

for infectious diarrhea, 1336

for malnutrition, 172

for Wilson disease, 1392

in vegetarian diet, 168

Zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP), 1657t

Zinnser-Engman-Cole syndrome, 2222, 2222f

Ziprasidone for psychosis and agitation, 64t

Zithromax See Azithromycin

Zofran See Ondansetron

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, 1294

diarrhea caused by, e333-2t

Zolmitriptan for migraine, 2044t

Zoloft See Sertraline

Zona fasciculata, 1923, e568-2

Zona glomerulosa, 1923, e568-1-e568-2

Zona reticularis, 1923, e568-2-e568-3

Zonisamide

adverse effects of, 2031t

for seizures, 2030t

for weight loss in adults, 187t

Zoonotic disease See Animal-born infection

Zosteriform lentiginous nevus, 2233

Zosyn See Piperacillin-tazobactam

Zovirax See Acyclovir

ZPP See Zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP)

Z score, e6-5

Zygomycosis, e235-1-e235-2

Zyprexa See Olanzapine

Zyrtec See Cetirizine

Zyvox See Linezolid