Table of Contents

Front Matter

Copyright

Dedication

Contributors

Preface

Part I: The Field of Pediatrics

Chapter 1: Overview of Pediatrics

Chapter 2: Quality and Safety in Health Care for Children

Chapter 3: Ethics in Pediatric Care

Chapter 4: Cultural Issues in Pediatric Care

Chapter 5: Maximizing Children’s Health

Part II: Growth, Development, and Behavior

Chapter 6: Overview and Assessment of Variability

Chapter 7: The Newborn

Chapter 8: The First Year

Chapter 9: The Second Year

Chapter 10: The Preschool Years

Chapter 11: Middle Childhood

Chapter 12: Adolesence

Chapter 13: Assessment of Growth

Chapter 14: Developmental-Behavioral Screening and Surveillance

Chapter 15: Child Care

Chapter 16: Loss, Separation, and Bereavement

Chapter 17: Sleep Medicine

Part III: Behavioral and Psychiatric Disorders

Chapter 18: Assessment and Interviewing

Chapter 19: Psychologic Treatment of Children and Adolescents

Chapter 20: Psychosomatic Illness

Chapter 21: Rumination, Pica, and Elimination (Enuresis, Encopresis) Disorders

Chapter 22: Habit and Tic Disorders

Chapter 23: Anxiety Disorders

Chapter 24: Mood Disorders

Chapter 25: Suicide and Attempted Suicide

Chapter 26: Eating Disorders

Chapter 27: Disruptive Behavioral Disorders

Chapter 28: Pervasive Developmental Disorders and Childhood Psychosis

Part IV: Learning Disorders

Chapter 29: Neurodevelopmental Function and Dysfunction in the School-Aged Child

Chapter 30: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Chapter 31: Dyslexia

Chapter 32: Language Development and Communication Disorders

Chapter 33: Intellectual Disability

Part V: Children with Special Needs

Chapter 34: Adoption

Chapter 35: Foster and Kinship Care

Chapter 36: Impact of Violence on Children

Chapter 37: Abused and Neglected Children

Chapter 38: Failure to Thrive

Chapter 39: Chronic Illness in Childhood

Chapter 40: Pediatric Palliative Care

Part VI: Nutrition

Chapter 41: Nutritional Requirements

Chapter 42: Feeding Healthy Infants, Children, and Adolescents

Chapter 43: Nutrition, Food Security, and Health

Chapter 44: Overweight and Obesity

Chapter 45: Vitamin A Deficiencies and Excess

Chapter 46: Vitamin B Complex Deficiency and Excess

Chapter 47: Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)

Chapter 48: Rickets and Hypervitaminosis D

Chapter 49: Vitamin E Deficiency

Chapter 50: Vitamin K Deficiency

Chapter 51: Micronutrient Mineral Deficiencies

Part VII: Pathophysiology of Body Fluids and Fluid Therapy

Chapter 52: Electrolyte and Acid-Base Disorders

Chapter 53: Maintenance and Replacement Therapy

Chapter 54: Deficit Therapy

Chapter 55: Fluid and Electrolyte Treatment of Specific Disorders

Part VIII: Pediatric Drug Therapy

Chapter 56: Pediatric Pharmacogenetics, Pharmacogenomics, and Pharmacoproteomics

Chapter 57: Principles of Drug Therapy

Chapter 58: Poisonings

Chapter 59: Herbs, Complementary Therapies, and Integrative Medicine

Part IX: The Acutely Ill Child

Chapter 60: Evaluation of the Sick Child in the Office and Clinic

Chapter 61: Emergency Medical Services for Children

Chapter 62: Pediatric Emergencies and Resuscitation

Chapter 63: Neurologic Emergencies and Stabilization

Chapter 64: Shock

Chapter 65: Respiratory Distress and Failure

Chapter 66: Acute Care of the Victim of Multiple Trauma

Chapter 67: Drowning and Submersion Injury

Chapter 68: Burn Injuries

Chapter 69: Cold Injuries

Chapter 70: Anesthesia, Perioperative Care, and Sedation

Chapter 71: Pediatric Pain Management

Part X: Human Genetics

Chapter 72: Integration of Genetics into Pediatric Practice

Chapter 73: The Genetic Approach in Pediatric Medicine

Chapter 74: The Human Genome

Chapter 75: Patterns of Genetic Transmission

Chapter 76: Cytogenetics

Chapter 77: Genetics of Common Disorders

Part XI: Genetic Disorders of Metabolism

Chapter 78: An Approach to Inborn Errors of Metabolism

Chapter 79: Defects in Metabolism of Amino Acids

Chapter 80: Defects in Metabolism of Lipids

Chapter 81: Defects in Metabolism of Carbohydrates

Chapter 82: Mucopolysaccharidoses

Chapter 83: Disorders of Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism

Chapter 84: Progeria

Chapter 85: The Porphyrias

Chapter 86: Hypoglycemia

Part XII: The Fetus and the Neonatal Infant

Chapter 87: Overview of Mortality and Morbidity

Chapter 88: The Newborn Infant (See Also Chapter 7)

Chapter 89: High-Risk Pregnancies

Chapter 90: The Fetus

Chapter 91: The High-Risk Infant

Chapter 92: Clinical Manifestations of Diseases in the Newborn Period

Chapter 93: Nervous System Disorders

Chapter 94: Delivery Room Emergencies

Chapter 95: Respiratory Tract Disorders

Chapter 96: Digestive System Disorders

Chapter 97: Blood Disorders

Chapter 98: Genitourinary System (See Also Part XXIV)

Chapter 99: The Umbilicus

Chapter 100: Metabolic Disturbances

Chapter 101: The Endocrine System

Chapter 102: Dysmorphology

Chapter 103: Infections of the Neonatal Infant

Part XIII: Adolescent Medicine

Chapter 104: Adolescent Development

Chapter 105: The Epidemiology of Adolescent Health Problems

Chapter 106: Delivery of Health Care to Adolescents

Chapter 107: Violent Behavior

Chapter 108: Substance Abuse

Chapter 109: The Breast

Chapter 110: Menstrual Problems

Chapter 111: Contraception

Chapter 112: Adolescent Pregnancy

Chapter 113: Adolescent Rape

Chapter 114: Sexually Transmitted Infections

Chapter 115: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Part XIV: Immunology

Section 1: Evaluation of the Immune System

Chapter 116: Evaluation of Suspected Immunodeficiency

Section 2: The T-, B-, and NK-Cell Systems

Chapter 117: T Lymphocytes, B Lymphocytes, and Natural Killer Cells

Chapter 118: Primary Defects of Antibody Production

Chapter 119: Primary Defects of Cellular Immunity

Chapter 120: Primary Combined Antibody and Cellular Immunodeficiencies

Section 3: The Phagocytic System

Chapter 121: Neutrophils

Chapter 122: Monocytes, Macrophages, and Dendritic Cells

Chapter 123: Eosinophils

Chapter 124: Disorders of Phagocyte Function

Chapter 125: Leukopenia

Chapter 126: Leukocytosis

Section 4: The Complement System

Chapter 127: The Complement System

Chapter 128: Disorders of the Complement System

Section 5: Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Chapter 129: Principles and Clinical Indications

Chapter 130: HSCT from Alternative Sources and Donors

Chapter 131: Graft Versus Host Disease (GVHD) and Rejection

Chapter 132: Infectious Complications of HSCT

Chapter 133: Late Effects of HSCT

Part XV: Allergic Disorders

Chapter 134: Allergy and the Immunologic Basis of Atopic Disease

Chapter 135: Diagnosis of Allergic Disease

Chapter 136: Principles of Treatment of Allergic Disease

Chapter 137: Allergic Rhinitis

Chapter 138: Childhood Asthma

Chapter 139: Atopic Dermatitis (Atopic Eczema)

Chapter 140: Insect Allergy

Chapter 141: Ocular Allergies

Chapter 142: Urticaria (Hives) and Angioedema

Chapter 143: Anaphylaxis

Chapter 144: Serum Sickness

Chapter 145: Adverse Reactions to Foods

Chapter 146: Adverse Reactions to Drugs

Part XVI: Rheumatic Diseases of Childhood

Chapter 147: Evaluation of Suspected Rheumatic Disease

Chapter 148: Treatment of Rheumatic Diseases

Chapter 149: Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

Chapter 150: Ankylosing Spondylitis and Other Spondyloarthritides

Chapter 151: Reactive and Postinfectious Arthritis

Chapter 152: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Chapter 153: Juvenile Dermatomyositis

Chapter 154: Scleroderma and Raynaud Phenomenon

Chapter 155: Behçet Disease

Chapter 156: Sjögren Syndrome

Chapter 157: Hereditary Periodic Fever Syndromes

Chapter 158: Amyloidosis

Chapter 159: Sarcoidosis

Chapter 160: Kawasaki Disease

Chapter 161: Vasculitis Syndromes

Chapter 162: Musculoskeletal Pain Syndromes

Chapter 163: Miscellaneous Conditions Associated with Arthritis

Part XVII: Infectious Diseases

Section 1: General Considerations

Chapter 164: Diagnostic Microbiology

Section 2: Preventive Measures

Chapter 165: Immunization Practices

Chapter 166: Infection Prevention and Control

Chapter 167: Child Care and Communicable Diseases

Chapter 168: Health Advice for Children Traveling Internationally

Chapter 169: Fever

Chapter 170: Fever without a Focus

Chapter 171: Infections in Immunocompromised Persons

Chapter 172: Infection Associated with Medical Devices

Section 3: Antibiotic Therapy

Chapter 173: Principles of Antibacterial Therapy

Section 4: Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections

Chapter 174: Staphylococcus

Chapter 175: Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococcus)

Chapter 176: Group A Streptococcus

Chapter 177: Group B Streptococcus

Chapter 178: Non–Group A or B Streptococci

Chapter 179: Enterococcus

Chapter 180: Diphtheria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae)

Chapter 181: Listeria monocytogenes

Chapter 182: Actinomyces

Chapter 183: Nocardia

Section 5: Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections

Chapter 184: Neisseria meningitidis (Meningococcus)

Chapter 185: Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Gonococcus)

Chapter 186: Haemophilus influenzae

Chapter 187: Chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi)

Chapter 188: Moraxella catarrhalis

Chapter 189: Pertussis (Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis)

Chapter 190: Salmonella

Chapter 191: Shigella

Chapter 192: Escherichia coli

Chapter 193: Cholera

Chapter 194: Campylobacter

Chapter 195: Yersinia

Chapter 196: Aeromonas and Plesiomonas

Chapter 197: Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, and Stenotrophomonas

Chapter 198: Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)

Chapter 199: Brucella

Chapter 200: Legionella

Chapter 201: Bartonella

Section 6: Anaerobic Bacterial Infections

Chapter 202: Botulism (Clostridium botulinum)

Chapter 203: Tetanus (Clostridium tetani)

Chapter 204: Clostridium difficile Infection

Chapter 205: Other Anaerobic Infections

Section 7: Mycobacterial Infections

Chapter 206: Principles of Antimycobacterial Therapy

Chapter 207: Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)

Chapter 208: Hansen Disease (Mycobacterium leprae)

Chapter 209: Nontuberculous Mycobacteria

Section 8: Spirochetal Infections

Chapter 210: Syphilis (Treponema pallidum)

Chapter 211: Nonvenereal Treponemal Infections

Chapter 212: Leptospira

Chapter 213: Relapsing Fever (Borrelia)

Chapter 214: Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)

Section 9: Mycoplasmal Infections

Chapter 215: Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Chapter 216: Genital Mycoplasmas (Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Ureaplasma urealyticum)

Section 10: Chlamydial Infections

Chapter 217: Chlamydophila pneumoniae

Chapter 218: Chlamydia trachomatis

Chapter 219: Psittacosis (Chlamydophila psittaci)

Section 11: Rickettsial Infections

Chapter 220: Spotted Fever and Transitional Group Rickettsioses

Chapter 221: Scrub Typhus (Orientia tsutsugamushi)

Chapter 222: Typhus Group Rickettsioses

Chapter 223: Ehrlichioses and Anaplasmosis

Chapter 224: Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii)

Section 12: Fungal Infections

Chapter 225: Principles of Antifungal Therapy

Chapter 226: Candida

Chapter 227: Cryptococcus neoformans

Chapter 228: Malassezia

Chapter 229: Aspergillus

Chapter 230: Histoplasmosis (Histoplasma capsulatum)

Chapter 231: Blastomycosis (Blastomyces dermatitidis)

Chapter 232: Coccidioidomycosis (Coccidioides Species)

Chapter 233: Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

Chapter 234: Sporotrichosis (Sporothrix schenckii)

Chapter 235: Zygomycosis (Mucormycosis)

Chapter 236: Pneumocystis jirovecii

Section 13: Viral Infections

Chapter 237: Principles of Antiviral Therapy

Chapter 238: Measles

Chapter 239: Rubella

Chapter 240: Mumps

Chapter 241: Polioviruses

Chapter 242: Nonpolio Enteroviruses

Chapter 243: Parvovirus B19

Chapter 244: Herpes Simplex Virus

Chapter 245: Varicella-Zoster Virus Infections

Chapter 246: Epstein-Barr Virus

Chapter 247: Cytomegalovirus

Chapter 248: Roseola (Human Herpes Viruses 6 and 7)

Chapter 249: Human Herpesvirus 8

Chapter 250: Influenza Viruses

Chapter 251: Parainfluenza Viruses

Chapter 252: Respiratory Syncytial Virus

Chapter 253: Human Metapneumovirus

Chapter 254: Adenoviruses

Chapter 255: Rhinoviruses

Chapter 256: Coronaviruses

Chapter 257: Rotaviruses, Caliciviruses, and Astroviruses

Chapter 258: Human Papillomaviruses

Chapter 259: Arboviral Encephalitis in North America

Chapter 260: Arboviral Encephalitis outside North America

Chapter 261: Dengue Fever and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever

Chapter 262: Yellow Fever

Chapter 263: Other Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers

Chapter 264: Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus

Chapter 265: Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome

Chapter 266: Rabies

Chapter 267: Polyomaviruses

Chapter 268: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)

Chapter 269: Human T-Lymphotropic Viruses (1 and 2)

Chapter 270: Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies

Section 14: Antiparasitic Therapy

Chapter 271: Principles of Antiparasitic Therapy

Section 15: Protozoan Diseases

Chapter 272: Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis

Chapter 273: Amebiasis

Chapter 274: Giardiasis and Balantidiasis

Chapter 275: Cryptosporidium, Isospora, Cyclospora, and Microsporidia

Chapter 276: Trichomoniasis (Trichomonas vaginalis)

Chapter 277: Leishmaniasis (Leishmania)

Chapter 278: African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness; Trypanosoma brucei Complex)

Chapter 279: American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease; Trypanosoma cruzi)

Chapter 280: Malaria (Plasmodium)

Chapter 281: Babesiosis (Babesia)

Chapter 282: Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)

Section 16: Helminthic Diseases

Chapter 283: Ascariasis (Ascaris lumbricoides)

Chapter 284: Hookworms (Necator americanus and Ancylostoma spp.)

Chapter 285: Trichuriasis (Trichuris trichiura)

Chapter 286: Enterobiasis (Enterobius vermicularis)

Chapter 287: Strongyloidiasis (Strongyloides stercoralis)

Chapter 288: Lymphatic Filariasis (Brugia malayi, Brugia timori, and Wuchereria bancrofti)

Chapter 289: Other Tissue Nematodes

Chapter 290: Toxocariasis (Visceral and Ocular Larva Migrans)

Chapter 291: Trichinosis (Trichinella spiralis)

Chapter 292: Schistosomiasis (Schistosoma)

Chapter 293: Flukes (Liver, Lung, and Intestinal)

Chapter 294: Adult Tapeworm Infections

Chapter 295: Cysticercosis

Chapter 296: Echinococcosis (Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis)

Part XVIII: The Digestive System

Section 1: Clinical Manifestations of Gastrointestinal Disease

Chapter 297: Normal Digestive Tract Phenomena

Chapter 298: Major Symptoms and Signs of Digestive Tract Disorders

Section 2: The Oral Cavity

Chapter 299: Development and Developmental Anomalies of the Teeth

Chapter 300: Disorders of the Oral Cavity Associated with Other Conditions

Chapter 301: Malocclusion

Chapter 302: Cleft Lip and Palate

Chapter 303: Syndromes with Oral Manifestations

Chapter 304: Dental Caries

Chapter 305: Periodontal Diseases

Chapter 306: Dental Trauma

Chapter 307: Common Lesions of the Oral Soft Tissues

Chapter 308: Diseases of the Salivary Glands and Jaws

Chapter 309: Diagnostic Radiology in Dental Assessment

Section 3: The Esophagus

Chapter 310: Embryology, Anatomy, and Function of the Esophagus

Chapter 311: Congenital Anomalies

Chapter 312: Obstructing and Motility Disorders of the Esophagus

Chapter 313: Dysmotility

Chapter 314: Hiatal Hernia

Chapter 315: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Chapter 316: Eosinophilic Esophagitis and Non-GERD Esophagitis

Chapter 317: Esophageal Perforation

Chapter 318: Esophageal Varices

Chapter 319: Ingestions

Section 4: Stomach and Intestines

Chapter 320: Normal Development, Structure, and Function

Chapter 321: Pyloric Stenosis and Other Congenital Anomalies of the Stomach

Chapter 322: Intestinal Atresia, Stenosis, and Malrotation

Chapter 323: Intestinal Duplications, Meckel Diverticulum, and Other Remnants of the Omphalomesenteric Duct

Chapter 324: Motility Disorders and Hirschsprung Disease

Chapter 325: Ileus, Adhesions, Intussusception, and Closed-Loop Obstructions

Chapter 326: Foreign Bodies and Bezoars

Chapter 327: Peptic Ulcer Disease in Children

Chapter 328: Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Chapter 329: Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis

Chapter 330: Disorders of Malabsorption

Chapter 331: Intestinal Transplantation in Children with Intestinal Failure

Chapter 332: Acute Gastroenteritis in Children

Chapter 333: Chronic Diarrhea

Chapter 334: Functional Abdominal Pain (Nonorganic Chronic Abdominal Pain)

Chapter 335: Acute Appendicitis

Chapter 336: Surgical Conditions of the Anus and Rectum

Chapter 337: Tumors of the Digestive Tract

Chapter 338: Inguinal Hernias

Section 5: Exocrine Pancreas

Chapter 339: Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology

Chapter 340: Pancreatic Function Tests

Chapter 341: Disorders of the Exocrine Pancreas

Chapter 342: Treatment of Pancreatic Insufficiency

Chapter 343: Pancreatitis

Chapter 344: Pseudocyst of the Pancreas

Chapter 345: Pancreatic Tumors

Section 6: The Liver and Biliary System

Chapter 346: Morphogenesis of the Liver and Biliary System

Chapter 347: Manifestations of Liver Disease

Chapter 348: Cholestasis

Chapter 349: Metabolic Diseases of the Liver

Chapter 350: Viral Hepatitis

Chapter 351: Liver Abscess

Chapter 352: Liver Disease Associated with Systemic Disorders

Chapter 353: Mitochondrial Hepatopathies

Chapter 354: Autoimmune Hepatitis

Chapter 355: Drug- and Toxin-Induced Liver Injury

Chapter 356: Fulminant Hepatic Failure

Chapter 357: Cystic Diseases of the Biliary Tract and Liver

Chapter 358: Diseases of the Gallbladder

Chapter 359: Portal Hypertension and Varices

Chapter 360: Liver Transplantation

Section 7: Peritoneum

Chapter 361: Malformations

Chapter 362: Ascites

Chapter 363: Peritonitis

Chapter 364: Epigastric Hernia

Part XIX: Respiratory System

Section 1: Development and Function

Chapter 365: Respiratory Pathophysiology and Regulation

Chapter 366: Diagnostic Approach to Respiratory Disease

Chapter 367: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

Section 2: Disorders of the Respiratory Tract

Chapter 368: Congenital Disorders of the Nose

Chapter 369: Acquired Disorders of the Nose

Chapter 370: Nasal Polyps

Chapter 371: The Common Cold

Chapter 372: Sinusitis

Chapter 373: Acute Pharyngitis

Chapter 374: Retropharyngeal Abscess, Lateral Pharyngeal (Parapharyngeal) Abscess, and Peritonsillar Cellulitis/Abscess

Chapter 375: Tonsils and Adenoids

Chapter 376: Chronic or Recurrent Respiratory Symptoms

Chapter 377: Acute Inflammatory Upper Airway Obstruction (Croup, Epiglottitis, Laryngitis, and Bacterial Tracheitis)

Chapter 378: Congenital Anomalies of the Larynx, Trachea, and Bronchi

Chapter 379: Foreign Bodies of the Airway

Chapter 380: Laryngotracheal Stenosis and Subglottic Stenosis

Chapter 381: Bronchomalacia and Tracheomalacia

Chapter 382: Neoplasms of the Larynx, Trachea, and Bronchi

Chapter 383: Wheezing, Bronchiolitis, andBronchitis

Chapter 384: Emphysema and Overinflation

Chapter 385: α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency and Emphysema

Chapter 386: Other Distal Airway Diseases

Chapter 387: Congenital Disorders of the Lung

Chapter 388: Pulmonary Edema

Chapter 389: Aspiration Syndromes

Chapter 390: Chronic Recurrent Aspiration

Chapter 391: Parenchymal Disease with Prominent Hypersensitivity, Eosinophilic Infiltration, or Toxin-Mediated Injury

Chapter 392: Community-Acquired Pneumonia

Chapter 393: Bronchiectasis

Chapter 394: Pulmonary Abscess

Chapter 395: Cystic Fibrosis

Chapter 396: Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (Immotile Cilia Syndrome)

Chapter 397: Interstitial Lung Diseases

Chapter 398: Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis

Chapter 399: Inherited Disorders of Surfactant Metabolism

Chapter 400: Pulmonary Hemosiderosis

Chapter 401: Pulmonary Embolism, Infarction, and Hemorrhage

Chapter 402: Atelectasis

Chapter 403: Pulmonary Tumors

Chapter 404: Pleurisy, Pleural Effusions, and Empyema

Chapter 405: Pneumothorax

Chapter 406: Pneumomediastinum

Chapter 407: Hydrothorax

Chapter 408: Hemothorax

Chapter 409: Chylothorax

Chapter 410: Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

Chapter 411: Skeletal Diseases Influencing Pulmonary Function

Chapter 412: Chronic Severe Respiratory Insufficiency

Chapter 413: Extrapulmonary Diseases with Pulmonary Manifestations

Part XX: The Cardiovascular System

Section 1: Developmental Biology of the Cardiovascular System

Chapter 414: Cardiac Development

Chapter 415: The Fetal to Neonatal Circulatory Transition

Section 2: Evaluation of the Cardiovascular System

Chapter 416: History and Physical Examination

Chapter 417: Laboratory Evaluation

Section 3: Congenital Heart Disease

Chapter 418: Epidemiology and Genetic Basis of Congenital Heart Disease

Chapter 419: Evaluation of the Infant or Child with Congenital Heart Disease

Chapter 420: Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease

Chapter 421: Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease

Chapter 422: Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease

Chapter 423: Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease

Chapter 424: Cyanotic Congenital Heart Lesions

Chapter 425: Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease

Chapter 426: Other Congenital Heart and Vascular Malformations

Chapter 427: Pulmonary Hypertension

Chapter 428: General Principles of Treatment of Congenital Heart Disease

Section 4: Cardiac Arrhythmias

Chapter 429: Disturbances of Rate and Rhythm of the Heart

Chapter 430: Sudden Death

Section 5: Acquired Heart Disease

Chapter 431: Infective Endocarditis

Chapter 432: Rheumatic Heart Disease

Section 6: Diseases of the Myocardium and Pericardium

Chapter 433: Diseases of the Myocardium

Chapter 434: Diseases of the Pericardium

Chapter 435: Tumors of the Heart

Section 7: Cardiac Therapeutics

Chapter 436: Heart Failure

Chapter 437: Pediatric Heart and Heart-Lung Transplantation

Section 8: Diseases of the Peripheral Vascular System

Chapter 438: Diseases of the Blood Vessels (Aneurysms and Fistulas)

Chapter 439: Systemic Hypertension

Part XXI: Diseases of the Blood

Section 1: The Hematopoietic System

Chapter 440: Development of the Hematopoietic System

Chapter 441: The Anemias

Section 2: Anemias of Inadequate Production

Chapter 442: Congenital Hypoplastic Anemia (Diamond-Blackfan Anemia)

Chapter 443: Pearson’s Syndrome

Chapter 444: Acquired Pure Red Blood Cell Anemia

Chapter 445: Anemia of Chronic Disease and Renal Disease

Chapter 446: Congenital Dyserythropoietic Anemias

Chapter 447: Physiologic Anemia of Infancy

Chapter 448: Megaloblastic Anemias

Chapter 449: Iron-Deficiency Anemia

Chapter 450: Other Microcytic Anemias

Section 3: Hemolytic Anemias

Chapter 451: Definitions and Classification of Hemolytic Anemias

Chapter 452: Hereditary Spherocytosis

Chapter 453: Hereditary Elliptocytosis

Chapter 454: Hereditary Stomatocytosis

Chapter 455: Other Membrane Defects

Chapter 456: Hemoglobinopathies

Chapter 457: Enzymatic Defects

Chapter 458: Hemolytic Anemias Resulting from Extracellular Factors—Immune Hemolytic Anemias

Chapter 459: Hemolytic Anemias Secondary to Other Extracellular Factors

Section 4: Polycythemia (Erythrocytosis)

Chapter 460: Polycythemia

Chapter 461: Secondary Polycythemia

Section 5: The Pancytopenias

Chapter 462: The Inherited Pancytopenias

Chapter 463: The Acquired Pancytopenias

Section 6: Blood Component Transfusions

Chapter 464: Red Blood Cell Transfusions and Erythropoietin Therapy

Chapter 465: Platelet Transfusions

Chapter 466: Neutrophil (Granulocyte) Transfusions

Chapter 467: Plasma Transfusions

Chapter 468: Risks of Blood Transfusions

Section 7: Hemorrhagic and Thrombotic Diseases

Chapter 469: Hemostasis

Chapter 470: Hereditary Clotting Factor Deficiencies (Bleeding Disorders)

Chapter 471: von Willebrand Disease

Chapter 472: Hereditary Predisposition to Thrombosis

Chapter 473: Thrombotic Disorders in Children

Chapter 474: Postneonatal Vitamin K Deficiency

Chapter 475: Liver Disease

Chapter 476: Acquired Inhibitors of Coagulation

Chapter 477: Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

Chapter 478: Platelet and Blood Vessel Disorders

Section 8: The Spleen

Chapter 479: Anatomy and Function of the Spleen

Chapter 480: Splenomegaly

Chapter 481: Hyposplenism, Splenic Trauma, and Splenectomy

Section 9: The Lymphatic System

Chapter 482: Anatomy and Function of the Lymphatic System

Chapter 483: Abnormalities of Lymphatic Vessels

Chapter 484: Lymphadenopathy

Part XXII: Cancer and Benign Tumors

Chapter 485: Epidemiology of Childhood and Adolescent Cancer

Chapter 486: Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer

Chapter 487: Principles of Diagnosis

Chapter 488: Principles of Treatment

Chapter 489: The Leukemias

Chapter 490: Lymphoma

Chapter 491: Brain Tumors in Childhood

Chapter 492: Neuroblastoma

Chapter 493: Neoplasms of the Kidney

Chapter 494: Soft Tissue Sarcomas

Chapter 495: Neoplasms of Bone

Chapter 496: Retinoblastoma

Chapter 497: Gonadal and Germ Cell Neoplasms

Chapter 498: Neoplasms of the Liver

Chapter 499: Benign Vascular Tumors

Chapter 500: Rare Tumors

Chapter 501: Histiocytosis Syndromes of Childhood

Part XXIII: Nephrology

Section 1: Glomerular Disease

Chapter 502: Introduction to Glomerular Diseases

Section 2: Conditions Particularly Associated with Hematuria

Chapter 503: Clinical Evaluation of the Child with Hematuria

Chapter 504: Isolated Glomerular Diseases with Recurrent Gross Hematuria

Chapter 505: Glomerulonephritis Associated with Infections

Chapter 506: Membranous Glomerulopathy

Chapter 507: Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis

Chapter 508: Glomerulonephritis Associated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Chapter 509: Henoch-Schönlein Purpura Nephritis

Chapter 510: Rapidly Progressive (Crescentic) Glomerulonephritis

Chapter 511: Goodpasture Disease

Chapter 512: Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome

Chapter 513: Upper Urinary Tract Causes of Hematuria

Chapter 514: Hematologic Diseases Causing Hematuria

Chapter 515: Anatomic Abnormalities Associated with Hematuria

Chapter 516: Lower Urinary Tract Causes of Hematuria

Section 3: Conditions Particularly Associated with Proteinuria

Chapter 517: Introduction to the Child with Proteinuria

Chapter 518: Transient Proteinuria

Chapter 519: Orthostatic (Postural) Proteinuria

Chapter 520: Fixed Proteinuria

Chapter 521: Nephrotic Syndrome

Section 4: Tubular Disorders

Chapter 522: Tubular Function

Chapter 523: Renal Tubular Acidosis

Chapter 524: Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus

Chapter 525: Bartter and Gitelman Syndromes and Other Inherited Tubular Transport Abnormalities

Chapter 526: Tubulointerstitial Nephritis

Section 5: Toxic Nephropathies—Renal Failure

Chapter 527: Toxic Nephropathy

Chapter 528: Cortical Necrosis

Chapter 529: Renal Failure

Chapter 530: Renal Transplantation

Part XXIV: Urologic Disorders in Infants and Children

Chapter 531: Congenital Anomalies and Dysgenesis of the Kidneys

Chapter 532: Urinary Tract Infections

Chapter 533: Vesicoureteral Reflux

Chapter 534: Obstruction of the Urinary Tract

Chapter 535: Anomalies of the Bladder

Chapter 536: Neuropathic Bladder

Chapter 537: Voiding Dysfunction

Chapter 538: Anomalies of the Penis and Urethra

Chapter 539: Disorders and Anomalies of the Scrotal Contents

Chapter 540: Trauma to the Genitourinary Tract

Chapter 541: Urinary Lithiasis

Part XXV: Gynecologic Problems of Childhood

Chapter 542: History and Physical Examination

Chapter 543: Vulvovaginitis

Chapter 544: Bleeding

Chapter 545: Breast Concerns

Chapter 546: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Hirsutism

Chapter 547: Neoplasms and Adolescent Screening for Human Papilloma Virus

Chapter 548: Vulvovaginal and Müllerian Anomalies

Chapter 549: Gynecologic Care for Girls with Special Needs

Part XXVI: The Endocrine System

Section 1: Disorders of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

Chapter 550: Hormones of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary

Chapter 551: Hypopituitarism

Chapter 552: Diabetes Insipidus

Chapter 553: Other Abnormalities of Arginine Vasopressin Metabolism and Action

Chapter 554: Hyperpituitarism, Tall Stature, and Overgrowth Syndromes

Chapter 555: Physiology of Puberty

Chapter 556: Disorders of Pubertal Development

Section 2: Disorders of the Thyroid Gland

Chapter 557: Thyroid Development and Physiology

Chapter 558: Defects of Thyroxine-Binding Globulin

Chapter 559: Hypothyroidism

Chapter 560: Thyroiditis

Chapter 561: Goiter

Chapter 562: Hyperthyroidism

Chapter 563: Carcinoma of the Thyroid

Section 3: Disorders of the Parathyroid Gland

Chapter 564: Hormones and Peptides of Calcium Homeostasis and Bone Metabolism

Chapter 565: Hypoparathyroidism

Chapter 566: Pseudohypoparathyroidism (Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy)

Chapter 567: Hyperparathyroidism

Section 4: Disorders of the Adrenal Gland

Chapter 568: Physiology of the Adrenal Gland

Chapter 569: Adrenocortical Insufficiency

Chapter 570: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia and Related Disorders

Chapter 571: Cushing Syndrome

Chapter 572: Primary Aldosteronism

Chapter 573: Adrenocortical Tumors

Chapter 574: Pheochromocytoma

Chapter 575: Adrenal Masses

Section 5: Disorders of the Gonads

Chapter 576: Development and Function of the Gonads

Chapter 577: Hypofunction of the Testes

Chapter 578: Pseudoprecocity Resulting from Tumors of the Testes

Chapter 579: Gynecomastia

Chapter 580: Hypofunction of the Ovaries

Chapter 581: Pseudoprecocity Due to Lesions of the Ovary

Chapter 582: Disorders of Sex Development

Section 6: Diabetes Mellitus in Children

Chapter 583: Diabetes Mellitus

Part XXVII: The Nervous System

Chapter 584: Neurologic Evaluation

Chapter 585: Congenital Anomalies of the Central Nervous System

Chapter 586: Seizures in Childhood

Chapter 587: Conditions That Mimic Seizures

Chapter 588: Headaches

Chapter 589: Neurocutaneous Syndromes

Chapter 590: Movement Disorders

Chapter 591: Encephalopathies

Chapter 592: Neurodegenerative Disorders of Childhood

Chapter 593: Demyelinating Disorders of the CNS

Chapter 594: Pediatric Stroke Syndromes

Chapter 595: Central Nervous System Infections

Chapter 596: Brain Abscess

Chapter 597: Pseudotumor Cerebri

Chapter 598: Spinal Cord Disorders

Part XXVIII: Neuromuscular Disorders

Chapter 599: Evaluation and Investigation

Chapter 600: Developmental Disorders of Muscle

Chapter 601: Muscular Dystrophies

Chapter 602: Endocrine and Toxic Myopathies

Chapter 603: Metabolic Myopathies

Chapter 604: Disorders of Neuromuscular Transmission and of Motor Neurons

Chapter 605: Hereditary Motor-Sensory Neuropathies

Chapter 606: Toxic Neuropathies

Chapter 607: Autonomic Neuropathies

Chapter 608: Guillain-Barré Syndrome

Chapter 609: Bell Palsy

Part XXIX: Disorders of the Eye

Chapter 610: Growth and Development

Chapter 611: Examination of the Eye

Chapter 612: Abnormalities of Refraction and Accommodation

Chapter 613: Disorders of Vision

Chapter 614: Abnormalities of Pupil and Iris

Chapter 615: Disorders of Eye Movement and Alignment

Chapter 616: Abnormalities of the Lids

Chapter 617: Disorders of the Lacrimal System

Chapter 618: Disorders of the Conjunctiva

Chapter 619: Abnormalities of the Cornea

Chapter 620: Abnormalities of the Lens

Chapter 621: Disorders of the Uveal Tract

Chapter 622: Disorders of the Retina and Vitreous

Chapter 623: Abnormalities of the Optic Nerve

Chapter 624: Childhood Glaucoma

Chapter 625: Orbital Abnormalities

Chapter 626: Orbital Infections

Chapter 627: Injuries to the Eye

Part XXX: The Ear

Chapter 628: General Considerations and Evaluation

Chapter 629: Hearing Loss

Chapter 630: Congenital Malformations

Chapter 631: External Otitis (Otitis Externa)

Chapter 632: Otitis Media

Chapter 633: The Inner Ear and Diseases of the Bony Labyrinth

Chapter 634: Traumatic Injuries of the Ear and Temporal Bone

Chapter 635: Tumors of the Ear and Temporal Bone

Part XXXI: The Skin

Chapter 636: Morphology of the Skin

Chapter 637: Evaluation of the Patient

Chapter 638: Principles of Therapy

Chapter 639: Diseases of the Neonate

Chapter 640: Cutaneous Defects

Chapter 641: Ectodermal Dysplasias

Chapter 642: Vascular Disorders

Chapter 643: Cutaneous Nevi

Chapter 644: Hyperpigmented Lesions

Chapter 645: Hypopigmented Lesions

Chapter 646: Vesiculobullous Disorders

Chapter 647: Eczematous Disorders

Chapter 648: Photosensitivity

Chapter 649: Diseases of the Epidermis

Chapter 650: Disorders of Keratinization

Chapter 651: Diseases of the Dermis

Chapter 652: Diseases of Subcutaneous Tissue

Chapter 653: Disorders of the Sweat Glands

Chapter 654: Disorders of Hair

Chapter 655: Disorders of the Nails

Chapter 656: Disorders of the Mucous Membranes

Chapter 657: Cutaneous Bacterial Infections

Chapter 658: Cutaneous Fungal Infections

Chapter 659: Cutaneous Viral Infections

Chapter 660: Arthropod Bites and Infestations

Chapter 661: Acne

Chapter 662: Tumors of the Skin

Chapter 663: Nutritional Dermatoses

Part XXXII: Bone and Joint Disorders

Section 1: Orthopedic Problems

Chapter 664: Growth and Development

Chapter 665: Evaluation of the Child

Chapter 666: The Foot and Toes

Chapter 667: Torsional and Angular Deformities

Chapter 668: Leg-Length Discrepancy

Chapter 669: The Knee

Chapter 670: The Hip

Chapter 671: The Spine

Chapter 672: The Neck

Chapter 673: The Upper Limb

Chapter 674: Arthrogryposis

Chapter 675: Common Fractures

Chapter 676: Osteomyelitis

Chapter 677: Septic Arthritis

Section 2: Sports Medicine

Chapter 678: Epidemiology and Prevention of Injuries

Chapter 679: Management of Musculoskeletal Injury

Chapter 680: Head and Neck Injuries

Chapter 681: Heat Injuries

Chapter 682: Female Athletes

Chapter 683: Performance-Enhancing Aids

Chapter 684: Specific Sports and Associated Injuries

Section 3: The Skeletal Dysplasias

Chapter 685: General Considerations

Chapter 686: Disorders Involving Cartilage Matrix Proteins

Chapter 687: Disorders Involving Transmembrane Receptors

Chapter 688: Disorders Involving Ion Transporters

Chapter 689: Disorders Involving Transcription Factors

Chapter 690: Disorders Involving Defective Bone Resorption

Chapter 691: Disorders for Which Defects Are Poorly Understood or Unknown

Chapter 692: Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Chapter 693: Marfan Syndrome

Section 4: Metabolic Bone Disease

Chapter 694: Bone Structure, Growth, and Hormonal Regulation

Chapter 695: Primary Chondrodystrophy (Metaphyseal Dysplasia)

Chapter 696: Hypophosphatasia

Chapter 697: Hyperphosphatasia

Chapter 698: Osteoporosis

Part XXXIII: Environmental Health Hazards

Chapter 699: Biologic Effects of Radiation on Children

Chapter 700: Chemical Pollutants

Chapter 701: Heavy Metal Intoxication

Chapter 702: Lead Poisoning

Chapter 703: Nonbacterial Food Poisoning

Chapter 704: Biologic and Chemical Terrorism

Chapter 705: Animal and Human Bites

Chapter 706: Envenomations

Part XXXIV: Laboratory Medicine

Chapter 707: Laboratory Testing in Infants and Children

Chapter 708: Reference Intervals for Laboratory Tests and Procedures

Index